ArtsArts and and culture Culture

YEARBOOK 2011/12 Arts and culture 4

South Africa’s arts and culture are as varied as for developing the best talent in South Africa to one might expect from such a diverse nation. The compete successfully on the world stage. blend of local cultures and diverse influences The department is also working with the make for a melting pot of creativity that never Department of Basic Education to include visual disappoints. and performing arts in the curriculum. As custodians of South Africa’s diverse cultural, The departments will identify and nurture art- artistic and linguistic heritage, the Department of istic talent at an early age, promote the arts as a Arts and Culture aims to develop and preserve career of choice and develop an appreciation of South African culture to ensure social cohesion the arts among learners. and nation-building. By June 2011, the implementation of some of the resolutions of the summit was well under- Funding way. This included the establishment of multi- The department allocated its budget for 2011/12 stakeholder task teams and ongoing discussions as follows: with provinces and municipalities to ensure joint • administration: R178,757 million implementation of these resolutions. • performing arts, including arts-related institu- tions: R549,379 million Arts and culture organisations • National Language Service (NLS), including the and institutions Arts and CulturePan South African Language Board (PanSalb): National Heritage Council (NHC) R101,570 million The NHC, a statutory body that aims to bring • cultural development: R180,717 million equity to heritage promotion and conserva­tion, • heritage, which includes the heritage institu- was officially constituted on 26 February 2004 in tions and museums: R763,702 million terms of the NHC Act, 1999 (Act 11 of 1999). The • National Archives and Language Services, council creates an environment for preserving including conditional grants for community and promoting South African heritage. libraries: R694,452 million. In 2011, the NHC hosted provincial summits on the LHR Project to ensure full participation and Arts and culture summit the contribution of all communities and organisa- A national consultative summit on the contribu- tions towards the identification of liberation routes tion of the arts, culture and heritage sector to the throughout the country. economy was held in April 2011 and took a num- The LHR Project is a process of identifying ber of far-reaching resolutions. The aim of the liberation milestones around the country that will summit was to craft a new growth plan to enhance be recognised as liberation routes – a network of the cultural industries’ contribution to the national sites reflecting South Africa’s liberation struggle effort to grow the economy and create jobs. and the road to democracy. These sites will be The more than 1 000 delegates at the summit listed with the World Heritage Committee of the resolved that the following be established: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cul- • an art bank tural Organisation (Unesco). • a public art programme • cultural precincts in all provinces. South African Heritage Resources A tour company is expected to be established Agency (Sahra) to support exhibitions and performances to tour The National Heritage Resources Act, 1999 locally and internationally. (Act 25 of 1999), established Sahra to provide for The summit also resolved to continue the the identification, protection, conservation and implementation of the National Liberation Herit- promotion of South Africa’s heritage for present age Route (LHR) Project, which will tell the stories and future generations. of the country’s liberation struggle. Sahra has established the National Heritage The summit committed to initiating a process Resources Fund to provide financial assistance that will lead to the establishment of the National to an approved body or individual, for any project Skills Academy for the Arts. that contributes to the conservation and protec- The academy will pool all the activities of the tion of South Africa’s national heritage resources. various arts training organisations in the country. It is planned as a centre of excellence responsible

South Africa Yearbook 2011/12 – Arts and culture 72 Conservation categories include: -- names that may be regarded as an advertise- • national heritage sites, registers, areas and ment for a particular product, service or firm objects -- names of living persons. • protected areas Geographical names committees have been • structures of more than 60 years old established in all nine provinces. • burial grounds and graves • fossils (palaeontology) and archaeology National Arts Council of South • rock art Africa (NAC) • underwater cultural heritage, including histor- The NAC, formed in 1997, is a statutory public ical shipwrecks. entity with the Department of Arts and Culture as In July 2011, Sahra declared the Voortrekker its executive authority. Monument, situated outside Pretoria, a national The institution is subject to a complex govern- heritage site. ance framework that includes the NAC Act, 1997 The monument was constructed between 1937 (Act 56 of 1997), and the Public Finance Manage- and 1949, and commemorates the pioneer history ment Act, 1999 (Act 1 of 1999). of southern Africa and the Afrikaner. This sight The NAC is governed by a council whose is architecturally renowned for its art deco style members are appointed by the Minister of Arts designed by well-known South African architect, and Culture after a process of public nominations. Gerhard Moerdijk. The current council was appointed in March 2011. The mandate of the NAC is set out in its found- South African Geographical Names ing legislation as follows: Council (SAGNC) • to provide and encourage the provision of The SAGNC is an official government body opportunities for persons to practise the arts established in terms of the SAGNC Act, 1998 • to promote the appreciation, understanding and (Act 118 of 1998), to advise the Minister of Arts enjoyment of the arts and Culture on the transformation and stand- • to promote the general application of the arts in ardisation of official geographical names in South the community Africa. The council has jurisdiction over all names • to foster the expression of a national identity of geographical features and entities falling within and consciousness by means of the arts the territories over which the South African Gov- • to uphold and promote the right of any person ernment has sovereignty or jurisdiction acquired to freedom in the practice of the arts by treaty. • to give the historically disadvantaged such The Truth and Reconciliation Commission additional help and resources as are required recommended the renaming of geographical to give them greater access to the arts features as a form of symbolic reparations to • to address historical imbalances in the provi- address South Africa’s past, as many of the sion of infrastructure for the promotion of the existing names of geographical features were not arts reflective of South Africa’s society and its quest • to promote and facilitate national and interna- for national unity. tional liaison between individuals and institu- The following principles are adhered to: tions in respect of the arts • each individual feature or entity should have • to develop and promote the arts and encourage only one official name excellence in this regard. • the following types of geographical names In 2010/11, the NAC met its legal mandate of should generally be avoided: disbursing 75% of its allocated budget to projects -- approved names of places elsewhere in and organisations, and bursaries to individuals South Africa and institutions across all the seven arts dis- -- names of places in other countries, and ciplines. names of countries -- names that are blasphemous, indecent, Arts institutions offensive, vulgar, unaesthetic or embar­rass­ The following arts institutions contribute to a ing sustainable performing arts industry based on -- names that are discriminatory or deroga­tory

73 South Africa Yearbook 2011/12 – Arts and culture access, excellence, diversity and redress, and Due regard is given to ensuring a spread of pro- encourage the development of the full range of jects across all the cultural and artistic disciplines, performing arts: including, but not limited to, arts administration, • State Theatre, Pretoria arts education, community art, festivals, heritage, • Playhouse Company, Durban craft, fine art, dance, music, theatre, literature, • ArtsCape, Cape Town multidisciplinary and new media. • Market Theatre, Johannesburg Several capacity-building and sustainability ini- • Performing Arts Centre of the Free State, tiatives have been supported by the ACT Building Bloemfontein Blocks Programme. • Windybrow Theatre, Johannesburg. The annual ACT Awards recognise the signif- The institutions receive annual transfers from the icant contributions made by communities, artists, Department of Arts and Culture, but also gener- administrators, educators and journalists towards ate revenue through entrance fees, donor assist- the development and advancement of arts and ance, sponsorships and rental income. culture in South Africa. Business and Arts South Africa Community art centres and (Basa) other cultural organisations Basa is a not-for-profit company whose primary More than 160 community art centres are in aim is to promote mutually beneficial and sustain- operation, varying from community-initiated to able business-arts partnerships that will benefit government-managed centres. They operate society as a whole. at different levels, ranging from general socio- Basa was founded in 1997 as a joint initiative cultural promotion to advanced programmes and between the then Department of Arts, Culture, vocational training. Science and Technology and the private sector. The centres also vary from craft centres to com- Basa has peer agencies in the United Kingdom munity halls and theatres. Many art centres are and Australia, and has over 160 corporate mem- functioning well and have made impressive con- bers. tributions to local socio-economic development. Its mission is to ensure the relevance and sus- tainability of the arts in South Africa by providing The national anthem expertise in developing partnerships between business and the arts. Nkosi sikelel’ i Afrika The annual Business Day Awards pay tribute Maluphakanyisw’ uphondo lwayo, to those businesses that are actively making a Yizwa imithandazo yethu, difference by sponsoring arts and culture events Nkosi sikelela, thina lusapho lwayo. throughout the country. Morena boloka setjhaba sa heso, Arts and Culture Trust (ACT) O fedise dintwa le matshwenyeho, The ACT is the oldest funding agency in South O se boloke, Africa. It was established to secure financial and O se boloke setjhaba other resources for arts, culture and heritage; and sa heso, to promote the needs and role of the sector in Setjhaba sa South Afrika – the public domain. Its vision is to establish a self- South Afrika. sustaining perpetual fund for the development of arts, culture and heritage in South Africa. Uit die blou van onse hemel, The ACT is responsible for: Uit die diepte van ons see, • developing and promoting arts, culture and Oor ons ewige gebergtes, heritage in general Waar die kranse antwoord gee. • advancing artists and cultural and heritage practitioners Sounds the call to come together, • promoting arts, cultural and heritage education And united we shall stand, Let us live and strive for freedom, • constructing facilities and creating and devel- In South Africa our land. oping an infrastructure for these purposes.

South Africa Yearbook 2011/12 – Arts and culture 74 The Department of Arts and Culture endorses National anthem and supports programmes in needy centres that South Africa’s national anthem is a combined are community-initiated or non-governmental. version of Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika and The Call of The annual ACT Awards recognise the signif- South Africa (Die Stem van Suid-Afrika). The Call icant contributions made by communities, artists, of South Africa was written by CJ Langenhoven administrators, educators and journalists towards in May 1918. the development and advancement of arts and The music was composed by Rev ML de Vil- culture in South Africa. liers in 1921. Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika was composed by a Methodist mission schoolteacher, Enoch Bureau of Heraldry Sontonga, in 1897. The Bureau of Heraldry, located in the Department of Arts and Culture, is responsible for registering National coat of arms coats of arms; badges and other emblems such South Africa’s coat of arms was launched on as flags, seals, medals and insignia of rank and Freedom Day, 27 April 2000. offices of order; registering names and uniforms A focal point of the coat of arms is the indi- (colours) of associations and organisations, such genous secretary bird with its uplifted wings, as universities; and promoting national symbols. crowned with an image of the rising sun. The sun The Bureau of Heraldry is governed by the Her- symbolises a life-giving force, and represents the aldry Act, 1962 (Act 18 of 1962), as amended. flight of darkness and the triumph of discovery, knowledge and understanding of things that have National symbols been hidden. It also illuminates the new life that South Africa’s national symbols are the: is coming into being. An indigenous South Af- • national animal: springbok rican flower, the protea, is placed below the bird. • national bird: blue crane It represents beauty, the aesthetic harmony of • national fish: galjoen the different cultures and South Africa flowering • national flower: king protea as a nation. The ears of wheat symbolise the • national tree: real yellowwood. fertility of the land, while the tusks of the African elephant, depicted in pairs to represent man and National flag woman, also represent wisdom, steadfastness South Africa’s flag is one of the and strength. most recognised in the world. The shield, placed in the centre, signifies the It was launched and used for protection of South Africans from one generation the first time on Freedom Day, to the next. The spear and a knobkierie above it 27 April 1994. The design and colours are a syn- are representative of the defence of peace rather opsis of the principal elements of the country’s than the pursuit of war. This shield of peace, flag history. which also brings to mind an African drum, con- It is the only six-coloured national flag in the veys the message of a people imbued with a love world. The central design of the flag, beginning of culture. Its upper part is a shield imaginatively at the flag-pole in a “V” form and flowing into a repre­sented by the protea. single horizontal band to the outer edge of the fly, Contained within the shield are some of the earli- can be interpreted as the convergence of diverse est representations of humanity. Those depicted elements within South African society, taking the were the very first inhabitants of the land, namely road ahead in unity. the Khoisan people. When the flag is displayed vertically against These figures are derived from images on the a wall, the red band should be to the left of the Linton Stone, a world-famous example of South viewer, with the hoist or the cord seam at the top. African rock art. The motto on the coat of arms, When displayed horizontally, the hoist should !ke e:/xarra//ke, written in the Khoisan language be to the left of the viewer and the red band at the of the /Xam people, means “diverse people unite” top. When the flag is displayed next to or behind or “people who are different joining together”. the speaker at a meeting, it must be placed to the speaker’s right. When it is placed elsewhere in National orders the meeting place it should be to the right of the National orders are the highest awards the audience. country, through its President, can bestow on

75 South Africa Yearbook 2011/12 – Arts and culture National orders and symbols

The Order of the Baobab The Order of Luthuli The Order of Mendi for Bravery

The Order of Mapungubwe The Order of the Companions of OR Tambo The Order of Ikhamanga

National bird: blue crane National flower: king protea National fish: galjoen

National tree: real yellowwood The coat of arms National animal: springbok

South Africa Yearbook 2011/12 – Arts and culture 76 individual South Africans and eminent foreign The winners of the PanSalb 2010/11 Multilingualism Awards leaders and personalities. They are presented on were announced at a ceremony held at the Sandton Conven- 27 April, Freedom Day: tion Centre in Johannesburg in March 2011. The awards re- • the Order of Mapungubwe is awarded to South cognise individuals and organisations which actively promote and preserve South Africa’s 11 official languages as well as African citizens for excellence and exceptional the Khoi, San, Nama and Sign languages. achievement The Lifetime Achievement Award went to Pixley ka Isaka • the Order of the Baobab is awarded to South Seme, a founder and president of the African National Con- gress. African citizens for distinguished service in the fields of business and the economy; science, medicine and technological innova­tion; and community service The Department of Arts and Culture launched • the Order of the Companions of OR Tambo is the Multilingualism Campaign in February 2010, awarded to heads of state and other dignitaries recognising the national wealth in linguistic di- for promoting peace, cooperation and friend- versity and the importance of multilingualism in ship towards South Africa heritage, culture, education, science and techno- • the Order of Luthuli is awarded to South Af- logy. ricans who have made a meaningful contribu- Through its bursary scheme, the department tion to the struggle for democracy, human offers language-learning opportunities as well as rights, nation-building, justice and peace, and training in language practice. conflict resolution In promoting multilingualism, the department • the Order of Ikhamanga is awarded to South has partnered with the Council for Scientific and African citizens who have excelled in the fields Industrial Research’s (CSIR) Meraka Institute on of arts, culture, literature, music, journalism and the Lwazi Project to: sport • develop a multilingual telephone-based informa- • the Order of Mendi for Bravery is awarded to tion system aimed at improving communication South African citizens who have performed between government and communities extraordinary acts of bravery. • facilitate access to reliable information what- ever the location of citizens (whether living in Languages an urban or remote rural area), whatever their South Africa is a multilingual country. The level of literacy and whatever their language of country’s Constitution guarantees equal status choice. to 11 official languages to cater for South Africa’s More than R14 million has been allocated for this diverse peoples and their cultures. These are: project, which will target mainly underdeveloped Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa, isiZulu, parts of the country. Sesotho sa Leboa, Sesotho, Setswana, SiSwati, Tshivenda and Xitsonga. Pan South African Language Board Other languages used in South Africa are the PanSalb is a constitutional organisation that was Khoi, Nama and San languages, Sign Language, established in 1995 to support and safeguard the Arabic, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hebrew, Hindi, language rights of all South Africans. Portuguese, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telegu and Urdu. In terms of Section 4 of the PanSalb Act, 1995 South Africa has various structures and institu- (Act 59 of 1995), the board is an independent tions that support the preservation and develop- organ of state, subject only to the Constitution ment of languages. and its founding legislation, and must perform its duties without fear, favour or prejudice. National Language Service PanSalb is mandated to, among other things: The NLS is located in the Department of Arts and • make recommendations with regard to any pro- Culture. It is tasked with meeting the constitu- posed or existing legislation, practice or policy tional obligations on multilingualism by managing dealing directly or indirectly with language mat- language diversity through language planning, ters at any level of government human-language technologies and terminology • promote awareness of multilingualism as a projects. It also provides a translation and editing national resource service in the official and foreign languages. • promote the development of previously margin- alised languages

77 South Africa Yearbook 2011/12 – Arts and culture • initiate studies and research aimed at promot- • The Battle of Blood River/Ncome Project: Fol- ing and creating conditions for the development lowing the unveiling of the Ncome Monument and use of: and Wall of Remembrance on 16 December -- all the official languages of South Africa 1998, the Ncome Museum was opened on -- the Khoi, Nama and San languages 26 November 1999. The structures honour -- Sign Language the role played by the Zulu nation in the war • promote and ensure respect for all other lan- against the Voortrekkers in 1838. guages commonly used by communities in • The Samora Machel Project: The Samora South Africa Machel Monument in Mbuzini, Mpumalanga, • facilitate cooperation with language-planning was unveiled on 19 October 1998. Machel was agencies outside South Africa a Mozambican military commander, revolution- • establish provincial language committees and ary socialist leader and eventually President national language bodies to advise it on any of Mozambique. He led the country from inde- language matter affecting a province or a spe- pendence in 1975 until his death in 1986, when cific language his presidential aircraft crashed in mountain- • establish national lexicography units. ous terrain where the borders of Mozambique, Swaziland and South Africa converge. Arts and culture initiatives • The Nelson Mandela Museum: This museum Investing in culture in the Eastern Cape was opened on 11 Febru- The Investing in Culture Programme promotes ary 2000. It comprises a museum in Mthatha, a job creation, skills development and economic youth and heritage centre at Qunu and confer- empowerment, supporting business start-ups ence facilities in Mvezo. The Mthatha site was and poverty-alleviation projects. temporarily closed for renovations at the end of Funds are transferred to participants in the October 2011. The museum is now operating programme’s projects and are disbursed on the from the multifaced Qunu site. The upgrade will basis of annual business plans and service level take 30 months and result in a state-of-the-art agreements between the department and the museum. individual or group contractors. • The Constitution Hill Project: The Old Fort Prison in Hillbrow, Johannesburg, was devel- Legacy projects oped into a multidimensional and multipurpose Government has initiated several national precinct that houses the Constitutional Court legacy projects to establish commemorative and accommodates various constitutional com- symbols of South Africa’s history and to celebrate missions. its heritage. • The Sarah Baartman Centre of Remembrance The legacy projects include: in Hankey in the Eastern Cape and the Sarah • The Women’s Monument: The objective of this Baartman Human Rights Memorial in the project is to commemorate the contri­bution of Western Cape: These centres include a multi- the women of South Africa to the struggle for purpose space, a library, exhibition spaces, an freedom. The monument was unveiled at the indigenous garden and a nursery. Baartman Union Buildings in Pretoria on 9 August 2000. (1789 – 1815) was a famous Khoikhoi woman • Chief Albert Luthuli’s house in KwaDukuza, who was displayed around Britain in the 1800s KwaZulu-Natal: This house has been restored as a “scientific freak” because of her physical by the Department of Arts and Culture as a features. In 2002, her remains were returned museum with a visitors’ interpretative centre. to South Africa. The project also involved the unveiling of Chief • The Freedom Park Project: The objective of Luthuli’s statue at the KwaDukuza municipal this project is to establish visible cultural struc- grounds. President-General of the African tures that celebrate and commemorate diverse National Congress (ANC) from December 1952 and important South African events, spanning until his death in 1967, and recipient of the pre-history, colonisation and the struggle for Nobel Peace Prize in 1960, Chief Luthuli was democracy, and ending with a vision for the one of the most widely known and respected future. African leaders of his era. • The Khoisan Heritage and Culture Institution in Hankey, Kouga Municipality, as part of the

South Africa Yearbook 2011/12 – Arts and culture 78 Culture and held at the University of KwaZulu- Laduma Ngxokolo, a textile graduate from the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, made the international Natal. fashion industry sit up and take notice in 2011. Other projects underway are the rehabilitation It all started as a BTech research project – Ngxokolo and development of the Lock Street Women’s developed a Xhosa-inspired range of knitwear for ama- krwala, or new Xhosa initiates. Prison in East London into a women’s museum Before amakrwala attend circumcision school, all their and rehabilitation centre; the development of the clothes are given away, symbolising the end of their boy- former apartheid state security farm Vlakplaas hood. They must be bought new clothes, including high- quality men’s knitwear. Usually these are imported brands, into a heritage memorial site; and the OR Tambo bearing no connection to Xhosa tradition. Seeing a gap, Memorial Project in Mbizana in the Eastern Cape. he developed knitwear using only traditional Xhosa designs and colours. When he entered an international competition initiated Indigenous Music and Oral History by the Society of Dyes and Colourists, Ngxokolo won the The Department of Arts and Culture has entered national leg of the competition, earning him a trip to Lon- into partnerships with the universities of Venda, don, some prize money and the Veronica Bell Trophy. In London, he competed against eight other countries, walk- Fort Hare and Zululand. The mandate for these ing away with first prize. universities is not only to conduct research into indigenous music and instruments, but also to identify and collect all aspects of intangible cul- Khoisan Legacy Project: Sites under consid- tural heritage in their provinces. eration include the Kat River valley settlement, The department and the African Cultural Herit- which rose in rebellion against British colonial- age Fund promote indigenous music by hosting ism in 1850; Adam Kok’s grave in Griqualand regional, provincial and national indigenous (he was a leader of the Griqua people in South dance and music competitions. These showcase Africa); the graves at Kinderlê, where 32 Khoi the diverse indigenous music and dance in South children were killed in 1804; Wonderwerk Cave; Africa. Phillipolis; Ratelgat, owned by the Griqua In October 2011, the Annual National Oral Ratelgat Development Trust; the sites of Griqua History Conference was held in North West in churches and other institutions in the Eastern partnership with the North West Archives and the Cape, Northern Cape and Western Cape; as Oral History Association of South Africa, under well as battle sites associated with the war of the theme Past Distortions, Present Realities; 1799 to 1803. Reconstructions and Reconfigurations of Oral • The Dulcie September Legacy Project: History. This gathering enabled practitioners to This aims to acknowledge the heroes who sac- share knowledge of South Africa’s past that con- rificed their lives for the attainment of freedom tributed to nation-building and encouraged the and democracy in South Africa. The project establishment of community oral history groups. also highlights the contribution of anti-apartheid activist Dulcie September in fighting cultural Heritage Month celebrations intolerance and building a democratic, non- The Department of Arts and Culture is responsible racial, non-sexist and cohesive society. for coordinating the Heritage Month celebrations • The Matola Raid Memorial Project: In February in September every year. Heritage Month pro- 2011, the 30th anniversary of the 1981 Matola motes and celebrates various aspects of South Raid in Mozambique was celebrated. The high- African heritage. light of this event was the signing of a memor- The provinces host heritage activities during andum of understanding with the Government Heritage Month. These culminate in National of Mozambique and the unveiling of the design Heritage Day on 24 September. of the Matola Raid Monument and Interpreta- The theme for 2011’s celebrations was Celeb- tion Centre. rating the Heroes and Heroines of the Liberation • The Bhambatha Project: The aim is to construct Struggle in South Africa. a statue of Chief Bhambatha and a plaque of heroes and heroines to commemorate their Education and training contribution in resisting the poll tax of 1906 Training is critical for the development of arts and imposed by the colonial government. culture to achieve both the develop­mental and • The Albert Luthuli Annual Memorial Lecture, economic potential of the sector. which is funded by the Department of Arts and

79 South Africa Yearbook 2011/12 – Arts and culture The creative industries form part of the Media, and Tourism Initiative in the Valley of Kings at Advertising, Publishing, Printing, Packaging Sec- Umgungundlovu in KwaZulu-Natal; the Lesedi tor Education and Training Authority (Mappp- Cultural Village near Johannesburg; Tlholego Seta). in Magaliesburg; the KoMjekejeke Cultural Vil- The Mappp-Seta, in partnership with the lage, north of Pretoria; the Mapoch Ndebele departments of arts and culture and of labour, the Village in Winterveld, north-west of Pretoria; the NAC and the National Film and Video Founda- Gaabo Motho Cultural Village in Mabopane; the tion (NFVF), initiated the Creative Research Rainbow Cultural Village, west of the Hartbees- Education and Training Enterprise South Africa poort Dam, North West; Botshabelo in Middel- (Create SA) Strategic Project to develop a com- burg, Mpumalanga; and Shangana in Hazyview, prehensive on-the-job training framework for Mpumalanga. the creative industries. The project is funded by the National Skills Fund and the Department of Cultural industries Arts and Culture, and focuses on people who South Africa’s cultural and creative industry is otherwise might not have had access to training a good revenue generator, and still has great opportunities. potential to produce more and contribute to job The Artists in Schools Project places artists creation. with a flair for education and teaching within The Cultural Industries Growth Strategy schools that wish to offer arts curricula. capitalises on the economic potential of the craft, In 2011, the Department of Arts and Culture music, film, publishing and design industries. completed an audit on skills in the heritage sec- The Department of Arts and Culture provides tor. The audit identified critical, priority and scarce support in the form of financing, management skills in the sector, as well as a number of chal- capacity, advocacy and networking, and by lenges that impede skills development. The audit developing public-private partnerships and other findings have been used to develop the Heritage initiatives that use culture as a tool for urban Human Resources Development Strategy. The regeneration. strategy is a medium- and long-term framework Worldwide, the turnover of cultural industries for skills development in the sector. makes this the fifth-largest economic sector, which comprises design, the performing arts, Cultural tourism dance, film, television, multimedia, cultural herit- Cultural tourism is one of the most rapidly growing age, cultural tourism, visual arts, crafts, music sectors of the multibillion-Rand international tour- and publishing. ism industry, and is an area in which South Africa is well placed to compete. South Africa’s natural heritage, measured by the value of ecotourism, contributes R21 billion a year to the economy. In September 2011, the Minister of Arts and Culture, Mr Paul Mashatile, announced the National Liberation Her- Professional and innovative museums, galler- itage Route Project, to honour the women and men who ies and theatres are key attractions for cultural fought against apartheid. tourists. Among other things, R20 million has been set aside for the construction of a museum at OR Tambo’s home in the Eastern Cape, while R50 million has been set aside for Cultural villages Ngquza Hill, where the Pondoland revolt and massacre of In recent years, many cultural villages have been 1960 took place. In Mvezo, the birthplace of Nelson Mandela, the established throughout South Africa to reflect the Department of Arts and Culture is building a museum and different cultures and traditions of the country’s a proposal for funding of R70 million has been developed. people. (See Chapter 22: Tourism.) Roads and other infrastructure in the areas around mu- seums and monuments will also be upgraded. These projects also offer insight into rituals in The restoration of Liliesleaf, the farm where many of the rural areas, as well as excursions into the urban Rivonia Trial members were seized during a 1963 police and township milieux that give South Africa its raid, has been completed, while work on the Steve Biko Centre in King Williams Town in the Eastern Cape is also defining features. underway. These include Khaya Lendaba near Port The department is also looking at setting up museums Elizabeth; the Basotho Cultural Village situ- and sites across the border in countries such as Mozam- ated in the Golden Gate Highlands National bique, Angola, Tanzania and Zambia. Park, Free State; the Makhosini Cultural Village

South Africa Yearbook 2011/12 – Arts and culture 80 The Department of Arts and Culture has en- development and intercultural dialogue through tered into partnerships with significant stake- education, the sciences, culture, communication holders to map the cultural industries. and the sharing of information. Cabinet has identified the creative and cultural industries as one of the drivers of economic Cultural diplomacy growth and job creation in the implementation of The Department of Arts and Culture continues the New Growth Path. to encourage and support initiatives to promote The Industrial Policy Action Plan 2 identifies South African artists on the world stage. the cultural industries, in particular the craft sec- A priority is the finalisation of the policy on tor, music, jewellery production, clothing, leather, cultural diplomacy in partnership with the Depart- footwear and textiles as some of the sectors that ment of International Relations and Cooperation. will be subjected to focused and significant sup- Among other things, the policy will result in the port by the State. deployment of cultural attachés in South Africa’s diplomatic missions. International relations The Department of Arts and Culture’s participa- Southern African Development tion in various activities in the international cul- Community (SADC) initiative tural arena helps to identify, promote and exploit The Department of Arts and Culture initiated the mutually beneficial partnerships for social and establishment of the Forum of Directors-General economic development in South Africa. of Culture in the SADC region to implement and Together with the African Union (AU) and monitor the recommendations by the ministers of the New Partnership for Africa’s Develop- culture. ment, South Africa has embarked on the road to restoring, preserving and protecting African herit- African World Heritage Fund age. (AWHF) The department’s mandate is to ensure that The AWHF was launched in May 2006 in South South African talent takes its rightful place on Africa to support the effective conservation and the global stage, and to use artistry as a tool for management of natural and cultural heritage of economic self-liberation. Bilateral agreements outstanding universal value in Africa. have been signed with France, the United King- Heritage sites are catalysts in transforming dom, China, Cuba, India, New Zealand and many Africa’s image and stimulating socio-economic more. growth. South Africa ratified the Convention on the The AWHF works in close cooperation with key Promotion and Protection of Cultural Diversity in partners: the AU, Unesco/World Heritage Centre, 2006, becoming the 35th member country to do heritage institutions and economic development so. organisations. In the area of international cooperation on cultural development, the Department of Arts and Africa and the Diaspora Culture is committed to promoting the African Discussions around a structured relationship Agenda. between Africa and Africans in the Diaspora to ensure strong beneficial ties are on the agenda of United Nations Educational, the annual Nairobi Summit of African Ministers of Scientific and Cultural Culture. This partnership presents an opportunity Organisation (Unesco) for cultural goods and services from the develop- Unesco works to create the conditions for dialogue ing world to access global markets. among civilisations, cultures and peoples, based The AU Africa and Diaspora Summit is a cul- upon respect for commonly shared values. It is mination of efforts to establish sustainable part- through this dialogue that the world can achieve nerships between Africans on the continent and the global vision of sustainable development, those in the Diaspora. encompassing the observance of human rights, mutual respect and the alleviation of poverty. Bilateral cooperation Unesco’s mission is to contribute to the building The Department of Arts and Culture has signed a of peace, the eradication of poverty, sustainable number of cultural agreements and programmes

81 South Africa Yearbook 2011/12 – Arts and culture Afrikaans, but universal in character. The festival Celebrated South African playwright Athol Fugard received provides a platform for the creativity and talent special honours at the 2011 Tony Awards. Fugard received a Special Tony Award for Lifetime of local artists. The 2011 festival hosted more Achievement in the Theatre. Over the years, he has than 100 productions of which 41 were theatre received six Tony nominations, including four for Best Play, productions. for Sizwe Banzi is Dead and The Island (1975), A Lesson from Aloes (1982), Master Harold ... and The Boys (1982) Other festivals that attract visitors on both and Blood Knot (1986). national and international levels are the Joy of Jazz International Festival; Oppikoppi; Calabash; the One City Festival in Taung, North West; the Awesome Africa Music Festival in Durban; the of cooperation with foreign-partner countries out- Spier Summer Festival at Spier Estate in the side the African continent, including several film Western Cape; the Windybrow Theatre Festival co-production treaties. in Johannesburg; and Innibos, in Nelspruit. The Department of Arts and Culture and the Arts festivals NAC support numerous festivals throughout A range of arts festivals is held in South South Africa, including the Cape Town Interna- Africa annually. These have become popular tional Jazz Festival, the Port St Johns Festival events, with many of them seeing growing attend- and the Splashy Fen Music Festival in Durban. ance numbers. The departments of arts and culture and of South Africa’s National Arts Festival is held in tourism have a forum of festival directors to max- Grahamstown, Eastern Cape. In 2011, the fest- imise tourism opportunities. ival featured about 2 500 performances of 600 shows on the main and fringe programmes, span- Theatre ning theatre; dance; opera; cabaret; fine art; craft The theatre scene in South Africa is vibrant, with art; classical music; jazz; poetry readings and many active spaces across the country offering lectures. It is one of the most diverse festivals in everything from indigenous drama, music, dance, the world. cabaret and satire, to West End and Broadway The 2011 National Arts Festival saw a 7,45% hits, classical music, opera and ballet. increase in overall attendance, with 200 771 South African theatre is internationally ac- people attending the various events on offer. This claimed as unique and top class. continued the trend of growth over the last seven Apart from early productions, notably the years. ground-breaking musical King Kong in the 1960s, The Klein Karoo Nasionale Kunstefees is a theatre created in South Africa by South Africans vibrant festival for the performing arts, presented only began to make an impact with the advent mainly, but not exclusively, in Afrikaans. It is held of Johannesburg’s innovative Market Theatre in annually in Oudtshoorn in the first quarter of the the mid-1970s, just as the cultural, sporting and year. Disciplines include drama, cabaret, and academic boycott was taking hold. contemporary and classical music. The Market Theatre was formally opened The Arts Alive International Festival, held in on 21 June 1976. It was here that Johannesburg Johannesburg, is an annual festival of music, theatregoers were introduced to the work of dance, theatre and visual arts. Over the years, most of South Africa’s leading playwrights and Arts Alive has become synonymous with high- directors, including Welcome Msomi, Zanemvula quality performances by artists from around the (Zakes) Mda, Pieter-Dirk Uys, Gibson Kente, Paul globe. Slabolepszy, Mbongeni Ngema, Adam Small, Heritage-reclamation festivals are also held in communities destroyed by apartheid, such as Vrededorp (Fietas) in Johannesburg. In May 2011, the Handspring Puppet Company’s Adrian The Mangaung Cultural Festival in Bloemfon- Kohler and Basil Jones were awarded a special Tony Award tein is gaining status as one of the biggest cultural for their work in the successful play, The War Horse. The tourism events in southern Africa. play took Broadway by storm and received rave reviews. It also had a successful run at West End. The Aardklop National Arts Festival, held annu- ally in Potchefstroom, North West, is inherently

South Africa Yearbook 2011/12 – Arts and culture 82 PG du Plessis, Kessie Govender, Bartho Smit, South Africa is the 25th-largest market for Maishe Maponya, Percy Mtwa, Deon Opperman, recorded music, with the industry employing more Reza de Wet, Matsemela Manaka and many than 20 000 people. Local music accounts for a others. third of all the music bought by South Africans. It was to the Market Theatre that Athol Fugard Township jazz and blues, especially the brought his A Lesson from Aloes, Master Harold kwela music of the forties and fifties, are being … and the Boys, The Road to Mecca, A Place with redefined, while the country has a rich choral the Pigs, My Children! My Africa! and Playland. At tradition and pop and rock musicians have made the Market, Barney Simon and his actors devel- their mark internationally. Even techno-rave and oped in workshop Cincinatti – Scenes from City house music have found their own variations in Life, Call Me Woman, Black Dog Inj’emnyana, local culture. Kwaito and hip-hop are very pop- Outers, Born in the RSA and Woza Albert! ular, combining elements of rap, reggae and other The performing arts marketed South Africa to musical styles into a distinctly South African style. overseas audiences most effectively during the Kwaai Jazz is also gaining momentum. 1980s, specifically through theatre and musical Music is one of the key cultural industries iden- productions. tified in the Cultural Industrial Growth Strategy In recent years, South African theatre has taken Report, and government has committed itself to the entertainment world by storm with commend- harnessing its potential. In addition to its cultural able reviews for Umoja, The Lion King and Kat value, music plays an important economic role and The Kings. The reception these productions in the country, generating significant copyright enjoy in capitals of the world testifies to the high revenue. quality of indigenous South African theatre. In this industry, the department has solid founda- In nurseries such as the Market Theatre Labor- tions to build on. These include the annual South atory, the Liberty Theatre on the Square, Satur- African Music Week, the in-school education pro- day Children’s Theatre Workshops, the Cape gramme run in conjunction with the Department of Town Theatre Lab and the National Children’s Basic Education, and the Moshito Music Confer- Theatre, new shoots of talent are burgeoning and ence and Exhibition. blooming, nurtured by events like the Market’s The Taking South African Music to the World Community and Young Writers’ Festivals. Many Programme is aimed at improving export oppor- new names are being added to the roll call of tunities for South African music. South African playwrights such as Lesego Ram- The Department of Arts and Culture funds a polokeng, Xoli Norman, Mondi Mayepu, Heinrich number of musical ensembles directly and indir- Reisenhofer, Oscar Petersen, Mark Lottering, ectly, through the NAC. Nazli George, Craig Freimond and Rajesh Gopie. In January 2011, the Ministry of Arts and Cul- Midem 2011 ture launched the New Plays Writing Programme The Marché International du Disque et de l’Edition at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannes- Musicale (Midem) is an international music mar- burg. The programme is a partnership between ket, held in Cannes, France. The fair, which has the Department of Arts and Culture, the university, been held annually since 1967, brings together the British Council and Sustained Theatre. major players in the international music industry, The objective of the programme is to equip a including musicians, businesspeople, members new generation of South African writers with skills of the media and cultural policy-makers. that will enable them to develop dramatic work In 2011, the Department of Arts and Culture, that resonates with the challenges of the world in conjunction with the Department of Trade and around them. The programme comprises a series Industry, again supported the South African Music of playwriting workshops, the development of new plays and the production of selected work, both locally and internationally. The Cape Town International Jazz Festival contributed more than R498,6 million to the economy of Cape Town in 2011. As a result, South Africa’s gross domestic product Music benefited by R761 million, and 2 700 jobs were created for South Africa’s music industry was worth around staff and service-providers. R1,7 billion in sales and ranked 17th in the world in 2007.

83 South Africa Yearbook 2011/12 – Arts and culture • Male Artist of the Year: Professor – University Pretty Yende, a graduate of the South African College of of Kalawa Jazmee Music, won the prestigious Operalia Competition in Mos- cow, Russia, in July 2011. • Female Artist of the Year: Thandiswa Mazwai – Operalia took place in three stages with 40 contestants Dance of the Forgotten – Free Live In Concert selected to compete during the quarter- and semi-finals • Best Music Video of the Year: The Parlotones from 18 to 23 July. Only 13 contestants made it to the finals on 24 July – these included past winners, Erwin Schrott – The Stars Fall Down and Rolando Villazon. • International Achievement Award: Die Ant- Founded in 1993 to give young, early-career singers woord exposure on an international scale, Operalia is held in a different city each year. The 2011 edition was the 19th. • Lifetime Achievement Award: Lance James, Yende, the only African to compete, won the US$30 000 Sipho Gumede (R200 000) first prize for Best Female Singer and the Audi- • Best Pop Album: English: Jax Panik – I am Jax ence Favourite Prize. Panik • Best Pop Album: Afrikaans: Juanita du Plessis – Engel van my Hart Recording Industry’s participation at Midem, • Best Popular Classical Album: Peter Martens which took place from 22 to 26 January 2011. and Luis Magalhães – Beethoven Cello Son- The event was attended by 850 delegates and atas 3 120 companies from 77 countries. A number of • MTN Best-Selling Mobile Music Download: local music industry experts, stakeholders and DJ Mzi featuring DJ Cleo – Nababantwana learners also attended. • Best Reggae Album: Jah Seed – No Retreat South Africa was also offered an opportunity to No Surrender showcase its own talent once more at the 2012 • Best Afrikaans Traditional Music Album: Mooi- Midem edition. plaas Boere Orkes – Boere Lekkerkry • Best Adult Contemporary Album: English: Moshito Music Conference Freshlyground – Radio Africa and Exhibition • Best Alternative Music Album: English: Yoav – The Department of Arts and Culture continues to A Foolproof Escape Plan host the annual Moshito Conference and Exhibi- • Best Global Dance Album: Goldfish –Get Busy tion, which has become a key music event on the Living. African continent. The exhibition is aimed at promoting collab- Dance oration among players from both the private and Dance has become a prime means of artistic public sectors. expression, with dance companies expanding The annual event is designed to provide oppor- and exploring new territory. tunities for business networking; information Music and dance are pulling in new audiences exchange; music-business education; promotion and a number of home-grown productions, par- and product development for national music pro- ticularly those aimed at the popular market, have ducers, performers, individuals and entities pro- taken South Africa and, in some cases, the world, viding support services; as well as to strengthen by storm. business opportunities for the music industry and Contemporary work ranges from normal pre- related media. conceptions of movement and per­formance art or performance theatre to the completely uncon- South African Music Awards ventional. (Samas) Added to this is the African experience, which The 17th MTN Samas were held in Johannes- includes traditional dance inspired by wedding burg in May 2011. More than 5 000 guests and ceremonies, battles, rituals and the trifles of every- members of the public attended the ceremony. day life. Winners included: An informal but highly versatile perform-­ • Album of the Year: Liquideep – Fabrics of the ance venue in Johannesburg, The Dance Fact- Heart ory, provides a permanent platform for a variety of • Newcomer of the Year: Locnville – Sun in my dance and movement groups. Pocket

South Africa Yearbook 2011/12 – Arts and culture 84 The Wits Theatre (part of the University of the Gallery of the University of the Witwatersrand, the Witwatersrand) is also a popular dance venue. It University of South Africa Gallery in Pretoria, the is home to the annual First National Bank (FNB) Edoardo Villa Museum and other galleries at the Dance Umbrella. University of Pretoria, and a collection of contem- The Dance Umbrella is an annual platform for porary Indian art at the University of KwaZulu- South African contemporary dance at which new Natal. choreographic creations are presented. It is an Corporate collections of national interest open platform, which includes performances of include those of Standard Bank, Absa and the youth and community groups, the efforts of young MTN cellular phone network. choreographers and commissioned works from The Department of Arts and Culture supports professional practitioners. a number of projects that promote the visual arts. Foreign dance companies also show their These range from arts publications and women- work, often with assistance from their respective empowerment programmes to national and inter- diplomatic missions. national exhibitions and infrastructure funding. The FNB Dance Umbrella 2011, held in asso- The Department of Arts and Culture’s art col- ciation with the NAC and the Market Theatre, ran lection has been restored and the works are from 24 February to 6 March. displayed in the building occupied by the depart- There were performances at various Johan- ment. nesburg theatres: the University of Johannesburg Arts Centre in Auckland Park, the Wits Theatre, Photography Wits Campus, Wits Downstairs, The Dance Fact- With its scenic beauty, abundant wildlife, diversity ory, The Nunnery and Goethe on Main. of cultures and rich historical heritage, South The festival featured choreographers and com- Africa is a photographer’s paradise. Many South panies from all over South Africa, and presented African photographers have been acclaimed for work ranging from community-based/youth their work, which features in coffee-table books, groups, young up-and-coming choreographers documentaries, local and overseas exhibitions, and newly commissioned work from South Af- magazines and newspapers. rican artists, to international companies. National and international photographic The Cape Town City Ballet, started in 1934 as exhibitions and competitions are held in South the University of Cape Town Ballet Company, is Africa annually, and various national awards are the oldest ballet company in the country. bestowed on local photographers. The largest is the South African Ballet Theatre (SABT), based in Johannesburg. Architecture The SABT celebrated 10 years of existence South Africa has a rich architectural heritage to in February 2011. Marking this celebration, the which all the cultural groups in the country have SABT’s two full-length seasons in 2011 included contributed. Through the centuries, a unique trend productions of Romeo and Juliet and Sleeping has developed in South Africa’s architectural Beauty, as well as its annual year-end concert. style, which has been referred to as an innovative marriage of traditions. Visual arts Today, this is evident in the variety of architec- The visual arts sector has a turnover of nearly tural structures found all over the country, ranging R2 billion a year. An estimated 17 000 people from humble dwellings, historical homesteads and work in the sector. Art galleries in South Africa’s major cities (such as the Durban Art Gallery in KwaZulu-Natal; the South African Jodi Bieber’s iconic and shocking Time magazine cover portrait of 18-year-old Afghani girl Bibi Johannesburg Art Gallery in Gauteng; the South Aisha, whose face was mutilated by her Taliban husband, African National Gallery in Cape Town; and the was selected as the World Press Photo of 2010. Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Art Museum in Port Bieber, who previously won eight World Press Photo awards, is only the second South African photographer to Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape) display collections win the highest honour in the prestigious contest. of indigenous, historical and contemporary work. The portrait of Aisha, which featured on the cover of the Universities also play an important role in 1 August 2010 issue of Time, was also awarded first prize in the Portraits Singles Category of the 2011 contest. acquiring artwork of national interest. These include collections housed in the Gertrude Posel

85 South Africa Yearbook 2011/12 – Arts and culture The oldest painted stones (around 6 400 years) South African paintings broke three records at an auction in were recovered at Boomplaas Cave in the Cango London in March 2011, according to auctioneers Bonhams. Valley near Oudtshoorn. A painting by Irma Stern was sold for R34 million, one by Alexis Preller for R8,4 million and one by Gerard Sekoto for Three painted stones were also found at the R6,7 million. The sale total was just under R101,2 million Klasies River caves, which yielded the second- and was expected to end closer to R112,4 million with the oldest painted stone, dating back some 3 900 after sales. years. The Department of Arts and Culture supports a number of projects, including a rock-heritage public buildings, to modern commercial buildings project in Clanwilliam in the Western Cape. reflecting state-of-the-art technology and designs that match the best in the world. Crafts Schools of architecture exist within various The craft sector contributes R11 billion annually South African universities. Sahra conserves build- to gross domestic product (GDP) and employs ings of historical or architectural value. More than approximately 38 000 people. 4 000 buildings, sites and other objects (including The crafts industry can be used as a catalyst trees) have been declared national monuments. for rural economic development and can cre- Heritage South Africa is a non-profit private ate opportunities for expanded participation in organisation that conserves South Africa’s variety the economy, especially by women and young of architectural gems. people. The Vhutsila a vhu Tibiwi Art and Craft Rock art Gallery is a dream come true for the ideals of There are many traces of ancient cultures that skills development and the preservation of herit- existed in the country in the distant past. age and the indigenous knowledge system in the Experts estimate that there are 250 000 rock- Vhembe district, Limpopo. art sites south of the Zambezi. The San people left a priceless and unique col- Design lection of Stone Age paintings and engravings in The Department of Arts and Culture has put in South Africa, which is also the largest of its type place several initiatives to improve product design in the world. and the use of computer-aided design (CAD). The mountains, especially the Drakens- These include: berg range and those in the Cape, are home to a • a partnership with South African Fashion Week myriad of fascinating rock-art panels. on developmental initiatives to address the Rock engravings are scattered on flat rock Second Economy surfaces and boulders throughout the interior. • established designers facilitating work­shops to The artworks depict mainly hunter-gatherers unearth new talent and fuse design with craft and their relationship with the animal world and • the National Product Development Centre at historical events, as well as their interaction with the CSIR, which operates within a national and observation of newcomers encroaching upon framework, optimising the contributions of their living space. Indigenous people with spears service-providers through­out the country in the and Nguni cattle, Khoikhoin fat-tailed sheep, field of design technology European settlers on horseback with rifles and • the CAD initiative at the CSIR, which is linked wagons, and ships and soldiers in uniform were to the technology station at the Free State Uni- captured in surprising detail. versity of Technology and similar institutions in Immortalised visions of the artists’ spiritual KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape world can also be found on the sandstone can- vases. These depict complex symbols and meta- phors to illustrate the supernatural powers and In 2011, Duduzile Cynthia Jele won the Commonwealth Writers’ Prize (Africa Region) with her debut novel, Happi- potency they received from nature. ness is a Four Letter Word. The oldest dated rock art in South Africa, Lauren Beukes received the Arthur C Clark Award for an engraved stone some 10 200 years old, was her book, Zoo City, beating some well-known international discovered in a living floor at the Wonderwerk best-selling authors. Cave near Kuruman in the Northern Cape.

South Africa Yearbook 2011/12 – Arts and culture 86 writers such as Zakes Mda, Niq Mhlongo and the Cape Town hosted the 29th International Publishers Asso- late K Sello Duiker having their novels translated ciation Publishers Congress from 12 to 14 June 2012 in the into languages such as Dutch, German and week preceding the sixth Cape Town Book Fair. Spanish. The establishment of the South African Book Development Council (SABDC), which was • the Cape Craft and Design Institute launched in June 2007, has created a platform • the awarding of design learnerships through for the book industry to develop an integrated Create SA to assist and support emerging growth strategy. Among other accomplishments, designers the SABDC has been able to consolidate industry • the annual Design Indaba Conference and indicators that are fundamental to the develop- Expo held in Cape Town in February. ment of the sector. One of the major projects The indaba is regarded as one of the premier of the SABDC is the development of the Draft design events in the world. The expo is a gallery, Framework for the National Book Policy to serve marketplace, school and theatre, featuring the fin- as a legislative framework to guide growth and est original South African design, covering every- development strategies in the book sector. thing from homeware and jewellery to architec- Magazines and literary journals have always ture, fashion, film, multimedia and graphic design. played a pivotal role in the development of South The 2011 Design Indaba attracted 379 exhib- African literary contours. In the recent past, a itors and some 38 000 visitors. It contributed number of literary magazines and journals have R261 million to GDP, up from R232 million in 2010 emerged and provide regular publishing space for and R191 million in 2009. both seasoned and budding writers. The South African Literary Awards include cat- Literature egories such as the Literary Lifetime Achievement The South African book sector has become Award, the National Poet Laureate Prize, the globally competitive and the country’s writers K Sello Duiker Award for Young Novelists, the continue to command respect across the world. Literary Journalism Award and many other cat- The Department of Arts and Culture is commit- egories. Other awards include the M-Net Awards ted to the preservation, development and promo- and the BTA/Anglo Platinum Short Story Award. tion of South African literature. In 2010, the Department of Arts and Culture, Its strategic objective is to promote the culture in collaboration with the National Library of South of reading and writing and to develop a sustain- Africa (NLSA), undertook to reprint various out- able book industry that supports the equitable of-print books that are considered classics in development of all South African languages. indigenous African languages. The total net turnover of the book publishing In December 2010, the department launched industry in 2007 was estimated at R3,2 billion. 20 additional titles as part of this initiative. More than 16 000 authors earn an estimated It is continuing with the Indigenous Languages R308 million in royalties. The publishing industry Publishing Programme, a partnership with the employs about 3 000 individuals full-time and SABDC, to produce new material in the nine pre- 2 400 freelancers. viously marginalised indigenous languages. More than 7 000 people are employed in the printing industry.

The pop culture in poetry, often referred to South African crime-fiction writer Deon Meyer’s Thirteen as “spoken word poetry”, is one of the most Hours won the prestigious American Barry Prize for Best celebrated art forms throughout the country and Thriller of 2011. The book, originally published in Afrikaans, was nom- beyond. Poets such as Lesego Rampolokeng, inated in the Best Thriller Category alongside works such Lebogang Mashile, Kgafela oa Magogodi, Blaq as Vince Flynn’s American Assassin and Charles Charters’ Pearl, Jessica Mbangeni and Mark Manaka are Bolt Action. The Barry Prize, presented by America’s top crime- household names in the genre. There are regular fiction magazine Deadly Pleasures, is named after the platforms created to give these poets opportun- book critic Barry Gardner. The winners were announced ities to hone their skills. at the Bouchercon 2011, a crime-fiction conference held in The current generation of writers are also St Louis, Missouri. making their mark on the world stage, with

87 South Africa Yearbook 2011/12 – Arts and culture The programme offers publishing opportunities In February 2011, the Minister of Arts and Culture, Mr Paul to emerging writers and support to independent Mashatile, launched the French Film Festival in Johan- small publishers. nesburg. By June 2011, the programme had produced As signatory to the United Nations Educational, Sci- entific and Cultural Organisation’s Universal Declaration titles such as A Hi Fambe Munghaname (Xi- on Cultural Diversity, South Africa will continue to support tsonga), Tikhatsi Tegugcina (isiSwati) Ziyodlula initiatives such as the French Film Festival in South Africa, Izinsizwa (isiZulu) and Boiteko Ba Ka (Sesotho). whose purpose is to promote diversity in the fields of arts and culture. The Department of Arts and Culture, in col- The festival is also part of ongoing efforts to strengthen laboration with the SABDC, established the very ties between the South African and French film industries. first National Book Week (NBW) with resounding It offers film-makers and producers from both countries an opportunity to exchange ideas, learn from each other and success in September 2010. identify opportunities for collaboration. With government’s support of this platform, the The Department of Arts and Culture in South Africa and book sector and civil society have established the French Ministry of Culture and Communication signed a dynamic partnership for the promotion of the a film co-production treaty in May 2010. culture of reading and writing. NBW in 2011 was celebrated from 5 to 10 September throughout the country. When access to international markets became The Department of Arts and Culture supports limited in the 1920s, the so-called 30-year lull the Baobab Literary Journal with the purpose of began, and it was only in the 1950s that the mar- providing a regular publishing platform for bud- ket picked up again, when Afrikaans film-makers ding writers to appear alongside seasoned ones. developed an interest in the industry. This publication includes contributors from vari- In the 1980s, South Africa gave foreign com- ous countries across the African continent and panies the opportunity to film movies in the coun- the Diaspora. try by giving them tax breaks. The department continues to support the Time The local film industry has matured and has of the Writer and the Poetry Africa festivals held earned international recognition. The film Tsotsi annually in Durban. These also deliver develop- won an Academy Award in 2006 in the category mental workshops for young emerging writers, Best Foreign Language Film. In 2009, the sci-fi a schools programme and an initiative with the hit District Nine was nominated for an Oscar for Department of Correctional Services to promote Best Film. writing among inmates. WorldFest, a literary com- The South African film and television industry ponent of the Grahamstown Arts Festival, focuses is valued at around R12 billion a year and cre- on promoting literature in indigenous languages. ates direct and indirect jobs for more than 30 000 Also popular are the Johannesburg and Fransch- people. hoek literary festivals. There was an estimated 20% increase in the There is an English literary museum in number of bed nights used by film producers in Grahamstown and an Afrikaans museum in Cape Town in the 2010/11 summer season com- Bloemfontein. The Centre for African Literary pared with the previous summer. Most came from Studies at the University of KwaZulu-Natal is Britain and Europe (Germany, Italy, Spain and the home to the Bernth Lindfors Collection of African Scandinavian countries), but also from the United literature. The centre’s mission is to promote a States of America (USA) and, increasingly, India. culture of reading, writing and publishing in all By the third quarter of the 2010/11 financial local languages, and easy access to books for all year, 3 793 permits had been issued for, among South Africans. other productions, South African, Italian, Dutch, US, British and Indian productions. Film The National Film and Video Foundation was The first ever newsreel was shot in South Africa established to develop and promote the film and during the Anglo-Boer/South African War, which video industry in South Africa. It provides for ended in 1902. The weekly newsreel ran for more and encourages the creation of opportunities for than 60 years. Film production began in 1916 people from disadvantaged communities to par- when IW Schlesinger set up Killarney Studios ticipate in the industry. The foundation also pro- in Johannesburg, and the studio produced 42 motes local film and video products, supports the movies between 1916 and 1922. development of and access to the industry, and

South Africa Yearbook 2011/12 – Arts and culture 88 In July 2011, the Minister of Arts and Culture, South African literary classic Jock of the Bushveld was Mr Paul Mashatile, opened a new cinema in turned into the country’s first 3D animation film and fea- KwaMashu, Durban. The KwaMashu Cinema is tured the voices of, among others, Bryan Adams and global peace icon Desmond Tutu. a pilot project led by the Department of Arts and The film, which opened in 2011 in southern Africa, is Culture and will precede the national roll-out of based on the 1907 bestseller by Percy Fitzpatrick, who state-of-the-art cinema equipment for viewing by details his true-life bush adventures during the 1880s gold rush with his pup Jock, which became a national icon. the public. The film drew top names, with the narrator “Fitz” voiced The project is part of the department’s efforts by Donald Sutherland and Oscar-winner Helen Hunt play- to stimulate appreciation for film products and to ing Jock’s mother. South Africa’s singer Johnny Clegg and English lyricist Tim Rice worked on the music. promote the culture of movie-going in commu- nities. The project is expected to contribute to the growth and sustainability of the local film industry addresses historical imbalances in infrastructure by bringing film products closer to communities, skills and resources in the industry. thus strengthening efforts aimed at audience In 2010, the Department of Arts and Culture development and increasing demand, especially supported the NFVF with a R10-million grant to for local film products. set up cooperatives in rural areas and townships The department, through the NFVF, was alloc- that focus on taking cinemas to the people, and ated R10 million in 2010/11 for the roll-out of this developing skills in areas related to film pro- project throughout the country. duction. The three largest film distributors in South Africa Through the NFVF, in 2010, the Department of are Ster-Kinekor, United International Pictures Arts and Culture trained 142 writers, scriptwriters, and Nu-Metro. Ster-Kinekor has a specialised art commissioning editors and producers. circuit called Cinema Nouveau with theatres in A revised rebate for foreign and local film and Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban and Pretoria. television production was launched in March Film festivals include the Durban International 2008. Film Festival; the North West Film Festival; the The film and television production incentive Apollo Film Festival in Victoria West; the Three comprises the Location Film and Television Continents Film Festival (specialising in African, Production Scheme and the South African Film South American and Asian films); the Soweto and Television Production and Co-production Film Festival; and the Encounters Documentary Scheme. The incentive is intended to increase Festival, which alternates between Cape Town local content generation and improve location and Johannesburg. competitiveness for filming in South Africa. These programmes paid out R209 million to 44 projects Film and Publication Board (FPB) in 2009. The FPB assists the public to make informed In the past, South Africa’s tax rebate pro- choices about whether a particular film is appro- gramme was restricted to R20 million per project. priate by displaying guidelines that identify From October 2011, there is no limit on the tax classifiable elements such as strong language, refunds productions can claim. Any international violence, sex, nudity, drug abuse, blasphemy and production that qualifies for the scheme can claim religious prejudice. the 15% tax rebate on the entire local spend for The FPB was established by the Film and Pub- its South African shoot. Foreign productions still lications Act, 1996 (Act 65 of 1996), to: need to qualify for the tax reimbursement by • regulate the creation, production, possession adhering to a list of requirements. A foreign pro- and distribution of certain publications and duction must shoot in South Africa for a minimum films by means of classification, the imposition of four weeks so that at least half of the film’s of age restrictions and giving consumer advice principle photography makes up the final product. • make punishable the exploitive use of children A minimum spend of R12 million has been set in in pornographic publications, films or on the place for foreign productions, including feature Internet. films, mini-series, TV-movies, documentaries, The board also alerts the public, through age long-running dramas and animation. restrictions and consumer advice, about the

89 South Africa Yearbook 2011/12 – Arts and culture frequency and intensity of these classifiable ele- New additions are those reflecting the apart- ments in a particular film. heid era, and commemorating those who fought Any person who distributes or exhibits a film or and died in the cause of establishing a democratic interactive computer game in South Africa must country. first register with the board as a distributor or Most of the country’s national museums are exhibitor of films or interactive games. declared cultural institutions (national museums Any film intended for distribution or exhibition that have framework autonomy and are managed must first be submitted to the board for classif- by their own councils), and fall under the overall ication in terms of the Film and Publications Act, jurisdiction of the Department of Arts and Culture. 1996. They receive an annual subsidy from the depart- To monitor distributors on-site and to ensure ment, but function autonomously. that films are distributed in compliance with the The following museums report to the Minister provisions of the Act, the board has appointed of Arts and Culture: compliance monitors. They advise distributors • Ditsong museums of South Africa and exhibitors of films and interactive games • Iziko museums, Cape Town of the Act’s requirements and ensure that all • Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg products display the classification reference • National Museum, Bloemfontein number, age restriction, consumer advice and • Afrikaanse Taalmuseum, Paarl such other conditions as may have been imposed • National English Literary Museum, Grahams- by the board. The Film and Publications Act, town 1996 recognises the right of adults to freedom • Voortrekker Museum, Pietermaritzburg of expression, except with respect to child • War Museum of the Boer Republics, Bloem- pornography, and requires the board to intervene fontein where there is a risk of harm to children. • Robben Island Museum, Cape Town Child pornography is defined as any image, • William Humphreys Art Gallery, Kimberley however created, or any description of a person, • Engelenburg House Art Collection, Pretoria real or simulated, who is depicted or described • Nelson Mandela Museum, Mthatha as being under the age of 18 years, engaged • Luthuli Museum, KwaDukuza. in sexual conduct; participating in or assisting The Ditsong museums of South Africa consist of another person to participate in sexual conduct; the National Cultural History Museum (NCHM) or showing or describing the body, or parts of the and its former satellite museums (Kruger House, body of such a person in a manner that amounts Tswaing Meteorite Crater, Willem Prinsloo Agri- to sexual exploitation. cultural Museum, Pioneer Museum, Sammy The board spearheads a national anti-child- Marks Museum and the Coert Steynberg pornography campaign to educate learners about Museum), the Transvaal Museum and the South ways to avoid victimisation. Child-pornography African National Museum of Military History in websites can be reported on the board’s toll-free Johannesburg. number 0800 148 148. The Iziko museums of Cape Town consist of the South African Museum, the South Af- Museums rican Cultural History Museum and its satellite Museums are the windows to the natural and cul- museums, the South African National Gallery, tural heritage of a country. South Africa can jus- the William Fehr Collection and the Michaelis tifiably be called the “museum country of Africa”, Collection. with the earliest of its museums dating back to the The Robben Island Museum was established first half of the 19th century. as a national monument and museum, and More than 300 of the approximately 1 000 declared South Africa’s first world heritage site in museums in Africa are situated in South Africa. 1999. Guided tours are offered to historical sites They range from museums of geology, history, on the island, including the cell in which former the biological sciences and the arts, to mining, President Mandela was imprisoned. agriculture, forestry and many other disciplines. In April 2009, the Department of Arts and Cul- Visitors can find exhibits, both conventional ture declared Freedom Park, Pretoria, a cultural and eccentric, on every conceivable topic – from institution under the Cultural Institutions Act, 1998 beer to beadwork, from fashion to food. (Act 119 of 1998).

South Africa Yearbook 2011/12 – Arts and culture 90 The South African Cultural History Museum In 2011, Xoliswa Sithole won the British Film and Televi- (Slave Lodge) in Cape Town houses the oldest sion Award for the documentary The Orphans of Nkandla. Sithole was nominated in two categories. cultural history collection in the country. She was also the winner of the Peabody Award in the The South African Museum (Cape Town) United States of America. showcases the natural history of South Africa, as well as relics of the early human inhabitants of the subcontinent. The huge Whale Hall houses Freedom Park opened the doors of its museum possibly the most impressive of all its exhibitions. //hapo (meaning “dream” in Khoisan) to the public This is the only collection in South Africa with a in June 2010. Other elements include a vast wall planetarium attached to it. commemmorating those who paid the ultimate The Transvaal Museum in Pretoria houses the price for freedom; an eternal flame paying tribute skull of Mrs Ples, a 2,5 million-year-old hominid to the unknown and unsung heroes and heroines; fossil, and depicts the origin and development of a gallery dedicated to the legends of humanity; a life in South Africa, from the most primitive unicel- symbolic resting place for those who have died; lular form of life to the emergence of mammals and the story of southern Africa’s 3,6 billion years and the first human beings. It has an impressive of history. collection of early human fossils and houses Apart from the declared museums that fall some of the largest herpetological and ornitho- under the department, there are other museums logical collections in southern Africa. administered by central government departments The Tswaing Meteorite Crater, situated to the or research councils. north-west of Pretoria, combines a museum with Notable examples are the Museum of the a cultural-development initiative. Council for Geoscience (Pretoria); the Theiler The NCHM in Pretoria is a centre for the pre- Veterinary Science Museum at Onderstepoort servation and promotion of the culture and her- (Pretoria); the South African Air Force Museum at itage of all South Africans. It explores cultural Zwartkop Air Force Base (Pretoria) with its satel- diversity and commonalities, links the present lites in Cape Town, Port Elizabeth and Durban; and the past to offer a better understanding of the museum of the Department of Correctional both and nurtures the living cultures of all South Services (Pretoria). Africans. The best-known natural history collections in Mining is best represented by the De Beers South Africa are housed in the Iziko museums, the Museum at the Big Hole in Kimberley, where Ditsong museums of South Africa, the National visitors can view the biggest hole ever made by Museum and the KwaZulu-Natal Museum. man with pick and shovel. It includes an open-air The following natural history museums do not museum, which houses many buildings dating fall under the Department of Arts and Culture but back to the era of the diamond diggings. work closely with the national heritage institutions: Another important mining museum is at Pil- • McGregor Museum, Kimberley grim’s Rest, Mpumalanga, where the first eco- • East London Museum nomically viable gold field was discovered. The • South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, entire village has been conserved and restored. Grahamstown Agriculture in South Africa is depicted mainly in • Port Elizabeth Museum two museums. These are Kleinplasie in Worces- • Durban Museum of Natural History. ter, Western Cape, which showcases the wine The best-known cultural history collections are culture and characteristic architecture of the housed in the Iziko and the Ditsong museums, winelands; and the Willem Prinsloo Agricultural and in the following: Museum between Pretoria and Bronkhorstspruit • Durban Local History Museum in Gauteng. This museum comprises two “house” • Museum Africa, Johannesburg. museums and runs educational programmes The following art galleries report to the Depart- based on their extensive collection of early farm- ment of Arts and Culture: ing implements, vehicles of yesteryear and indi- • South African National Gallery, Cape Town genous farm animals. • William Humphreys Art Gallery, Kimberley. The Absa Museum and Archives in Johannes- burg aims to preserve the banking group’s more

91 South Africa Yearbook 2011/12 – Arts and culture than 110 years of history. It also houses a unique primary functions are to obtain and preserve films, and very valuable coin and banknote collection. videotapes and sound recordings of archival value, The Apartheid Museum in Johannesburg offers and to make these available for research and a realistic view of the political situation in South reference purposes. Africa during the apartheid years. Exhibitions in The archives of central government are the museum include, among other things, audio- preserved in the National Archives’ repository visual footage recorded during the apartheid era. in Pretoria. The provincialisation process has The Red Location Museum in Port Elizabeth been completed. All nine provinces now run highlights the struggle against apartheid and has their archiving services independently from the won several international awards. National Archives. One of the most common types of museum in The retrieval of information from archives is South Africa is the “house” museum. Examples facilitated by the National Automated Archival include an entire village nucleus in Stellenbosch; Information System (www.national.archives.gov. the mansion of the millionaire industrialist Sammy za), which includes national registers of manu- Marks, outside Pretoria; the Victorian affluence scripts, photographs, audiovisual material, etc. mirrored in Melrose House, Pretoria; and the The National Archives also renders a regulatory Kruger House Museum in Pretoria, the residence records-management service with regard to cur- of Paul Kruger, former President of the Zuid- rent records in governmental bodies, aimed at Afrikaanse Republiek. promoting efficient, transparent and accountable Simpler architectural variations have not been administration. neglected, for instance, the pioneer-dwelling in The National Archives is responsible for Silverton, Pretoria; and the humble farmhouse at collecting non-public records with enduring value Suikerbosrand near Heidelberg in Gauteng. of national significance. In so doing, it is obliged There are several open-air museums that to pay special attention to aspects of the nation’s showcase the black cultures of the country, for experience neglected by archives of the past. example Tsongakraal near Letsitele, Limpopo; The Oral History Programme seeks to build the Ndebele Museum in Middelburg, Mpuma- the National Archives’ capacity to document the langa; the Bakone Malapa Museum in Polok- spoken word, and fill the gaps in the archives wane, Limpopo; and the South Sotho Museum in of previously disadvantaged communities. The Witsieshoek, Free State. automated National Register of Oral Sources South Africa has two national military history is an important element of the programme. The museums. The South African Museum for Mil- National Oral History Association, which was itary History in Johannesburg reflects the military established in 2006, hosts annual oral history history of the country, while the War Museum conferences. in Bloemfontein depicts the Anglo-Boer/South The National Archives’ outreach programme African War in particular. The famous battlefields promotes the use of its facilities and functions. of KwaZulu-Natal, the Northern Cape and North The Act also provides government with a meas- West are also worth a visit. ure of control over private collections. Archives The work of the War-Graves Division of Sahra are taken to the people of South Africa through includes the upkeep of graves of victims of the coordinated national and provincial archive ser- struggle for South Africa’s liberation. vices. The National Archives is also responsible for Archives ensuring effective, transparent and accountable The archives of governmental bodies are trans- management of all public records. ferred to archive repositories after 20 years, and In April 2011, South Africa hosted the 67th Fed- are accessible to the public and to the office of eration of International Film Archives Congress origin. and summer school. The National Archives and Records Service The National Film and Video Archives of South functions in terms of the National Archives and Africa was co-opted into the executive of this Records Service of South Africa Act, 1996 body to represent the interests of African film (Act 43 of 1996). archivists. The National Archives in Pretoria includes the The Convention for a Democratic South Africa National Film, Video and Sound Archives. Its and the Multiparty South African collections have

South Africa Yearbook 2011/12 – Arts and culture 92 been nominated and provisionally registered for covers 33 000 m² and has seating for 1 300 library the Unesco Memory of the World International users. The NLSA offers free Internet access to Register. This is part of South Africa’s contribu- users in Cape Town and Pretoria. The Centre for tion to the documented collective memory of the the Book promotes the culture of reading, writing peoples of the world. and publishing in all official languages of South Africa. Library and information The NLSA is a custodian and provider of the services (LIS) sector nation’s key knowledge resources. It is mandated South Africa’s growing LIS sector includes a to collect and preserve intellectual documentary national library, a national library for the blind, heritage material and make it accessible world- public/community libraries, special libraries, wide. The National Library’s collections contain government libraries and higher education (HE) a wealth of information sources, including rare libraries. manuscripts, books, periodicals, government The Library and Information Association of publications, foreign official publications, maps, South Africa (Liasa) conducts an annual survey of technical reports, and special interest, including the number of libraries in South Africa. Africana material and newspapers. In 2010, there were 7 384 libraries, made up of: The functions of the NLSA are to: • 366 community libraries within the six metro- • build a complete collection of published politan areas documents emanating from or relating to South • 1 386 community libraries affiliated to the nine Africa provincial library services • maintain and preserve these collections • 210 HE libraries • provide access to them through bibliographic, • 5 310 school libraries reference, information and interlending ser- • 112 special and government departmental vices libraries. • promote information awareness and literacy. By June 2011, government was consolidating In terms of the Legal Deposit Act, 1997 (Act 54 the implementation of the Community Library of 1997), the NLSA receives two copies of each Recapitalisation Programme and the first three book, periodical, newspaper, map, manuscript years of this project had been successfully com- material or other publication that is published pleted. Government has allocated an additional in South Africa in any medium, whether print or R1,6 billion to be used over the next three years electronic. to expand access to LIS, especially in previously The Bookkeeper Mass De-Acidification has disadvantaged communities. been installed at the National Library in Pretoria Between 2008 and 2011, more than 600 profes- to treat books and archival non-book material to sional and support staff members were appointed extend the useful life of paper collections. The at community libraries across the country. National Library is also able to offer moderate In addition, 170 libraries were upgraded and services to local libraries, archives and museums. 20 new libraries built. To bridge the digital divide, public Internet access facilities are being estab- Library and Information lished in all libraries. Association of South Africa Liasa, which was constituted in 1997, is a pro- National Library of South Africa fessional non-profit organisation, uniting and The NLSA was constituted in 1999 in terms of the representing all institutions and people working NLSA Act, 1998 (Act 92 of 1998), which is admin- in libraries and information services in South istered by the Department of Arts and Culture. Africa. It strives to unite, develop and empower This institution was established after the all people in the library and information field into merger of the former State Library in Pretoria and an organisation that provides dynamic leadership the former South African Library in Cape Town, in transforming, developing and sustaining library and includes a specialist unit, the Centre for the and information services for all people in South Book in Cape Town. The new building of the Pre- Africa. toria Campus, funded by the Department of Arts The national office is based at the Pretoria and Culture, was inaugurated in August 2008. It Campus of the NLSA. The association has a

93 South Africa Yearbook 2011/12 – Arts and culture paid-up membership of 1 189 and is divided National Council for Library and into 10 branches that reside in each of the nine Information Services (NCLIS) provinces in the country, with two branches based The NCLIS was established in terms of the NCLIS in Gauteng. The association is governed by a Act, 2001 (Act 6 of 2001), which is administered representative council elected by its members. by the Department of Arts and Culture. The NCLIS An executive committee consisting of elected advises the ministers of arts and culture and officials is mandated by the council to implement of basic education on matters relating to LIS to its policies and programmes. support and stimulate the socio-economic, edu- Liasa is a member of the International Fed- cational, cultural, recreational, scientific research, eration of Library Associations and Institutions technological and information development of all (IFLA) and has a number of members who serve communities in the country. in various leadership positions in IFLA. The cur- The functions of the council are to develop and rent Liasa President is the Chair of the IFLA Africa coordinate LIS in the country. It developed the Section. Library and Information Services Transformation Liasa has two flagship programmes, namely Charter, which aligns the role of libraries with the South African Library Week and the Liasa Annual vision and strategic framework of government. Conference. South African Library Week is celebrated annually during March and aims to Legal Deposit Committee promote the role of libraries in the community. The Legal Deposit Committee was appointed Programmes and activities are presented across in terms of the Legal Deposit Act, 1997, which the country and a national launch event is hosted is administered by the Department of Arts and in one of the provinces. The theme celebrated Culture. The committee was reconstituted in July during 2011 was Read in Your Language @ Your 2010. The members serve on the committee for a Library, promoting the 11 official languages of renewable term of three years. South Africa. The aims of the Legal Deposit Act, 1997 are to: The annual conference is attended by an aver- • provide for the preservation of the national age of 700 library practitioners and hosts an ex- documentary heritage through the legal deposit hibition in which at least 50 library suppliers and of published documents vendors participate. • ensure the preservation and cataloguing of, and access to, published documents emanat- Provincial library services ing from, or adapted for, South Africa Hundreds of public libraries situated in local • provide for access to government information. municipalities, excluding some larger metropol- The core functions of the Legal Deposit Commit- itan areas, are affiliated to their provincial library tee are to: services within their respective provincial depart- • advise the Minister on any matter dealt with in ments of arts and culture. this Act These provincial services provide, among other • make recommendations to the Minister con- things, centralised buying and distribution of pro- cerning any regulations which the Minister may cessed library material in all formats to libraries make under this Act through regional distribution centres. Profes- • coordinate the tasks carried out by the places sional support, training, a centralised reference of legal deposit and information service, and a network library • advise any place of legal deposit regarding any computer system are included in this service. The matter dealt with in this Act provision of free Internet access to the public via • establish subcommittees or working groups libraries is a current focus of development. Most when necessary to provinces also provide a library infrastructure -- investigate any matter dealt with in the Act programme to fund an increase in access to facil- -- execute any tasks relating to the implementa- ities. Promotion of the culture of reading is a tion of this Act major function of the services, offering outreach, -- co-opt persons to such subcommittees or literacy and reading, and school programmes. working groups for the duration of the invest- igation or task.

South Africa Yearbook 2011/12 – Arts and culture 94 The places of legal deposit are the NLSA (both the • helping to build a nation of readers Pretoria and Cape Town campuses); the Library • assisting the organised blind community of Parliament in Cape Town; the Mangaung Public • improving the lives of individuals with print dis- Library in Bloemfontein; the Msunduzi Municipal abilities by meeting their information needs Library in Pietermaritzburg; and the National Film, • helping the State to discharge its cultural man- Video and Sound Archives in Pretoria. date and its obligations to blind and visually The Legal Deposit Act, 1997 also provides for impaired people the establishment of official publications depos- • assisting Africa’s development by providing itories (OPDs) in line with sections 6 (2) and advice, expertise and documents in accessible (3) of the Act. The Constitutional Court Library formats for blind persons and the institutions was the first OPD to be designated, with the that serve their information needs. Phuthaditjhaba Public Library in the Free State The SALB has a membership of more than 3 655 the second. The North West Provincial Library, people, an audio and Braille collection of over Information and Archives Service was designated 25 626 books, and an annual circulation of more OPD status with effect from 1 January 2009. than 133 222 books in Braille or audio format. To make library services more accessible, the SALB South African Library for the partners 82 public libraries, providing accessible Blind (SALB) reading material and assistive devices. The SALB is a statutory organisation located in Grahamstown, in the Eastern Cape. Its aim is to Blind SA provide, free of charge as far as is reasonably Blind SA is an organisation of the blind, governed possible, a national LIS to serve blind and print- by the blind, and is located in Johannesburg. One handicapped readers in South Africa. of its primary objectives is to provide services for It is partly state-funded and depends for the blind and partially sighted individuals to uplift and remainder of its financial needs on funds from the empower them by publishing books, magazines private sector and the general public. and other documents in Braille. Blind SA provides: The SALB also produces documents in special • study bursaries for blind and partially sighted media such as Braille, audio and tactile formats. students It develops standards for the production of such • interest-free loans (for adaptive equipment) documents and researches production methods • information (including free Braille magazines) and technology in the appropriate fields. • assistance in finding sustainable employment It also acquires, manufactures and dissem- • advocacy (to act as a pressure group for dis- inates the technology people with visual dis- ability rights) abilities need to read. The SALB is based on five • Braille publications at affordable prices in all the broad objectives, namely to significantly contrib- official languages. ute to:

95 South Africa Yearbook 2011/12 – Arts and culture Acknowledgements BuaNews Department of Arts and Culture Department of Arts and Culture’s 2011 Budget Vote Estimates of National Expenditure 2011, published by National Treasury FNB Dance Umbrella The Sunday Times www.act.org.za www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com www.artsculturetrust.co.za www.nac.org.za www.actonline.co.za www.nelsonmandelamuseum.org.za www.artzone.co.za www.nelsonmandela.org www.basa.co.za www.news24.com www.beeld.com www.nlsa.ac.za www.bizcommunity.co.za www.pansa.co.za www.blindsa.org.za www.risa.org.za www.businessday.co.za www.sahra.org.za www.capetownbookfair.com www.salb.org.za www.createsa.org.za www.sapa.org.za www.gautengfilm.co.za www.southafrica.info www.gov.za www.tonight.co.za www.litnet.co.za

Suggested reading Brink, Y. 2008. They Came to Stay: Discovering Meaning in the 18th Century Cape Country Dwelling. Stellenbosch: SUN Press. Coplan, DB. 2008. In Township Tonight! South Africa’s Black City Music and Theatre. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press. Dubin, SC. 2009. Mounting Queen Victoria: Curating Cultural Change in South Africa. Auckland Park: Jacana. Jaji, S. 2008. An Aspect of the South African Experience in Literature and Reading. Ibadan: HEBN Publishers. Kombuis, K. 2009. Short Drive to Freedom: A Personal Perspective on the Afrikaans Rock Rebellion. Cape Town: Human & Rousseau. Kumalo, A. 2009. Through my Lens: A Photographic Memoir. Cape Town: Tafelberg. Mojapelo, M. 2008. Beyond Memory: Recording the History, Moments and Memories of South African Music. Somerset West: African Minds. Muller, CA. 2008. Focus: Music of South Africa. New York: Routledge. Newbury, D. 2009. Defiant Images: Photography and Apartheid South Africa. Pretoria: Unisa Press. Ngatane, E. 2009. Ephraim Ngatane: A Setting Apart. Johannesburg: Blank Books. Peffer, J. 2009. Art and the End of Apartheid. Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press. Watterson, L (ed). 2009. Standard Bank Young Artist Awards, 25 Years. Randburg: DeskLink Media. Williamson, S. 2009. South African Art Now. Zapiro. 2009. Don’t Mess with the President’s Head: Cartoons from the Mail & Guardian, Sunday Times and The Times. Auckland Park: Jacana Media.

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