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Acknowledging the Voices of Families: Metadiscourse and Linguistic

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Acknowledging the Voices of Families: Metadiscourse and Linguistic ACKNOWLEDGING THE VOICES OF FAMILIES: METADISCOURSE AND LINGUISTIC IDENTITY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN SPEAKERS OF AAE by SASHA ROSENA JOHNSON (Under the Direction of Marlyse Baptista) ABSTRACT This dissertation evaluates the use of African American English (AAE) and how identity is manifested through dialectal features used by African American families from various socioeconomic classes in Norfolk and Virginia Beach, Virginia. AAE linguistic features are examined detail, which is traditionally done in sociolinguistics. In addition, this study also analyzes metadiscourse discovered through metadiscursive commentary of AAE that the interviewees have experienced, witnessed and perceived in multiple social situations and institutions. Through their language use, each interviewee’s discourse is analyzed using social realist theory and the methodology of critical discourse analysis (CDA). With this particular framework, the concepts and theories of speech as a social act, agency, the epistemic and moral stances in narratives, and social and personal identities are examined and discussed. The findings connect traditional Sociolinguistics analysis with that of metadiscourse and include comparisons of participants through the social factors of age, gender, education, and household income. This research is useful to linguists and educators because it gives a voice to African Americans revealing their linguistic attitudes towards AAE, education, and more. Furthermore, it shows AAE-use as a form of solidarity among the African American community and that it is more than a dialect of only the working class and the poor. INDEX WORDS: African American English, African American Culture, African American Identities, Black Culture, Norfolk, Virginia Beach, Language in the African Diaspora, Language and Identity, Language and Education, Sociolinguistics, Metadiscourse, Critical Discourse Analysis ACKNOWLEDGING THE VOICES OF FAMILIES: METADISCOURSE AND LINGUISTIC IDENTITY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN SPEAKERS OF AAE by SASHA ROSENA JOHNSON B.A., University of Richmond, 2000 M.A., University of Virginia, 2003 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2008 © 2008 Sasha Rosena Johnson All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGING THE VOICES OF FAMILIES: METADISCOURSE AND LINGUISTIC IDENTITY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN SPEAKERS OF AAE by SASHA ROSENA JOHNSON Major Professor: Sarah Blackwell Committee: Marlyse Baptista JoBeth Allen Mariana Souto-Manning Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia August 2008 iv DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my parents, Ronald and Rosena Johnson, my sister Sazara, my brother Ronnie, and my major professor Dr. Marlyse Baptista. Mother, thank you for loving me unconditionally and giving me discipline, for instilling a love for reading and education, for never giving up on me, for pushing me to always do my best and to never give up, for allowing me to experience new, positive and different things in life-even if I did not carry them through, for believing in me, for praying for me even when I thought I could not go on, and for supporting me emotionally, financially, and spiritually. Dad, thanks for loving me unconditionally, for instilling a love for language, for re-enlisting in the military so long ago which gave us a very cultured and exciting upbringing, for bringing me mountain dews and snacks to comfort me as I was having a rough time freshman year (assuring me that I would be able to make it), for having pity on me when Mother was disciplining me (smile), for validating me, and for supporting me emotionally, financially, and spiritually. Sazara (“Shewy”) and Ronnie, thank you for being my best friends and supporting me in so many ways. Sazara, we have laughed together, cried together, been disciplined together (running away together thereafter), and done so much together (like riding the elephant bus). Ronnie, you are the nicest brother a person could have. You have overcome so many obstacles becoming a productive, healthy and inspirational young man, despite having “autism”. Dr. Marlyse Baptista, I will never forget how you willingly without hesitation took me on as your student when the odds were against me, believed in me and my research, mentored me and gave me direction. I will always be grateful to you. Thank you so much. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS GOD (Joshua 1:9) Family-Mom (Rosena), Dad (Ronald Sr.), Sazara, Ronald Jr.; Fefe (Winston), Aunt Natalie, Uncle Clifford (late Aunt Jean), Aunt Phyllis, Grandmother Dorothy Mae Johnson, the late Louis and Rosia Terrell (grandparents), Aunt Catherine and Uncle Billy, the late Uncle Michael and Aunt Linda, Uncle Phillip and Aunt Cristi, Aunt Marion, Uncle Louis (Aunt Quovardis), Uncle Curtis (Aunt Miriam), and Uncle Frank (Aunt Joyce), Aunt Sandra, Kevin, Valencia, Karen, Vincent, Sabrina, Kimberly, Melissa, Dellena, Noah, Jason; the entire Johnson, Rawls, Terrell, Simmons, Little Families; PhD Cand. Kimya Dennis (for my interest in grad school and support), Demetrius D. Coleman, Sister Mary Earley and Family, Dr. Mamie Johnson, Mrs. Yvonne Brown, Elder and Mother Rogers, Mrs. Ramona Garrett-Beech and family, Sheree Garrett, Ms. Barbara Baskerville, Mr. and Mrs. Marjorie Waller, Mr. LaMont and Mrs. Ondra Dismukes, Mr. William and Audrey Mullen, Mr. Fenzie and Mrs. Frances Langhorn, Mr. William and Mrs. Sylvia Cole, Mr. David and Mrs. Kimberly Williams, Mr. Keith, Mrs. Donielle and Paradise Taylor, Brandie Jackson, Serena Mundy-Harris, Crystal Willis, Ms. Evelyn and Kristy Poyner, Ms. Barbara and Melaniann Hicks; Dissertation Committee-Dr, Marlyse Baptista (my chair) 1, Dr. JoBeth Allen (for helping me with the education concepts and inspiring me to work with families), Dr. Betsy Rymes (for teaching me and helping me with 1 To clarify any confusion regarding the composition of my committee, it should be stated that Dr. Baptista directed this dissertation, and as such, is my sole major professor. However, as she resigned from the University of Georgia in Summer 07 to take a new position at the University of Michigan, the UGA Graduate School would not allow her to remain my major professor on paper without becoming adjunct faculty. Sarah Blackwell then graciously accepted to fulfil the role of my major professor on paper. I moved to Ann Arbor during the academic year 07-08 to complete this dissertation under Dr. Baptista’s supervision. vi metadiscourse), Dr. Melinda Harris, Dr. Mariana Souto-Manning (for help and insight), Dr. Sarah Blackwell; Mentors- Mrs. Donielle Dowling-Taylor, Mrs. Debra Johnson Hunt, Dr. Giselle Friedrichs, Dr. Mark J. Elson, Dr. Joseph Troncale; Friends & Colleagues: PhD/Dissertation Friends —Dr. Helga (Elle) Wendelberger (for support and pushing me), PhD Cand. Susan Nordstrom (for inspiration, sharing ideas, reading, and being a shoulder to cry on), Dr. Rachelle Washington (for sharing information and telling me to man-up), Dr. Rebecca (Becky) Childs (for support and help), Dr. Jeff Orr (for support), Dr. Amy Heaton (for reading and support), PhD Cand. Garrison Bickerstaff (for support), Dr. Athanassios Vergados (for support), PhD Cand. Jeanne Johnson-Holmes (for sharing ideas and research), Dr. Iyabo Osiapem (for sharing information), Brooke Ehrhardt; Childhood/HS Friends - Shanita Jones- Wallace, Dionna Bibbs (my godchildren Jeremiah, Josiah, and Jacob), Andria Blunt Alexander, Jodi Bowen, LaToya Isler, Kristin Eide-Tahri; College Friends - James Price, Kaye Whitehead, Deron Cain, Brian Hebb, Dr. Kenny Byrd, Bababunmi Adelana, Carita Banks, Felicia Turk, Rho Rho Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc., Emilio Waters, Dr. Mabel Watson, Tiffany Adams, Tomecca Sloan; Newer Friends - Tina J. Grays, Doug O’Brien, Monika Kociemska; Others -United Mission Church Family (Norfolk, VA); Pastor Terry Millender and the Victorious Life Church Family (Alexandria, VA); Pastor, Jackie Simmons, and the Village Church Family (Virginia Beach, VA); Elder Samuel and Mother Earlie Peppers and the Fountain COGIC Family (Ann Arbor, MI); Dr. Ansley Abraham and the SREB family; Walter N. Ridley Foundation; Ms. Gail Bohannon and Groveway Community; U of Richmond; U of Virginia; U of Georgia; U of Michigan; Norfolk State U; DeKalb Tech-Covington; Northern VA Comm. College; VA Public Schools-Prince George, Chesterfield, Richmond; Heidelberg Christian Academy; Special Thanks to MY PARTICIPANTS because without you, there would be no dissertation vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1 1.1 Purpose of the Study ............................................................................................3 1.2 Outline of the Dissertation ..................................................................................7 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................10 2.1 The Early African American Community in Norfolk and Virginia
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