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Affixation Category of Palembang Malay Language Reviewed From Perspective of Morphological Typology

Husni Thamrin English Department Pasundan University Email: [email protected]

Abstract

This research is related to affixation category of Palembang Malay language, which is a regional part of the Sumatra region exactly South Sumatra. In particular, this study uses category of affixation in the form of and (suffiks) used by Dryer's (2013) in researching the Nualu language in Seram island which belongs to the Polynesian Malay ethnic. This research reveals that on Palembang Malay language affixation, the first affixation category was the form of 6 (six) categories of prefixes (awalan) in Palembang Malay language, among others; N-, di-, peN-, be-, te-, and se-.Second, there are found 5 (five) types of suffixes (akhiran) in Palembang Malay language, such as; -ke, -la, -an, -nyo, and –i. The third is found 3 (three) simulfix (awalan-akhiran) which is the type of bound form of the one with another prefix, such as: ke-.. . -an, pe-. . . -an, and be-. -an. Finally, there were found 3 (three) main categories of morphophonemic process prefixes in Palembang Malay language, such as; a) there are four types of prefixesN-in Malay language Palembang has many allomorphs: m, n, ny, ng. b) there are six types of prefixespeN- connected with words, so the prefix will change to: pem-, pen-, peny-, peng-, pel-, orpe-. c)there are four prefixesbe- that has allomorphs bel-, ber, and be- .The Grand theory approach used in this study has been stated by Velupillai (2012) and Lieber (2009).

Key words: , prefixes, suffixes, simulfix, typology

1. Introduction -ness of the word happy becomes happi-ness. Third, Velupillai (2012, p.91) explains which is a suffix whose position is in that there are four categories of the middle of a word or affixation. The first is the prefix which is considered the word. (awalan) which position is attached to For example in the language Leti the beginning of the word for (Austronesian (Central Malayo- example in English in the derivational Polynesian): Indonesia), in the verb prefix un-, in the word happy to be in the form of infix (sisipan), this is, un-happy. Second, suffix attached to from the word kakri ‘to cry’ (cry) the end of a word, for example the to>kniakri (k-ni-akri) '(the) act of

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crying' (crying). From this 2018. Cotterrell.et all, 2018. Regel & explanation, it can be understood that Opitz, 2018. There are only a few Malay language belongs to a group of studies related to affixation that agglutinative languages, namely discuss about prefixes and suffixes, language which consists of more than for example, examined by Dryer's one morpheme attached to the base of (2013), prefixes by Romli & Wildan the word. At least the morpheme form (2015) contrasting Indonesian and consists of various types of word class Sundanese languages, and Tambusai forms that can be seen in terms of the et.all (2016) examined affixation only phonetic form directly. Comrie (1989, in Riau Malay language. but there has p.43) not been a study that addresses the In Indonesian, there are four affixation of Malay language in types of affixation, namely prefix, Palembang in the regional regions of infix, suffix, and there is a combined Sumatra. The proposed questions in embodiment of the prefix and suffix this study are: what types of in a word called confix or some say it affixation categories appear in Malay with simulfixes or . There Palembang language. How did the are many studies of various types of morphophonemic process occur in the language typologies in the world that Palembang Malay language? explain the affixation process in terms of inflectional and derivational 2. Literature Review , but from these various Meyer (2002, p.154). studies most only discuss one Derivational morphemes can be perception about prefixes or suffixes prefixes or suffixes, whereas only (see, Blench, 2012. Marelli, 2012. inflectional morphemes are found Sailor & Mahajan, 2012. Hillips & mostly only in suffixes. Generally, the Lewis, 2013. Jaques, 2015. Creemers, explanation of inflectional 2017.Wiemer & Serzant, 2017.Bunau,

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morphemes is to explain the form of Lieber (2009, p. 35) Prefixes the word suffix by not changing the and Suffixes are usually attached to basic meaning of the word, as the basic words that are attached to the word ‘book’ is given a suffix -s into beginning of the word or at the end of books which indicate the plural form the word. However, the attachment of of many books or books. While the prefix and suffix forms is often derivational morphemes can change based on the category of the form of the class group of words and word the word structure. For example, the meanings. For example; addition of suffix -ness attached to an adjective prefix dis- (meaning negation/no) to like the following example. -ness on the basic words of verb ‘like’ so that it adjectives: redness, happiness, changes into a word - dislike - which wholeness, commonness, niceness. means doesn’t like, which is While the prefix form tends to be in associated with the opposite word the form of negation, for example the (opposite meaning); by adding a prefix in English is more likely in the suffix -able to the word ‘like’ so that it form of the connotation meaning of brings changes in verb form like as an negation, such as; un-fortune, un- adjective: likeable which means it can lucky. be liked. It is understandable that are affixes that are there are significant differences from stored or inserted in the middle of the affixation in the form of inflectional root word on the base word. It can be morphemes which do not change seen in the example of the Tagalog much in the form and meaning of the language which is a Malay-Polynesian basic words. Whereas, derivational language in the Philippines. Derived morpheme influences the form and from adjectives by inserting change of word class from the change morphemes after consonants that are in the basic form of the word. at the beginning of the base word, for example; g-um-you which means

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becoming beautiful, h-um-irap which inflections create a type of word means becoming difficult. The formation) Booij (2005, p.86-79). It is morpheme in tagalog language in the clear that there are significant Philippines is an infix form. Another differences when the type of affixation is is two morphophonemic process occurs in parts, each of which is a prefix and an inflection or derivation which will suffix attached to the basic word that change the type of the word base. will form a new word. This circumfix Chaer (2008, p. 23). Affixation can be seen in the example of the to the is divided Dutch language, in the collective form into several types of categories, of nouns from the category of nouns namely; 1) prefix (awalan), 2) infix that can be calculated, the morpheme (sisipan), 3) suffix (akhiran), and 4) (prefix) ge- is located before the base circumfix (gabungan). Alwi (2003, word and morpheme (suffix) -te is p.26) explains that phonemes are located after the basic word, like the sounds of language which have at following example; 'Berg', which least differences in form and means 'mountain', is the circumfix of meaning. Linguistics explains that the 'ge-berg-te' meaning 'mountain phoneme is written between two chain'. The basic word 'vogel' which slashes: / ... /. As in Indonesian the means bird ’becomes the circumfix letters / p / and / b / are two of‘ ge-vogel-te 'which means' flock of phonemes because the two sounds birds'. Lieber (2009, p.76-79). distinguish form and meaning. Complete vocabulary can Although the phoneme is not a consist of one or more prefixes or discussion in the form of word suffixes better known as affixation. formation and it is a categorization of There is a difference between subdisciplines of phonological derivation and inflection (derivation sciences. It will have a close refers to making words, while relationship that cannot be separated

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in the study of , with phonemes. Phoneme is the smallest strong reasons that words are a series unit of sound that distinguishes of several phonemes that have their meaning, while morpheme is the own meaning into the basic elements smallest unit of sound that contains in word formation. Morpheme is the meaning. By phonemes and smallest grammatical unit that has morphemes are still related to sound, the meaning. Chaer (2003, p. 146). It the study or mediates between the is quite clear that the morpheme is two disciplines is morphophonology. the smallest part which has a special Chaer also explains that there are 5 meaning grammatically. In the (five) manifestations of phoneme standard form of the Indonesian changes in the morphophonemic language the word ‘pe-nelpon’ or process, namely; (1) the appearance caller does not consist of a morpheme of phonemes that can be seen in the because it has similarities to the word process of adding prefix to the basic of ‘pe-nari’ or dancer. But the word reading form that becomes read; caller separates us from telephone where a nasal consonant / m / calls (the basic form of telephone is a appears, (2) phoneme merge can be phoneme / n / change to / t / at the seen in the process of filling the suffix beginning of the basic telephone wan in the historical word where the word) so that each has no phoneme / h / in the historical word resemblance to other forms. is lost, (3) phoneme leaching can be seen in the filling process with prefix Chaer (1994, p. 195) states that to the brush word where the phoneme morphophonemic or morphonemic, / s / on the brush word is melted and morphophonology or morphonology is compounded with nasal sounds / the change in morphemic form in a from / the prefix, (4) phoneme morphological process consisting of changes can be seen in the process of elements, namely morphemes and adding prefixes to the words where

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phoneme / r / changed to phoneme / l word, while the suffix is located at /, (5) phoneme shift is the transfer of the end of the word. a phoneme from one syllable to another, or the next. It can be seen in 3. Methodology the suffix /an/ in the answer word In Indonesian, there are three types where phoneme / b / which was of affixation, namely prefix, infix, and originally in sylable/ wab / move to suffix. The method of this research is syllable /ban/ . Ja.wab + an = carried out by a combination of ja.wa.ban. qualitative and quantitative methods

Suparman (2008, p. 5) explains (mixed method) see (Cresswell that in Indonesian agglutination 2008). Referring to the subject which is not found in the matter of the question in this study, morphological process data in the as for the source of the data collected form of internal changes, suplisi, and in the form of dialogue is the blank modifications. So, the conversation of the Malay language of morphological process in Indonesian Palembang by means of literature is only through affixation in the form studies and recording dialogue of affixes. Whereas Samsuri (1985. conversations directly from p.190) explains that affixation is a Palembang Malay-speaking families. combination of root words from the The dialogue is then copied according prefix, infix, and suffix. There are to the original. This study involved three types of affixes, namely several relatives of researchers who prefixes, infix, and suffix. The were taken purposively, namely those position is always in front of the basic who every day often had form, the is called the prefix or conversations in Palembang Malay prefix form. Affix is called insertion language. (infix) because it is located in the

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4. Discussion consists of a free morpheme: nyari and nyekel are added to a prefix. The 1. Palembang Malay Language prefix is denoted by N- which Affixation functions as the form of an active

verb, that is, the principal sentence In Palembang Malay language, moves or acts stated by the verb, for affixation of morpheme forms are example; free and some are bound. Dunggio

(1983, p. 35) explains that in the (1) Dio besake anaknyo dengan n- Malay language there are many yari kayu api di utan. morphemes that can stand alone and PRO3SG grewPAST child3SG there are also morphemes which are PREFsearch firewood PREPjungle bound to other words. These stand- (la membesarkan anaknya alone morphemes, among others: dengan men-cari kayu api di hutan) wong, umo, idup, cari, dio, and tigo. ‘He grew his child by searcing Morphemes that are bound to other firewood in the jungle’ words, for example; N-, di-, -nyo, -ke, (2) Dio n-yekel duet limopiah. -la, be-, te-, se-, -i, ke-... -an, pe-.. . - PRO3SG PREFgets money five an. rupiahs 1.1 Prefix (awalan) (Dia memegang uang limo Prefix in Malay language rupiah) Pelembang, among others N-, di-, He gets five rupiahs of money’ peN-, be-, te-, and se-. 1.1.2 Prefix di- 1.1.1 Prefix N- In sentence No. 3 there is a In sentence No. 1 there is a word jingok consisting of two word nyari consisting of two morphemes. The same goes for the morphemes. Similarly, the word word nyekel in sentence No. 4. Each nyekel in sentence No. 2. Each consists of a free morpheme: jingok

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and goco are added a prefix (prefix). morphophonemic pen will become a The prefix can also be represented by nasal sound with the next consonant di- used as a passive sentence. if the prefix is attached to the forms that begin with the sound of the (3) Ayin gi saket di-jingok Mak. obstacle or the affricative. Ayin PROGRESS ill PREFseen mother (5) Peng-idupan sehari-hari Udin (Ayin sedang sakit di-jenguk cuma ngolake umo. Ibu) PREF daily activities Udin just ‘Ayin is being ill seen by his work farming area mother’ (Peng-hidupan sehari-hari Udin (4) Maling di-goco Mangcik di pasar hanya mengerjakan ladang) tadi pagi. ‘Daily activities of Udin is just to Thief PREFhit Mangcik work at farming area’ PREPmarket in the morning (6) Peng-arepan dio anaknyo jadi (Maling di-tinju Paman di pasar wong beguno galo. tadi pagi) PREF hope PRO3SG child3SG be ‘Thief was hit by Mangcik at good people market in the morning’ (Peng-harapan Dia anaknya menjadi orang berguna semua) 1.1.3 Prefix peN- ‘His hope is his child to become a In sentence No. 5 there is word good people’ idupan consisting of two morphemes. Similarly, the word arepan in 1.1.4 Prefix be- sentence No. 6. On the prfix peN-. In sentence No. 7 there is a this is also influenced by the sound of cekel word consisting of two the beginning of the morpheme where morphemes. Similarly, the word the morpheme is attached. So, the kelakar in sentence No. 8. Each

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consists of a free form: cekel and (9) Meja belajar adek te-belah jadi kelakar are added with a form of tigo. prefix. The prefix is denoted by be- Table Learn PRO3SG younger stating that the work or action is brother PREFcut become three taking place, besides it is forming an (Meja belajar adik ter-potong intransitive verb. menjadi tiga) ‘Learning table of younger (7) Dio be-cekel dengan tanganku. brother cuts to become three’ PRO3SG PREFhold with myhand (10) Bambunyo te-tetak jadi limo. (Dia ber-pegang dengan Bamboo PRO3SG PREFcut tanganku) become five ‘He held with my hand’ (Bambunya ter-potong menjadi (8) Ulil lagi be-kelakar di Pos lima) Ronda ‘His bamboo cuts to become Ulil PROG(Present) PREF speak five’ PREP Pos Ronda

(Ulil sedang ber-bicara di Pos 1.1.6 Prefix se- Ronda) In sentence No. 11 there is a ‘Ulil is speaking at Pos Ronda’ kecik word consisting of two 1.1.5 Prefix te- morphemes. Similarly, the word In sentence No. 9 there is a arepan in sentence No. 12. on the belah word consisting of two prefix se- is also influenced by the morphemes. Similarly, the word tetak sound of the beginning of the in sentence No. 10. On the prefix te- is morpheme where the morpheme is also influenced by the sound of the attached. So, morphophonemic is beginning of the morpheme in which attached to forms that begin with it is attached. It states that the action vowel and consonant phonemes. was done accidentally.

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(11) Dio sedekah se-kecikan. PRO3SG give charity (13) Cari-ke kayu pengidup api. PREFsimple Find SUFF wood light up fire (Dia mengadakan kenduri (Carikan kayu penghidup api) secara sederhana) ‘find some woods to light up ‘He gives simple charity’ fire (12) Wak Zul ngomong se-adonyo. (14) Motor itu da kuidup-ke. PRO3SG speak PREFsimple Bike D.PRON. Turn on SUFF

(Paman Zul berbicara se- (Motor itu telah kunyala-kan) adanya) ‘that Bike has turmed on’ ‘Uncle Zul speaks simply’ 1.1.2 Suffix -la 1.2 Sufix (akhiran) In sentence No. 15 there is the Suffix in Malay Pelembang word baco-la which consists of two language, among others; -ke, -la, -an, morphemes. Similarly, the word -nyo,and -i sehat-la in the sentence No 16. Each 1.2.1 Sufix -ke consists of a free form: baco and In sentence No. 13 there is a sehat are added to a suffix (suffix). carike word consisting of two In no.15 sufix -la is used as a verb morphemes. Likewise, the word form that expresses command, which iduplah in sentence No. 14. Each confirms or weakens. Whereas in consists of a free form: carike and number 16 suffix -la can be attached iduplah are added to a suffix (suffix). or affixed to several words of In example no. 13 the sufix form –ke, circumstances or numbers that give it functions as a commandment; in meaning in the form of expectations example no. 14 sufix -ke also means to or express offers have done something for someone else.

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(15) Baco-la buku resep caro masak which states the size, meaning in or pempek lenggang. each. Read SUFFbook receipe way (17) Lagi kecik dulu aku seneng cook pempek lenggang main motor-motor-an. (Bacal-ah buku resep cara While kid was PRON.SG memasak pempek lenggang) happy play bikeSUFF ‘Read the way of receipe book (Semasa kecil saya senang to cook pempek lenggang’ bermain dengan mainan motor-motor- (16) Sehat-la mang Udin, jangan an) sakitan bae. ‘While I was kid, I was Get well soon SUFF uncle Udin, happy to play bikes game’ don’t be ill anymore. (Semoga sehat mang Udin, (18) Gaji bulan-an cuma cukup jangan mengalami sakit terus) untuk makan seminggu. ‘Uncle Udin gets well soon, Salary monthlySUFF just don’t be ill anymore’ enough eat a week (Gaji perbulan hanya cukup 1.1.3 Sufix -an untuk makan selama seminggu) In sentence No. 17 there is the ‘Montly Salary is just enough word motor-motor-an ending in a to eat in a week’ repetition. The suffix -an is usually associated with a repeated word, 1.1.4 Suffix -nyo including compound word repeats There is word of idup-nyo and repeated word combinations with consisting of two morphemes. suffix compound words that mean is denoted by nyo-, which states the something. In sentence 18 said bulan- case of someone's ownership. an which states each. on the suffix - Whereas the word limo-nyo in an, it is associated with the root noun sentence No. 20 states the total

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number of stated or informed the adjective of an object which numbers.. means loosening or raising an object.

(19) Nasib idup-nyo selalu baek (21) Cekel-i tangan iwan awas terus. campak. Destiny lifeSUFF PRO3SG Hold SUFF hand PRO2SG always good forever carefull fall

(Nasib hidupnya selalu baik (Pegang-i tangan iwan awas terus) jatuh) ‘His destiny life is always ‘Be carefull, please hold a forever good’ hand of Iwan’

(20) Pempek lenjer limo-nyo (22) Gek jangan lupo besak-i baju kuborong galo. kaos adek. Pempek lenjer fiveSUFF buy all Don’t forget big SUFF T-shirt younger brother (Limanya pempek lenjer saya beli semua) (Nanti jangan lupa besar-i baju ‘I buy all five pempek lenjers’ kaos adik) ‘Don’t forget to make bigger 1.1.5 Suffix -i younger brother’s T-shirt’ In sentence No. 21 there is the word cekel-i which consists of two 1.3 Simulfix (Awalan-Akhiran) morphemes. The suffix -i describes a Prefixes and suffixes in the third-person pronoun. While the Malay language of Palembang can sentence No. 22 The suffix -i states also be combined to form another

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type of bound form, that is: ke-.. . -an, In sentence No. 25 simulfix of pe-. . . -an, and be-. -an. pe- -an describes the basic 1.3.1 Simulfiks {ke-.. . -an} combination of verbs into nouns. In sentence No. 23 simulffix ke- While the sentence No. 26 on the lupo-an describes the nature of an simulfix pe-males-an states the object which means accident. While description of the condition of the the sentence No. 24 on the simulfix adjective into a repetition form with ke-malem-an states the time the simulfix of pe- -an. statement of a situation. (25) Dio ke rumah emaknyo cuma (23) Sampe di sekolah Adut ke- pe-singgoh-an bae. lupo-an bawa duet. PRON3SG PREPhouse Arrive PREP School Adut motherPRON3SG just PREFstaySUFF PREFforgetSUFF bring money (Dia ke rumah ibunya hanya (sampai di sekolah Adut per-singgah-an saja) kelupaan membawa uang) ‘He goes to his mother just for ‘Arriving at school Adut forget staying’ bring his money’ (24) Kito dah ke-malem-an sampe di (26) Gawenyo pemalesan nian tiap Bandong. hari. PRON3SG hasP.PERF. workPRON3SG PREFlazySUFF PREFnightSUFF PREP Bandung everyday (Kita sudah kemalaman tiba di (Pekerjaanya hanya malas- Bandung) malasan saja setiap hari) ‘We have arrived at late night ‘His daily works just do a in Bandung’ laziness’ 1.3.2 Simulfix {pe-.. . -an} 1.3.3 Simulfix {be-.. . -an}

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In sentence No. 27 simulfix be- or more morphemes. Changes caused cekel-an explains the basic by the merging of two or more combination of verbs into nouns. morphemes are called While the sentence No. 26 in simulfix morphophonemic. be-limo-an states the description of the whole number of nouns. 2.1 Prefix N- Prefix N- in Palembang (27) Kalu naek motor be-cekel-an language has allomorphs: m, n, ny, yang kuat yo. ng. This can be compared with If ride bike PREFholdSUFF changes in the nasal phoneme in the CONJ tight event of assimilation in Indonesian (Kalau naik motor berpegangan language. When forms that begin with yang erat ya) africative sounds and voiced of prefix ‘If ride bike please hold tightly’ N-, then the forms will become a (28) Be-limo-an bae ke rumah wak single nasal sound with a consonant. cak tu. Like the example below. PREF.NUM. SUFF just

PREPhouse aunt Cak N- + beli 'beli' (Berlimaan saja ke rumah Wak meli 'membeli' Cak itu)

‘Just five people to go to Aunt denger 'dengar' Cak’ nenger 'mendengar'

2. Morphophonemic of Palembang jago 'jaga' Malay language nyago 'menjaga' In Malay language of

Palembang also found many phoneme gilo 'gila' ngilo changes caused by the merging of two 'menggila'

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2.2 Prefix PeN- the root of the teaching (ajar) word; If the prefix peN- is connected for example; with words, the prefix will change to: pem-, pen-, peny-, peng-, pel, or be- + ajar 'ajar' pe-. For example: belajar 'belajar'

peN- + baco 'baca’ oba 'ubah' pemaco 'pembaca' beroba 'berubah'

tulis 'tulis' goco 'tinju' penulis 'penulis' begoco 'bertinju'

cari 'cari' 5. Conclussion penyari 'pencari' In Palembang Malay language, goreng 'goreng' the first affixation category is found pengoreng 'penggoreng' in the form of 6 (six) types of prefixes in Malay language Pelembang, among ajar 'ajar' others N-, di-, peN-, be-, te-, dan se-. pelajar 'pelajar' Secondly, there are also 5 (five) types of suffix (akhiran) in Malay raso 'rasa' Palembang language, including; -ke, - peraso 'mudah merasa' la, -an, -nyo, and –i. The third is found 3 (three) simulfix (prefix- 2.3 Prefix be- suffix) which is the type of bound Prefix has allomorph bel-, ber, form of the prefix one with another and be-. Allomorph bel-only occurs at prefix, namely: ke-.. . -an, pe-. . . -an, and be-. -an. The last, there were

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found 3 (three) main categories of the Sumatra's regional Malay language as morphophonemic process prefix in in the Aceh Malay language. Palembang Malay language, such as; This finding is in line with a) there are four types of prefix N- in Dryer's (2013) who examined prefixes Malay language Pelembang has and suffixes in the Nualu language on allomorphs: m, n, ny, ng. b) there are Seram Island, but Dryers only six types of prefixes associated with discussed prefixes and suffixes.. The words, the prefix will change to pem-, research findings of Palembang Malay pen-, peny-, peng-, pel-, atau pe-. c) language affixation are also in line there are four prefixes have with Velupillai (2012) and Lieber allomorph bel-, ber, and be-. It is (2009) which explain affixation in the understandable that from the three form of (prefixes-infix-suffix) along main categories of morphophonemic with (Simulfix). This finding is also in processes that occur, there are also line with Tambusai et.all (2016) who detailed explanations of the three has examined affixation in Riau main categories of morphophonemics Malay language which also does not which are outlined in the detailed explain much about insertion. It can sub-categories of the occurrence of be understood that almost all of the the morphophonemic process. In Malay Malay regional languages know Palembang Malay language there is very little about infixation that are no infix form known as insertion. not as complete as infix discussions in This could be the language spoken in Indonesian. This Palembang Malay the daily life of the Malay people is language falls into one of the direct and spontaneity which has categories of agglutinative language similarities in affixation in English where many Malay language which does not recognize the form of morphophonemic processes occur insertions (infix). Although there are inflectional and derivational also many forms of affixation in

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processes at the phoneme level and Comrie, Bernard. (1989). Language Universals and Linguistic also in their morphemes. Typology. Chicago: Basill Blackwell Publisher. REFERENCES Creswell, Jhon.W, 2008, Research Design: Qualitative, and Mixed Alwi, Hasan. et. al, 2003, Tata Baku Methods Approaches, California: Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Balai SAGE Publications.Inc Pustaka. Chaer, Abdul, 1994, Linguistik Umum, Jakarta: Rineka Cipta Booij, Geert. (2005). The Grammar of Cher, Abdul, 2003, Psikolinguistik, Words: An Introduction to Jakarta: Rineka Cipta Linguistic Morphology. New York: Chaer, Abdul. 2008. Morfologi Bahasa Oxford University press. Indonesia. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Blench, Roger et.all (2012). The origins Cotterrell, Ryan et.all (2018).On the of nominal affixes in MSEA Complexity and Typology of languages: convergence,contact Inflectional Morphological and some African parallels. Systems. Diakses dari fryan.cotterell,[email protected]. http://www.rogerblench.info/RBO Diakses dari https:// P.htm arXiv:1807.02747v1 [cs.CL] 8 Jul Bunau, Eusabinus et.all (2018). 2018. Morpheme {bun-}: An Example of Cremeers, Ava. Et.all (2017) Some affixes Morphological Process Through are roots, others are heads. Affixation in Bidayuh-Somu SPRINGER Journal. Received: 20 Language. Lingua Cultura, 12(2), May 2014 / Accepted: 22 March May 2018, 203-208 Diakses dari 2017 / Published online: 5 July https://doi.org/10.21512/lc.v12i2.3 2017 962 . © The Author(s) 2017. This article Dryer, Matthew S. (2013).Prefixing vs. is published with open access at Suffixing in Inflectional Springerlink.com Morphology. In: Dryer, Matthew S. Dunggio, P. D. et.all. (1983). Struktur & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) The Bahasa Melayu Palembang: Pusat World Atlas of Language Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan Planck Institute for Evolutionary dan Kehudayaan Jakarta. Anthropology. (Available online at Jaques, Guillaume (2015). Denominal http://wals.info/chapter/26, affixes as sources of antipassive Accessed on 2018-12-28.) markers in Japhug Rgyalrong*.

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HAL Id: halshs-01244876. Diakses License dari https://halshs.archives- (http://creativecommons.org/lice ouvertes.fr/halshs-01244876. nses/by-nc/3.0/). Lieber, Rochelle (2009). Introducing Romli & Wildan. (2015). Afiksasi Dalam Morphology. New York: Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa Cambridge University Sunda (Studi Kontrastif): Jurnal Meyer, Charles. F (2002).Introducing Sasindo Unpam, Volume 2, Nomor English Linguistics. New York: 2, Juli 2015. Cambridge University press. Regel & Opitz. (2018). Processing Marelli, Marco et.all (2012). Affixation inflectional morphology: ERP in Semantic Space: Modeling evidence for decomposition of Morpheme Meanings with complex words according to the Compositional Distributional affix structure. Jurnal:Cortex Semantics. Diakses dar DOI:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.10.003 http//www.modeling Morpheme Tambusai, Azhary et.all Meaning with Distributional (2016).Morphological Typology of Semantics. Affixes in Riau Malay. Phillips & Lewis. (2013). Derivational International Journal of Order in Syntax: Evidence and Humanities and Social Science Vol. Architectural Consequences* . © 6, No. 8; August 2016. ISSN 2220- Copyright 2013 Colin Phillips, 8488 (Print), 2221-0989 (Online) Shevaun Lewis STIL – Studies in ©Center for Promoting Ideas, USA Linguistics. 6:11-47 Special Issue www.ijhssnet.com on “Directionality of Phrase Velupillai, Viveka. (2012). An Structure Building” ISSN: 2281- Introduction to Linguistic 3128. Typology. Amsterdam: Jhon Benjamins Publishing Company. Suparman, Tatang. (2008). Proses Wiemer & Serzant. (2017). Diachrony and Morfologis dalam Bahasa typology of Slavic aspect: What Indonesial. Bandung: Fakultas does morphology tell us?.Björn Sastra Unpad. Wiemer & Ilja A. Seržant. 2017. Sailor & Mahajan.(2012). Toward a Diachrony and typology of Slavic Derivational Typology. UCLA aspect: What does morphology tell Working Papers in Linguistics, us? In Walter Bisang & Andrej Theories of Everything Volume 17, Malchukov (eds.), Unity and Article 42: 367-381, 2012. This is diversity in rammaticalization an open-access article distributed scenarios, 239–307. Berlin: under the terms of a Creative Language Science Press. (http:// Commons Non-Commercial OI:10.5281/zenodo.823246).

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Husni Thamrin was born in Baturaja on the fifth of & articles that has been written by him as follows; January 1975. His Sarjana Degree (S1) is in English Speech Act of a Person with Mental Disorders: A Department of STBA-YAPARI ABA Bandung. His Clinical Pragmatic Analysis (2019); Sundanese Master Degree is Linguistic of UPI Bandung. Right Dialect in Sinar Resmi Traditional Village in Cisolok now, He is still finishing his Dissertation of Linguistic District, Sukabumi Regency (Phonological Doctoral at UPI Bandung. He is as English Lecturer at Perspective)(2020); Mutilasi Morfologi Pesan Teks English Department of the Faculty of Arts & Letters Zaman Now(2018). (Fakultas Ilmu Seni & Sastra) Bandung. Some books

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