Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia

ANALECTA PRAEHISTORICA LEIDENSIA

PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE OF PREHISTORY UNIVERSITY OF LEIDEN

INTERFACING THE PAST

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS AND QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN ARCHAEOLOGY CAA95 VOL. I1

EDITED BY HANS KAMERMANS AND KELLY FENNEMA

UNIVERSITY OF LEIDEN 1996 Graphic design: Henk de Lorm

Computer graphics: Peter Heavens

Copy editor: Marianne Wanders

ISSN 0169-7447

ISBN 90-73368-10-3

Subscriptions to the series Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia and single volumes can be ordered from:

Institute of Prehistory P.O. Box 9515 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands contents

VOLUME I

Hans Kamermans Preface Kelly Fennema

Data Management

Jens Andresen IDEA - the Integrated Database for Excavation Analysis 3 Torsten Madsen

Peter Hinge The Other Computer Interface 15

Thanasis Hadzilacos Conceptual Data Modelling for Prehistoric Excavation Documentation 21 Polyxeni Myladie Stoumbou

E. Agresti Handling Excavation Maps in SYSAND 31 A. Maggiolo-Schettini R. Saccoccio M. Pierobon R. Pierobon-Benoit

Alaine Larnprell An Integrated Information System for Archaeological Evidence 37 Anthea Salisbury Alan Chalmers Simon Stoddart

Jon Holmen The National Documentation Project of Norway - the Archaeological sub-project 43 Espen Uleberg kina Oberliinder-Thoveanu Statistical view of the Archaeological Sites Database 47

Nigel D. Clubb A Strategic Appraisal of Information Systems for Archaeology and Architecture in Neil A.R. Lang England - Past, Present and Future 51

Nigel D. Clubb Learning from the achievements of Information Systems - the role of the Post- Neil A.R. Lang Implementation Review in medium to large scale systems 73

Neil Beagrie Excavations and Archives: Alternative Aspects of Cultural Resource Management 81

Mark Bell The MARS Project - an interface with England's past 87 Nicola King ANALECTA PRAEHISTORICA LEIDENSIA 28

Archaeometry

M.J. Baxter Detecting Unusual Multivariate Data: An Archaeometric Example 95 H.E.M. Cool M.P. Heyworth

Jon Bradley Extraction and visualisation of information from ground penetrating radar surveys 103 Mike Fletcher

Gayle T. Allum Restoration of magnetometry data using inverse-data methods 1I I Robert G. Aykroyd John G.B. Haigh

W. Neubauer Collection, visualization and simulation of magnetic prospection data 121 P. Melichar A. Eder-Hinterleitner

A. Eder-Hinterleitner Reconstruction of archaeological structures using magnetic prospection 131 W. Neubauer P. Melichar

Phil Perkins An image processing technique for the suppression of traces of modem agricultural activity in aerial photographs 139

Statistics and Classification

Clive Orton Markov models for museums 149

Juan A. BarcelB Heuristic classification and fuzzy sets. New tools for archaeological typologies 155

Kris Lockyear Dmax based cluster analysis and the supply of coinage to Iron Age Dacia 165

Christian C. Beardah MATLAB Routines for Kernel Density Estimation and the Graphical Representation of Mike J. Baxter Archaeological Data 179

John W.M. Peterson A computer model of Roman landscape in South Limburg 185

Sabine Reinhold Time versus Ritual - Typological Structures and Mortuary Practices in Late Bronze/Early Iron Age Cemeteries of North-East Caucasia ('Koban Culture') 195

Leonardo Garcia Sanjufin Predicting the ritual? A suggested solution in archaeological forecasting through Jes6s Rodriguez Ldpez qualitative response models 203

Johannes Miiller The use of correspondence analysis for different kinds of data categories: Domestic and ritual Globular Amphorae sites in Central Germany 21 7

J. Steele Simulating hunter-gatherer colonization of the Americas 223 T.J. Sluckin D.R. Denholm C.S. Gamble VII CONTENTS

Paul M. Gibson An Archaeofaunal Ageing Comparative Study into the Performance of Human Analysis Versus Hybrid Neural Network Analysis 229

Peter Durham Image Processing Strategies for Artefact Classification 235 Paul Lewis Stephen J. Shennan

Gijsbert R. Boekschoten A new tool for spatial analysis: "Rings & Sectors plus Density Analysis and Trace Dick Stapert lines" 241

Susan Holstrom Loving Estimating the age of stone artifacts using probabilities 251

Oleg Missikoff Application of an object-oriented approach to the formalization of qualitative (and quantitative) data 263

VOLUME I1

Geographic Information Systems I

David Wheatley Between the lines: the role of GIS-based predictive modelling in the interpretation of extensive survey data 275

Roger Martlew The contribution of GIs to the study of landscape evolution in the Yorkshire Dales, UK 293

Vincent Gaffney Extending GIS Methods for Regional Archaeology: the Wroxeter Hinterland Project 297 Martijn van Leusen

Trevor M. Harris Multi-dimensional GIS : exploratory approaches to spatial and temporal relationships Gary R. Lock within archaeological stratigraphy 307

Philip Verhagen The use of GIS as a tool for modelling ecological change and human occupation in the Middle Aguas Valley (S.E. Spain) 31 7

Federica Massagrande The Romans in southwestern Spain: total conquest or partial assimilation? Can GIS answer? 325

Shen Eric Lim Recent examples of geographical analysis of archaeological evidence from central Italy 331 Simon Stoddart Andrew Harrison Alan Chalmers

Vincent Gaffney Satellite Imagery and GIS applications in Mediterranean Landscapes 337 KriStof OStir Tomai Podobnikar Zoran StaniEii:

Yvette BommeljC The long and winding road: land routes in Aetolia (Greece) since Byzantine times 343 Peter Doom VIII ANALECTA PRAEHISTORICA LEIDENSIA 28

Javier Baena Preysler Application of GIs to images and their processing: the Chiribiquete Mountains Project 353 Concepci6n Blasco

Geographic Information Systems 11: The York Applications

Julian D. Richards From Site to Landscape: multi-level GIs applications in archaeology 361

Harold Mytum Intrasite Patterning and the Temporal Dimension using GIs: the example of Kellington Churchyard 363

A. Paul Miller Digging,deep: GIs in the city 369

Julian D. Richards Putting the site in its setting: GIs and the search for Anglo-Saxon settlements in Northumbria 379

Jeffrey A. Chartrand Archaeological Resource Visibility and GIS: A case study in Yorkshire 389

Visualisation

John Wilcock A description of the display software for Stafford Castle Visitor Centre, UK 405

Christian Menard Pictorial, Three-dimensional Acquisition of Archaeological Finds as Basis for an Robert Sablatnig Automatic Classification 419

Katalin T. Bir6 Simple fun - Interactive computer demonstration program on the exhibition of the SzentgA1-Tiizkoveshegy prehistoric industrial area 433

Gyorgy Cs&i Documentation and modelling of a Roman imperial villa in Central Italy 437 Ferenc Redo

Maurizio Forte Archaeology, GIs and desktop virtual reality: the ARCTOS project 443 Antonella Guidazzoli

Germ2 Wiinsch Dissecting the palimpsest: an easy computer-graphic approach to the stratigraphic Elisabet Arasa sequence of The1 VII site (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina) 457 Marta Perez

David Gilman Romano Remote Sensing and GIs in the Study of Roman Centuriation in the Corinthia, Greece 461 Osama Tolba

F.J. Baena An application of GIs intra-site analysis to Museum Display 469 F. Quesada M.C. Blasco

Education and Publication

Robin B. Boast Teaching with objects 479 Sam J. Lucy Ix CONTENTS

Martin Belcher Teaching the Visualisation of Landscapes - Approaches in Computer based learning for Alan Chalmers Archaeologists 487 Andrew Harrison Simon Stoddart

Anja C. Wolle A Tool for Multimedia Excavation Reports - a prototype 493 Stephen J. Shennan

G. Gyftodimos Exploring Archaeological Information through an Open Hypermedia System 501 D. Rigopoulos M. Spiliopoulou

Martijn van Leusen Toward a European Archaeological Heritage Web 511 Sara Champion Jonathan Lizee Thomas Plunkett

Mike Heyworth Internet archaeology: an international electronic journal for archaeology 521 Seamus Ross Julian Richards

Virgil Mihailescu-Birliba A Survey of the Development of Computer Applications in Romanian Archaeology 529 Vasile Chirica

Kris Lockyear Computer-aided publication in practice 535 Virgil Mihàilescu-Bîrliba A Survey of the Development of Computer Vasile Chirica Applications in Romanian Archaeology

1 Introduction part. The proceedings were published in the following year Situated in southeast Europe, Romania has been from the (Hodson et al. 1971). The papers included dealt with cluster oldest times a region favourable to man’s life, as well as to analysis, seriation, and the identification of tree structures. cultural contacts and influences. As a result of this, The editors wrote: archaeological remains are extremely rich and diverse. ‘the first point made by the contributors to this volume is that Before the Second World War, Romanian archaeological statistical methods, quantification and computer processing of data research followed the general development of the discipline do not suddenly transform history from a subjective to an objective elsewhere in Europe. After the Second World War, when study... [because] such mathematical analyses... [are] capable only the communist system was created in Romania, this natural of reducing the level of uncertainty’. development stopped. First of all, the relationship with the (Edinburgh University Press, 1971: dust-jacket). West was broken, and later, after Ceau≥escu’s National Socialist regime took power, contacts with other socialist Nine Romanian archaeological papers by twelve authors countries were cut to a minimum. Although the progress of were published. The themes presented at this conference human thought can be hindered by such obstructions, it included: ‘Some mathematical aspects of taxonomy and cannot be irrevocably stopped. Inevitable technical progress, diagnosis in archaeology’ (Manolescu/Bordenache 1971), although slow, and the permanent searching process which ‘Discrimination and classification of certain types of is a general feature of the human mind, led to Romanian pottery’ (Savu 1971), ‘Applications of mathematical researchers becoming interested in computer applications methods to epigraphy’ (≤tefan 1971a), ‘Some possibilities and quantitative methods in archaeology. for using the volume of information in archaeology and history’ (Oprescu 1971) and so on. Some of these studies 2 The beginnings moved beyond mathematical methodological considerations The first studies concerning the application of quantitative and dealt with real archaeological problems. Examples methods in archaeology and related sciences were included how one could infer the cultural origin of the spontaneous and disorganised. The use of mathematical group of artefacts from the Middle Bronze Age when this models was necessary in those fields of research where origin is uncertain, through their assimilation with large numbers of similar objects existed. This is why the ‘inference problems’ or ‘Federal problem’ and solve this first applications of statistical methods was in numismatics using Bayes’ theorem (Iosifescu/Tautu 1971); and the (Mihailescu-Bîrliba 1969). chronological seriation of Greek inscriptions using the At the same time, the end of the 1960s, at the Mathe- methods elaborated by Hole and Shaw (1967) for archaeo- matics Institute of the Romanian Academy, Professor logical sites, adapted for epigraphy (Kivu-Sculy 1971; Grigore Moisil started a course in mathematical methods ≤tefan 1971a, 1971b). for archaeologists and numismatists from Bucharest. Some joint projects between mathematicians and archaeologists 3 Stagnation were completed and it seemed that a period of favourable Naturally, after the Mamaia conference, the application of co-operation was beginning. mathematical methods in archaeology should have grown On the initiative of the same great Romanian rapidly. Unfortunately, this did not happen because politics mathematician, the Romanian Academy and the Royal interfered again. Immediately after Professor Moisil’s death Society of London organised the Anglo-Romanian in 1973, the Mathematics Institute of Bucharest was Conference on Mathematics in the Archaeological and dissolved, the buildings and computers were given to other Historical Sciences, which took place in 1970 at Mamaia institutions and the researchers were sent to work in other (near Constan†a, ancient Tomis). Numerous well-known towns or factories. What had happened? Ceau≥escu’s researchers, both from Europe and other continents, took daughter, who was working at the Institute, had a ‘strange 526 ANALECTA PRAEHISTORICA LEIDENSIA 28 adventure’ which annoyed her father. After visiting the analysis with VARIMAX rotation, and seriation methods in Institute he decided to close it down. During this period, a the classification of archaeological materials; Stanescu ‘mini-cultural revolution’ was underway. Any possible (1990) examined the possible astronomical significance of opponent had to be eliminated and intellectuals were the sacred precinct at the late Iron Age site of Sarmizege- particularly targeted. Everybody had to know that there was tusa Regia;2 Blajan, Oproiu and Popa (1990) investigated only one omnipotent master. the orientation of graves in the early medieval cemetery at A period of stagnation, which lasted for more than a Alba Iulia; Dumitrescu and Lazarovici (1990) proposed a decade, followed. However, progress could not be stopped new fuzzy clustering procedure for archaeological data; entirely and there were individual efforts during those Margineanu-Cârstoiu, Harhoiu and Cârstoiu (1990) years. Thus, at the Institute of Archaeology in Ia≥i, Catalina undertook a comparison of various multivariate data Blo≥iu proposed a general system model of archaeological reduction methods including principal components analysis, data computer processing. The proposed system relied upon correspondence analysis, and classic and non-metric standardised descriptions which then may be used as a basis multidimensional scaling; Morariu, Salvanu and Frangopol for information retrieval, and with the advantage of (1990) undertook a dimensional analysis of pottery and automatic generation of catalogues (Blo≥iu 1972-1973). Ri≥cu†ia et al. (1990) performed an archaeometric Alexandra ≤tefan also continued to work on a method of investigation of human groups and produced cladogram chronological seriation of Greek inscriptions (unpublished). projections on time co-ordinates. An information system for Unfortunately, their emigration from Romania put an end to archaeology called BAZARH was presented for the first these projects. In 1979, a ‘Round Table’ was held in Paris time. This project was established at the History Department on the theme ‘Statistics and Numismatics’ (Carcassonne/ of the Museum of History of Transylvania. The BAZARH Hackens 1981) and papers were presented by Mihailescu- system had three components: a database, a knowledge Bîrliba (1981, 1981-1982) and Poenaru Bordea (1981). base, and an expert system for analysing the information in Both papers examined statistical methods for numismatics. the knowledge and databases. Data processing varies from statistics and simple classification to complex mathematical 4 A new beginning analyses (Kalmar/Corbu 1990). From the start of the 1980s, computer applications in There were other projects developing computer appli- archaeology again began to expand and some research cations in this period, but they were not satisfactorily teams were founded. A strong team was instituted at the developed, or were abandoned due to a lack of hardware Information Centre for Culture and Heritage (CIMEC). and software (e.g., Cârstoiu 1990; Dumistracel/Mantu CIMEC, led by Dan Matei and Irina Oberländer-Târnoveanu, 1987; Harhoiu 1990; Margineanu-Cârstoiu 1990). is responsible for the development and administration of the National Cultural Information System (Oberländer- 5 The Present Day Târnoveanu this volume). SI-PCN was designed and tested The revolution of 1989 has brought some major benefits. from 1978 to 19811 and implemented over several years, One of them is the free circulation of people, information beginning in 1982. and technology, and a freedom of initiative. Consequently, Another research centre was founded at Cluj-Napoca in 1992, CIMEC organised the Eastern and Central where archaeologists such as Gh. Lazarovici and Z. Kalmar, European Regional Conference on Museum and Cultural from the Museum of the History of Transylvania, started Heritage in Sinaia (RECOMDOC 1992). On this occasion co-operating closely with mathematicians and physicists CIMEC’s computer based projects were presented. These from the Institute of Isotopic and Molecular Technology, are large! About 28 experts work at CIMEC. The National Cluj; the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Cluj and the Cultural Information System (SI-PCN) is the largest in Institute of Nuclear Engineering, Bucure≥ti-Magurele. As a southeast Europe and the fourth largest in the world. The result of this close co-operation two national conferences on database has 740,000 entities recorded in machine readable the application of physics and mathematics in archaeology form and about 740,000 data entry cards await processing. were organised, both in Cluj-Napoca, in 1987 and 1989. It also includes a museums reference database with 1,500 The papers have been published in two volumes of items of information about museum services; museums proceedings (Frangopol/Morariu 1988, 1990). activities data collections; museum professionals’ reference These two conferences in Cluj give a clear picture of the databases (for about 2,000 Romanian specialists); and a stage of Romanian research in this field before the Romanian theatre history database. Recently, a historical revolution of 1989. We shall quickly mention some of the monuments and archaeological sites database has been themes covered in those volumes. For example, Fren†iu and added with about 17,000 items. The ‘National Database’ Lazarovici (1988, 1990, 1993) used cluster analysis, factor includes an archaeological database (ARH) with more than 527 V. MIHAILESCU-BIRLIBA AND V. CHIRICA – A SURVEY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER

120,000 items and a numismatic database (NUM) with In the Institute of Archaeology, Chi≥inau, researchers were more than 140,000 items. The National Database is based working on databases of archaeological evidence and on thesauri which standardise object and specimen monuments, as well as applying quantitative methods to the description and thus enable data retrieval. These thesauri study of neolithic and Middle Age settlements (Dergaciov contain about 28,000 terms. Since 1989, CIMEC has used 1980; Postica 1994). Unfortunately, their only computer is IBM compatible computers; software includes PARADOX, currently broken. AXES, and for numismatic materials CHI-WRITER (Geber 1992; Matei 1992; Oberländer-Târnoveanu 1992; 6 Conclusions Oberländer-Târnoveanu/Geber 1992; Scorpan 1992). In Romania, computer applications and quantitative Besides CIMEC there are other nuclei of researchers in methods have developed unevenly — periods of progress Bucharest. The Institute of Archaeology ‘Vasile Pârvan’ has were followed by periods of stagnation. However, devel- a group of researchers interested in computer applications. opment could not be stopped. At present the main areas of They use IBM PCs running PARADOX, SYSTAT, GIS and research are the development of archaeological databases CAD programs for databases, seriation, clustering and and the application of statistical methods. Graphical classification, graphics and so on. In the Romanian National methods are less developed and GIS is impossible due to a History Museum in Bucharest, there is another team of five lack of access to map data. The following problems face us: analysts using PCs to construct databases of archaeological 1. computers are uncommon and often old; material, topography etc. The numismatic department is 2. as a result of 1. few archaeologists can use them in their developing a database for a catalogue of coins from Roman work; Dacia and of the Byzantine collections. Lastly from 3. available software is not always suitable. Bucharest, at the Romanian Institute of Thracology, another team is creating a database of archaeological and anthro- We hope that as the number of computers increases, and pological materials. closer contacts with the rest of Europe improve, so research The National Conferences on Archaeometry continue to in this field will advance rapidly. be held in Cluj-Napoca; six have been held so far. The co- operation between archaeologists from Cluj and the experts from the Institute of Nuclear Physics (Bucure≥ti-Magurele) and the Institute of Isotopic and Molecular Technology notes (Cluj-Napoca) also continues. Other projects in Romania include a database at the 1 The system was developed using MISTRAL 2 on a FELIX 256 Museum at Constan†a, and the analysis of the cemeteries mainframe, the only hardware and software available in Romania at that time. from Cerneachov-Sântana de Mure≥ by Ion Ioni†a from the Institute of Archaeology in Ia≥i. The final example comes 2 See Daicoviciu, Ferenczi and Glodariu (1989) for a description from outside Romania, from the Republic of Moldova. of the site.

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Virgil Mihailescu-Bîrliba and Vasile Chirica Institutul de Arheologie Str. Lascar Catargiu 18 6600 Ia≥i România e-mail: [email protected]