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Wild Edible Plants Used by Communities in and Around Ojelel et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2019) 15:3 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0278-8 RESEARCH Open Access Wild edible plants used by communities in and around selected forest reserves of Teso-Karamoja region, Uganda Samuel Ojelel* , Patrick Mucunguzi, Esther Katuura, Esezah K. Kakudidi, Mary Namaganda and James Kalema Abstract Background: The consumption of wild plants is an ancient tradition which serves multiple purposes. Cognizant that Teso-Karamoja region is frequently affected by food scarcity and is not adequately surveyed for its flora, this study sought to establish an inventory and use of wild edible plants by the communities living in and around the forest reserves. Methods: Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires administered to 240 respondents living in and around eight forest reserves between November 2017 and May 2018. One focus group discussion (8–12 members) per forest reserve and field excursions to collect the plant voucher specimens were also conducted. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, relative frequency of citation (RFC), and the factor of informants’ consensus (FIC). Results: A total of 100 plant species in 47 families were reported as edible. Carissa spinarum, Strychnos innocua, Balanites aegyptiaca, Tamarindus indica,andXimenia americana presented the highest RFC, while the families Rubiaceae, Fabaceae, Anacardiaceae, Amaranthaceae, and Moraceae had more than five species each. Grasses (Poaceae) comprised only 1% oftheediblespeciesandtrees35%,whileshrubswerethemostimportantsourceofwildfood(RFC=0.47).Thefruits contributed 63% while leaves (29%), seeds (9%), tubers (5%), and gum (1%). The fruits were considered as the most important use category (RFC = 0.78). Respondent homogeneity was none for gum but very high for seeds (FIC - 0.93). Only 36% of species are cooked, while 64% are eaten in raw. Harvesting is done rudimentarily by digging (5%), collecting from the ground (fruits that fall down) (13%), and plucking from mother plants (82%). Only 9% of the species were collected throughout the year, 27% in the dry season, and 64% in the rainy season. The consumption of these plants is attributed to food scarcity, spicing staple food, nutri-medicinal value, cultural practice, and delicacy. Conclusion: A high diversity of wild edible plant species exists in the forest reserves of Teso-Karamoja region. The shrubs and fruits are the most locally important life forms and use category, respectively. These edible plant species are important throughout the year because their consumption serves multiple purposes. Keywords: Wild edible plants, Food scarcity, Forest reserves, Teso-Karamoja, Uganda * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda © The Author(s). 2019 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Ojelel et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2019) 15:3 Page 2 of 14 Introduction it was estimated that approximately one billion people The consumption of wild edible plants is an ancient globally use wild food plants to supplement their diets phenomenon which predates agriculture [1]. These plants [17]. Indeed, in most African communities, the tradition offer various benefits and opportunities to communities; of gathering and consuming wild food plants still per- for example, they enable communities to cope with food sists [9, 15] despite reliance on a few staple crops and scarcity [2–4]. This is also known as ecosystem-based huge investments in agriculture [18]. Therefore, it is ur- adaptation (EbA) [5]. They hold great cultural significance gent to recognize the contribution of these plants to to dependent communities [6]. In addition, wild edible food and nutritional security in communities that still plants increase the nutritional quality of rural diets for in- use them. stance, micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) which are Notwithstanding the contribution of wild edible plants, sometimes superior to those of domesticated varieties [7]. their diversity and the associated indigenous knowledge Some of them also contain genes that can be sought to (IK) globally have not been documented sufficiently [19]. improve the productivity of cultivars [8]. They also con- This situation is worsened by the rampant loss of bio- tribute to household incomes [9], thereby contributing to logical resources [20] and erosion of the associated indi- the attainment of sustainable development goal 1 on genous knowledge [21, 22]. According to the state of the eradicating poverty. 2016 world’s plants report, it was estimated that one in The selection of plants for ethnobotanical use is an- every five plants is at risk of extinction globally [23]. In chored in a theory. The theories include among others Teso-Karamoja region, it has been reported that 77, 66, the optimal foraging theory [10] and theory of non-ran- and 45% of the natural vegetation cover has been lost in dom plant selection [11]. The former predicts that for- the districts of Katakwi, Kotido, and Kaberamaido dis- aging organisms will balance the effort it took to search tricts, respectively [24]. for and eat that food. In so doing, individuals will place The consumption of wild edible plants in Uganda has high value on plants that yield more benefit per unit of been investigated by various scholars in different locales foraging/processing time; as abundance of plants with [25–29]. Despite these efforts, it is acknowledged that higher value increases, plants with lower value will no the diversity of species used is determined by culture longer be used and individuals should have a quantita- and the location [30]. This partly explains why most tive threshold to decide when a specific plant should be values of underutilized plants remain undocumented included or excluded [12]. The latter theory asserts that and often not reflected in national and international plant selection is not random because species in the markets [31, 32]. Consequently, this situation greatly un- same family share some characteristics inherited from dermines their conservation and sustainable utilization common ancestors (evolutionary relatedness) which in [33]. This ethnobotanical study was warranted due to turn influence their physiology and ultimately their the information paucity created by cultural and biogeo- ethnobotanical use. graphical diversity, rampant food scarcity [4], and the The global population facing food and nutritional inse- few botanical surveys in Teso-Karamoja region due to a curity increased from 777 million in 2015 to 815 million history of armed conflicts [34]. The study adopted the in 2016 [13]. In the same report, the percentage of popu- availability and diversification hypotheses [35], plant use lation in Sub-Saharan and East Africa that was chronic- value hypothesis [36], and the versatility hypothesis [37]. ally undernourished was estimated to be 22.7 and 33.9%, These hypotheses helped to generate information per- respectively. In Uganda, an estimated 10.9 million people taining to the diversity of wild edible plant species used, of the 40 million people experienced acute food insecur- presence or absence of exotics, relative importance of ity in 2017 with Teso and Karamoja among the most af- each species and use categories, relative importance of fected areas [4]. These statistics underline the fact that the different lifeforms, seasonal availability, and import- food scarcity is one of the most pressing problems facing ance of these plants in the eight forest reserves. humanity globally [14]. The scarcity of food is largely caused by intermittent rainfall patterns which cause crop failure [4], warfare, poverty, and landlessness [15]. Un- Materials and methods fortunately, these factors are still at play in most parts of Study area the world and could be worsened by the effects of cli- The study was conducted in eight forest reserves in mate change being experienced. Teso-Karamoja. They include Onyurut, Bululu Hill, and In as much as intensification of agriculture and bio- Ogera Hills (Teso) and Akur, Kano, Mount Napak, technology can offer remedies to food scarcity, the role Mount Kadam, and Mount Moroto (Moroto). These for- of wild edible plants cannot be under estimated [14]. est reserves comprise of woodlands, shrublands, and They have been reported to make a significant propor- grasslands [24]. They were selected because they are of tion to the global food basket [16]. For instance, in 2014, ecological and biodiversity importance [38]. Secondly, Ojelel et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2019) 15:3 Page 3 of 14 they lacked comprehensive wild edible plant species in- rainfall ranging from 500 to 800 mm per annum while ventories at the commencement of this study. the highlands receive higher amounts. The temperatures Teso sub-region experiences a humid and hot climate
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