DOCSLIB.ORG

Why Focus on Infant Mortality?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Why Focus on Infant Mortality? State Infant Mortality Toolkit Why Focus on Infant Mortality? Infant Mortality Seems to be a Problem for My Community This toolkit is designed to provide guidance in answering these questions whether it is for your state, county, urban area, tribal region or other population-based area. Evolving Where do I start? from the State Infant Mortality Collaborative, this toolkit l Who needs to be involved? was prepared using input from people like you who 1) care l Where do I get the data? greatly about their community, 2) are concerned about infant mortality, and 3) need assistance in gathering the l What do I do with the data? data, analyzing and interpreting it correctly, and making changes based on that information. Understanding and addressing infant mortality problems in your community may be challenging, but it is one of the most important things that can be done to improve the health of your population. ? A Standardized Approach for Examining Infant Mortality 1 State Infant Mortality Toolkit Why Focus on Infant Mortality? continued A. Importance Figure 1: Infant Mortality Rate, United States, 1915-2007 Widely used as a measure of population health and the quality of health care, infant mortality is defined as the 100 death of an infant before their first birthday. Infant mortality 90 80 represents a long-standing concern of public health. The s Federal Children’s Bureau, established in 1912, focused on 70 infant mortality as its first initiative, officially recognizing its 60 importance. 50 40 The infant mortality rate is not only seen as a measure 30 of the risk of infant death but it is used more broadly as a 20 crude indicator of: Rate per 1,000 live birth 10 l 0 Community health status 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 l Poverty and socioeconomic status levels in a community Source: NCHS - Final Mortality Data (1995-2007) l Availability and quality of health services and The annual infant mortality Figure 2: Infant Mortality Rates, United States, 1997-2007 medical rate is typically calculated technology by dividing the number of all Rate per 1,000 live births infant deaths in a given year 8 The health and 7.2 7.2 divided by the total number of 7.0 6.9 6.8 7.0 6.8 6.8 6.9 6.8 well-being of 7 6.7 live births in the same year, children and families and then multiplied by 1,000. 6 ? across the globe 5 are measured by infant mortality 4 rates. Wide acceptance and the relative ease of calculating 3 the annual rate have resulted in the infant mortality rate 2 being commonly used for comparisons across regions, populations and time periods. Such comparisons of infant 1 mortality rates are frequently used in needs assessments 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 and to evaluate the impact of public health programs. An infant death occurs within the first year of life. Source: March of Dimes, PeriStats / National Center for Health Statistics, B. National Trends in Infant Mortality final mortality data, 1990-1994 and period linked birth/infant death data, The precipitous decline in the U.S. infant mortality rate 1995-present. Retrieved September 12, 2012, from www.marchofdimes. (IMR) during the early 20th century (Figure 1) was attributed com/peristats. to improvements in milk supplies and sanitation, and to the discovery and availability of antibiotics. During the 1970s, In more recent years (as highlighted in Figure 2), progress 1980s and 1990s, infant mortality declines were mainly in reducing the infant mortality rate has slowed. Whereas the result of improvements in medical technology and between 1997 and 2007, the rate declined 5 percent, the practice in the obstetric and neonatal fields. Specifically, in overall rate has remained stagnant between 6.8 and 7.0 the area of high-risk obstetrics, antenatal corticosteroids per 1,000 live births since 2001. Further, the overall infant and intrapartum antibiotics have been linked to reductions mortality rate does not address the disparities that exist for in infant mortality. High-frequency ventilation, surfactant, many subpopulations (see sections on racial/ethnic and postnatal steroid use, thermoregulation, improved nutrition, geographic disparities). and advances in respiratory management all contributed To better understand opportunities to further reduce the infant to reductions in infant mortality during this time period. mortality rate, it is important to highlight that improvements Regionalization of perinatal services, particularly in the may stem from either: 1970s, led to improvements in infant survival by increasing l access to care in geographic areas where such services Decreases in the proportion of low birth weight (<2,500 were scarce. Increases in early and adequate use of grams) or preterm births (<37 completed weeks gestation) l prenatal care over the same period also contributed to Improvement in birth weight or gestational age specific improved perinatal health outcomes due to expansions in infant mortality rates (other cause-specific rates, such as public programs, such as Medicaid. birth defects and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, may also play a role as discussed in other sections) A Standardized Approach for Examining Infant Mortality 2 State Infant Mortality Toolkit Why Focus on Infant Mortality? continued As seen in Figures 3 and 4, there has been little to no mortality disparity rate ratio from 2.0 (1980) to 2.4 (2009). progress in reducing either low birth weight or preterm birth Although African American infants born with very low birth over the past decade. In recent years, the infant mortality weight (<1,500 grams) experienced a ‘survival advantage’ rate remained fairly stable, with a relative decrease of only that may have affected the disparity ratio, this ‘survival 4 percent from 2000 to 2008, from 6.9 to 6.6 per 1,000 live advantage’ began to decrease in the 1990s. births (www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr60/nvsr60_05.pdf). Racial differences in access to high-risk (tertiary) perinatal Figure 3: Low Birth Weight, United States, 1999-2009 services have contributed to racial/ethnic disparities Percent of live births in adverse perinatal outcomes. Individuals, families, 10 communities, and regions that have experienced social and 8.2 8.3 8.2 8.2 8.2 economic disadvantage face greater obstacles to optimal 7.9 8.1 8 7.6 7.6 7.7 7.8 health. Race/ethnicity and a general lack of health equity are linked to exclusion or discrimination and are known 6 to influence health status (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Action Plan to Reduce Disparities 4 and www.nimhd.nih.gov/recovery/gosocialdeterm.asp). The landmark Institute of Medicine 2002 report, Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in 2 Health Care, cites lack of health insurance coverage as a significant driver of health disparities, as racial/ethnic minority 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 populations are more likely than the rest of the population to Low birth weight is less than 2,500 grams (5 1/2 pounds). be uninsured or underinsured; impacting the quality of health Source: March of Dimes, PeriStats / National Center for Health care received (HHS Action Plan to Reduce Disparities and Statistics, final mortality data. Retrieved September 12, 2012, from www.nimhd.nih.gov/recovery/gosocialdeterm.asp). However, www.marchofdimes.com/peristats. if infants are delivered at risk-appropriate facilities, regardless of race/ethnicity, survivability is increased. Figure 4: Preterm Birth, United States, 1999-2009 Additional contributors to disparities in infant deaths include Percent of live births infant age at death, cause of death, mother’s age and health, 15 multiple gestation (twins, triplets and higher order births), low 12.5 12.7 12.8 12.7 12.1 12.3 12.3 12.2 birth weight, preterm birth, assisted reproductive technology, 11.8 11.6 11.9 12 and prenatal visits. 9 Figure 5: Infant Mortality Rates by Race/Ethnicity, United States, 2005-2007 3-Year Average 6 Rate per 1,000 live births 15 13.4 3 12 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 8.8 Preterm is less than 37 completed weeks gestation. 9 Source: March of Dimes, PeriStats / National Center for Health 6.8 Statistics, final natality data. Retrieved September 12, 2012, from 5.5 5.7 6 4.8 www.marchofdimes.com/peristats. 3 C. Racial/Ethnic Disparities Infant mortality has reached historic lows, but there has been 0 Hispanic White Black Native Asian Total less success in eliminating racial and ethnic disparities in infant American mortality. Historically, infant mortality rates for infants born to All race categories exclude Hispanics. An infant death occurs within the first year of life. Source: March of Dimes, PeriStats / National African American mothers have notably been two or more times Center for Health Statistics, period linked birth/infant death data. higher than those born to white mothers (Figure 5). Since 1980, Retrieved September 12, 2012, from www.marchofdimes.com/peristats. there has been an increase in the African American/white infant A Standardized Approach for Examining Infant Mortality 3 State Infant Mortality Toolkit Why Focus on Infant Mortality? continued D. Geographic Disparities There is significant variation in rates of infant mortality by state (Figure 6). State-specific rates of infant mortality are highest in the southern United States. In 2007, infant mortality rates ranged from a high of 12.9 infant deaths per 1,000 live births in the District of Columbia (not shown on map) and 10.0 in Mississippi to a low of 4.9 in both Washington state and Massachusetts.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Classification of Cell Death
    Cell Death and Differentiation (2005) 12, 1463–1467 & 2005 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 1350-9047/05 $30.00 www.nature.com/cdd News and Commentary Classification of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death G Kroemer*,1, WS El-Deiry2, P Golstein3, ME Peter4, D Vaux5, with or without, caspase activation and that ‘autophagic cell P Vandenabeele6, B Zhivotovsky7, MV Blagosklonny8, death’ represents a type of cell death with (but not necessarily W Malorni9, RA Knight10, M Piacentini11, S Nagata12 and through) autophagic vacuolization. This article details the G Melino10,13 2005 recommendations of NCCD. Over time, molecular definitions are expected to emerge for those forms of cell 1 CNRS-UMR8125, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille-Desmoulins, death that remain descriptive. F-94805 Villejuif, France 2 University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Preface 3 Centre d’Immunologie INSERM/CNRS/Universite de la Mediterranee de Marseille-Luminy, Case 906, Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, It is obvious that clear definitions of objects that are only France shadows in Plato’s cage are difficult to be achieved. Cell death 4 The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 924 E 57th and the different subroutines leading to cell death do not Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA 5 escape this rule. Even worse, the notion of death is strongly Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, influenced by religious and cultural beliefs, which may UK 6 Molecular Signalling and Cell Death Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical subliminally influence the scientific view of cell death.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for Determining Death Based on Neurological Criteria
    GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING DEATH BASED ON NEUROLOGICAL CRITERIA New Jersey 2014 1 These guidelines have been drafted by the New Jersey Ad Hoc Committee on Declaration of Death by Neurologic Criteria, under the leadership of Dr. John Halperin, M.D. and William Reitsma, RN. We are grateful for the hard work and knowledgeable input of each of the following medical, legal and health care professionals. The authors gratefully acknowledge the work of the New York State Department of Health and the New York State Task Force on Life and the Law, and the guidelines for Brain Death Determination they promulgated in 2011. This document provides the foundation for these guidelines. John J. Halperin, M.D., FAAN, FACP Medical Director, Atlantic Neuroscience Institute Chair, Department of Neurosciences Overlook Medical Center Summit, NJ Alan Sori, M.D., FACS Director of Surgical Quality, Saint Joseph's Regional Medical Center Paterson, NJ Bruce J. Grossman, M.D. Director of Pediatric Transport Services Pediatric Intensivist K. Hovnanian Children’s Hospital at Jersey Shore University Medical Center Neptune, NJ Gregory J. Rokosz, D.O., J.D., FACEP Sr. Vice President for Medical and Academic Affairs/CMO Saint Barnabas Medical Center Livingston, NJ Christina Strong, Esq. Law Office of Christina W. Strong Belle Mead, NJ 2 GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING DEATH BASED ON NEUROLOGICAL CRITERIA BACKGROUND This document provides guidance for determining death by neurological criteria (commonly referred to as “brain death”), aims to increase knowledge amongst health care practitioners about the clinical evaluation of death determined by neurological criteria and reduce the potential for variation in brain death determination policies and practices amongst facilities and practitioners within the State of New Jersey.
    [Show full text]
  • Death & Decomposition Part II
    Death & Decomposition Part II Review: Why is TSD/PMI so important? Review: What happens in the Fresh (1st) Stage of Decomposition? STAGE 2: Bloat ⦿ 0-10 days ⦿ Putrefaction: bacterially-induced destruction of soft tissue and gas formation › Skin blisters and marbling › Build-up of fluids from ruptured cells and intestines Putrefaction – the gross stuff ➢ Decomposition that occurs as a result of bacteria and other microorganisms ➢ Results in gradual dissolution of solid tissue into gases and liquids, and salts Putrefaction ➢ Characteristics: ○ Greenish discoloration ○ Darkening of the face ○ Bloating and formation of liquid or gas-filled blisters ○ Skin slippage Putrefaction ➢ Begins about 36 hours after death ➢ Further destruction is caused by maggots and insects ➢ Above 40 F, insects will feed until the body is skeletonized Influences of Putrefaction ➢ Heavy clothing and other coverings speed up the process by holding in body heat ➢ Injuries to the body surface promote putrefaction ○ provide portals of entry for bacteria Marbling Stage 3: Active Decay ➢ 10-20 days after death ➢ Body begins to collapse and black surfaces are exposed ➢ Bloated body collapses and leaves a flattened body ➢ Body fluids drain from body Active Decay Active Decay: Destruction of Tissue • Severe decomp can result in complete destruction of soft tissue Active Decay: Advanced Decomposition Stage 4: Dry Decay ➢ 20-365 days after death ➢ Remaining flesh on body is removed and body dries out ➢ Body is dry and continues to decay very slowly due to lack of moisture ➢
    [Show full text]
  • Grief Support Resources
    grief support resources 24/7 crisis hotline The Light Beyond: thelightbeyond.com The Harris Center: 713-970-7000 A forum, short movie, blog, e-cards and library to support those in grief. web sites: Bo’s Place: bosplace.org UNITE: unitegriefsupport.org A bereavement center offering grief support services to Offers a number of services to grieving parents and children, ages 3 to 18, and their families who have caregivers including the following: grief support experienced the death of a child or an adult in their groups, literature, educational programs, training workshops, immediate family, as well as programs for grieving group development assistance and referral assistance. adults. Bo’s Place is founded on the belief that grieving children sharing their experiences with each other infant specific: greatly helps in their grief journey. Bo’s Place is located March of Dimes: marchofdimes.com in Houston, TX and has employees that speak Spanish. The mission of the March of Dimes is to improve the health of babies by preventing birth defects, premature MISS Foundation: missfoundation.org birth and infant mortality. The organization carries out its A volunteer-based organization committed to providing mission through research, community services, education crisis support and long-term aid to families after the and advocacy to save babies’ lives. March of Dimes death of a child from any cause. MISS also participates researchers, volunteers, educators, outreach workers and in legislative and advocacy issues, community advocates work together to give all babies a fighting engagement and volunteerism and culturally chance against the threats to their health: prematurity, competent, multidisciplinary, education opportunities.
    [Show full text]
  • Life After Death and the Devastation of the Grave
    In Michael Martin and Keith Augustine, eds., The Myth of an Afterlife: The Case Against Life After Death, Rowman & Littlefield 2015. Life After Death and the Devastation of the Grave Eric T. Olson 1. Life After Death One of the fundamental questions of human existence is whether there is life after death. If we had an oracle willing to answer just one philosophical question by saying “Yes” or “No,” this is the one that many of us would ask. Not being an oracle, I am unable to tell you whether there is an afterlife. But I can say something about whether there could be. Is it even possible? Or is the hope that we have life after death as vain as the hope that we might find the largest prime number? One way to think about whether there could be life after death is to ask what would have to be the case for us to have it. If it were possible, how might it be accomplished? Suppose you wanted to know whether it was possible for a hu- man being to visit another galaxy and return to earth. To answer this question, you would need to know what such a journey would involve. What sort of spaceship or other means of transport would it require? How fast would it have to go, and how long would the journey take? Only once you knew such things would you be able to work out whether it could possibly be done. In the same way, we need to know what our having life after death would require in order to see whether it is possible.
    [Show full text]
  • No Autopsies on COVID-19 Deaths: a Missed Opportunity and the Lockdown of Science
    Journal of Clinical Medicine Review No Autopsies on COVID-19 Deaths: A Missed Opportunity and the Lockdown of Science 1, 2, 3 1 1 Monica Salerno y, Francesco Sessa y , Amalia Piscopo , Angelo Montana , Marco Torrisi , Federico Patanè 1, Paolo Murabito 4, Giovanni Li Volti 5,* and Cristoforo Pomara 1,* 1 Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (M.T.); [email protected] (F.P.) 2 Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Law, Forensic Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; [email protected] 4 Department of General surgery and medical-surgical specialties, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; [email protected] 5 Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] (G.L.V.); [email protected] (C.P.); Tel.: +39-095-478-1357 or +39-339-304-6369 (G.L.V.); +39-095-378-2153 or +39-333-246-6148 (C.P.) These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 12 March 2020; Accepted: 13 May 2020; Published: 14 May 2020 Abstract: Background: The current outbreak of COVID-19 infection, which started in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, in December 2019, is an ongoing challenge and a significant threat to public health requiring surveillance, prompt diagnosis, and research efforts to understand a new, emergent, and unknown pathogen and to develop effective therapies.
    [Show full text]
  • Preventing Infant and Maternal Mortality: State Policy Options
    HEALTH Preventing Infant and Maternal Mortality: State Policy Options APRIL | 2019 Preventing Infant and Maternal Mortality: State Policy Options BY AMBER BELLAZAIRE AND ERIK SKINNER The National Conference of State Legislatures is the bipartisan organization dedicated to serving the lawmakers and staffs of the nation’s 50 states, its commonwealths and territories. NCSL provides research, technical assistance and opportunities for policymakers to exchange ideas on the most pressing state issues, and is an effective and respected advocate for the interests of the states in the American federal system. Its objectives are: • Improve the quality and effectiveness of state legislatures • Promote policy innovation and communication among state legislatures • Ensure state legislatures a strong, cohesive voice in the federal system The conference operates from offices in Denver, Colorado and Washington, D.C. NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF STATE LEGISLATURES © 2019 NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF STATE LEGISLATURES ii Introduction Preventing infant and maternal death continues to be a pressing charge for states. State lawmakers rec- ognize the human, societal and financial costs of infant and maternal mortality and seek to address these perennial problems. This brief presents factors contributing to infant and maternal death and provides state-level solutions and policy options. Also provided are examples of how states are using data to identify opportunities for evidence-based interventions, determine evidence-based policies that help reduce U.S. infant and maternal mortality rates, and improve overall health and well-being. A National Problem After decades of decline, the maternal mortality rate in the United States has increased over the last 10 years. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), between 800 and 900 women in the United States die each year from pregnancy-related complications, illnesses or events.
    [Show full text]
  • Guideline Completion of Death Certificates
    Department of Health Center for Health Statistics Guideline Revised – 2/23/17 Title: Completion of Death Certificates Number: CHS D-10 References: RCW 70.58.170 Contact: Daniel O’Neill, Senior Policy Analyst Phone: 360-236-4311 Email: [email protected] Effective Date: February 23, 2017 Approved By: Christie Spice The Department of Health provides this guideline for medical certifiers of death certificates. Medical certifiers include allopathic and osteopathic physicians, physician assistants, advanced registered nurse practitioners, chiropractors, coroners and medical examiners to follow when completing death certificates. The Department receives complaints that health care providers fail to complete death certificates in a timely manner or fail to accurately list the cause of death on the death certificate. The death certificate provides important information about the decedent and the cause of death. Death certification errors are common and range from minor to severe. Under RCW 70.58.170, a funeral director or person having the right to control the disposition of human remains must present the death certificate to the medical certifier last in attendance upon the deceased. The medical certifier then has two business days to certify the cause of death according to his or her best knowledge and sign or electronically approve the certificate, unless there is good cause for not doing so. The medical certifier should register cause and manner of death information through the Washington State Electronic Death Reporting System (EDRS). The EDRS facilitates timely registration of the death and rapid collection of cause and manner of death information. The EDRS can be found at https://fortress.wa.gov/doh/edrs/EDRS/.
    [Show full text]
  • The Decline in Child Mortality: a Reappraisal Omar B
    Theme Papers The decline in child mortality: a reappraisal Omar B. Ahmad,1 Alan D. Lopez,2 & Mie Inoue3 The present paper examines, describes and documents country-specific trends in under-five mortality rates (i.e., mortality among children under five years of age) in the 1990s. Our analysis updates previous studies by UNICEF, the World Bank and the United Nations. It identifies countries and WHO regions where sustained improvement has occurred and those where setbacks are evident. A consistent series of estimates of under-five mortality rate is provided and an indication is given of historical trends during the period 1950–2000 for both developed and developing countries. It is estimated that 10.5 million children aged 0–4 years died in 1999, about 2.2 million or 17.5% fewer than a decade earlier. On average about 15% of newborn children in Africa are expected to die before reaching their fifth birthday. The corresponding figures for many other parts of the developing world are in the range 3–8% and that for Europe is under 2%. During the 1990s the decline in child mortality decelerated in all the WHO regions except the Western Pacific but there is no widespread evidence of rising child mortality rates. At the country level there are exceptions in southern Africa where the prevalence of HIV is extremely high and in Asia where a few countries are beset by economic difficulties. The slowdown in the rate of decline is of particular concern in Africa and South-East Asia because it is occurring at relatively high levels of mortality, and in countries experiencing severe economic dislocation.
    [Show full text]
  • Cross-Country Evidence on the Association Between Contact Tracing
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Cross‑country evidence on the association between contact tracing and COVID‑19 case fatality rates Abdullah Yalaman1*, Gokce Basbug2, Ceyhun Elgin3 & Alison P. Galvani4 The coronavirus disease (COVID‑19) outbreak has killed over a million people since its emergence in late 2019. However, there has been substantial variability in the policies and intensity of diagnostic eforts between countries. In this paper, we quantitatively evaluate the association between national contact tracing policies and case fatality rates of COVID‑19 in 138 countries. Our regression analyses indicate that countries that implement comprehensive contact tracing have signifcantly lower case fatality rates. This association of contact tracing policy and case fatality rates is robust in our longitudinal regression models, even after controlling for the number of tests conducted and non‑ pharmaceutical control measures adopted by governments. Our results suggest that comprehensive contact tracing is instrumental not only to curtailing transmission but also to reducing case fatality rates. Contact tracing achieves the early detection and isolation of secondary cases which are particularly important given that the peak in infectiousness occurs during the presymptomatic phase. The early detection achieved by contact tracing accelerates the rate at which infected individuals receive medical care they need to maximize their chance of recovery. In addition, the combination of reduced transmission and more rapid recovery diminishes the burden on the healthcare system which in turn ensures that the resources remain available for individuals who do become infected. Te ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak has spread to 213 countries and territories, causing more than 47,000,000 cases and over 1.2 million deaths as of November 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • MAIN CAUSES of MORTALITY Over 5 200 000 People Died in EU Countries in 2015 Diseases, Followed by Pneumonia (See Indicator (Figure 3.7)
    II.3. HEALTH STATUS MAIN CAUSES OF MORTALITY Over 5 200 000 people died in EU countries in 2015 diseases, followed by pneumonia (see indicator (Figure 3.7). An unusual large increase in the number of “Mortality from respiratory diseases”). deaths in 2015 explains the reduction in life External causes of death, which include accidents, expectancy in many countries compared with 2014 (see suicides, homicides and other violent causes of death, indicator “Trends in life expectancy”). The higher were responsible for 3% of all deaths among women and number of deaths in 2015 across EU countries was 6% of deaths among men in EU countries in 2015. The concentrated mainly among people aged 75 and over, most important causes of violent deaths are road traffic and was attributed mainly to higher mortality from accidents and other accidental deaths, and suicides. influenza and pneumonia triggering cardiorespiratory Road traffic accidents are a particularly important cause events, Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, and of death among young people (aged 18-25), whereas heart diseases. suicide rates generally increase with age. Slightly more women than men died across EU More than 80% of all deaths in EU countries occur countries in 2015, as there are more women in the after the age of 65. While the main cause of death population, particularly in older age groups. Once the among people aged over 65 is circulatory diseases, the population structure is adjusted by age, the age- main cause for people under 65 is cancer, particularly standardised mortality rate was about 50% higher among women (Eurostat, 2018).
    [Show full text]
  • World Mortality Report 2007
    ST/ESA/SER.A/289 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division World Mortality Report 2007 United Nations New York, 2011 DESA The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which Member States of the United Nations draw to review common problems and take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. Note The designations employed in this report and the material presented in it do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. This publication has been issued without formal editing. Suggested citation: United Nations, Department
    [Show full text]