INDEX

Accipirer hawks, 307 species-area relationships in, 235 hand Islands, 38,216f, 217 temporal partitioning in, 99, 107 Alaskan seabirds, 166, 167, 189-190 Avifaunas, see Birds Algae Aytlzya affinis (Lesser Scaup ducks), 88-89 biogeography and, 244-248 co-occurrence of, 178 Bahamas, 192-193 Amazon forest Baltic Islands, 35 biogeography in, 257-260 Barnacles, 240 co-occurrence in, 175, 176177t Barro Colorado Island, 145 Amphibolurus, niche overlap in, 91t Barton and David test, 123-124, 125, 149- Amphipod-moXlusc assemblages, 236 150, 151 Andes Bats biogeography in, 241 co-occurrence of, 172-174, 18 1 co-occurrence nn, 175 size ratios in, 12 1 communities, temporal partitioning Bees in, 97-100 size ratios in, 114, 1 16 Anolis lizards temporal partitioning and, 106 co-occurrence (of, 1861 87 , 25t, 26f, 3941 niche overlap in, 70,72, 90t, 92t biogeography and, 267-268,270-271 size ratios in, 126f, 127 competition and morphology of, 147-1 48 Ants niche overlap in, 82 biogeography and, 269 size ratios in, 116, 133 species richness and density in, 32-33 species abundance in, 49 temporal partitxoning and, 96, 105, 1IOf, species evenness in, 44 111 species richness in, 24,43 Appalachian Mountains, 235 Bill size, 114, 127-128, 130, 148-151,307 Assembly rules,, 13, 153-154, 161, 164-205 Biogeography, 239-272.309 Connor and ;Simberloffprocedure, 170- assumptions of, 239-241 179 bimodality and, 264-266 Diamond's, see Diamond's assembly rules equilibrium theory of, 189 Gilpin and Diamond procedure, 180-182 geographic range boundary locations in, 25 1- guild shucture, see Guild structure 254 incidence functions, 161, 183, 188-193, 205, geographic range randomization in, 256257 217 geographic range size in, 254256 missing species combinations, see Missing global diversity gradients in, 249-25 1 species combinations macroecology and, 266-269 nestedness, 193-196, 205 overlapping sheaves statistics in, 243-246 niche limitation, 196-198,205 Q-mode analysis in, 158-159 trophic ratio:$, 199-20 1, 205 quadrat data in, 246-247 Wright and Biehl procedure, 179-180 quantitative overlap patterns in, 248 Australia taxon cycles in, 269-27 1,309 co-occurrence in, 1551, 193,203,240 Biological realism, 278-279 food webs in, 289 Biology, amount to include, xiv-xv size ratios in, 140 Bimodality, 264266 360 Index

Birds Camarhynchus (tree finches), 128, 134 biogeography and, 240,241,252-254.257- Canids, 147 260,262,267-268,270,309 Carabid beetles, 2% 26f, 3941 in broken-stick model, 56f, 57 biogeography and, 27G27 1 co-occurrence of, 156, 160, 166, 167f, 168, species evenness in, 44 169, 17G171, 172-174, 175, 17&177t, species richness in, 24,43 178, 179, 180, 185, 188-190, 192-193, Cardinals, 110, 145 194, 195,19&199 Carpenter bees, 114 food webs and, 28 1 Case and Sidell test, 133-135 human-caused extinctions of, 3 10 Cayman Island, 270 rarefaction of, 35.37-39 Certhidea (warbler finches), 128 sizeratios in, 113, 114, 120-121, 140, 141, Ceteris parihus clause, 3 1G3 11 142, 143-145 Channel Islands source pools for, 304-306 extinctions in, 145 species abundance in, 48,50 size ratios in, 127-1 30 species-area relationships and, 212,213,217, species-area relationships in, 232 219,222-223,225,226,229-230,235 Character displacement, 106,113, 114, 118, specieslgenus ratio in, 15-16 126, 128-129, 130 species richness in, 38-39,40f Euclidian distance in, 129 species richness versus species density in, 31 Galipagos finch bill size as example, 148- temporal partitioning and, 109-1 11 15 1 see also particular tam ratio tests for, 124, 125 Bismarck Archipelago, 306 in the red fox, 146-1 47 co-occurrence in, 169, 170, 174, 180-181, tests for, 133-1 35 188-189 Checkerboard distributions, xvi, 154, 183, Body size divergence models, 117-1 18 193,205,310 Body size ratios, see Size ratios Connor and Simberloff procedure, 17& Bonne Bay, I58 178 Bose-Einstein statistics, 246 ecological Q-mode analysis of, 163 Breeding birds nestedness and, 196 rarefaction of, 37-38 Checkerboardedness index, 183 species abundance in, 48 Chesapeake Bay, 37 species-area relationships and, 222-223,235 Chironomids species richness versus species density in, 31 niche overlap in, 9 1t Britain species abundance in, 5842 biogeography in, 247 temporal partitioning and, 97-98 size ratios in, 145 Chi-squared distributions, 12 species-area relationships in, 225 and co-occurrence, 165,173,179 see also England and size ratios, 19, 141 British Isles, 213 and temporal partitioning, 102 Broken-stick model, xv, 6, 48,s 1, 58,62, 102, Cicadas, niche overlap in, 93t 243,295 sylvatica, 41 applications of, 53-57 Cliques, 295 biological and statistical interpretations of, 55t Cnemidophorus lizards, 134,221 predictions made with, 59-60 Cochran's Q statistic, 111 resource utilization peaks in, 88, 89 Coleopterans, niche overlap in, 92t Bucconidae, 39 Cole's test, 104-105 Bull's-eye test, 136, 15 1 Colonization Bumblebees, 106 biogeography and, 260 Butterflies equilibrium hypothesis and, 217, 22k226 biogeography and, 270 incidence functions and, 189 species-area relationships and, 225 limiting similarity and, 65, 66 Butterfly fishes, 142 simple model of, 16G161 size ratios and, 134, 135 California see also Immigration food webs in, 286,290 Columbidae, 39, 19&199 species-area relationships in, 21 1 Community assembly, xvi, 153-154 Index 361

Community ecology Decapod crustaceans, 207,227-228 methods in, 2-3 Deep-sea diversity, 33-34 paradigms in, 0-10 Deer Island Archipelago, 221 Community matrix, 280-286 Deer mice, 221 Competition, 13 Degenerate matrices, 182, 184 community matrices and, 283,284-285 Dendroica angelae (Elfin Wood Warbler), 212 controversy surrounding theory of, 8-9 Diamond's assembly rules, 169-170, 185, 201 co-occurrence and, 162, 178-179, 196,201, Connor and Simberloff test for, 170-175 205 Diffuse competition hypothesis, 74 directed coevolution under interspecific, 150 Dilution effect, 156, 175-178, 289 in dytiscid beetles, 147-148 Directed assembly, 150 niche overlap and, 65,67,74,75-76.78-79, Directed coevolution, 150 81,86,88 Directed evolution, 150 size ratios and, 115-1 16, 117-1 18, 122, 130, Disturbance hypothesis, 209-210,211 134-135, 141-142,143-144,147-148, Diversity indices, see Species diversity indices 150 Dominance decay model, 59-60 species/genos ratios and, 14-16 Dominance preemption model, 58,60 temporal partitioning and, 95,96, 98 Doves, 198-199 Competitive excl~isionhypothesis, 8, 15-16, 17 Drosophila directed assembly with, 150 co-occurrence of, 153-154 Complex deletion models, 187 niche overlap in, 70-7 1 Composite model, 59, 60f species-area relationships and, 221 Concordance Dyar's constant, 11 3 of morphology, 140-14 1 Dynamics model, 53,551 of species ranks, 286-292 Dytiscid beetles, 147-148 Connectance random, 27:l-278 Earthworms, 207 species richness and, 295-298,300f Eastern Phoebe (Sayornis phoebe), 254f Connor and Simberloff procedure, 170-179 Eastern Wood, 219,230,231f criticisms of, 175-179 Ecological extinction, 143-145 Consewed zeros. 80 Ecological null hypothesis, 106107 Constraints Ecological Q-mode analysis, 159-1 64 biological realism and, 278-279 Ecology on flowering phenology, 108 community, see Community ecology incidence, 178 evolutionary, 34-35 marginal, 72, 162, 178-179 macro, 266-269 randomization, 178-1 79 mathematical, 8 Contiguity hypothesis, 247 Edge effects, 106, 21 1, 213 Contingency table analysis, 180, 189 Electivity, 71-73, 94 Co-occurrence:, xvi, 12, 19, 153-205,240; see Elfin Wood Warbler (Dendroica angelae), 212 also Assembly rules; Presence-absence Empty islands, 171 matrices England Coral heads, 154,207,227-228 species-area relationships in, 212 Core-satellite hypothesis, 260 species diversity in, 36 Core species, 260, 263, 264-266 see also Britain Corixid beetles, 116 Environmental suitability, specieslgenus ratios Crematogaster ashmeidi, 154 and, 14-15 Critical tidal-level hypothesis, 248 Equilibrium hypothesis, 19, 189, 209-210, Ctenorus, niche overlap in, 90t 217-232,234,238,252 Cuba of island biogeography, 189 niche overlap in lizards of, 80 testing assumptions of, 218-222 species-area relationships in, 212 testing predictions of, 222-232 Cuckoo-doves, 170-17 1 Essentialism, 10 Czekanowski Index, 69-70 Euclidian distance, 129, 133, 138-139 Evolutionary displacement, 66 Dalechampia, 106-107 Evolutionary ecology, 34-35 Data quality, 308-309 Evolutionary extinction, 142-143 362 Index

Evolutionary null hypothesis, 106-107 Forbidden combinations, 1, 169, 170, 179, Exponential function, 235, 236f 193, 196 Extinction Fossils biogeography and, 260 co-occurrence of, 194 disturbance hypothesis and, 21 1 morphology of, 143 ecological, 143-145 rarefaction and, 29, 36-37 equilibrium hypothesis and, 217,218-220, species-area relationships and, 207 224,228-232,234,252 Frequencies, law of, 264-266 evolutionary, 142-143 Functional groups, 201-205 human-caused, 309-3 10 Fungi, 166,207 incidence functions, 189 limiting similarity and, 65, 66 Galapagos finches, xiif nestedness, 195-196 bill sizes of, 114, 127-128, 130, 148-151 selective, 195-196 co-occurrence of, 160, 164,168 species number and, 218-220 niche overlap in, 67 size ratios in, 114, 127-1 30, 134, 148- F-ratios, 12, 14 1 15 1 Falsification, principle of, 6,7, 12-13 Galapagos plants Fame Islands, 230, 23 1f co-occurrence of, 160-161,163f Farris optimization, 271 species richness in, 24 Faunal collapse, 195,210 Gastropods, 141 Favored states, 201-205 Gaussian distributions, 132 Ferminia cerverai (Zapata Wren), 2 12 Geckos, niche overlap in, 90t, 91t Field experiments, 2-3 Generic coefficient (GIs) ratios, 18-19 of assembly rules, 154 Geographical Ecology (MacArthur), 8 Fiji, 197 Geographic range Finches, 143 boundaries of, 25 1-254 Galapagos, see Galapagos finches randomization of, 256257 ground, see Geospiza size of, 254-256 tree, 128, 134 Geographic variation, 307-308 warbler, 128 Geometric series model, 55t,58, 60, 61f Geospiza (ground finches) co-occurrence in, 189 co-occurrence of, 168 species diversity in, 35 size ratios in, 128, 129, 130, 134, 148, 149f, Fishes 151 co-occurrence of, 175, 181, 193,240 Gilpin and Diamond procedure, 180-182 food webs and, 286,28%290 Glaucous-winged Gull (Larus glaucescens), morphology of, 138-1 39,142 190 niche overlap in, 93t Global diversity gradients, 249-25 1 presence-absence matrices for, 155t, Grasshoppers, 83f 193 niche overlap in, 921, 93t species abundance and, 49, 52f Great Basin see also particular taxa co-occurrence in, 194 Florida size ratios in, 141 biogeography in, 252,253f , see Britain co-occurrence in, 154, 161 Greater Antilles Flowering phenology, xvi, 95, 100-108, co-occurrence in, 18C187, 195 256 niche overlap in, 70, 72,79 Flycatchers, 170, 18Hf Great Lakes, 196 Food webs, xvi-xvii, 13, 273-301 Ground finches, see Geospiza interval, 294 G/S ratios, 18-19 patterns of structure in, 292-301 Guild designation, 175-178, 287 persistence stability and, 286292 Guild structure randomization algorithms for, 1%20,274 co-occurrence and, 198-199,205 reality of, 298-301 niche overlap and, 85-86,88 stability analyses of model, 275-280 Gulf of California, 221 trophic ratios and, 199 Gulf of Mexico, 236 Index 363

Habitat affinities Island area, population sizes and, 22C222 co-occurrence and, 187 Israel, 147 size ratios and, 136-137, 143 specieslgenus ratio and, 15-16, 17 Jaccard's index, 158, 159f Habitat diversity hypothesis, 2W210, 21 1-217 Jamaica assumptions of, 21 1 biogeography in, 270 habitat unit model in, 214-217 co-occurrence in, 187 multiple regres,sion models for, 213-214 Japan, 108 peninsular effect and, 252 J. P. Morgan effect, 133 Habitat unit model, 214-217 Hard boundaries, 250-25 1 K-dominance plot, 42 Hawaiian honeycreepers, 1 14 Kendall's W, 287-290 Hawaiian Islands Kolmogorov-Smimov (K-S) test, 135-136 human-caused extinctions in, 3 10 size ratios in, 143-145 Laboratory studies, 2-3 Hawks of assembly rules, 153-154 sexual dimorphism in, 307,308 Lacertid lizards, niche overlap in, 90t size ratios in, 121, 135-136 Lake District of England, 2 12 temporal partitioning and, 95 Lake Manapouri, 178,232 Helminth parasites Land birds resource utilizzztion peaks in, 88-89 biogeography and, 252-254 spatial partitioning and, 105 co-occurrence of, 169 Herpetofauna of broadleaf evergreen forest, Land-bridge islands, 39, 40f, 194t. 195, 198, niche overlap in, 92t 199,207,306,307 "Homage to Santa Rosalia" (Hutchinson), 113 Larus gluucescens (Glaucous-winged Gull), 190 Human-caused extinction, 309-3 10 Lesser Antilles, 127, 140 Hummingbidr; Lesser Scaup ducks (Aythya affinis), 88-89 resource utilization peaks in, 88 Limiting similarity, 65-66,71 plant pollination and, 102-1 04 Lizards size ratios in, 140 biogeography and, 257 , 37 community matrix and, 28 1 Hutchinsonian niche, 8, 75-76 co-occurrence of, 186-1 87, 192-1 93 Hutchinson's rule, see 1.3 rule niche overlap in, 6849,70,71, 72,76, 78- Hypergeometr~~cdistribution, 27, 39,46, 198 80, 90t, 92t Hypthetico-deductive formalism, 11 size ratios in, 126f, 127, 134, 140 species-area relationships and, 221 Icarus effect, 133 temporal partitioning and, 96, 97, 99-1 00 Immigration, 2.08; see ulso Colonization Log normal distributions, 48,5@53,224 co-occurrence and, 195, 196 in biogeography, 255 equilibrium hypothesis and, 218-220,228- biological and statistical interpretations of, 55t 232,234,252 broken-stick model and, 57 species number and, 218-220 power function and, 223 Incidence constraints, 178 resource partitioning and, 58 Incidence functnons, 161,183,188-193,205,217 in size ratios, 122, 125 Indiana, 286 Log series distributions, 48, 49, 5@53 biological and statistical interpretations of, 55t co-occurrence of, 110f, 166, 193, 194 broken-stick model and, 57 outbreaks of; 275 resource partitioning and, 58 resource utilization peaks in, 88 specieslgenus ratio and, 14, 16 species-area relationships and, 207,222,225, Lotka-Volterra equations, 65, 69 232 food webs and, 276,284-285.292 temporal partitioning and, 100 Lowendal Islands, 215 see also particular tuxa Lower Carboniferous, 143 Interval food webs, 294 Lunda cirrhata (Tufted Puffin), 190 Irwin test, 124, 125, 151 Island, land-bridge, 39,40f, 194t. 195, 198, MacArthur's warblers, niche overlap in, 91t 199,207,306,307 Macroecology, 266-269 364 . Index

Macropygia cuckoo-doves, 17G171 evolutionary extinction and, 142-143 Madagascar, 3 10 overdispersion of, 138-1 40 Main Aland, 38 resource utilization and, 114, 14 1 Maine, 221 species abundance and, 141-1 42 Mammals Mosses, 159f co-occurrence of, 168 Moths, 50 food webs and, 282 Multidimensional niche metrics, 73-74 functional groups of, 201 Multiple assemblages, ratio tests for, 135-137 nestedness in, 193, 194, 195, 196 Multiple regression models, for habitat diver- niche overlap in, 76 sity hypothesis, 213-214 species-area relationships and, 207,224 Multivariate analyses, of size ratios, 137-145 Mangrove islands, 199,200f, 2 13,222 Mustelids, 147 Mann-Whitney U test, 191-192 Mapped ranges, 240-241 Narcissus effect, 133 Marginal constraints, 72, 162, 178-1 79 Natural experiments, 2-3 Markov models Nearest-neighbor distances of biogeography, 255 morphology and, 139f, 140,141, 147 of niche overlap, 87 niche overlap and, 74,75f, 85,87,94 of species-area relationships, xvi, 229-230, Nestedness, 193-196,205 232,237 Neutral models, xv, 19,47-50 Maryland Nevada, 203 avian co-occurrence in, 141 Newfoundland, 158,159f temporal partitioning in, 110 New Guinea, 169 Materialism, 10 New Hebrides, 172-173, 178, 179, 180 Mathematical ecology, 8 New Zealand Mathematical models, 4-5 co-occurrence in, 197,200-201 Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, 168, 246 human-caused extinctions in, 310 Mice, 22 1 Newts, niche overlap in, 90t Mimidae, 39, 198 Niche breadth, 44,69,76 Minnesota old fields, 197 Niche limitation, 196198, 205 Minnows, 175 Niche overlap, xvi, 12, 19, 65-94 Missing species combinations, 164-165 evolutionary displacement and, 66 statistical tests for, 165-168 food webs and, 273-274,280 Mixed-matched dietary hypothesis, 98-100, limiting similarity and, 65-66,71 106, 111 multidimensional, 73-74 Mockingbirds, 198 randomization of species occurrences in, 78- Molluscs, 36,236 80 Monoceros montanus (Montane unicorn), 241 temporal partitioning compared with, 97, Monophagous predators, 276 104 Montane unicorn (Monoceros montanus), testing patterns in, 67-75 24 1 variance in, 85-88 Monte Carlo simulations, xi, 1, 308 Niche overlap indices, 69-70 broken-stick model compared with, 57 sampling error in, 77 conventional statistical tests versus, xiv weighted versus unweighted, 70-73 of co-occurrence, 181 Nonequilibrium analysis, of temporal parti- criticisms of, 130-1 33 tioning, 109-1 11 of food webs, 279-280 Nonrandom dispersal model, 161-162 of niche overlap indices, 77 Nonrandom patterns, xiv of si~eratios, 121, 122, 125, 127-129, 13G North Carolina 133, 151 flowering phenology in, 108 of species evenness, 4445,46 morphology of fishes in, 138 of species richness, 237 Norwegian fjords, 37 of temporal partitioning, 99, 106 Null hypothesis, 3, 14 Morphology biogeography and, 244-246 concordance of, 140-141 ecological, 106-1 07 of dytiscid beetles, 147-148 evolutionary, 106-1 07 ecological extinction and, 143-145 guild structure and, 198 Index 365

niche overlap and, 85 see also particular taxa rank abundances and, 288 Pleistocene, 270, 309 size ratios and, 125, 126, 130, 141 Pleistocene forest refugia, 257-260 species-area relationships and, 228,230 Poisson distributions, 8, 1 10,246 temporal partitioning and, 98, 105, 106- Pollen transfer, xvi, 95, 10G108 107 Pollution studies, 37 Null Hypothesis 0, 16G161, 194 Polyperus fungus, 166 Null Hypothesis [, 161, 162 Polyphagous predators, 276 Null Hypothesis [I, 161-162, 183, 194 Pompilid wasps, niche overlap in, 92t n-wise overlap, 105 Poole and Rathcke test, 102-106, 111, 123 Oahu, 143 Population size, island area and, 220-222 Oil, 37 Power function, 223,235,236f Oklahoma, 32--3.3, 110f, 11 1 Prairie plants, 265, 286 Omnivory, 298, :!99 Predation 1.3 rule (Hutchinson's rule), 113-1 14, 116, competition versus, 9 117, 118, 124,228 niche overlap and, 75-76 as an artifact, 121-122 temporal partitioning and, 96 Operational taxonomic units (OTUs), 22 see also Food webs Overdispersion of morphology, 138-1 40 Predation hypothesis, 6 Overlap indices, see Niche overlap indices Presence-absence matrices, 154-156, 164, Overlapping slheaves, statistics of, 243-246 165, 172,185 Owls, 95 assumptions underlying analypis of, 1515 Ozarks, 175 157 degenerate matrices and, 182, 184 Pairwise overlaps, 105 haphazard sequences of, 191-1 92 aggregate statistics for, 74-75 modes of analysis for, see Q-mode analysis; Paleobiology, 36-37 R-mode analysis Paleozoic, 36 nestedness and, 193 Palmate newts, niche overlap in, 90t variance ratio in, 166168 Parrots, 198 Prevalence functions, 21 6f, 217 Parsimony, pn~ncipleof, 6-7, 12-13 Probabilism, 10 Partly directed assembly, 150 Probability of an interspecific encounter Parulidae, 39 (PIE), 23,4445,46 Passive sampling hypothesis, xvi, 208, 209- Pseudomyrmex ebngatus, 154 2 10, 232--238 Psittacidae, 39, 198 Patterns in the Balance ofNature (Williams), Puerto Rico 16 co-occurrence in, 187 Peninsular effect, 251-252 species-area relationships in, 212 Pennsylvania, 235 Permian, 143 Q-mode analysis, 157-164, 194,205 Permo-Triassic boundary, 36 in biogeography, 158-159 Persistence stability, 286-292 in ecology, 159-1 64 Phenological overlap, xvi, 95, 10&108, 256 Quadrat data, 246-247 PIE, see Probability of an interspecific Quantitative overlap patterns, 248 encounter Pigeons, 198 RAI, 8&81,8687,91t, 92t, 93t Plants, 18 food webs and, 281-282 biogeography and, 257 morphology and, 138-139 co-occurrerlce of, 16&161, I h3f, 168, 172, performance of, 82-83 178,191,197,200-201 temporal partitioning and, 97 food webs ;and,284-285,298 RA2,8&82,8&87,94,90t species abundance in, 50 performance of, 83 species-area relationships and, 213,215, temporal partitioning and, 97 219-220,226,232,235,236-237 RA3,8&82,8&87,90t, 91 t, 92t, 93t,94 species richness in, 24 performance of, 83-85 temporal partitioning in, 95, 100-108 temporal partitioning and, 97 366 Index

RA4,80-82,8647,931 niche overlap in, see Niche overlap performance of, 83-85 null model studies of, 90-93t temporal partitioning and, 97 size ratios and, 114, 117 RANDOMO, 194 species abundance and, 57 RANDOMI, 183, 194 Resource utilization matrices, 8042 Random assembly/evolution, 149-150 Resource utilization peaks, 88-94 Random assortment model, 59,60,61f, 62 R-mode analysis, 157-158,205 Random connectance, 277-278 Connor and Simberloff procedure, 17LL179 Random fraction model, 58-59, 60,61f Gilpin and Diamond procedure, 18C182 Randomization issues in controversy over, 182-185 of geographic range, 256-257 of missing species combinations, 164-168 of resource utilization matrices, 80-82 Wright and Biehl procedure, 17S180 of resource utilization peaks, 88-94 Rocky Mountains, 106 of species occurrences, 78-80 Rodents Randomization algorithms, 90-931 co-occurrence of, 203,204f for food webs, 19-20,274 size ratios in, 141 geographic variation and, 307 performance of, 82-85 St. Lawrence River, 196 resource utilization matrices and, 80-82 Salamanders, I6 temporal partitioning and, 97 Sampling, 28-29 see also RA1; RA2; RA3; RA4 efficiency in, 35-36, 46 Randomization constraints, 178-179 Sampling errors Randomness, of spatial distribution, 28 in mapped ranges, 240-241 Rapport effect, 249,25 1 in niche overlap indices, 77 Raptors, 96, 98,99-100 San Cristbbal, 129 Rarefaction, xv, 17, 24-27.43.234 Sanders's algorithm, 2C27 assumptions of, 28-29 Sandpipers, 136 criticisms of, 4142 Satellite species, 260,263,264-266 questions related to, 3841 Saurofauna, niche overlap in, 9 1t species evenness and, 4546 Sayornisphoebe (Eastern phoebe), 254f species richness versus species density in, 31- Scrambled zeros, 80 33 Selective extinction hypothesis, 195-196 statistical issues in, 29-31 Sessile , 95, 235 uses of, 33-38 Sexual dimorphism Rare species, 22, 30, 53,58 geographic variation and, 307-308 Ratio tests size ratios and, 116 criticisms of, 124-127 S/G ratio, see Specieslgenus ratio for multiple assemblages, 135-137 Shannon-Wiener diversity index, 22-23 for single assemblages, 123-1 24 Shared-island test, 170, 179-180 Red-eyed Vireo, 110 Short food chains, 293-294 Red fox (Vulpes vulpes), 146147 Significance tests, 179 Redundancy, xiv Simple colonization model, 160-161 Relative abundance, see Species abundance Simpson diversity index, 136 Relaxation models, 210 Single assemblages, ratio tests for, 123-124 Rescue effect, 260 Size adjustment, 118, 130 Resource availability tests for, 133-1 35 niche overlap and, 7&73,79 Size assortment, 118, 130, 131 temporal partitioning and, 109 tests for, 133-1 35 Resource crunches, 9, 109 Size ratios, xvi, 19, 113-151 Resource partitioning, 57 assumptions in, 114-1 17 morphology and, 1 14 empirical tests for, 145-15 1 null models for, 5842 models of divergence in, 1 17-1 18 size ratios and, 113 multivariate analyses of, 137-145 temporal partitioning and, 109 niche overlap and, 66 Resource utilization null model approaches in, 122-123 community matrix and, 281 ratio tests for, see Ratio tests morphology and, 114, 141 statistical properties of ratios, 118-121 Skinks, niche overlap in, 91t rarefaction in, see Rarefaction Skokholm Island, 219,230, 231f species evenness in, 4346 SLOSS (single-1;uge-or-several-small) in successional gradients, 37-38 debate, 195 Species diversity indices, xv, 45-46 Small-island Inmitation model, 161, null model for, 47-50 162 problems with, 22-23 Smooth newts, niche overlap in, 90t Species evenness, 23,4346 Snails Species-for-species matching, 140-141 resource utilization peaks in, 88 Specieslgenus (S/G)ratio, xv, 120, 196, 245 size ratios i!n, 113 history of null models and, 13-19 Snakes, 99-100 rarefaction and, 27,3L35 Sonoran Desert, 141 source pools for, 304, 305-306 Soricid communities, 203 Species number Source pools, 307 constancy through time, 228-232 construction of, 303-306 extinction and immigration and, 21 8-220 co-occurrence and, 156 Species occurrences, randomization of, 78-80 niche overlap and, 78-80 Species ranks concordance, 286-292 size ratios and, 128, 130, 148 Species richness, 12, 18, 40f species-area relationships and, 237 biogeography and, 249-251 specieslgenus ratio and, 17 connectance and, 281,295-298,300f South Carolina, 108 co-occurrence and, 190, 196, 197-198 Sparrows, 185 in deep sea, 34 Spartinu islands. 21 3, 21 9 extrapolation and estimation of, 43 Spatial distribution, randomness of, 28 increase in equal-sized quadrats, 232 Spatial patterns, 239-240 interpretation of, 23-24 Species abundance, xv, 14, 17, 19,4743 in paleobiology, 36 broken-stick model of, see Broken-stick rarefaction and, see Rarefaction model species abundance and, 4849 food webs ;inti. 276 species-area relationships and, see Species- models of, 50--53 area relationships morpho1og:y and, 14 1-142 species density versus, 3 1-33 rarefaction and, 4142 species evenness versus, 44,45 resource use and, 57 in successional gradients, 37-38 size ratios and, 116 Species , 306307 species-area relationships and, 233-234 Species turnover, 222-223 species distribution and, 26&264 Spiders, 166 species diversity indices and, 22-23, 47-50 Stability analyses, of model food webs, 275- species evenness and, 4345 280 Species accumulation curves, 43 Stability-time hypothesis, 33-34 Species-area relationships, xvi, 207-238 Statistical independence, xiv disturbance: hypothesis of, 209-210,211 Statistical tests, for missing species equilibrium hypothesis of, see Equilibrium combinations, 165-168 hypothesis Stem-boring insects, 88 habitat divtasity hypothesis of, see Habitat Stochastic mechanisms, 7-8 diversity hypothesis Stream fishes passive sampling hypothesis of, xvi, 208, morphology in, 13&139 209-2101,232-238 species abundance and, 49 Species co-occurrence, xvi, 12, 19, 153-205, species ranks and, 286 240. See also Assembly rules; Presence- Strong inference protocol, 7 absence matrices Stylidium (triggerplants), 107 Species density, 31-33 Successional gradients, 37-38 Species distribution Supertramp species, 161,188-189, 190- species abundance and, 260-264 191 throughout mapped ranges, 24G241 Surfperches, 289-290 Species diversity, 21-46 Surtsey, 219-220 assumptions of, 21-22 , 226 defined, 21 Switzerland, 18 368 Index

Tahiti, 143 Uta lizards, 22 1 Tallahassee Mafia, 19 Utilization matrix, 68-69 Taxon cycles, 269-27 1,309 Taxon pulse hypothesis, 269-271 Varanus, niche overlap in, 90t Temporal partitioning, xvi, 95-1 11 Variable environments hypothesis, 9 in animal communities, 97--100 Variance, in niche overlap, 85-88 nonequilibrium analysis of, 109-1 11 Variance ratios in plant communities, 95, 100-108 in co-occurrence, 166-168, 183 10% rule, 228 in temporal partitioning, 109-1 11 Terns, 114 Vascular plants, 18 Tidepool fishes, 286 food webs and, 298 Togetherness index, 183 species-area relationships and, 226, 235 Trans-Pecos region, 134 Voles, 221 Tree finches (Camarhynchus), 128 Vulpes vulpes (red fox), 146147 Tres Marias Islands size ratios in, 114, 127-1 30 Warbler finches (Certhidea), 128 source pools for, 304-306 Wasps, niche overlap in, 92t Triggerplants (Stylidium),107 Waterfowl, 124 Trophic links, 293-294 Water snakes, 99-100 Trophic loops, 279 Weibull distributions, 119 Trophic ratios, 199-201, 205 Weighted overlap indices, 70-73 Tufted Puffin (Lunda cirrhata), 190 Weighted species pools, 158, 162 Type I errors, 7 West Indies, 35,39 in Gilpin and Diamond model, 182 co-occurrence in, 156, 160, 172-1 74, 195, relative importance of, xv 198 species ranks and, 289 human-caused extinctions in, 310 temporal partitioning and, 105 species-area relationships in, 212, 226f Type 11 errors, 7 taxon cycle in, 270, 309 relative importance of, xv Wing length, 114, 127, 308 temporal partitioning and, 105 Wood-boring insects, 232 Tyrannidae, 39 Wright and Biehl procedure, 179-1 80

Ulverso, 38-39 Xenomyrmexfloridanus, 154 Unfavored states, 201-203 Uniform distributions, 57 z, observed value of, 226228 biological and statistical interpretations, 55t Zacryptocercus varians, 154 size ratios and, 132 Zapata Wren (Ferminia cerverai), 212 Univariate critical tests, I I Zinc, 37 Unweighted overlap indices, 70-73 Zion National Park, 172