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50 & 100 Years A NEWS & VIEWS NATURE|Vol 457|29 January 2009 CONDENSED-MATTER PHYSICS The pnictide code 50 YEARS AGO Jan Zaanen In previous communications, Hopes are that the emergent family of iron-based superconductors, the the existence of a third normal, pnictides, could act as a Rosetta stone in decoding the two-decade mystery embryonic haemoglobin was reported to be present in the blood of superconductivity observed at high temperatures. of foetuses up to five months of intra-uterine life ... By using About a year ago, the announcement of the against the might of this quantum simplicity. the column chromatographic discovery1 of a new family of superconductors Metaphorically, the cuprate electron world is procedure described by Huisman made from iron-based compounds prompted like a quantized form of dense traffic on a busy and Prins, with some minor an army of physicists and chemists to study highway. The electrons are subject to perpetual modifications, we were able these pnictides. But what caused — and is per- quantum motions, but can hinder each other’s to separate the three distinct petuating — this frenzy? The quest for a higher motions to such an extent that the electron fractions from the haemolysate transition temperature, Tc (the temperature ‘traffic’ jams completely, causing undoped of a four month old embryo ... above which no superconductivity is attained), cuprates to become insulating. Chemical dop- Thus, we were able to separate stalled2 at a meagre 56 kelvin, and the focus ing can clear the way on the ‘quantum highway’, not only the two haemoglobin of the excitement has shifted: it is now hoped and at low levels of doping a quantum incarna- fractions known to be present that the pnictides will be instrumental in tion of stop-and-go traffic is observed6. At high in the cord blood of full-term deciphering the 22-year-old mystery behind levels of doping the quantum weirdness hits 3 new-borns, but also the third, high-Tc superconductivity in cuprates (com- with full force — causing the electrons to forget embryonic, fraction (the lowest pounds containing copper oxide). There are the busy highway — and the Fermi-liquid state in the chromatographic column) also compelling reasons to believe that pnic- takes over7. in the blood of small embryos tides share the main properties of cuprates. But both the quantized stop-and-go and the … [W]e were, for the first time, In this issue, two studies (Yuan et al.4 on page Fermi-liquid states are bad for superconductiv- able to discover the embryonic 565 and Zabolotnyy et al.5 on page 569) report ity: the best superconducting cuprates are found haemoglobin fraction in the blood observations of two features in the pnictides at intermediate dopings, at the point at which of two full-term new-borns who that further elucidate how the two families of the electron traffic starts to gather speed3. were severely malformed, whereas superconductors compare. The belief is that the electrons in pnictides twenty other normal new-borns What happens when zillions of quantum might well share this ‘quantum highway’ behav- who served as controls did not particles form a macroscopic quantum whole- iour. The observed transition temperatures are show this fraction in their blood. ness? The electron matter that superconducts much too high to be explained by BCS theory, From Nature 31 January 1959. is a famous example of such ‘quantum matter’ and the iron and arsenic atoms that constitute that shows quantum effects on a macroscopic the pnictide layers create similar jamming con- 100 YEARS AGO scale. The Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) ditions to those of copper and oxygen2. More- A striking instance of the theory of superconductivity proposed in 1957 over, although undoped pnictides do not quite assistance which can be seemed to explain the phenomenon in full, but insulate, they do show a muscular antiferro- rendered by wireless telegraphy this changed with the discovery of supercon- magnetism — a strong sign that the electron in overcoming the difficulties ductivity in the cuprates in 1986, and transi- traffic is on the verge of coming to a standstill8. and dangers of navigation was tion temperatures as high as 150 kelvin have But even though pnictides and cuprates might afforded in the case of the collision subsequently been found. In some ways, the share the gross aspects of quantum-highway of the steamship Florida with the ensuing research effort has been spectacularly physics, in other regards they can be quite White Star liner Republic in the successful, showing that electrons in solids can different. The hope is that by comparing both early morning of January 23. The form surprisingly rich quantum worlds. But the systems one can find out what really matters in collision occurred in a dense fog cause of their superconductivity has become high-Tc superconductivity. This is exactly what at 5.30 a.m., 175 miles east of the even more mysterious over the years2. Yuan et al.4 and Zabolotnyy et al.5 try to address Ambrose lightship, New York. The key question is: how much is going on in their studies. The Republic is equipped with a in these electron worlds? The normal (non- In the cuprates, one invariably finds that the wireless telegraphy installation, superconducting) state of ordinary metals electrons can move freely only in the copper- and the captain, who was on the such as aluminium is remarkably featureless, oxide planes. This led researchers to believe bridge at the time of the accident, despite their being in the grip of the influence that superconducting electronic properties, at once had wireless messages of quantum weirdness, which, counter-intui- such as the quantum-highway behaviour, for help sent out … The messages tively, renders things very simple. A quantum were two-dimensional, and that this was a were received by the liners Baltic, magic causes the electrons to ‘forget’ that they necessary prerequisite for superconductivity at the Lorraine, and the Lucania ... strongly interact, and the resulting ‘Fermi high temperatures. But Yuan et al.4 now report The steamships proceeding to liquid’ behaves like a gas of non-interacting on a demanding experiment with a simple the rescue were able to transmit ‘quasielectrons’. According to BCS theory, conclusion that changes this view: despite a wireless message to the at very low temperatures the exchange of the layered crystal structure of the pnictides, Republic asking for the latitude phonons (atomic lattice vibrations in the superconductivity in these materials can be and longitude of the collision ... metal) leads to a weak attractive interaction three-dimensional. The implication is that, Wireless telegraphy has thus been between the quasielectrons, causing these to if both systems do share the secret of high-Tc the means of averting a terrible bind in Cooper pairs, which condense into a superconductivity, two-dimensionality has calamity. superconducting state. been a red herring all along, causing theorists From Nature 28 January 1909. But in cuprates, chemistry conspires to look in wrong directions. 50 & 100 YEARS AGO 546 © 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved NATURE|Vol 457|29 January 2009 NEWS & VIEWS To appreciate the results of Zabolotnyy and 1. Kamihara, Y., Watanabe, T., Hirano, M. & Hosono, H. 7. Cooper, R. A. et al. Science doi:10.1126/science.1165015 colleagues5, one has to dig a bit deeper into the J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 3296–3297 (2008). (2008). weird side of the quantum world. The quan- 2. Grant, P. M. Nature 453, 1000–1001 (2008). 8. Kivelson, S. A. & Yao, H. Nature Mater. 7, 927–928 3. Nature Phys. 2, 133 (2006). (2008). tity that matters most in the Fermi liquid is the 4. Yuan, H. Q. et al. Nature 457, 565–568 (2009). 9. Damascelli, A., Hussain, Z. & Shen, Z.-X. Rev. Mod. Phys. Fermi surface — a boundary in the abstract 5. Zabolotnyy, V. B. et al. Nature 457, 569–572 (2009). 75, 473–541 (2003). space of quasielectron quantum numbers that 6. Zaanen, J. Science 315, 1372–1373 (2007). 10. Zaanen, J. Nature 448, 1000–1001 (2007). at absolute zero temperature separates the unoccupied states from the occupied ones. Photoemission experiments, which meas- ure the energy of electrons emitted from the PLANT GENOMICS metals when these are subjected to electro– magnetic radiation, show sharp Fermi surfaces in cuprates in the Fermi-liquid regime at high Sorghum in sequence levels of doping. At low levels of doping, where Takuji Sasaki and Baltazar A. Antonio the electrons are in the stop-and-go regime and so are far from forming quasielectrons, these The drought tolerance of sorghum is just one of the features that make measurements show that there are still fuzzy it a valuable crop plant. There is much for agronomists to learn from the remnants of these Fermi surfaces9. Although not at all understood, these remnants can be complete genome sequence of this type of grass. taken as a signal that the quantum weirdness is already in action in an attempt to simplify It is almost four years since the genome and Solanaceae (tomato and potato) families, the electron traffic flow in the direction of the sequence of the rice plant, Oryza sativa, was will be completed in the next few years. Fermi-liquid state. completed1. Rice is the world’s most important Worldwide annual production of sorghum Moreover, the observed, simple rounded- crop, and the availability of an accurate, com- is about 60 million tonnes, less than that of square shape of the single cuprate Fermi surface plete, map-based sequence of a cereal genome the other major cereal crops. It is nonetheless seems to be in accord with the predictions of the prompted ground-breaking studies of the a staple for both humans and livestock, and naive LDA (local density approximation) elec- genetic underpinning of valuable agricultural is also a potential source of biofuel.
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