PERSOONIA

Published by the Rijksherbarium, Leiden

Volume Part 6, 3, pp. 371-380 (1971)

On and related genera of the

Gymnoascaceae

J.A. von Arx

Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn

(With two Plates)

Fungal strains in the culture collection of the CBS under the generic names

Arachniotus and Pseudoarachniotus studied. The were genera Arachniotus with 6 Narasimhellawith (including Pseudoarachniotus) species, a single species, and Amauroascus with For Arachniotus 7 species are accepted. glomeratus,

Arachniotus striatisporus and Arachniotus lectardii the new generic names

and Eleutherascus A is Arachnotheca, Byssoascus, are proposed. key given for

the the genera of .

the of the distinctions In recent publications on Gymnoascaceae concepts generic

are contradictory. Differences of opinion exist especially on the delimitation of

Arachniotus, Pseudoarachniotus, Amauroascus, and Narasimhella. Some genera have been

into author and another. In revision put synonymy by one are accepted again by a of British Gymnoascaceae, Apinis {1964) for instance reduced Pseudoarachniotus

Kuehn ( 1997) to the synonymy of Arachniotus Schroeter (1899). On the other hand

Orr Kuehn found the of Narasimhella Thirum. Mathur & {1971) type species &

( I to be identical with a described by Kuehn & Orr ( 1969 ) as Pseudo- arachniotus marginosporus. Orr & al. (1969) included Amauroascus in Arachniotus.

the the above mentioned all cultures the To clarify identity of genera, present in

CBS-collection under these names were compared. The study has shown that the

Arachniotus sensu Apinis ( 1964 ) and sensu Orr & al. (1969) is an unnatural

of with different addition taxon containing a variety fungi relationships. In to

Arachniotus the Narasimhella and Amauroascus be Certain genera must accepted. species classified as Arachniotus belong to other genera of the Gymnoascaceae and the

Eurotiaceae.

The strains and after incubation were compared on YpSs- hay-infusion agar an of 3-4 weeks at a temperature of 24° C in diffuse light. Species not developing well on these media were studied on agar-media containing oatmeal, malt or potato-

All of the discussed in this in the carrot-extract. species paper are provided existing literature with suitable and complete descriptions. Therefore no new species de- scriptions are offered.

The following disposition is proposed:

1. ARACHNIOTUS Schroeter

Arachniotus Schroeter in Schles. Krypt.-Fl. 3 (2): 210. 1893.

Kuehn in Pseudoarachniotus Mycologia 49: 694. 1957.

Batista Inst. Micol. Waldemaria & al. in Atas (Recife) 1: 5. i960.

371 Persoonia Vol. Part 372 6, 3, 1971

TYPE SPECIES.—Arachniotus ruber (van Tieghem) Schroeter

Colonies on YpSs-agar velvety or lanose, often furrowed, becoming yellow, brownish or cinnamon; initials consisting of two similar gametangia coiling about each asci short localized other; peridium absent; on ascogenous hyphae, often in patches throughout the aerial mycelium, frequently forming short chains, spherical or nearly so, with a thin, rather persistent membrane, 4- or mostly 8-spored; asco- lenticular often with sometimes also spores or oblate, an equatorial rim or furrow, with polar thickenings, yellow- or red-brown when mature, with a diameter of conidia but arthro- aleurioconidia be 4-8 p; mostly absent, or may present.

1. ARACHNIOTUS RUBER (van Tieghem) Schroeter

in Bull. bot. Fr. — Arachniotus ruber ruber van Tieghem Soc. 24: 159. 1877. (van

Schroeter in Schles. Tieghem) Krypt.-Fl. 3 (2): 211. 1893.

This is its which have rims species readily recognized by ascospores 2 equatorial bounding a furrow. They are reddish brown when mature and measure 5.5-7 X detailed of the is Kuehn Orr 4-5 (x. A description fungus given by & (7564).

Plate 14 Fig. a.

STRAINS EXAMINED.—

CBS 194.64 = IMI 92.796 (neotype), received from G. F. Orr;

CBS 351.66 = IMI 100.913 = BDUN 265, received from A. E. Apinis; CBS 112.69, isolated from soil, received from K. H. Domsch;

CBS 592.71, isolated from soil, received from J. H. van Emden.

2. ARACHNIOTUS CITRINUS Massee & Salmon

& — Arachniotus citrinus Massee Salmon in Ann. Bot. 16: 62. 1902. Pseudoarachniotus citrinus

& Kuehn in (Massee Salmon) Mycologia 49: 699. 1957.

Arachniotus confluens (Sartory & Bainier) Apinis in Mycol. Pap. No. g6: 37. 1964.

This species can be recognized by its bright, mostly yellow, mycelial mat. The from rhomboidal in side lenticular ascospores are spherical above, or elliptical

view; they have neither a rim nor a furrow and the wall is only slightly thickened in

the The size of the is X equatorial region. ascospores 6—7 4-5-5.5 P-

STRAINS EXAMINED.—

= IMI CBS 114.54 56.774, isolated from soil, USA, received from L. Ajello;

CBS 113.61 = IMI 63.905, received from J. Nicot;

CBS = IMI = BDUN received from A. E. 352.66 100.873 375, Apinis as neotype of Arachniotus confluens.

3. ARACHNIOTUS DANKALIENSIS (Castellani) van Beyma

Arachniotus dankaliensis in Antonie Leeuwenhoek 8: (Castellani) van Beyma van 107. 1942.

Kuehn Pseudoarachniotus roseus in Mycologia 49: 695, 1957. Waldemaria pernambucensis Batista & al. in Atas Inst. Micol. (Recife) 1: 6. i960.

Pseudoarachniotus Thirum. & Mathur in flavus Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 40: 97. 1970.

Pseudoarachniotus & al. in halophilus Pawar Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 40: 100. 1970.

Pseudoarachniotus terrestris Thirum. & Mathur in Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 40: 102. 1970.

Mathur in Pseudoarachniotus thirumalacharii Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 40: 101. 1970.

this the colonies become brownish in The oblate In species usually light age. with broad rim and also with ascospores are provided a fairly equatorial polar have thickenings. In all strains studied the ascospores are bright red-brown, a diameterof d wide. Other in the literature 6-7.5 P an are 4-5 p measurements given Plate b. are erroneous. 14 Fig. Arx: On von Gymnoascaceae 373

STRAINS EXAMINED.—

CBS isolated from strain of A. 117.38, a camel, type dankaliensis; CBS isolated from 130.60, a dog, Curasao; CBS 568.69, isolated from soil in Peshawar, Pakistan;

CBS = IMI H. 323.58 76.605, H. Kuehn, type strain of Pseudoarachniotus roseus: CBS isolated from 352.68, man, Curasao;

CBS 369.65 = HACC-162, type strain of Pseudoarachniotus flavus;

CBS 382.65 = HACC-168, type strain of Pseudoarachniotus halophilus;

CBS 399.65 = HACC-157, type strain of Pseudoarachniotus terrestris;

CBS = 294.66 HACC-198, type strain of Pseudoarachniotus thirumalacharii.

Arachniotus & comb. 4. punctatus (Dutta Ghosh) von Arx, nov.

Dutta & Ghosh in Pseudoarachniotus punctatus Mycologia 56: 153. 1964 (basionymum).

This species is very similar to Arachniotus dankaliensis, but differs in having smaller in with rim. The colonies ascospores, 5-6 diameter, a very prominent equatorial have colour and the medium is also coloured exudate. an orange agar orange by an

STRAIN EXAMINED:

CBS 279.64, type strain, received from G. F. Orr.

5. ARACHNIOTUS FLAVOLUTEUS Kuehn & Orr

Arachniotus flavoluteus Kuehn & Orr in Mycologia 51: 864. 1959.

This fungus is closely related to Arachniotus dankaliensis, but may be distinguished

the colour and the by light often lanose appearance of the colonies. The spherical asci have diameter of and often in dense clusters. The a 11 —15 y are aggregated oblate have rim and ascospores an equatorial or thickening, are brownish-yellow,

measure 5-6.5 \I..

STRAINS EXAMINED.—

CBS = NRRL isolated from soil C. W. Emmons. 627.71 1243, type strain, by CBS 519.68, isolated from man, Calcutta, India, received from G. F. Orr.

CBS isolated from 946.69, man, Curasao.

Arachniotus aurantiacus 6. (Kamyschko) von Arx, comb. nov.

Pseudoarachniotus aurantiacus Kamyschko in Nov. Sist. niz. Rast. 4: 224. 1967 (basionymum).

In this the coloniesalso have cinnamon slow-growing species an orange, or golden- colour. coiled initials The yellow After 4 weeks are developed. asci are spherical and have diameter of 8-12 The without a (r. ascospores are oblate, a prominent when in diameter and equatorial rim, golden-yellowish mature, 4-5.5 n 2.5-3.5 I* wide.

STRAINS EXAMINED:

CBS = BKM 603.67 F-1140, type strain, received from L. A. Beljakova. CBS 950.69, as Arachniotus hebridensis received from G. F. Orr.

2. NARASIMHELLA Thirum. & Mathur

Thirum. & Mathur in Narasimhella Sydowia 19: 184. 1966 ("1965"). Persoonia Vol. Part 374 6, 3, 1971

TYPE SPECIES.—Narasimhella poonensis Thirum. & Mathur [ — N. hyalinospora

(Kuehn <2? al.) v. Arx],

Colonies on YpSs-agar becoming fasciculate or forming synnema- or sporodochium- with like structures yellow, cinnamon or greenish tints; initials of ascomata nearly often central asci embedded in the ring-like, septate, surrounding a cell; mainly ofthe born upperparts sporodochia or synnemata, in clusters on ascogenous hyphae,

broadly clavate or obovate, with a thin membrane, mostly 8-spored; peridium

absent; ascospores inequilateral lenticular, with a thin, fringy equatorial edge and wall often thicker side the with a at one than at other, hyaline or pale yellowish.

The fringy appearance of the rim often suggests a spiny wall.

Narasimhella hyalinospora (Kuehn & al.) von Arx, comb. nov.

Pseudoarachniotus Kuehn & al. in hyalinosporus Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 14: 215. 1961 (basio-

— Arachniotus & in No. nymum). hyalinosporus (Kuehn al.) Apinis Mycol. Pap. 96: 41. 1964.

Kuehn in — Pseudoarachniotus marginosporus & Orr Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 19: 257. 1963.

Arachniotus & in Trans, Soc. marginosporus (Kuehn Orr) Udagawa mycol. Jap. 10: 103. 1970. Thirum. & Mathur in Narasimhella poonensis Sydowia 19: 184. 1966 ('1965').

The identity of Narasimhella poonensis and Pseudoarachniotus marginosporus has been recognized by Orr & Kuehn (797/).

The genus Narasimhella is related to Arachniotus, but differs e.g. in the appearance the the clavate asci borne from the almost of colonies, croziers; hyaline ascospores, with in diameter. Plate an equatorial frill, measuring 4-5 jx 15.

STRAINS EXAMINED.—

CBS = ATCC strain Pseudoarachniotus 115.54 15314, type of marginosporus; CBS 469.63, CBS 470.63, CBS 471.63, CBS 566.63, all received from G. F. Orr

as Pseudoarachniotus hyalinosporus;

CBS 393.71 = ATCC 16197 = HACC-171, type strain of Narasimhella poonensis, received from M. J. Thirumalachar and from ATCC.

3. AMAUROASCUS Schroeter

Amauroascus Schroeter in Krypt.-Fl. Schles. 3 (2): 211, 1893.

TYPE SPECIES.— Amauroascus verrucosus (Eidam) Schroeter.

Colonies on YpSs-agar lanose or felty, bright or white, composed of hyaline, often fasciculate hyphae; ascogenous parts often hemispherical, spherical, sporo- dochium-likeor irregular, sometimeslarge, sometimessmall, without a true peridium, but often covered by hyphae, often becoming dark, especially when the ascospores asci in are pigmented; develop on ascogenous hyphae clusters, they are broadly clavate or abovate, rarely spherical, mostly 8-spored; ascospores spherical or nearly so, wall thick, reticulate, or with spiny thickenings or an ornamented sheath, reddish or brownish when mature or remaining hyaline.

Narasim- The genus Amauroascus can easily be distinguished from Arachniotus and

the and ornamented The of the asci hella by spherical ascospores. development on croziers indicates a closer relationship with Narasimhella than with Arachniotus. The latter genus differs in colony appearance and in its spherical asci. Chrysosporium-like

Amauroascus. conidialstates with aleurio- and arthroconidia occur in several species of von Arx: On Gymnoascaceae 375

1. AMAUROASCUS VERRUCOSUS (Eidam) Schroeter

Eidam schles. Ges. 162. — Amauroascus Gymnoascus verrucosus in Jber. 64: 1887. verrucosus

Schroeter in Schles. — Arachniotus (Eidam) Krypt.-Fl. 3 (2) :2li. 1893. verrucosus (Eidam)

Kuehn & al. in Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 25: 103. 1965.

In this species the hemispherical or sporodochium-like ascomata attain a diameter of The 2-6 mm. ascospores are spherical, thick-walled, verrucose-tuberculate brownish when and 6-8 in diameter. Plate mature 9. 14 Fig. c.

STRAINS EXAMINED.—

CBS 227.69, isolated by G. A. de Vries; CBS 181.70, received from G. F. Orr.

2. AMAUROASCUS NIGER Schroeter

Amauroascus niger Schroeter in Krypt.-Fl. Sches. 3: (2): 211. 1893. — Arachniotus niger

Kuehn & al. in 106. (Schroeter) Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 25: 1965.

On YpSs-agar the fungus produces a white, lanose aerial mycelium and the medium is coloured red by an exudate. The ascomata are irregularly spherical or hemispherical, 0.5-2.5 mm broad and become brownish at maturity. The ascospores and are spherical, brown, thick-walled, reticulate-spiny, 4.5-6 9. in diameter.

STRAIN EXAMINED.—

CBS 144.61, isolated from soil in California, received from G. F. Orr (no. 0-315).

Amauroascus aureus comb. 3. (Eidam) von Arx, nov.

Eidam in schles. Ges. 161. — Gymnoascus aureus Jber. 64: 1887 (basionymum). Arachniotus aureus

Schroeter in Schles. (Eidam) Krypt.-Fl. 3 (2): 210. 1893.

The asci borne in are sporodochium-like or nearly spherical, lanose, white or

mm in diameter. in yellow ascomata, 0.5-2 They develop clusters, are broadly clavate and The 15-20 X 10-13 9. ascospores are spherical, thick-walled, bright and in diameter. yellowish, reticulate-spiny 4-5.5 9 A detailed description is given by Kuehn <2? al. (1964).

STRAINS STUDIED.—

CBS 107.26, received from A. Nannizzi;

CBS 593.71 = NRRL A-12.184 (neotype), received from G. F. Orr.

echinulatus 4. Amauroascus (Dutta & Ghosh) von Arx, comb. nov.

Dutta in Pseudoarachniotus echinulatus & Ghosh Mycologia 55: 775. 1963 (basionymum).

The asci are formed in small, mostly irregular areas in the lanose or fasciculate absent. mycelial mat. Spherical ascomata or sporodochium-like structures are The

to in ascospores are spherical, light brownish, thick-walled, warty spiny, 4.5-5.5 9 diameter. The aerial is of wide mycelium composed thin-walled, septate, 4-6 9

hyphae. Plate 15 Fig. d. Strain studied.—

CBS 278.64 = ATCC 153 17, type strain, received from G. F. Orr.

Amauroascus reticulatus 5. (Kuehn & Goos) von Arx, comb. nov.

reticulatus Kuehn & Goos in Pseudoarachniotus Mycologia 52: 40. i960 (basionymum). Persoonia Vol. Part 376 6, 3, 1971

this the colonies have felt-like and In species a appearance are composed of often fasciculate asci borne in hyaline, 1.5-2.5 p broad, hyphae. The are irregular, small The reti- often areas. ascospores are spherical, golden-yellow, thick-walled, culate and in diameter. Plate 5-6 p 14 Fig. e.

STRAIN EXAMINED.—

CBS = IMI ATCC received from H. H. 392.61 84.358 = 14045, type strain, Kuehn.

6. Amauroascus albicans (Apinis) von Arx, comb. nov.

Arachniotus in No. albicans Apinis Mycol. Pap. 96: 45. 1964 (basionymum).

In this species the asci are formed in sporodochium-like, yellow-brownish, loose, broad in small clusters The 0.5-1.5 mm ascomata on ascogenous hyphae. ascospores and in diameter. are spherical, thick-walled, irregularly echinulate, hyaline 3-4 9

STRAIN STUDIED. —

= IMI — BDUN received from A. CBS 151.63 100.875 262, type strain, E. Apinis.

Amauroascus kuehnii 7. von Arx, nom. nov.

reticulatus in Amauroascus reticulatus Arachniotus Kuehn Mycologia 49: 57. 1957, non (Kuehn

& Goos) v. Arx.

observed in cultures of the arthroconidia of No ascomata were type strain, only the conidial state developed.

STRAIN EXAMINED.—

received from CBS 113.58, type strain, H. H. Kuehn.

4. Arachnotheca von Arx, gen. nov.

cellula incrassata clavata et antheridio dense convoluto Ascogonia e recta saepe constant; ascomata globosa, lanosa, fere hyalina,peridio efere crassis hyphis anastomosantibus composito; uncinatis asci globosi vel subglobosi, e hyphis ascogenis oriuntur, tenui-tunicati, octospori; sulcato ascosporae globosae, hyalinae, parvae, fere crassi-tunicatae, strato mucido irregulariter praeditae. Conidia cylindrica, hyalina, e hypharum ramulis fragmentatis oriuntur modo generis Geotrichi.

SPECIES TYPICA Arachniotus glomeratus Miiller & Pacha-Aue.

often surrounded Ascogonium composed of a straight, thickened, clavate cell, by a densely coiled antheridium; ascomata spherical, lanose, light, with a peridium composed ofrather thick, anastomosing hyphal elements; asci spherical or nearly so, with borne on croziers, thin-walled, 8-spored; ascospores spherical, hyaline, small, a rather thick wall surroundedhy an irregularly furrowed sheath. Conidiacylindrical,

hyaline, born by fragmentation of hyphal branches (form genus Geotrichum).

TYPE SPECIES.—Arachniotus glomeratus Miiller & Pacha-Aue.

Arachnotheca glomerata (Müller & Pacha-Aue) von Arx, comb. nov.

Arachniotus glomeratus Miiller& Pacha-Aue in Nova Hedwigia 15: 544. 1968 (basionymum).

In this fungus the ascomata are spherical, lanose, brightly greyish, 260-500 9 in with of rather diameter, a peridium composed hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, 15-30 p. often cells. The asci long, 2-5 p wide, anastomosing hyphal are spherical, 8-spored, thin-walled and in diameter. The rather thick- 9-12 p ascospores are spherical, Arx: On von Gymnoascaceae 377

surrounded furrowed in walled, by an irregularly sheath; they measure 4-5 p. without sheath 1-celled arthroconidia formed from diameter, 3-3.5 fx. Hyaline, are aerial which hyphae measure 3-7 X 2-4 fx. surrounded In this species the large initials with one clavate gametangium by a

dense spiral of the other is noteworthy. Suitable media for cultivation are oatmeal-

or cornmeal-agar. Strain studied.—

CBS received from E. Miiller. 348.71 = ETH-M7292,

The Arachnotheca is related but is the genus to Amauroascus, easy to distinguish by small different kinds of ascomata initials, by the thick peridium and by the asco-

Soc. spores, surroundedby a sheath. Rollandina vriesii Apinis (in Trans. Br. mycol. 55:

be related but differs echinulate 501. 1970) may a species, by having ascospores.

5. Byssoascus von Arx, gen. nov.

Ascomata vel laxa globosa irregularia, parva, peridio inconspicuo e textura hypharum uncinatis late tenuium composito circumdata. Asci acervati e hyphis ascogenis oriuntur, clavati vel obovati, tenui-tunicati, octospori. Ascosporae fusiformes, sulcis longitudinalibus ramulis striatae, maturitate stramineae. Conidia cylindrica, catenulata, e fragmentatis conidiophororum modo generis Oidiodendri oriuntur.

SPECIES TYPICA Arachniotus striatisporus Barron & Booth.

Ascomata spherical or irregular, small, with an inconspicuous peridium composed

ofa loose network of thin hyphae. Asci borne in clusters on ascogenous hyphae with

croziers, broadly clavate or obovate, thin-walled, 8-spored. Ascospores fusiform,

striate by longitudinal flutes, straw-coloured when mature. Conidia cylindrical, borne in chains of Oidio- by fragmentation branching conidiophores (form genus dendron). Arachniotus Booth. TYPE SPECIES.—. striatisporus Barron &

Byssoascus striatisporus (Barron & Booth) von Arx, comb. nov.

Arachniotus Barron & Booth in Can. Bot. striatisporus J. 44: 1060. 1966 (basionymum).

The genus Byssoascus can easily be distinguished from Arachniotus, Narasimhella,

Amauroascus and other of the its which all genera Gymnoascaceae by ascospores, are

fusiform and striate and oblate. Also characteristic of the not spherical or genus are

the clavate asci borne on croziers and especially the Oidiodendron conidial state.

The fungus is not related to other Gymnoascaceae, its position in this family is

based but other related unknown only on a superficial resemblance, ascomycetes are

to the writer. The fungus does not develop well on YpSs-agar, but a suitable medium

is oatmeal-agar.

STRAIN STUDIED. —

CBS isolated from received from G. L. Barron. 642.66, type strain, soil, Canada,

Eleutherascus 6. von Arx, gen. nov.

Ascomata absunt; ascogonia in mycelio aerio, curvata vel contorta, ascos singulos vel nonnulla asci late obovati vel paucos proferunt et saepe filamenta; clavati, subglobosi, pariete Persoonia Vol. Part 378 6, 3, 1971

maturitate dilute brunneae, simplici, tenui, plerumque octospori; ascosporae globosae,

pariete crasso, spinoso; conidia absunt.

SPECIES TYPICA Arachniotus lectardii Nicot.

Ascomata absent; initials borne in the aerial mycelium, curved or coiled, forming

a single ascus or a small number of asci and often some filaments; asci broadly

clavate, obovate or nearly spherical, with a single, thin membrane, mostly 8-spored; brownish when with about ascospores spherical, light mature, a thick, spiny wall,

12 fx in diameter; conidia absent.

TYPE SPECIES.—Arachniotus lectardii Nicot.

Eleutherascus lectardii (Nicot) von Arx, comb. nov.

lectardii & Durand in Bull. Soc. Fr. Arachniotus Nicot apud Nicot mycol. 85: 319. 1969 (basionymum).

The development of the fungus has been described in detail by Nicot & Durand

( 196g ) and by Durand ( ig6g). The asci mostly develop in pairs on the ascogonia, in the aerial and dispersed mycelium; they measure 38-50 X 30-40 (i are provided with rather membrane.The a thin, persistent ascospores are spherical, light brownish,

ornamented with and n diameter thick-walled, 2-2.5 fx long spines measure 10-13 S* > (without the spines).

STRAIN STUDIED. —

CBS = 626.71 LC 2022, type strain, isolated from salty soil, Chäteau-Salin, Moselle, France, by P. Lectard, 1968, received from J. Nicot.

The of the genus Eleutherascus is not related to Arachniotus or to other genera

without Gymnoascaceae. It can rather be regarded as a primitive discomycete asco-

it be related Ascodesmis. Another described carps; may to probably related, as yet un

' fungus is maintained in the CBS-collection as Amauroascus verrucosus’ (CBS 109.54).

SPECIES DESCRIBED AS ARACHNIOTUS BUT NOT BELONGING TO

THE ABOVE DISCUSSED GENERA

1. Arachniotus hebridensis in No. Apinis Mycol. Pap. 96: 41. 1964.

The = type strain (CBS 360.66 BDUN 389), received from A. E. Apinis, was studied. Only aleuriospores of a Chrysosporium- like conidial state were observed. The original diagnosis and the figures do not give sufficient informationon therelationship of the fungus.

Arachniotus intermedins in No. 2. Apinis Mycol. Pap. 96: 45. 1964.

strain = BDUN IMI studied. The The type (CBS 152.65 267 = 100.874) was

to fungus is quite a typical member of the Eurotiaceae, related Talaromyces. Its phialidic conidial state, however, is more closely related to Acremonium or Torulomyces than to Penicillium.

Arachniotus lanatus in No. 3. Apinis Mycol. Pap. 96: 39. 1964.

Rollandina lanata (Apinis) Apinis in Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 55: 501. 1970. von Arx: On Gymnoascaceae 379

No cultures of this available. Its classification in the Rollandina fungus were genus

The based sterile is also doubtful. type species ofthis genus is probably on a fungus

another and is unknown in culture. Both taxa to parasitized by pure may belong

Nannizzia. Stockdale.

Arachniotus Miiller & Pacha-Aue in Nova 4. purpureus Hedwigia 15: 552. 1968.

The strain studied. The cleistothecia type (CBS 475.71) was ascomata are true The the Restric- with a thin peridium composed of hyphae. conidial state belongs to

series of the form Penicillium. The has be transferred to Tala- tum genus fungus to

Stolk romyces (see & Samson, 1971).

Arachniotus Hotson in 28: 5. trisporus Mycologia 500. 1936.

A of the strain confirmed the ofthis with study type (CBS 133.37) identity fungus

Byssochlamys nivea Westling. The genus Byssochlamys Westling is related to Talaromyces

Benjamin and Hamigera Stolk & Samson (Eurotiaceae) and is discussed in this

context by Stolk & Samson (1971).

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE GYMNOASCACEAE

in asci borne in i. Ascospores spherical, 10—13 /< diameter, spiny, disoersed, singly, pairs

or in a small number on a coil Eleutherascus

1. Ascospores smaller 2

2. Ascospores striate, fusiform Byssoascus

fusiform 2. Ascospores not striate, mostly not 3

ornamented 3. Ascospores spherical or nearly so, 4

fusiform or small and smooth if lenticular, . 3. Ascospores oblate, ellipsoidal, spherical 7

Peridial absent without of 4. hyphae or present, thin-walled, prominent appendages chlamy-

dospores 5

Peridial with 6 4. hyphae present, mostly thick-walled, chlamydospores or appendages.

Initials of absent of 5. consisting 2 coils, peridium or thin, composed loose, radiating hyphae,

ascospores ornamented Amauroascus

Initials of clavate cell surrounded 5- composed a by a dense coil, peridium thick, composed

of dense of with sheath Arachnotheca layers hyphae, ascospores small, a

6. Peridial hyphae hyaline, forming coiled appendages and dark chlamydospores. Apinisia 6. Peridial hyphae thick-walled, with long appendages Auxarthron

or narrow and similar to those of the aerial 2 7- Peridial hyphae absent mycelium . .

Peridial often wide with 7. hyphaepresent, or appendages, ascomata spherical or nearly so. 9

8. Initials asci borne in ring-like, clavate, clusters, ascospores lenticular, nearly hyaline,

sporodochium-like structures often present Narasimhella

8. of asci often in short lenticular Initials consisting 2 coils, spherical, rows, ascospores or

oblate, reddish or brownish, often with an equatorial rim or furrow, colonies mostly

velvety, sporodochium-like structures absent Arachniotus

fusiform asci often with short stalk. 9. Ascospores or nearly so, a cylindrical Pseudogymnoascus

fusiform g. Ascospores not 10

Ascomata small in with coiled recurved io. (15-120 fi diameter),peridial hyphae provided or

small appendages, ascospores 11

10. Ascomata mostly larger 12

I I. Peridial hyphae with recurved appendages Spiromastix

11. Peridial hyphae with closely coiled appendages Ajellomyces Persoonia Vol. Part 380 6, 3, 1971

with dark 12. Peridial hyphae brown, thick-walled or appendages 13

12. Peridial hyphae light 15

form tooth-like side. 13. Cells of the appendages recurved protuberances on one

Ctenomyces Cells of 13- the appendages not so 14

Ascomata of kind 14. light, appendages one Gymnoascus

form branches well 14- Ascomata dark, peridial hyphae short, spine-like as as long, mostly uncinate appendages Myxotrichum

Peridial cells Arthroderma 15. hyphae composed of dumb-bell-shaped

Peridial filaments 16 15. hyphae composed of a network of

Peridial 16. appendages present (Dermatophytes) 17

_ _ _ . 16. Peridial 18 appendages absent or scarce

Peridial 17. appendages short, blunt. Neogymnomyces

Peridial coiled or often . 17. appendages straight, forming aleurioconidia . . Nannizzia

18. Peridial hyphae disarticulating Shanorella

18. Peridial hyphae not disarticulating Cf. Arachniotus

REFERENCES

In No. APINIS, A. E. (1964). Revision of British Gymnoascaceae. Mycol. Pap. 96, 56 pp. DURAND, F. (1969). Sur le developpement de la Gymnoascee Arachniotus lectardii J. Nicot. In

Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 85: 321-336.

KUEHN, H. H. & G. F. ORR (1963). Observations on Gymnoascaceae. IX. A new species

of Pseudoarachniotus from soilburial beds. In Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 19: 257-264.

— — In Br. Soc. & (1964)- Arachniotus ruber. Trans. mycol. 47: 553-558.

KUEHN, H. H., K. TUBAKI & G. F. ORR (1964). Arachniotus aureus. In Mycologia 56: 863-872.

& F. DURAND Une du Arachniotus: A. lectardii NICOT, J. (1969). espèce remarquable genre

In Bull. Soc. Fr. J. Nicot, sp. nov. mycol. 85: 315-320.

ORR, G. F. & H. H. KUEHN (1971). Notes on Gymnoascaceae. I. A review of eight species.

In Mycologia 63: 191-203.

F. E. VARSAVSKY The Amauroascus. In ORR, G. & (1965). genus Mycopath. Mycol. appl.

25: 100-108.

A. & R. A. SAMSON I. STOLK, C. (1971). Studies on Talaromyces and related genera. Hamigera

and In 6: gen. nov. Byssochlamys. Persoonia 341-357.

of the THIRUMALACHAR, M.J. & P. N. MATHUR (1966). Narasimhella, a new genus Gymnoas-

caceae. In Sydowia 20: 184-186.

EXPLANATION PLATES OF 14 AND 15

PLATE 14

Ascospores of (a) Arachniotus ruber, (b) Arachniotus dankalensis, (c) Amauroascus verrucosus, (d)

Amauroascus echinulatus, (e) Amauroascus reticulatus. — All 1800 X.

PLATE 15

Narasimhella with asci and — 1800 hyalinospora, initials ascospores. x. PLATE Persoonia Vol. 6 14 PLATE Persoonia Vol. 6 15