Runway to Extinction Wildlife Trafficking in the Air Transport Sector
The USAID Reducing Opportunities for Unlawful Transport of Endangered Species (ROUTES) Partnership brings together transport and logistics companies, government agencies, development groups, law enforcement, conservation organizations, academia and international response to addressing wildlife poaching and associated criminal activities worldwide.
At the heart of ROUTES is a core group of partners collaborating with the U.S. Government and the transport sector that includes the Airports Council International (ACI), Center for Advanced Defense Studies (C4ADS), Freeland, the International Air Transport Association (IATA), TRAFFIC and WWF.
For resources referenced in this document or for more information visit:
www.routespartnership.org
[email protected] @routespartners @routespartnership
Government, or individual ROUTES partners.
The designations of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of the or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ABOUT C4ADS ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Resources Cell at C4ADS, and as such manages the C4ADS reports.
Our approach leverages nontraditional investigative International Relations and Accounting from the College of and mitigation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABOUT ROUTES AND Runway to Extinction and consultants who supported one or more aspects of the The USAID Reducing Opportunities for Unlawful Transport of Endangered Species (ROUTES) Partnership brings together transport and logistics companies, government agencies, development groups, law enforcement, conservation organizations, academia and donors to disrupt to the case studies within the report; Anna Wheeler, the concerted international response to addressing wildlife poaching and associated criminal activities worldwide. have been written without them. assess the effects of ROUTES’ efforts. Since 2015, ROUTES DESIGN & LAYOUT and Jennifer Kim, with support from Tingting Xiong. Radar (2017) and In Plane Sight (2018). COVER IMAGE LEGAL DISCLAIMER ©2020 construed as such. 06 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
07 ABBREVIATIONS & DEFINITIONS
08 METHODOLOGY
09 MAIN THEMES
12 OVERVIEW
17 AFRICA TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE 29 AMERICAS
47 ASIA
61 EUROPE
75 MIDDLE EAST
87 OCEANIA
99 CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
102 APPENDICES wildlife beginning in 2009, Runway to Extinction shifts gears, value.1 Europe, the Middle East, and Oceania.3 Still, each successive communication, and transport, which have brought once isolated source regions in remote areas closer and closer to conclusions drawn in Flying Under the Radar and In Plane Sight. In Runway to Extinction, as in In Plane Sight and Flying Under the Radar, comparative calm and comfort. While these changes have been boons for the global report are not meant to represent the entirety before.2 The negative side effects of this economic progress transport sector, but are intended to showcase of vulnerable species over the past few decades alone. If but complete collapse. In the face of such catastrophic different results. Each section of the report should be read with this in mind.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE result, implementing preventative measures against wildlife appropriate caveats, provides a good picture of overall Overall, Runway to Extinction To that end, the USAID Reducing Opportunities for Unlawful Transport of Endangered Species (ROUTES) Partnership was formed in 2015 to bring together transport and logistics companies, government agencies, development groups, law enforcement, conservation organizations, the air transport sector. C4ADS produces the data and activities, and has so far published two reports, Flying Under the Radar (2017) and In Plane Sight rhino horn, reptiles, birds, pangolins, mammals, and marine species since 2009.
3 Data and graphics from the entire C4ADS Air Seizure Database (2009 through 2019) can be found on the ROUTES Dashboard at routesdashboard.org. http://unep.org/documents/itw/environmental_ crimes.pdf. 2 Refer to for a ABBREVIATIONS DEFINITIONS
• ABF • Destination Location: The intended destination of • ACI: Airports Council International • Escalation Procedures: Established communication • AVA channels and processes that move a report of possible • C4ADS: Center for Advanced Defense Studies to act. • CBP • • CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora • FWS: Fish & Wildlife Service • Obfuscation Method • IATA: International Air Transport Association is concealed.
• IFAW: International Fund for Animal Welfare • Open Source information. • KWS • • LEMIS: Law Enforcement Management Information not to be confused with the source location (the source
• PROFEPA • Seizure: A unique interdiction of wildlife or wildlife Environmental Protection products.
• ROUTES: Reducing Opportunities for the Unlawful • Source Location Transport of Endangered Species wildlife products (e.g. the Amazon), not to be confused • Semarnat Paulo-Guarulhos Airport). • : A singular incident of wildlife • TSA • UAE: United Arab Emirates • UK: United Kingdom • • UNODC & DEFINITIONS ABBREVIATIONS • US: United States
• USAID • Transit Location: The intended transit point(s) for a Development to its destination location. • WHO • Transport Method • WWF through the air transport sector (e.g. passenger private plane).
• : The number of individual Runway to Extinction is intended to provide insight air transport sector to move illegal wildlife and wildlife products from source to destination. This report focuses For instance, high seizure numbers in an airport can be due either to effective enforcement or high volumes of to the interdiction of wildlife or wildlife products within an respond—should enforcement strategies be revised and reaches the airport, since enforcement within the airport is of birds moving from the United States to Dubai in the Although there are no perfect solutions to these problems, comprehensive data collection can serve to alleviate a
METHODOLOGY the UAE. If the birds had been seized in the United States few.1 moving through an airport to be seized elsewhere (poor States, the UK, and the UAE. on enforcement), or within an airport (good enforcement). DATA GAPS & BIASES seizure data, supplemented with additional information wherever possible. Air Seizure Database, and as a result C4ADS’ associated that seizure data are an imperfect measure of an immeasurable crime, but with the leading to an overrepresentation of those locations in the enforcement, while still other countries have effective customs and enforcement agencies but do not prioritize the Refer to Appendix II: Seizure Data & Runway to Extinction for more discussion of the data and analytical methodology used in this report.
Flying Under the Radar. TRANSPORT METHOD VARIESTRANSPORT BY SPECIES WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING BY LIKELY MAIL WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING UNDERREPRESENTED DESTINATION SECURITY SCREENING AT AT SCREENING CUSTOMS SCREENING VERSUS SECURITY ORIGIN DIFFICULTY TRANSIT IN SEIZURES MAKING OF between Database Seizure Air C4ADS the in seizures the of infrequent; not are departure on made seizures Still, dogs, sniffer on reliance increased are: transit in screening improve to opportunities possible few the of Three mail. and freight, air luggage, Database. Seizure Air C4ADS the in underrepresented 1 -
MAIN THEMES MAIN THEMES THE NORTH IMPORTANCE APPARENT ON &ITS REPORTING EFFECT SEIZURE OF IMPORTANCE HUBS TRANSIT OF ENFORCEMENT SUCCESS ENFORCEMENT SUPPLY NARROW DESTINATION THEIR CHAINS REACH THEY AS IN REGIONS DEMAND THE IN SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE, REGIONS SOURCE passenger air frequent most the follow often products wildlife and wildlife illegal for routes common most The fewer than the demand regions for the same species. same the for regions demand the than fewer or few as just are species those for regions source the meaning Madagascar), in tortoises ploughshare or California, of WILDLIFE PRODUCT PROCESSING INCREASINGLY OCCURS IN SOURCE INCREASINGLY SOURCE IN WILDLIFE PRODUCT PROCESSING OCCURS REGIONS RELIANCE ON SNIFFER DOGS & EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES TO IMPROVE TECHNOLOGIES &EMERGING DOGS SNIFFER ON RELIANCE SCREENING prominent in seizures made in air transport than in seizures of maritime shipments. maritime of seizures in than transport air in made seizures in prominent agencies. enforcement and customs national different between communication increase messaging, integrated through and, times customs improve to available options potential of however, anumber are, There increase. the with deal to straining are 1
MAIN THEMES OVERVIEW FIGURE 1
TABLE 1 COUNTRY TRAFFICKING INSTANCES China 240 Vietnam 76 Thailand 57 Indonesia 56
South Africa 56 Asian, three were African, one was American, and one was Middle Eastern. The dominance Mexico 51 UAE 44 Malaysia 40 Air Seizure Database. The other countries appearing in Table 1 tended to have either high Kenya 33 DRC 32
OVERVIEW FIGURE 2
RHINO HORNIVORY 270 255 REPTILES 240
BIRDS MARINE PRODUCTS
225 PANGOLIN 210
195 MAMMALS 180 165 KEY 150 135 120 NUMBER OF SEIZURES 105 90 75 60 45 30 15 0
ChinaVietnamThailandSouthIndonesia AfricaUAEMexicoKenyaMalaysiaDRCUSAEthiopiaMozambiqueQatarNigeriaGermanyIndiaTurkeySpainRussiaJapanNetherlandsPhillipinesTaiwanAustraliaSingaporeFranceMadagascarLaosZimbabweAngolaItalyOthers
IMPORTANCE OF SEIZURE REPORTING IMPORTANCE
OVERVIEW FIGURE 3
RHINO HORNIVORY 50
REPTILES
40 BIRDS MARINE PRODUCTSPANGOLIN
MAMMALS 30 20 NUMBER OF SEIZURES KEY 10 0
Hong KongSuvarnabhumi AirportJomo (CH) Airport KenyataNoi Bai(TH) Airport AirportKuala (KE) Lumpur (VM)O.R. AirportTamboGuangzhou (MY)AirportMexico Baiyun (SF) CityShanghair Airport AirportSoekamo (CH)Pudong (MX) Tan AirportHatta Son Airport (CH)AmsterdamNhat Airport(ID)Maputo Airport (VM) AirportNinoy Schiphol Aquino (MZ) (NL) Airport (RP)
horn, or pangolin counted seizures of all three, and were located in Africa or Asia.
OVERVIEW FIGURE 4 on the same transport methods over time, and that even across customs and enforcement target the most relevant transport 0.4 % PRIVATE PLANE 42 % 6 % MAIL CHECKED LUGGAGE
13 % PASSENGER CLOTHING/ITEM other transport method according to the C4ADS Air Seizure 19 % UNKNOWN
TRANSPORT METHOD VARIES BY SPECIES METHOD VARIES TRANSPORT
20 % AIR FREIGHT
WILDLIFE PRODUCT PROCESSING INCREASINGLY OCCURS IN SOURCE REGIONS OCCURS WILDLIFE PRODUCT PROCESSING INCREASINGLY in enforcement awareness, an improvement in mail screening protocols, or a heightened emphasis on reporting. Australia in particular
screening procedures for air freight consignments. WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING BY MAIL LIKELY UNDERREPRESENTED WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING BY MAIL LIKELY
OVERVIEW
AFRICA MAIN TAKEAWAYS
African countries are primarily origin points.
Africa is a prominent source region for ivory, rhino horn, pangolin, marine species (abalone, European eels), and mammals (cheetah cubs, lion claws, etc.).
(Kenya, South Africa, and Ethiopia) feature prominently as transit points due to their large international closer to demand regions.
One country in particular, Kenya, has displayed a unique teams of sniffer dogs that reduce screening time while improving screening effectiveness.
Ivory seizures in air transport have slightly decreased by volume while rhino horn seizures have increased in number between 2016 and 2018.
may become correspondingly less prominent) if wildlife product processing luggage or by passengers than raw ivory or rhino horn.
AFRICA Those countries that appear prominently in the African FIGURE 1 heat map have generally either one or both of the following:
Importance of land routes
It is possible that some countries are underrepresented in the heat map because wildlife and wildlife products may be transported by land from one country to another to evade higher levels of enforcement activity and awareness.i
Emergence of North Africa
particularly in comparison to their southern and eastern
FIGURE 2
25 RHINO HORNIVORY either involved reptiles or were passing REPTILES 20 BIRDS MARINE PRODUCTSPANGOLIN 15
MAMMALS 10 NUMBER OF SEIZURES KEY 5 0 KenyaSouth MozambiqueAfrica DRC MadagascarNigeriaCameroomEgypt MalawiSouth TanzaniaSudan UgandaEthiopiaMoroccoZimbabweAngolaNamibiaBenin EswatiniGabonMauritiusSenegalZambia
AFRICA FIGURE 3
Seized Ivory (4,063 kg) 1,660 Seized Reptiles Seized Pangolin (4,695 kg) 3,310 Seized Mammals 43 Seizures 13 Seizures 14 Seizures 20 Seizures
Seized Rhino Horn (491 kg) 778 Seized Birds 156,000 Seized Marine Species 28 Seizures 8 Seizures 5 Seizures
Diverse types of wildlife seized array of wildlife and wildlife products over the past three Prominence of Kenya and South Africa
IMPORTANCE OF TRANSIT HUBS OF IMPORTANCE ii The strategy iii
SCREENING IMPROVE TO TECHNOLOGIES RELIANCE ON SNIFFER DOGS & EMERGING IMPORTANCE OF TRANSIT HUBS OF IMPORTANCE
1
AFRICA FIGURE 4 ORIGIN
TRANSIT
50 DESTINATION
Difficulty of making seizures at origin 40 KEY 30 20
TRAFFICKING INSTANCE COUNT TRAFFICKING INSTANCE
10 appear to be comparatively more adept at discovering wildlife 0
South EthiopiaAfricaKenyaDRC MozambiqueNigeriaMadagascarZimbabweAngolaMalawiZambiaSouth NamibiaSudanGuineaUgandaGhana Egypt Cameroon
Seizures in transit
FIGURE 5 SEIZED BEFORE ARRIVAL 50
SEIZED MISSED 40 UNKNOWN
30
KEY 20 TRAFFICKING INSTANCE COUNT TRAFFICKING INSTANCE have no modern technology…and that is why it has become iv 10 0 South Africa Angola Ghana EthiopiaKenyaDRC MozambiqueNigeriaMadagascarZimbabwe MalawiZambiaSouth NamibiaSudanGuineaUganda Egypt Cameroon
AFRICA enforcement in nearby ports and border crossings must be enforcement authorities will have to expedite screening processes while at the same time improving screening increasingly large number of airports have relied on sniffer xv
Dogs can be trained to detect everything from cancer to by enforcement authorities to identify explosives and drugs v that enforcement began to train dogs to detect wildlife at vi vii
DOGS SNIFFER viii ix
xvi As global reliance dogs to detect wildlife and other contraband will be one of the most effective strategies available to enforcement to expedite and improve screening in airports around the
x xi They can also be
deployed has not been lost on enforcement agencies in other xii xiii xiv and
AFRICA RHINO HORNIVORY 25
REPTILES
20 BIRDS MARINE PRODUCTSPANGOLIN FIGURE 6
MAMMALS 15 10 NUMBER OF SEIZURES KEY 5 0
Jomo KenyattaO.R. Tambo MaputoAirport AirportIvato (KE)Airport Airport (SF)N’djili (MZ) (MA)AirportMurtala Cairo(CG) Muhammed AirportEntebbe Airport (EG)Juba Airport Airport (NI)Douala (UG) (OD) JuliusAirport NyerereKamuzu (CM) MohamedAirport AirportBeira (TZ) (MI) V AirportBole Airport (MO)(MZ)Robert (ET) GabreilYaounde Mugabe Nzimalen Airport Airport (ZI) (CM)
Three countries had multiple airports with two or more wildlife
Seizures tend to cluster in certain areas Seizures in transit countries are most diverse primary international airport in a prominent transit country
High seizure numbers at certain origin airports
AFRICA 2016 FIGURE 7
ORIGIN DEST.
2017
ORIGIN DEST.
2018
ORIGIN DEST.
AFRICA Importance of transit hubs maps further reveal that Asia is the primary destination region for most wildlife and wildlife
TRANSIT HUBS OF IMPORTANCE Ivory trafficking cedes to rhino horn trafficking
FIGURE 8 generally passing through East Africa and the 0.4 % PRIVATE PLANE MAIL 2.5 % 10.5 % PASSENGER CLOTHING/ITEM 46.3 % CHECKED LUGGAGE 17.2 % UNKNOWN Johannesburg Doha and various African countries Addis Ababa
FIGURE 9 23.2 % AIR FREIGHT
Prevalence of air freight
2 WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING BY MAIL LIKELY UNDERREPRESENTED TRAFFICKING BY MAIL LIKELY WILDLIFE AFRICA Wildlife product processing increasingly occurs in source regions
actions in Africa have indicated that wildlife product processing is increasingly occurring in source or origin Few trafficking instances moved in passenger clothing or carry-on bags BY SPECIES VARIES METHOD TRANSPORT product processing continues to shift to source regions in
“...wildlife product processing is increasingly occurring in source or and processed rhino horn pieces or powder are increasingly WILDLIFE PRODUCT PROCESSING INCREASINGLY OCCURS IN SOURCE REGIONS INCREASINGLY PROCESSING WILDLIFE PRODUCT origin countries, rather than near demand markets.” WILDLIFE PRODUCT PROCESSING INCREASINGLY OCCURS IN SOURCE REGIONS INCREASINGLY PROCESSING WILDLIFE PRODUCT IMAGE 4
AFRICA and exposed the operations of small criminal groups xvii • • • xxiv • • Transported in air freight and misdeclared as another marine • Involved tens or hundreds of thousands of eels • Reports indicate that this modus operandi is common xviii “The live eels are largely caught…in Western Europe before being smuggled eastwards in vans or lorries, gangs then divide the eels into suitcases, up to in special farms to their full size…and then sold to market.” xxv
had already made at least another eight European
xxvi xxvii
EUROPEAN EEL TRAFFICKING NETWORKS TRAFFICKING EEL EUROPEAN xix The eels had
xx xxi xxii of eels in xxiii
AFRICA xxviii xxix
xxx xxxi
xxxii xxxiii
EUROPEAN EEL TRAFFICKING NETWORKS TRAFFICKING EEL EUROPEAN
AFRICA Endnotes
ii
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xiii
xiv
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xviii
xix
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xxi
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xxix
xxx
xxxi
xxxii
xxxiii
AFRICA AMERICAS MAIN TAKEAWAYS
primarily involved live
played
AMERICAS FIGURE 1
AMERICAS FIGURE 2
IVORY 40 Southern origin countries and northern destination countries REPTILES
MARINE SPECIES BIRDS
30 MAMMALS 20 KEY NUMBER OF SEIZURES
Importance of Mexico 10
0 MexicoUSA Brazil Peru Canada ColombiaGuyanaArgentinaCaymanParaguay IslandsSuriname FIGURE 3
Seized Ivory (n/a) 839 Seized Reptiles Seized Pangolin (0 kg) 64 Seized Mammals 2 Seizures 17 Seizures 0 Seizures 9 Seizures
Seized Rhino Horn (0 kg) 1,225 Seized Birds 12,836 Seized Marine Species 0 Seizures 26 Seizures 24 Seizures
AMERICAS Ivory seizures in the United States and Mexico ii iii i Significance of Mexico
IMAGE 1 in In Plane Sight
iv v
SEAHORSES, AND vi SEA CUCUMBERS SWIM BLADDERS,
AMERICAS
vii viii
LIONS, TIGERS, & REPTILES IN MEXICO
AMERICAS
LIONS, TIGERS, & REPTILES IN MEXICO
AMERICAS IMAGE 9
Appearance of the Amazon
AMERICAS FIGURE 4
TRAFFICKING INSTANCE COUNT
0 10 20 30 40 50 BELÉN MARKET Mexico
USA
Brazil
Guyana
Canada
Peru
Paraguay
Cuba Suriname
Cayman Islands Cayman
Barbados
Venezuela
Uruguay
Panama
Haiti
Guadeloupe
DESTINATION
Colombia
TRANSIT
ORIGIN
Belize Bahamas
Argentina KEY FIGURE 5 TRAFFICKING INSTANCE COUNT
0 10 20 30 40 50
Mexico
USA
Brazil
Guyana
Canada
Peru
Paraguay
Cuba
Suriname Cayman Islands Cayman
Barbados
Venezuela
Uruguay
Panama
SEIZED BEFORE ARRIVAL BEFORE SEIZED
Haiti
Guadeloupe
UNKNOWN Colombia
MISSED SEIZED Belize
Bahamas Argentina KEY IMAGE 10
Prominence of Mexico
in In Plane Sight in In Plane Sight in Flying Under the Radar Guyanese bird trafficking The United States as a destination country Low seizure rates
AMERICAS
A PLANE
SNAKE ON
& THE ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE THE CAYMAN ISLANDS CAYMAN THE
AMERICAS IVORY
15 REPTILES
MARINE SPECIES BIRDS
MAMMALS FIGURE 6 FIGURE 10 KEY NUMBER OF SEIZURES 5 0
MexicoTijuana CityJFK Airport Airport AirportEduardo (MX) (MX)Jorge (US) Gomes LosChavez Angeles AirportPearson AirportCheddi Airport(BR) Airport (PE)Dallas/Fort Jagan (US) Washington(CA) Airport MeridaWorth (GY)Miami Dulles AirportAirportPonciano Airport Airport (MX) (US)Seattle-Tacoma (US)ArriagaAlejandroAlfredo Airport AirportVelascoCancun Vasquex(MX)El (US) AsteteDoradoAirport IquitosCobo Airport AirportJohan AirpotAirportMinistro AdolfNuevo Pengel PistariniOwen Laredo Airport SaoAirportRoberts AirportPaulo-GuarulhosSilvio Airport TuxtlaPettriossiVeracrus Gutierrez AirportAirport Airport Airport
Many Mexican and U.S. airports
Effects of totoaba trade are visible
in In Plane Sight
AMERICAS 2016 FIGURE 7
ORIGIN DEST.
2017
ORIGIN DEST.
2018
ORIGIN DEST.
AMERICAS
BRAZILIAN AQUARIUM FISH
UNUSUAL ROUTES
AMERICAS IMAGE 15
Increase in known flight routes in 2018
Bird trafficking to Europe in In Plane Sight Europe cedes to Asia as most common transit and destination point for American trafficking instances IMAGE 16
Domestic flights in Mexico, Brazil, and Peru
In Plane Sight in In Plane Sight
AMERICAS FIGURE 8 9.2 % MAIL
43.1 % 11.9 % CHECKED LUGGAGE UNKNOWN
15.6 % PASSENGER CLOTHING / ITEMS
20.2 % AIR FREIGHT
Unusually high number of air freight instances
High number of mail instances
AMERICAS
ii
iii
iv
vi
vii
viii
AMERICAS
AMERICAS
ASIA MAIN TAKEAWAYS
Asia is by far the world’s largest demand region for
ASIA FIGURE 1
Trafficking Instances
50 100 150 200
FIGURE 2 RHINO HORNIVORY 150
135 REPTILES 120 BIRDS MARINE PRODUCTSPANGOLIN
105 . 90
MAMMALS China is dominant 75 60
NUMBER OF SEIZURES
45 KEY 30
15 0
China VietnamIndonesiaThailandIndia MalaysiaPhilippinesPakistanTaiwanSingaporeJapan BangladeshKazakhstanNepal Sri LankaCambodiaKyrgyzstanLaos Maldives timeframe.
ASIA Seized Ivory (5,729 kg) 31,374 Seized Reptiles Seized Pangolin (8,888 kg) 5,094 Seized Mammals 96 Seizures 63 Seizures 37 Seizures 37 Seizures FIGURE 3
Seized Rhino Horn (741 kg) 2,613 Seized Birds 215,037 Seized Marine Species 48 Seizures 42 Seizures 41 Seizures
“Substantial demand within China for wildlife, count. effective enforcement, China’s high seizure count good reporting, and high awareness of wildlife
contribute to China’s high seizure count.” Demand for Marine Species in Hong Kong along with a photo. Marine species and mammals in China
ASIA i Hong ii iii 1
DEMAND FOR MARINE SPECIES IN HONG KONG
Bird seizures in Central Asia Low seizure numbers in certain countries Falcon Smuggling & Corruption Prevalence of pangolin seizures
1 ASIA ORIGIN SEIZED BEFORE ARRIVAL
TRANSIT DESTINATION 200 200
SEIZED FIGURE 4 FIGURE 5 MISSED 150 UNKNOWN 150 KEY 100 100 KEY TRAFFICKING INSTANCE COUNT TRAFFICKING INSTANCE TRAFFICKING INSTANCE COUNT TRAFFICKING INSTANCE 50 50 0 0 China VietnamIndonesiaThailandMalaysiaIndia SingaporeLaos Japan TaiwanPhillippinesPakistanSouth KoreaKazakhstanSri Lanka China VietnamIndonesiaThailandMalaysiaIndia SingaporeLaos Japan TaiwanPhillippinesPakistanSouth KoreaKazakhstanSri Lanka
Some countries are primarily origin points Asia as a destination region Many countries feature as origin, transit, and destination points Indonesian Pig-Nosed Turtles and Insider Threat Tarsiers and Insider Threat Taiwan. India
ASIA Generally high seizure rates
The
REPTILE TRAFFICKING IN INDIA
ASIA
Upon further
IN MUMBAI
ABANDONED BAGS
TURTLES & INSIDER THREAT
ASIA
THREATS TARSIERS TARSIERS & INSIDER
FIGURE 6
RHINO HORNIVORY 50 REPTILES
40 BIRDS MARINE PRODUCTSPANGOLIN MAMMALS 30 20 NUMBER OF SEIZURES
KEY mainland China.
10 0 Hong KongSuvarnabhumi AirportNoi Bai(CH) AirportKuala Airport Lumpur Guangzhou(TH) (VM) AirportShanghai BaiyunSoekarno (MY) Pudong AirportTan HattaAirport (CH)SonNinoy AirportNhat (CH) AquinoAirportXiamen (ID) Chennai Airport (VM)Gaoqi KunmingAirport (RP)Airport Hangzhou(CH) (IN)ChangsuiBejing Xiaoshan Airport CaptialSingapore (CH)Airport AirportTaiwan Changi (CH) Tianjin(CH)Taoyuan Airport Binhai Airport (SN) Airport (TW) (CH) reporting.
Pangolin seizures concentrated in Kuala Lumpur Airport
Pangolins & Malaysia in In Plane Sight for Dominance of Hong Kong Airport Demand for Marine Species in Hong Kong
ASIA 2016 FIGURE 7
ORIGIN DEST.
2017
ORIGIN DEST.
2018
ORIGIN DEST.
ASIA Intra-Asian wildlife trafficking Clear flow of wildlife products from Africa to Asia
The
BIRD TRAFFICKING
THE HEALTH RISKS OF LIVE RISKS THE HEALTH
ASIA FIGURE 8
0.4 % PRIVATE PLANE 42 % 6 % MAIL CHECKED LUGGAGE
13 % PASSENGER CLOTHING/ITEM
19 % UNKNOWN
20 % AIR FREIGHT
Appearance of mail
Rhino horn moved in checked luggage Small-scale ivory instances increasingly moved in passenger clothing/items
ASIA
IN BANGKOK
LIVE ANIMAL TRAFFICKING
ASIA ii iii
html
html
National Geographic
National Geographic
New York Times
ASIA
ASIA EUROPE MAIN TAKEAWAYS
for the pet trade, including reptiles and birds.
and likely increasing due to Asian demand, threatening the survival of this critically endangered species.
and derivatives, such as wolf skins, primate skulls, bear bile, and musk deer preputial glands.
such as France and the Netherlands, often act as transit source and demand regions in the Americas, Africa, and Asia.
regardless of whether they were primarily origin, transit, or destination points, suggesting that certain customs and enforcement mechanisms can lead to wildlife seizures on departure and in transit, as well as on arrival.
but had one of the lowest seizure rates in Europe. Given the increasing prominence of European eel suitcases and air freight shipments on departure for signs of hidden in a large number of suitcases or containers.
EUROPE FIGURE 1
airports.
Even though Europe is not generally considered a hotspot for Appearance of Russia1 activity throughout the region. A variety of factors contribute to other world regions. Prominence of Spain of these seizures were destined for South Korea or China. various bird species between at least 2016 and 2017 (see Spain in In Plane Sight seizures of rhino horns found in the luggage of Russians returning European Eel ). European eel seizures tend to be particularly large: eels.
1Although Russia is a Eurasian country, it could not be included in both the European and Asian analyses conducted for this report. Since the majority of Russia’s population lives on the western side of the country, C4ADS chose to include Russia within the European analysis.
EUROPE viii derivatives still show up in seizures at international airports. i
Russia has been used as a source country for bear parts as Asiatic Source: Reuters ii with two bear gallbladders.iii
A similar dynamic is visible in seizures of deer parts, which are also prized for their supposed curative properties in traditional medicine. Musk deer in particular are highly prized for their preputial glands, which are reportedly useful in curing skin controlled by Russia.ix ailments and poor circulation, and are also in demand for perfume. While China has claimed some limited success in farming musk deer at scale, the current population of the deer within China is it is considered a potential substitute for ivory poached Siberian musk deer (CITES Appendix II), which lives in Russia, Mongolia, China, and Kazakhstan. As a result, musk deer glands are often smuggled through Russian airports. For instance, in 2017, a sniffer dog discovered 12 kilograms of deer glands in coffee bags in the luggage of a South Korean traveler as he attempted to pass through Vladivostok Airport.iv A year later, Russian customs v to the airport. established for the smuggling attempt. x souvenirs.xi
Often, seizures of these two products are mixed, with passengers gallbladders, both dried and fresh). For example, in November of 2016, a couple of passengers traveling to Seoul were arrested with vi musk deer glands and bear bile. Also in 2016, a single Russian traveler was stopped en route from Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Airport to Seoul with two dried bear gallbladders, 112 Siberian musk deer antlers, sturgeon caviar (CITES Appendix I or II), and chaga vii mushrooms hidden in his luggage. wildlife.
EUROPERUSSIA: A SOURCE COUNTRY OF SMUGGLED WILDLIFE Involvement of Eastern Europe
IMAGE 3 POLAND UKRAINE
GERMANY C CZECH REPUBLIC A R PA T H MOLDOVA I A xii N
AUSTRIA S HUNGARY SWITZERLAND SLOVENIA ITALY CROATIA ROMANIA three drugged and bound falcons in his luggage to Dubai.xiii BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVNIA SERBIA BULGARIA xiv xv xvi
RHINO HORNIVORY
25 REPTILES 20 BIRDS MARINE PRODUCTSPANGOLIN 15 FIGURE 2
Prominence of Germany MAMMALS 10
NUMBER OF SEIZURES 5
KEY
0 Germany Netherlands United KingdomBelgium AustriaAzerbaijanBelarus Russia France Italy Spain PortugalSwitzerland Ukraine
Importance of the pet trade European pet trade. A few of the reptile seizures highlighted the xviii fair. European eel trafficking xvii
EUROPE Seized Ivory (775 kg) 1,290 Seized Reptiles Seized Pangolin (6 kg) 847 Seized Mammals 4 Seizures 26 Seizures 2 Seizures 25 Seizures FIGURE 3
Seized Rhino Horn (56 kg) 577 Seized Birds 1,866,278 Seized Marine Species 4 Seizures 14 Seizures 29 Seizures
xix all European Eel
xx soon to lay eggs) in poor conditions and over xxi 750 eggs. xxiv xxii pond turtles. individuals were also reportedly detained.xxv transportation to ship the turtles to Mallorca.xxiii SPANISH TURTLE FARM SPANISH
EUROPE 2
60 RHINO HORNIVORY EUROPE
REPTILES
40 BIRDS MARINE PRODUCTSPANGOLIN
MAMMALS 20 NUMBER OF SEIZURES NUMBER OF SEIZURES KEY 0 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018
Europe & the Bushmeat Trade in In Plane Sight).
xxvi xxvii
3 xxviii Between 2010 and 2012, Czech authorities counted seven rhino horn thefts from museums and art galleries in the country. Around the same time, a number of rhino horn shipments leaving South Africa for Vietnam were stopped in South Africa. Shortly thereafter, South African rhino horn shipments began routing through the Czech Republic (see in In Plane Sight).
A later investigation revealed that Vietnamese nationals were paying Czech citizens, and eventually Czech professional hunters, to apply for rhino hunting permits in South Africa. After their hunts, the Czech hunters would and had been trading in not just rhino horn, but also tiger bones, ivory, drugs, cigarettes, bullets, and counterfeit goods.
Czech court.xxix (600,000 Czech crowns, equivalent to about US$27,000).xxx
2 3 See Czech enforcement’s report to CITES on this topic, titled “Trade in rhino horns in the territory of the Czech Republic,” for detailed information on these networks, their operations, and their use of airports.
IVORY, RHINO HORN, AND PANGOLIN TRAFFICKING IN RHINO HORN, AND PANGOLIN IVORY, EUROPE FIGURE 5 FIGURE 6
ORIGIN SEIZED BEFORE ARRIVAL
TRANSIT DESTINATION 20
SEIZED 20
MISSED UNKNOWN KEY 10 10 KEY TRAFFICKING INSTANCE COUNT TRAFFICKING INSTANCE TRAFFICKING INSTANCE COUNT TRAFFICKING INSTANCE 0 0 Spain GermanyRussiaFranceNetherlandsPortugalUK Italy BelgiumSwitzerlandUkraineArmeniaSwedenBulgariaBelarusLithuaniaAzerbaijanAustria Spain GermanyRussiaFranceNetherlandsPortugalUK Italy BelgiumSwitzerlandUkraineArmeniaSwedenBulgariaBelarusLithuaniaAzerbaijanAustria
country level.
Emergence of Portugal Portugal’s origin instances involved European eels destined for High seizure rates
Prominent transit countries through. and Europe (see departure and in transit is possible. airports.
EUROPE Marine species seizures
FIGURE 7
RHINO HORNIVORY species seizures. Most of these seizures involved 12 European eels destined for Asia in 2017 and 2018.
REPTILES
BIRDS MARINE PRODUCTSPANGOLIN Reptile seizures 8 MAMMALS 4 NUMBER OF SEIZURES KEY the seizures collectively presented few discernible 0
AmsterdamCharles AirportAdolfo de Gaulle Schiphol SuarezMunich Airport (NL)DomodedovoMadrid Airport (FR) FrankfurtBarajas (GM) HeathrowAirportAirport AirportLyon-Saint-Exupery (RS) (SP) (GM)AirportVladivostok (UK)Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk AirportBerlin (RS)(FR)SchoenefeldBologna AirportBrussels Guglielmo Airport (RS)Dusseldorf Airport Marconi (GM)Hamburg (BE) Airport AirportHannover Airport (GM) Krasnoyarsk(IT) Airport(GM)Sheremetyevo (GM) AirportZurich (RS) AirportAirport (SZ)(RS)
Seizures concentrated in transit countries
2018) at least 47 airports within 15 European countries between 2016 and 2018. 4 good public seizure reporting protocols. Mammal seizures
2018 than any other type of wildlife included within the C4ADS Air Seizure
xxxi xxxii
IN THE UK
Although news reports of the seizure suggested the
CROCODILES 5 resulting in their seizure.xxxiii
4German airports included Munich Airport, Frankfurt Airport, Berlin Schoenefeld Airport, Dusseldorf Airport, Hamburg Airport, and Hannover Airport, which accounted for 18 seizures total. Russian airports included Domodedovo Airport, Vladivostok Airport, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Airport, Krasnoyarsk Airport, and Sheremetyevo
EUROPE 2016 FIGURE 8
ORIGIN DEST.
2017
ORIGIN DEST.
2018
ORIGIN DEST.
EUROPE region’s role as both a transit and destination FIGURE 9 0.7 % originating in the area destined for other world PRIVATE PLANE 3.6 % regions. MAIL 12.9 % Decline in bird trafficking instances UNKNOWN
50.4 % CHECKED LUGGAGE 14.4 % PASSENGER CLOTHING / ITEMS Spain & Bird in In Plane Sight 17.3 % AIR FREIGHT
Transit region Europe often functioned as a crossroads for Asia. Comparatively few unknown seizures
instances destined for Europe. C4ADS destinations between 2016 and 2018. C4ADS in one European country and passing through a larger international airport in a second before heading to Asia.
European eel trafficking
(a 900% increase between 2016 and 2018). See
EUROPE
around his abdomen.xxxiv The birds included CITES-listed South African birds of prey, such as fraudulent evasion of duty (i.e. importing protected goods) and was sentenced to 37 months xxxv
xxxvi
• xxxvii months in prison (commuted to 18 months on appeal).
• xxxviii He was Association passing through Guarulhos on the way from Santiago, Chile to Dubai in the UAE when xxxix but was released on bail and escaped back to South Africa6 before serving his sentence.
xl xli xlii xliii xliv
xlv xlvi
OFFENDER BIRD TRAFFICKING: A REPEAT torso in 2018. Source: South West News Service
6 - South African passport.” Source: https://www.outsideonline.com/2378786/egg-thief-jeffrey-lendrum-falcon
EUROPE Endnotes
ii
iii
iv
vi
vii
viii
ix
xi
xii
xiii
xiv
xv
xvi
xvii
xviii
xix
xx
xxi
xxii
xxiii
xxiv
xxv
xxvi
xxvii
xxviii
xxix
xxx
xxxi
xxxii
xxxiii
xxxiv
xxxv
EUROPE xxxvi xxxvii xxxviii xxxix xl xli xlii xliii xliv xlv xlvi
EUROPE
MIDDLE EAST MAIN TAKEAWAYS
The Middle East is a prominent transit region, particularly
Middle Eastern countries can be destination countries
Middle Eastern countries seem to make few wildlife seizures
seem
MIDDLE EAST FIGURE 1 “Knowing which types of wildlife products tend to airports can help enforcement target the transport methods most commonly used
each product.”
each country. The map includes instances where the product did not actually enter a country because it was seized
Appearance of Syria and Iraq The appearance of Syria and Iraq in the heat map is unexpected, given that neither country has a well- Prominent transit countries known wildlife market. But further examination of the reveals that the instances were stopped prior to Qatar, and Turkey1) are all major transit countries for wildlife and wildlife products moving between Africa, involved a shipment of tiger cubs originating in Ukraine and ultimately destined for Samer al-Husainawi Zoo near Damascus, Syria in March 2017.i The seizure only occurred because an NGO, Animals Lebanon, learned that the cubs had been held in Beirut Airport, Lebanon African wildlife and wildlife products passing through one for a week but had not been given additional food or or the other on the way to Asian destinations. water (see Tigers and Monkeys in Lebanon). The Iraqi instance involved 142 birds of various species Turkey also played an important role as a transit country
leaving Maastricht Aachen Airport in the Netherlands for Iraq.ii The birds did not have the appropriate authorization to travel, and a Belgian national had already unsuccessfully tried to ship them once prior to their seizure in February 2016. Africa and passing through Dubai or Doha face in certain Asian airports.
1
MIDDLE EAST same time period. The majority of these instances were later seized on arrival at their destination airports.
transiting through the region (36, 22, and 13 respectively) compared to only two ivory and rhino horn seizures each and no pangolin seizures over the same timeframe.
RHINO HORNIVORY PARADIGM
40 REPTILES
BIRDS MARINE PRODUCTS
30 PANGOLIN
20 MAMMALS A TRANSIT REGION THE MIDDLE EAST AS NUMBER OF SEIZURES NUMBER OF SEIZURES 10 KEY 0 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018
FIGURE 3 status as a prominent transit region. RHINO HORN IVORY
Difficulty making seizures in transit 6 REPTILES 5 BIRDS PANGOLIN 4 MAMMALS majority of known wildlife seizures made in Turkey between 2016 and 3 likely discovered as they passed through customs screening on arrival. 2 NUMBER OF SEIZURES KEY 1 iii The seizure occurred after 0 Turkey Egypt Lebanon Israel Qatar UAE The success of this seizure emphasizes the importance of relying on red constraints inhibiting effective screening of passengers and cargo in transit.
MIDDLE EAST Seized Ivory (310 kg) 4,162 Seized Reptiles Seized Pangolin (0 kg) 22 Seized Mammals 2 Seizures 3 Seizures 0 Seizures 4 Seizures FIGURE 4
Seized Rhino Horn (59 kg) 398 Seized Birds 0 Seized Marine Species 2 Seizures 4 Seizures 0 Seizures
Appearance of Egypt
IMAGE 1 made four known wildlife seizures, ranking second in Figure 3 origin point or a “gateway” to live animal markets in other
the eyes of the peregrine falcons they were transporting (see Falcon Smuggling & Corruption).2 seizure occurred after a “Gulf national” was caught smuggling two lion cubs in boxes to “a Gulf country.”iv He claimed they paperwork claiming he had purchased them in a pet shop, but later admitted he had purchased them from a circus in Marsa Matruh. Al-Ahram Arabic
2 MIDDLE EAST illegally) and compete in various contests. Though captive- belief that wild birds are more successful hunters than captive-raised birds.v As a result, birds are often caught along the coasts of the Mediterranean, Red, and Arabian Seasvi and passed into the illegal wildlife trade before being illegally sold to falconers in and around the Arabian Peninsula. Falcons are so prized by their owners in the Falconry, a car with a perch positioned between the two front seats and a “Master Flight Station” designed to hold a “GPS bird tracking unit, binoculars, and hand-crafted Image 2. A hooded falcon standing on the perch of a Bentley Bentayga leather bird hoods and gauntlets.”vii
Because so much of the illegal falcon trade involves Middle employees who turn a blind eye to a smuggling attempt forth to falconry camps and competitions.
and discovered 41 peregrine falcons, prized for their speed and hunting ability, bundled up and drugged with their eyes sewn shut.viii Security Directorate and three lower-ranking police ix Image 3. One of 41 peregrine falcons destined for sale in Bahrain. The Iqbal Airport in Lahore searched the airport in response to a tip-off about a bird smuggling attempt.x discovered nine falcons hidden in a carry-on bag owned by a Qatari citizen, Ali Muhammad Al-Sada. He was time of the seizure. FALCON SMUGGLING & CORRUPTION FALCON
MIDDLE EAST FIGURE 5 FIGURE 6
ORIGIN SEIZED BEFORE ARRIVAL
TRANSIT
40 DESTINATION 40
30 SEIZED 30
MISSED UNKNOWN KEY 20 20 10 10 TRAFFICKING INSTANCE COUNT TRAFFICKING INSTANCE TRAFFICKING INSTANCE COUNT TRAFFICKING INSTANCE KEY 0 0
UAE Qatar TurkeyEgypt LebanonIsrael Iraq Syria Saudi ArabiaBahrain UAE Qatar TurkeyEgypt LebanonIsrael Iraq Syria Saudi ArabiaBahrain
country level. in Figure 5 reveal that they are likely a mix of both genuine origin primarily transit instances. In fact, transit instances accounted Pakistan. Others involved non-native species, such as red-eared slider turtles and gray parrots, and wildlife products derived from non-native Lebanon, and Iraq were also used as transit points by wildlife animals.
Appearance of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Israel Transit hubs as origin points Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Israel all appear in Figure 5 as destination countries due to domestic demand for live animals, particularly reptiles and birds. For example, Saudi Arabia was listed as the xi Bahrain was the it is also possible that these origin instances involved live animals intended destination of 41 drugged and bound peregrine falcons found or wildlife products that were being smuggled through each Falcon Smuggling & Corruption).xii xiii a strange bulge in his pants on his way to Israel.xiv Further inspection destination, thereby reducing the chances it will be stopped and revealed that he had placed a boa in a cloth bag and hidden the bag in his pants. may carry rhino horns, and so often perform enhanced screening on passengers and shipments disembarking from those Low seizure rates
may undergo less rigorous screening for wildlife products.
MIDDLE EAST IMAGE 4 seizures in transit.
Note that Dubai Airport tends to report three or four months of seizures in one press release, without describing individual seizures and only referencing combined totals. This
Comparatively high seizure rate in Lebanon
Tigers and Monkeys in Lebanon Parks Authority
IMAGE 5 Seizures before arrival in Qatar airports with particularly effective enforcement before arriving in Qatar, perhaps along a instances seized prior to arrival in Qatar originated in nine different countries, and involved everything from rhino horn to pangolin scales and falcons. The instances did, however, involve more falcons and rhino horn than any other species or wildlife product, and were seized in either an African country (Mozambique, Nigeria, Morocco, South Africa, or Uganda) or an Asian country (Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, or Indonesia). These nine heightened ability to identify smuggled wildlife on departure.
airports. Both seizures involved live animals shipped in poor conditions.
NGO, Animals Lebanon, alerted the Lebanese of three tigers cubs arriving in Beirut Airport from Ukraine.xv The owner of the shipment presented paperwork and permits for the cubs, stating that LEBANON AFP however, allegedly told Animals Lebanon that they did not have the appropriate planes for live animal After seven days, a judge ordered the release of the cubs to transport).xvi health and welfare.”xx and instead spent seven days sitting in the small crate they had arrived in in Beirut Airport. The xxi crate. another transit location or two before arriving at Beirut absorbent bedding, and did not include appropriate Airport, allegedly multiple days after they had left Ghana. They food and water containers.xvii xviii The bottom of the were not given food or water for the trip. Animals Lebanon crate also became increasingly covered in maggots took the monkeys in after their xxii TIGERS & MONKEYS IN else the permit becomes invalid.xix
MIDDLE EAST FIGURE 7
RHINO HORN IVORY Seizures may not be publicly reported 4 REPTILES The exotic pet trade and the falconry trade are both wellknown in BIRDS PANGOLIN and two bird seizures reported publicly in the region in three years. 3 The absence of seizures suggests seizures are either not occurring or MAMMALS that reporting is relatively limited.
2 KEY NUMBER OF SEIZURES upper class, including royalty. This could put pressure on customs 1 and enforcement authorities within airports to turn a blind eye to suspect shipments (see Falcon Smuggling & Corruption). It is also possible that existing regulations allowing for the movement 0 Antalya Airport (TU) Cairo AirportIstanbul (EG) AtaturkBeirut Airport Rafic Hariri (TU) AirportDubai (LE) AirportHamad (AE) AirportOdva (QA) Airport (IS) of falcons with the correct documentation provide a gray area that prevents authorities from easily differentiating between legal falcon
IMAGE 7 3
Lack of identifiable patterns likely reflects Middle East’s status as a transit region
No clear trends are visible in Figure 6, with each airport making too few seizures to portray any real pattern.
A slight emphasis on mammal seizures is visible, however, with
wild animals (lion cubs, tiger cubs, and white-throated guenons),
while the fourth involved 15 Scottish fold and Scottish straight house cats smuggled in the carry-on bags of tourists entering Turkey. xxiii Seven of the cats died en route due to a lack of oxygen. Image 7. Three of the kittens discovered on arrival in Antalya, Turkey. Seven of the
MIDDLE EAST 2016 FIGURE 7
ORIGIN DEST.
2017
ORIGIN DEST.
2018
ORIGIN DEST.
MIDDLE EAST Birds destined for and leaving from the Middle East versions of the African routes maps, missing only xxiv xxv
Importance as a hub connecting Africa and Asia FIGURE 8
0.9 % PRIVATE PLANE Africa continued on to Asian destinations. This was 0.9 % MAIL 15.8 % UNKNOWN 40.4 % CHECKED LUGGAGE This near constant reliance on the same three cities 16.7 % PASSENGER CLOTHING / ITEMS Hamad Airport, and Istanbul Ataturk Airport (now Istanbul Airport) are the three busiest airports in other world regions.
Certain wildlife products seem to favor certain transit countries 25.4 % AIR FREIGHT T country more frequently than any others between Although checked luggage was the most commonly used transport method in (40% of instances moved in checked luggage) than in most other world regions (42% on average), with the exception of Oceania (26%). At the same time, air country over the rest. For example, pangolin freight and passenger clothing/items were comparatively more important in the than any other country in the region, accounting freight or passenger clothing/items than in any other world region. for 62% of pangolin instances transiting through the 4 Prevalence of air freight time. Seizure Database. For example, of the air freight instances that passed through the origin and destination points for each. According
MIDDLE EAST Prevalence of passenger clothing/items
IMAGE 8
clothing/items seemed to be associated with an increase in small- or placed in their carry-on bags generally weighed around 20 kg. Further investigation revealed that the vast majority of these Handmade Vests case studies in Flying Under the Radar and In Plane Sight).
Rhino horns in checked luggage IMAGE 9
from Southern Africa to Asia, usually onboard Turkish Airlines
inside a suitcase, others were cut into pieces, wrapped in tin foil, and hidden within industrial machinery or cans of food.
MIDDLE EAST freed-after-judge-order.
ii detail/2622217/2016/02/19/Un-Belge-verbalise-pour-avoir-tente-d-envoyer-des-oiseaux-exotiques-en-Irak.dhtml.
iii authorities-seize-22-million-worth-of-rhino-horns-at-ataturk-airport.
iv lion-cubs/.
vi
vii html.
viii
ix Ibid.
com.pk/customs-asf-wildlife-frustrate-smuggling-of-nine-falcons-of-special-specie-into-qatar/.
xi
xii
xiii
xiv
xv freed-after-judge-order.
xvi Ibid.
xvii Ibid.
xviii animals/Documents/pet-container-requirements.pdf.
xix
xx Ibid.
xxi
xxii Ibid.
xxiii lovers-apply-to-adopt-smuggled-scottish-fold-kittens-in-turkey.
xxiv
xxv
MIDDLE EAST OCEANIA MAIN TAKEAWAYS
Publicly reported air seizures are uncommon in Oceania.
Oceania’s endemic biodiversity suggests it is or will be
Australia,
OCEANIA FIGURE 1
FIGURE 2 IVORY REPTILES MARINE SPECIES 15 BIRDS MAMMALS 10 5 NUMBER OF SEIZURES
Australia dominates KEY 0 Australia New Zealand the illegal reptile trade.i
OCEANIA Seized Ivory (n/a) 164 Seized Reptiles Seized Pangolin (0 kg) 26 Seized Mammals 1 Seizure 9 Seizures 0 Seizures 4 Seizures FIGURE 3
Seized Rhino Horn (0 kg) 4 Seized Birds 79 Seized Marine Species 0 Seizures 2 Seizures 1 Seizure
period. Low seizure count
Australian reptile trade
ORIGIN SEIZED BEFORE ARRIVAL
TRANSIT DESTINATION 10 SEIZED 10
MISSED UNKNOWN FIGURE 4 FIGURE 5 KEY 5 5 TRAFFICKING INSTANCE COUNT TRAFFICKING INSTANCE TRAFFICKING INSTANCE COUNT TRAFFICKING INSTANCE KEY 0 0 Australia Papua New GuineaNew Zealand Solomon Islands Australia Papua New GuineaNew Zealand Solomon Islands
OCEANIA Few Oceanian seizures elsewhere
Seizures in Australia Oceania as an origin region
DESTINATION AT SCREENING VERSUS CUSTOMS ORIGIN AT SECURITY SCREENING
DESTINATION AT SCREENING VERSUS CUSTOMS ORIGIN AT SECURITY SCREENING IMPORTANCE OF SEIZURE REPORTING & ITS EFFECT ON APPARENT ENFORCEMENT SUCCESS APPARENT & ITS EFFECT ON OF SEIZURE REPORTING IMPORTANCE
ii AUSTRALIA LIZARDS FROM
OCEANIA
air mail parcel.iii NEW PAPUA TRAFFICKING documentation. GUINEA & WILDLIFE
Significance of Perth Airport
FIGURE 6
IVORY 4 REPTILES
BIRDS MAMMALS
3
KEY
2 for more information. NUMBER OF SEIZURES Airport 1 Appearance of Darwin Airport
0
Perth Airport (AS) Darwin Airport (AS)Sydney Airport (AS)Auckland Airport (NZ)Brisbane Airport (AS)Melbourne Airport (AS)
Appearance of Auckland Airport
Though the
OCEANIA
REPTILE TRAFFICKING IN PERTH AIRPORT
OCEANIA 2016 FIGURE 7
ORIGIN DEST.
2017
ORIGIN DEST.
2018
ORIGIN DEST.
OCEANIA FIGURE 8 Flight routes destined for Oceania 4.3 % AIR FREIGHT 17.4 % UNKNOWN Australia in 2017 (see 52.2 % MAIL IMAGE 9
26.1 % CHECKED LUGGAGE
Marine species trafficking Prevalence of mail amount of detail. reported.
Appearance of checked luggage and air freight Destined for China freight.
OCEANIA
and
into the country.
. • • • • • • •
AUSTRALIA AND EUTHANASIA
Border Force
OCEANIA
& RUGBY home • • • • • •
WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING timeframe.
IN AUSTRALIA
OCEANIA SEIZURES AGGREGATED
WILDLIFE PRODUCT “...although wildlife seizure numbers in Oceania are low, the unique, exotic species TRAFFICKING IN AUSTRALIA living there must draw the attention of live
OCEANIA
ii
iii
htm.
airport.
OCEANIA CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
In Runway to Extinction CUSTOMS AND PRIVATE INTER- NON- ENFORCEMENT SECTOR GOVERNMENTAL GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS Flying Under the Radar In Plane Sight
Flying Under the Radar In Plane Sight, Runway to Extinction 1
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS
AWARENESS
TRAINING
ENFORCEMENT
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS
SEIZURE REPORTING
POLICY
DETECTION
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS APPENDIX I:
The following is an excerpt from In Plane Sight (2018) describing the security and health risks associated with
APPENDICES APPENDIX II:
The following is an excerpt from In Plane Sight (2018), updated to include information relevant to the data Flying Under the Radar THE DATA 1 • CITES Trade Database • The Elephant Trade Information System (ETIS) Database • • • The European Union (EU) Trade • • • • • The Africa Trade in Wildlife Information Exchange (TWIX) •
APPENDICES RHINO HORNIVORY
200 REPTILES BIRDS MARINE PRODUCTSPANGOLIN
100
SEIZURE COUNT MAMMALS
0 2016 2017 2018
KEY 100% 100% 100% 97%
92% 82.5% 80.8%
79.8% 75% 53.1% 50% 49.6%
48.9% 32.8% AVAILABILITY INFORMATION 25% 22.6% 0% Seizure CountryDate Seizure AirportWeight/NumberOrigin LocationTransportDestination MethodSpecies LocationMethod Obfuscationof DetectionTransit Method LocationAirline Flying Under the Radar In Plane Sight
APPENDICES APPENDIX III:
Further detail for each recommendation in this report is included below, alongside guidance on how to implement AWARENESS
1
2 • • • • 3
Recommendation 6
APPENDICES TRAINING
4
5
ENFORCEMENT
34
6 Detection
APPENDICES
Recommendation 6 Recommendation 17
7 8 9 Recommendation 16
Flying Under the Radar, In Plane Sight Runway to Extinction Recommendation 10 Recommendation 19
APPENDICES
Recommendation 18 10
11 12
Recommendation 17
New Flight Routes, Organized Crime, & Totoaba Shifting Transit Routes, Narcotics, and Reptiles Flying Under the Radar
APPENDICES
13 14
SEIZURE REPORTING
Recommendation 12 15
APPENDICES Recommendation 12 Appendix IV Recommendation 15 Appendix IV
16 17 18 19 20 POLICY
21 In
APPENDICES
DETECTION
22
APPENDICES APPENDIX IV:
23 Case Number: Seizure Date:
Suspect 1: Sex: Age: Nationality: Passport: Repeat Offender: Y/N Name:
Suspect 2: Sex: Age: Nationality: Passport: Repeat Offender: Y/N Name:
Contraband Seized 1: Weight/Number:
Contraband Seized 2: Weight/Number:
Airline: Flight No.:
Origin: Transit Location(s): Destination:
Transport Air Freight Luggage Passenger Passenger Other Method: Carry-on Clothes (Check one)
Number of Suitcases or Freight Parcels:
Obfuscation Method / Cover Load (e.g. tin foil, garlic):
Manner of Detection (e.g. intelligence, risk profiling, X-ray revealed suspicious object):
Suspect(s) History:
Additional Details:
Evidence Held By: Report Written By (Printed Name, Sign, Date):
APPENDICES APPENDIX V:
• • • • • • • • • •
APPENDICES
APPENDICES