Working Paper No. 83 Tax Reform in Brazil: Small Achievements and Great Challenges by Rogério L. F. Werneck* December 2000 Stanford University John A. and Cynthia Fry Gunn Building 366 Galvez Street | Stanford, CA | 94305-6015 * Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) TAX REFORM IN BRAZIL: SMALL ACHIEVEMENTS AND GREAT CHALLENGES ROGÉRIO L. F. WERNECK
[email protected] Department of Economics, PUC-Rio Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro Abstract Brazil’s tax burden had fluctuated at around one fourth of GDP in the previous twenty years leading to 1990. The fiscal adjustment necessary to attain a stable macroeconomic scenario came from increases in revenue, not from expenditures cuts as was the case in most of the countries in Latin America. Few imagined that at the end of the nineties, the tax burden would reach 32 percent of GDP. The problem is that the increase in collection came from the introduction of inefficient and distortionary indirect taxes. This paper first traces the historical roots of Brazil's tax system. It argues as resources were transferred to sub-national levels of the government, the state devised exotic taxations schemes, which would not be shared with lower- level governments. The public outcry over the collage of inefficient taxes that extract over 30% is reaching critical levels. In a simple consistency model, this paper shows that only by introducing a value added tax, an excise tax, and a retail sales tax with very broad bases is it possible to eliminate all existent indirect and cascading taxes and still have acceptable levels of the tax rates.