1515 Mother of the Year distribute. Kathy Hilton, Lynne Spears, Dina Lohan, and Bad Celebrityor Motherhood

Shelleypost, Cobb

copy, “Moms Gone Wild”: The Limits of Celebrity and Motherhood not

In the August 19, 2007 edition of The Observer Magazine, Alice Fisher writes, “The mother/daughterDo relationship isn’t easy, and stardom does little for this delicate bond. Especially when mothers become celebrities off the back of their daughters.” In the article, Fisher mentions a series of American and British female celebrities’ troubled relationships with their mothers; however, the article focuses on the mothers of a set of intensely famous American young-adult female celebrities who experienced a series of public image meltdowns—arrest, time in jail, alcohol/drug abuse, mental health problems, time in rehab—in 2007: Paris Hilton, , and Britney Spears (I use first names in this chapter as a way of avoiding confusion since I will inevitably refer to various members of the same families). Alongside the ambivalent censure and promotion of these three young women as celebrities in the tabloids and celebrity gossip media outlets (such as magazines People, Us Weekly, OK, and Hello, as well as online sites such as TMZ and Perez Hilton) their mothers, Kathy Hilton, Dina Lohan, and Lynne Spears have been strongly criticized in the media for not raising their daughters “well” and for not taking immediate corrective measures when their troubles began. The critiques of the mothers’ past and present parent- ing skills are invariably founded on the public perception of their most egregious crime— pushing their daughters toward celebrity in order to gain celebrity status (and money) for themselves. All three of these mothers have been accused of “cashing in” on their daughters’

From Cobb, S. (2008). Mother of the year: Kathy Hilton, Lynne Spears, Dina Lohan, and bad celebrity motherhood. Genders, 48. http://www.genders.org/g48/g48_cobb.html

N 127 Copyright Ann Kibbey. This work may not be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without express written permission of the copyright holder. 128–––N–––PART III READING MEDIA TEXTS CRITICALLY fame, by starring in their own reality TV widespread critique of the mothers of shows (Lohan and Hilton) or authoring a young female celebrities: first, that a book (Spears) thereby capitalizing on their woman’s identity as a mother and as a roles as mothers of female celebrities. In working person are perceived to be mutu- these accounts, their apparent selfishness is ally exclusive, as opposed to the masculine the manifest sign of their bad motherhood ideal in which having a job means being a and transgressive femininity, both of which good father; and second, that the mother can engender only more of the same in their continues to be seen as the proper primary daughters. ... caregiver and parent to children. The During the Summer/Fall of 2007 The “problem” with Kathy, Dina, and Lynne is Observer article mentioned above was not that they have made motherhood and the only mainstream news media piece in career thedistribute. same thing. Consequently, the UK and US to pick up on this refrain according to the narrative of bad celebrity within the celebrity news sphere. In June motherhood,or that means they are not filling 2007, the actor Jamie Lee Curtis wrote a the idealized role of the “parent [their blog on The Huffington Post entitled, “Mom. daughters] need.” The young women’s It’s Not Right.” She writes, “The sad paths other parent, their fathers, play their part in of the three most popular young women— post,the narrative by filling three different roles: privileged but from varying backgrounds, Rick Hilton rarely materializes in the talented, beautiful and spectacular—have media, and when he does he appears to be ended in prison, rehab and mental illness. a largely ineffectual former playboy; I hope their mothers are worriedcopy, sick and has been generally dis- wondering, ‘What could I have done dif- missed as a “lost cause” and, more recently, ferently?’ And our culturenot should be ask- as a religious freak; and Jamie Spears was ing the same question too” (Curtis). In hardly seen as an element in his daughter July of 2007 TheDo Times Britney’s life until January of 2008 when he reported on the mom-bashing of these became conservator of his mentally ill women in an article titled “Sometimes daughter’s life and estate, performing the Mothers Can Do No Right,” taking a role of father-savior in the narrative of her more balanced approach to mother-blame downfall. All three types of celebrity dads than Curtis’s blog: “No one is saying that reinforce the narrative of celebrity bad parents are blameless when it comes to motherhood. However, the cultural desire their children’s risky behavior....But the for the return of the father to save his amount of derision directed at mothers daughter articulates western culture’s ongo- seems out of proportion” (Jesella). ing need to control disruptive femininity (in However, in November of 2007, Vanity this case signified through both the daugh- Fair published an article titled “Moms ter and mother) through an image of an Gone Wild,” which appears to be, though authoritative but kinder and gentler patri- it never states as much, a rebuttal to The archy, filling the role of the “parent she New York Times piece. The Vanity Fair needs.”. .. tagline declares, “Sure mothers always get blamed for everything. But—as a look at the women behind Paris, Lindsay, and “Spare a Thought”: Moralizing Britney reveals—if your child is your meal Celebrity Motherhood ticket and career booster, it’s hard to be the parent she needs” (Newman, 176). The final phrase of the preceding line The public scandals and private problems points to two cultural issues raised by the of Paris, Lindsay, and Britney have been

Copyright Ann Kibbey. This work may not be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without express written permission of the copyright holder. Chapter 15 Mother of the Year–––N–––129 widely reported and thoroughly docu- Johansson argues that celebrity culture mented in various popular and celebrity stimulates “debate” about moral and social news outlets. In the summer of 2007, their issues. Within the discourse of celebrity scandals seemed to reach a peak as Paris motherhood, there is some debate over the served a jail term for violating probation moral and social issues of mothering as a for her driving offences, Britney was in the complex individual and communal experi- midst of divorce proceedings and gave her ence. Most often, the discourse participates mother a letter demanding that Lynne stay in the moralization of motherhood, remov- away from her young sons, and Lindsay ing it from any wider social or political was arrested for drunk driving and posses- debates and placing the responsibility for sion of narcotics for the third time. society’s moral character on mothers, keep- Through these episodes, Kathy, Lynne and ing withindistribute. a long western cultural tradition Dina came under much public, and often of making women the guardians of society’s vehement, censure for not being good honor.or mothers to their daughters. The criticism I return now to Curtis’s Huffington Post did not wane throughout the year and went article as it exemplifies the moralizing of on in to early 2008 for Dina and Lynne. motherhood through female celebrity scan- Dina’s reality show, , whichpost,dals within the media. That Curtis is a (sec- showcases her younger daughter Ali’s initial ond generation) celebrity herself as well as attempts to secure fame, aired through the a mother, and that she writes in the most Spring of 2008, generally receiving bad visited political blog on the web, only adds reviews. Dina has been criticizedcopy, for “pimp- weight to her criticism and concern: she is ing” Ali to celebrity culture for her own someone who knows about fame, and she is gain. Britney’s youngernot sister Jamie Lynne, dissecting it in a “serious” news context who gained her own fame as the eponymous rather than within an entertainment news protagonist ofDo Nickelodeon’s pre-teen girl context. Curtis writes, “I am in no glass power show Zoey 101, maintained a good- house. I understand only too well the pit- girl image throughout the early stages of falls of maternal amnesia and denial” Britney’s scandals. In December of 2007, (Curtis). However, the piece never evokes she, and her mother, announced her shock, her own experience of fame as an actor or unwed pregnancy at the age of sixteen—a what it was like to grow up as a celebrity turn of events that strongly clashed with her daughter; instead she invokes only her own star image. motherhood. ...Moralizing the scandals The scrutiny of Lynne increased in of Paris, Lindsay, and Britney, she suggests January of 2008 when Britney refused to that their stints in jail and rehab are just the hand over her children after a custody visit, celebrity version of what she calls a and then locked herself in a bathroom, “national epidemic.” For Curtis the trou- resulting in her being taken away in an bles of these three young women exemplify ambulance and put under a psychological a national disease of “omnipotent children hold in hospital. Of all the celebrity maga- running amok or sitting amok as they zines Us Weekly was most blunt in its watch TV and play electronic games and blame for the troubles of the Spears daugh- shop on eBay.” For her, the problem is over- ters. Its December 26, 2007 headline indulgent “PARENTING.” declared, “Destroyed by Mama, Shame on Significantly though, Curtis speaks directly Lynne Spears, Sold Pregnancy for $1 mil- to and only to mothers: “Can we take the lion. Let Jamie Lynn live with Boyfriend. wrenching sight of Paris asking her mother, ‘She treats her girls like a piggybank’” (US ‘Why?’ and ask it of ourselves? ...Wake Weekly). ... up, Mothers, and smell the denial

Copyright Ann Kibbey. This work may not be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without express written permission of the copyright holder. 130–––N–––PART III READING MEDIA TEXTS CRITICALLY

[sic]. ...Instead of pointing to the cultural It is important to note the 2006 date of and political complexities of contemporary these entries, as they appeared long female subjectivity, Curtis speaks down to before any of Paris’s, Britney’s, or Lindsay’s her audience (mothers) and assumes a most serious public scandals. At this time, the stance of moral authority, established narrative of bad celebrity motherhood con- through her own success in surviving life in structs these women as deficient mothers a celebrity “glass house.” ... because they are “hangers on”—in other On Mothers Day of 2006, the ivillage words, they appear to use their daugh- gossip blog posted an entry title[d] ters’ success to indulge their own desires “Celebrity Moms from Hell” that began, for fame, money, and access to celebrity “While you reflect on the warmth of your spaces (i.e. the media). Writing in 1994, mom this Mother’s Day, I think you should Gamson calleddistribute. these kinds of celebrities spare a thought for stars like Jennifer “peripherals” and suggested that concern Aniston, Drew Barrymore and Lindsay with themor by celebrity watchers was Lohan, whose mothers ain’t exactly June atypical. My research on the ivillage gos- Cleaver” (“Mothers Day”). The post fea- sip blog and other celebrity gossip web- tures female stars’ mothers who “cash-in” site[s] suggests that this is no longer the on their daughters’ careers for money and/or post,case, that at least in the case of mothers fame, and asks the users, “Tired of seeing who become famous because of their Britney’s mom, Lynne, on the red carpet?” famous daughters, the “disdain toward Several of the posters respond vehemently the ‘peripherals’” has become a regular like these below: copy, feature in the consumption of celebrity news (Gamson, 165). In Negra’s terms, These are obviously mothersnot who didn’t these mothers are attempting to claim have their chance at fame so they are their value as subjects in a highly medi- doing it throughDo their daughters now ated postfeminist culture, in which (“Mothers Day,” post by jacks, May 9, youth, glamour, and fame have come 2006 2:52 PM) [sic]. to dominate the public image of female subjectivity. None of the moms would win any The second comment cited above prizes. They are self centered, hangers assumes that the mothers do not have on. It’s sad how many of these parents their daughters’ “love and respect;” which sell their kids for a buck or two. I would could be guessed at only in the few cases much rather be poor as a church mouse when the female celebrities make public and have my kids love and respect statements about their mothers. The sig- (“Mothers Day,” post by PepperAnn60, nificance in the statement, however, is in May 10, 2006 7:51 AM) [sic]. its iteration of the ideology of “new momism,” which Douglas and Michaels These mothers all have one thing in compare to Betty Friedan’s well-known common, no shame/no pride—it’s a articulation of the “feminine mystique,” pitiful sight for any nice young the difference being that “the new teenager to want to look up to one of momism is not about subservience to these celeb types. It’s really scary the men ...it is about subservience to image these mothers and daughters children.” (Douglas and Michaels, 209, portray. It’s not just a shame, it’s a dis- emphasis in original). The mothers to grace ...everyone of them (“Mothers whom the post is directed are seen as Day,” post by Scared, May 10, 2006 self-indulgent mothers rather than self- 11:22 PM) [sic]. sacrificing mothers—according to the

Copyright Ann Kibbey. This work may not be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without express written permission of the copyright holder. Chapter 15 Mother of the Year–––N–––131 comments. The association of mother- construct the mothers and daughters as hood with self-sacrifice has a long history, inhabiting a transgressive femininity (which but it has become particularly virulent in evokes inappropriate class behavior) that postfeminist new momism as the dis- uses sex to get ahead, situated in opposition course elevates and makes examples of to the middle-class femininity that hides those mothers who are perceived not to be and protects its young girls’ sexuality (see prioritizing their children and thus chal- Karlyn, 77 and Walkerdine). lenging the conviction that motherhood is The classed sexuality of the celebrity inherently self-fulfilling and an essential- stage mothers and their daughters also ized form of subjectivity. ... evokes the insult “white trash” from many of the celebrity blog consumers. On the ivil- lage gossipdistribute. blog, one user responded to “Momagers”: Celebrity Dina’s comment, “Scarlett Johannson goes Mothers/Celebrity Pimps toor clubs and no one cares about it, but if Lindsay goes to a club it’s world news!” with the following post: “Both are sad white Three months after Jamie Lynn Spears trash—Dina is a typical example of what’s announced her pregnancy (famouslypost, the wrong with parenting aka hollywood style– story was sold to Britain’s OK Magazine, both are well past there use by dates! (sic)” reportedly by Lynne), Us Weekly ran the (natalie). The regions of the United States front page story mentioned above in which from which the mothers come also corrob- Lynne Spears is accused of engineeringcopy, her orate the view of them as white-trash in daughters’ success for her own gain. It sug- this discourse. On the celebrity gossip gests that Jamie Lynn’snot teenage pregnancy blog prettyboring.com, the blogger was Lynne’s fault for “put[ting] her in situ- specifically calls Dina, “Long Island white ations she didn’tDo want to be in [and] letting trash” (prettyboring). Dina and her two her live with her boyfriend” while Jamie youngest children live in North Merrick, Lynn was forced into a public life: “[Jamie Long Island, while the Spears are from a Lynn] never cared about celebrity ...she small town in Louisiana. Calling the Spears preferred Kentwood [Louisiana]” (Us white-trash draws on the most common Weekly). Additionally, the article suggests stereotype of the term: rural, poor whites of that Lynne forced her youngest daughter to the South. sell her story of teenage pregnancy to OK The term “poor white trash” first so that her mother could have the money appears in the 1830s, and in both the pre– and that, meanwhile, her sister Britney was and post– Civil War South referred to not told about the pregnancy before the whites who were considered lazy, dirty, magazine came out because Lynne did not sexually promiscuous, genetically defec- want to lose the exclusive fee. On the ivil- tive, and inferior to Blacks and Indians. lage gossip blog, one user’s response to this The contemporary stereotype is of the news was simply, “Lynn Spears is a Southern “redneck.” Long Island as a sig- Hollywood child pimp” (FireZoey). nifier of white trash depends on the dis- Multiple users refer to Kathy, Lynne, and tinction between “old money” and “new Dina as Hollywood pimps of their own money.” North Merrick is on Long Island’s children; others use the familiar term “stage south shore, an area defined by working mother.” By figuring these women as stage class and “new money” communities; the mothers, the users draw on the classed view north shore is known for the old money of of childhood beauty pageants as tastelessly the long established New England elite. sexualizing young girls. Their rebukes Long Island white trash conjures an image

Copyright Ann Kibbey. This work may not be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without express written permission of the copyright holder. 132–––N–––PART III READING MEDIA TEXTS CRITICALLY of the newly rich who join together a lack are realistic vehicles toward greater social of cultural capital with the new found sta- power, through work or attachment to tus of wealth. The stereotypical image more powerful men” (Karlyn, 77). The includes those who vulgarly flaunt expen- implication is that they “sell” their sexual- sive, gaudy purchases, such as big gold ity in some way whether that is through jewelry, clothes, and ostentatious house “marrying up” or through performance as decorations that lack a “refined” taste. In a sexual object. The Vanity Fair article both cases, white-trash is often most easily “Moms Gone Wild” notes that Kathy summed up in the image of a woman with Hilton was told to marry for money by her “uncontrolled” consumption practices, mother, “Big Kathy,” who herself married exhibited through sexual promiscuity or four times. The early-heights of Britney’s “excessive” material goods. pop music successdistribute. caused some cultural Calling Kathy, Dina, and Lynne— consternation as her performance in videos women who currently have substantial for songsor like “Baby One More Time” fea- access to money—“white trash” succinctly tured her sexualized school-girl uniform. At condemns them for perceived inappropriate the age of seventeen she was playing what behavior within the socio-cultural expecta- Karlyn refers to as the “nymphet,” the sex- tions of those who are wealthy and white. post,ually interested and active young girl who For example, the Vanity Fair article sug- intends to seduce the middle-aged, middle- gests that “Hilton observers all have their class male (Karlyn, 72). I would argue that favourite story about Kathy’s curious lack the only thing more threatening to middle- of appropriateness,” includingcopy, Kathy’s class femininity and “family values” than finding humor in Paris’s Saturday Night the nymphet is the nymphet’s stage Live skit—which made funnot of her sex-tape mother.... scandal—while attending the taping of Class snobbery toward the stage mother the show with Paris’sDo teenage brothers. remains because of the conflation of middle- Clearly, this incident is meant to be under- class family values with perceptions of stood as an obvious transgression of appropriate femininity. The soccer moms white, middle-class morality and behavior of the 1990s have [become] the security (Newman, 177). And while Lynne’s white- moms of post-9/11 America, and protect- trash credentials seemed to solidify with ing their children, especially their daugh- the announcement of her teenage daugh- ters (whether that be from pedophiles or ter’s pregnancy—a significant failure for terrorists), has become the current signify- a woman who claims to be a Christian at ing feature of middle-class motherhood a time in America when conservative (for more on this topic see Douglas and Christian values further circumscribe Michaels, as well as Faludi). A version of middle-class morality—Dina’s white-trash this female figure has made headlines again behavioral problems, for many celebrity with Republican vice presidential candi- watchers, are found in her apparent date Sarah Palin proudly calling herself a attempts to appropriate the limelight from “hockey mom,” a figure which, in a con- her children. ... vention speech joke, she likened to a bull- Ultimately, the moralizing of race and dog with lipstick. Any suggestion that a class implied in the white-trash slur hinges mother might not be properly protecting on a need to police inappropriate female her daughter or, worse, putting her daugh- behavior. In her article ‘“Too Close for ter in harm’s way, borders on the criminal. Comfort’: American Beauty and the Incest The young beauty pageant winner or aspir- Motif,” Kathleen Rowe Karlyn states, “for ing child actress has an appearance of working-class girls, glamour and sexuality availability that implies vulnerability and

Copyright Ann Kibbey. This work may not be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without express written permission of the copyright holder. Chapter 15 Mother of the Year–––N–––133 the idea of a mother acquiring financial or respectively, a father, a boyfriend, and a best other gains from her child’s success appears girl friend who have been given some credit to parallel the pimp who makes money off for their “good” behavior (there is not space of prostitutes. The stage mother is seen to here to comment on the rumored lesbianism be “pimping” her daughter, as the ivillage of Lindsay). Still, their mothers maintain a poster would have it. media presence. It is widely known that both Lynne and In the summer of 2008, two media events Dina have been stage mothers and official involving Kathy Hilton, Dina Lohan and managers of their children’s show business their daughters featured briefly in the main- careers. All of Dina’s children are Ford stream news. The first was John McCain’s models (Lindsay signed with the agency at presidential campaign ad comparing Barack the age of three). Britney auditioned for Obama’sdistribute. celebrity status to Paris’s and The All New Mickey Mouse Club at the Britney’s, thus associating Obama with the age of eight. Kathy Hilton participated in publicor image of the young female celebrities mother-daughter fashion shows with her as vacuous and immature. The second was two young girls in the late 1980s and, the CNN reporter ’s com- according to the author of House of Hilton ment regarding Living Lohan while filling in (Oppenheimer), she nicknamed Parispost,on the Live with Regis and Kelly morning “Star” from infancy and told her that “she . Chagrined at his inability to stop would be bigger than Marilyn Monroe, watching the series, Cooper said, “I can’t bigger than Princess Di” (Newman, 177). believe I’m wasting my life watching these As the Us Weekly cover storycopy, suggests, the horrific people.” He went on to say, “Then perception is that these mothers have there’s this seemingly nice 14-year-old girl, pushed, if not forced,not their daughters into who looks to be about 60. She allegedly show business careers in order to make wants to be a singer, and/or actress slash money off ofDo them, and the gossip blog performer of some sort, strip tease person, I users suggest that they do so to relive the don’t know. I say that with love and concern youths that they gave up to be mothers, (sic)” (“Cooper/Lohan”). Paris made her making an inappropriate spectacle of own comic video retort to the McCain ad themselves and their daughters. that has been largely applauded, but which I will not spend time on here. What I want to note is that both Kathy “Bad Karma”: Patriarchal Anxiety and Dina responded succinctly and publicly and Bad Celebrity Motherhood to McCain and Cooper. Kathy responded with a post on The Huffington Blog, calling the ad a “frivolous waste of money” As 2008 has progressed, the media narra- (Hilton). Dina responded to Cooper saying, tives of Britney, Lindsay, and Paris have “People are just cruel! ...This is bad karma transformed from “girls gone wild” to sto- for him” (Lohan). ries of them as young women transformed. I would argue that the McCain ad and What is at stake in the narratives of their Cooper’s comments are expressions (by two “wildness” and subsequent transformations representatives of white, middle-class patri- is the transgression and restoration of white, archy), of the cultural anxiety over the avail- middle-class femininity, as rescued from a ability of individual success within capitalism to vampiric, aging, white-trash matriarchal “inappropriate” members of American society. femininity. Kathy, Lynne, and Dina rarely McCain’s ad is the most pernicious with its benefit from their daughters’ transformation further racist implications that Obama’s image narratives; Britney, Paris, and Lindsay, have, of black success is also inappropriate. Cooper’s

Copyright Ann Kibbey. This work may not be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without express written permission of the copyright holder. 134–––N–––PART III READING MEDIA TEXTS CRITICALLY comments and his apparent “obsession” with Motherhood and How It Has Undermined Living Lohan exhibit the contradictory All Women. London: Free Press, 2004. impulses in the anxiety over who rightfully has Faludi, Susan. The Terror Dream: Fear and access to privilege in America (contradictions Fantasy in Post 9/11 America. London: which are not insignificantly exemplified by Atlantic Books, 2008. Cooper’s own celebrity heritage as the son of FireZoey. December 26, 2007, 6:34pm; http://dai- Gloria Vanderbilt). lyblabber.ivillage.com/entrtainment/archives/ Unsurprisingly, several blog user com- 2007/12/spears-family-friend-says-lynn.html ments on Kathy’s and Dina’s responses sug- (accessed 1 March 2008). gested that their daughters were only getting Gamson, Joshua. Claims to Fame: Celebrity in what they deserve from more “respectable” Contemporary America. Berkeley: University members of the public. These comments of Californiadistribute. Press, 1994. show that mothers like Kathy, Dina, and Hilton, Kathy. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ Lynne will be closely scrutinized for using kathy-hilton/mccains-celebrity-adfriv_b_or their daughters to promote themselves, but 116593.html (accessed 5 August 2008). that when white men with political and cul- Johansson, Sofia. “‘Sometimes You Wanna Hate tural authority use these young women for Celebrities’: Tabloid Readers and Celebrity their own self-promotion, a strong critique post,Coverage,” in Framing Celebrity: New of their actions is not forthcoming within Directions in Celebrity Culture, eds. Su the media, except by the mothers of the Holmes and Sean Redmond, London: female celebrities. For contemporary white, Routledge, 2006, 342–358. middle-class patriarchal society, thecopy, value of Karlyn, Kathleen Rowe. “‘Too Close for the discourse of bad celebrity motherhood is Comfort’: American Beauty and the Incest the ways in which it worksnot as a distraction Motif,” Cinema Journal, 44, no.1 (Fall from the class prejudice, racism, and sexism 2004), 69–93. that circumscribe theDo American promotion “Letters.” http://www.usmagazine.com/britney_ of capitalist individualism. spears_legal_love_letter_to_mom (accessed 20 June 2008). Lohan, Dina. http://dailyblabber.ivillage.com/ References entertainment/archives/2008/08/dina-lohan- attacks-the-news.html (accessed 5 August 2008). “Cooper/Lohan.” http://www.hollywoodgrind Moss, Kirby. The Color of Class: Poor Whites .com/anderson-cooper-hates-living-lohan/ and the Paradox of Privilege. Philadelphia: (accessed 5 August 2008). University of Pennsylvania, 2003. Curtis, Jamie Lee. “Mom, It’s Not Right,” The “Mothers Day.” http://dailyblabber.ivillage.com/ Huffington Post, 10 June 2007, http://www entertainment/archives/2006/05/celebrity- .huffingtonpost.com/jamie-lee-curtis/mom- moms-from-hell.html (accessed 1 March its-not-right_b_51507.html (accessed 18 2008). June 2008). Negra, Diane. What a Girl Wants? Fantasizing Douglas, Susan J. and Meredith W. Michaels. the Reclamation of Self in Postfeminism. The Mommy Myth: The Idealization of London: Routledge, 2008.

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Newman, Judith. “Moms Gone Wild,” Vanity the Politics of Popular Culture, Durham, Fair, November 2007, 176–181. Duke University Press, 2007. Oppenheimer, Jerry. House of Hilton: From US Weekly online, http://www.usmagazine.com/ Conrad to Paris: A Drama of Wealth, lynne_spears_sees_her_girls_as_a_piggy_bank Power, and Privilege. London: Three Rivers (accessed 1 March 2008). Press, 2007. Walkerdine, Valerie. Daddy’s Girl: Young Girls Tasker, Yvonne and Diane Negra, eds., and Popular Culture, Cambridge: Harvard Interrogating Postfeminism: Gender and University Press, 1997.

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