MILD HOME Market Analysis Report Thessaly

PROJECT REF: SEE/D/0201/2.4/X

MY MODULAR, INTELLIGENT, LOW COST, DO IT YOURSELF, NEARLY ZERO ENERGY HOUSE FOR OUR ECO GREEN VILLAGE

Work Package 3: Definition of MILD HOME Target Users, Price Band, Performances Grid and Eco Green Village Model Development

Activity 3.3: Investigation about the Needs and the Tendency to Purchase and/or Build a MILD HOME

Deliverable: Report on the Analysis of the Local Market in English (Application Form Output: O3.3.09 - Contract Deliverable: Π2.5]

Version: 1.0 Date: 31.10.2013

Type: Report

Availability: Publishable

Responsible Partner: Region of Thessaly

Author: METON Consultants

Contributors: George Papadellis, Dr. Ioannis Verbis, George Agrigiannis

CONTENTS KEYWORDS SHEET ...... 3 INTRODUCTION ...... 4 1. FRAMEWORK OF MARKET ANALYSIS ...... 5 1.1. AREA OF INTERVENTION ...... 5 1.1.1 GENERAL ...... 5

1.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL DATA ...... 6 1.1.3 CLIMATE DATA ...... 6 1.1.4 URBAN PLANNING ...... 7 1.1.5 LAND USES IN URBAN PLANNING ...... 7

1.2. REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS IN CONSTRUCTION SECTOR ...... 8 1.2.1 LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR BUILDINGS’ ENERGY PERFORMANCE ...... 8 1.2.2 ANTI – SEISMIC REGULATION ...... 15 1.2.3 CONSTRUCTION SAFETY REGULATIONS...... 16

1.2.4 PROPERTY TAXATION ...... 19 1.2.5 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS ...... 22 2. DEMAND AND SUPPLY ...... 26 2.1. TYPES OF MILD HOME ...... 26

2.2. WAY OF LIVING...... 28 2.3. FINANCIAL BACKROUND ...... 31 2.4. PARTS OF MILD HOME / ECO GREEN VILLAGE (FUNCTIONS AND SERVICES) ...... 34

2.5. ECO GREEN VILLAGE – SCALE, SIZE, LOCATION ...... 37 2.6. TRAFFIC ...... 40 2.7. MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES ...... 42 2.8. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION...... 43 3. CONCLUSIONS ...... 53 3.1. CHANGE OF PHILOSOPHY ...... 53 3.2. EXPECTED MILD HOME AND EGV...... 53 3.3. FINANCIAL DATA ...... 54

KEYWORDS SHEET

Project Ref. No SEE/D/0201/2.4/X Project Acronym MILD HOME Project Full Title My Modular, Intelligent, Low Cost, Do It Yourself, Nearly Zero Energy House for Our Eco-Green Village

Keywords Local Market, Mild Home, Environment, Construction Cost, Eco Green Village

INTRODUCTION Purpose of this report is to analyze the trends regarding the construction and the characteristics that the MILD HOME and the Eco Green Village, which will be created within the framework of the MILD HOME project, should have. The market analysis was based on the processing of questionnaires completed by construction professionals (engineers, contractors, etc) and residents of the area who were informed in the framework of the meetings that took place. Particular reference should be made to the fact that the residents involved were from different specialties, ages and professions.

1. FRAMEWORK OF MARKET ANALYSIS

1.1. AREA OF INTERVENTION The project’s area of intervention is located in Mezourlo of Larissa with a surface of 30 acres (3 hectares). The place was earmarked for the creation of the Mediterranean village in Greece's efforts to organize the 2013 Mediterranean Games. After losing the games, the place has remained unexploited.

1.1.1 GENERAL Larissa is one of the most dynamic urban centers of Greece, with its population gradually increasing. It is the capital of the homonymous Regional Unit of Thessaly and concentrates numerous administrative, social and other services. The city is an A level urban center (regional center) and provides the corresponding urban functions in the wider area of the Regional Unit of Larissa and the Region of Thessaly. It has a privileged connection with the development networks of local and supra-local significance. Its advantageous position in relation with these networks enables its connection with the metropolitan and other regional centers of the country. The "growing cohesion of the regional and international space" is expected to create new needs mainly in air transport (freight and passenger) and combined transport. At local level, the Main Regional Road Network (MRR) and railway links ensure accessibility that covers most of the region. Some problems occur only on the railway linking of Larissa with the city of Volos, which constitute a "deterrent factor for the emergence of the bipole of the two cities".

1.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL DATA The landscape is the result of long-term anthropogenic intervention and similar pattern of land use. The flat topography and various obstructions (e.g. buildings) do not allow the view to a large extent. The area is dominated by buildings without special aesthetic value and common areas of intensive agriculture and is characterized by sparse - scattered vegetation, mainly near the river Peneus. Geologically there are regions with liquid layers that can be divided in three categories depending on the depth of liquidity: (a) at depths from 3 m to 6 m, (b) at depths of 3 m to 9 m, and (c) at depths of 16 m to 20 m. Also, in some areas the soil is not liquid. However, for a very important part of the region there are no geological data and therefore the ground in these areas because of the location and origin is considered to be potentially liquid and should be investigated before construction. From the practical point of view in the treatment of foundation construction, it is desirable to separate the area into different regions according to the assessed degree of risk.

1.1.3 CLIMATE DATA The climate of Larissa has elements of the continental climate of the plains of Thessaly with annual differences between maximum and minimum temperature above 22° C. The annual average temperature is 15,7 ° C. The annual average rainfall in the city is around 425 mm.

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dec

Maximun monthly temperature (°C) 9.8 12.0 14.7 19.6 25.7 31.0 33.1 32.6 28.4 22.2 15.8 11.1

Minimun monthly temperature (°C) 0.7 1.3 3.3 6.2 10.9 15.0 17.7 17.3 14.0 10.0 5.8 2.0

Absolute temperature record (°C) - -21.6 - - - - - 45.4 - - - -

Average monthly rainfall (mm) 32.5 31.7 36.7 33.0 38.2 25.6 19.0 16.4 30.2 52.2 56.9 50.8

Average monthly humidity(%) 79.6 75.1 73.4 68.7 61.6 49.2 46.6 50.0 58.9 70.0 79.5 82.2

Table 1: Climatic data of Larissa

1.1.4 URBAN PLANNING The intervention area appears illegal building in the western part and almost no building in the eastern part. There is mild residential development with repeated asymmetrical elements. Many buildings are arbitrarily builded and do not have an administrative act to legitimize their existence. The predominant use of buildings is for residence. The buildings are mostly single-floor without basement in a persentage of 88%. Two floor buildings follow with 7% and finally there are even three floor buildings, which occupy only 3% of all buildings in the area, and ground-level basements with only 2%. In their majority buildings were constructed in the period of 1950 to 1980 (with 64%). At the same time, a significant percentage of these belongs from the period 1980 – today and only 2.6% of the buildings in the area were constructed in the decades from 1920 to 1950, showing the continued residential development in the area of the '60s - '70s to today. Regarding the sizes of properties there is the following rating:  Most of the properties (numerically) belong to the class of 0-500 sq.m and represent 20.69% of the total area of properties.  The properties with more than 5,000 sq.m. constitute 50.62% of total area of properties.  The rest of the land belong to categories from 500 to 2000 sq.m (with 13.44%) and 2,001 to 5,000 sq.m. (with 15.26%).

1.1.5 LAND USES IN URBAN PLANNING Land uses permitted in urban center referred in Article 4 of Presidential Decree of 02.23.1987 (Official Gazette 166 '/ 1987) and are:  Houses  Hostels, hotels and other tourist facilities  Retail  Offices, banks, insurance, charitable organizations  Municipality administration buildings  Restaurants  Pubs  Nightclubs  Social providence buildings  Cultural buildings and general cultural facilities  Education buildings  Buildings, parking court  Gas stations  Sports centres  Trade exhibitions  Transport centres

1.2. REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS IN CONSTRUCTION SECTOR

1.2.1 LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR BUILDINGS’ ENERGY PERFORMANCE

European Directives and Greek Legislation In the context of the wider European Union policy on energy saving and reduction of pollutants many directives and regulations have been issued. Specifically to reduce energy consumption in the building sector, the main EU Directive is 91/2002 "Buildings Energy Perfomance", which revised by EU Directive 31/2010. The Directive 91/2002 has been adopted and implemented in most European countries through the respective regulatory framework. Furthermore, it has been issued and the EU Directive 32/2006 "Energy performance in final use", whereby national goal is to reduce energy in final use at 9% over 9 years by the power of legislation and mainly in the building sector. For the purposes of this Directive the following steps are required to make:  Create a legislative framework on energy efficiency in final use  Promotion of energy-saving technologies through financial incentives  Establishment of a testing body of the measures

European Directive 91/2002 and 31/2010 In 2002 the European Community Directive 91 on "Energy Efficiency in Buildings" was issued, which gave general guidance to Member - States of the European Union to reduce energy consumption in buildings. Member - States of the European Union should be harmonized with the Directive by January 2006, and there was given a trial period of three (3) years until 2009 for full implementation and application of the relevant legal framework in each country. Among other things, the Directive provided:  Reduction of the energy performance certificate (EPC) of buildings,  Minimum energy requirements for new buildings,  Recommendations on economically acceptable energy efficiency improvements  Regular inspection of boilers and heating installations  Regular inspection of refrigeration and air conditioning. The European Community Directive revised by Directive 31/2010 (19 May 2010) and it was determined that, under Article 28, Member - States should be harmonized until July 9, 2012. In the revision there are several changes and liabilities, the most important of which are:  The removal of the limit surface (1.000 m2) for all new and radically renovated buildings that is required in drafting energy study.

 Reduction of the limit surface from 1.000 m2 for public buildings that is obliged in energy performance certification of buildings to 500 m2, and even further reduction of this surface to 250 m2 from July 9, 2015.  The requirement that all new buildings will be constructed from 31 December 2020 to have nearly zero emission.  All new buildings occupied by public authorities and manufactured by the December 31, 2018 and beyond will have nearly zero emission.  The methodology of calculation will take into account the European standards.

Law 3661/2008 The Law 3661/2008 "Measures to reduce energy consumption in buildings and other provisions" (Government Gazette A 89) incorporates into Greek law the European Directive 2002/91/EC (EPBD) of the European Parliament and of Council of 16 December 2002 on the energy performance of buildings (EU L1/4-1-2003). Scope is the tertiary sector buildings and residential buildings. The basic modalities of the law are:  The adoption of the regulation for Buildings Energy Performance, adopted on 9 April 2010 (Official Gazette 407/9.4.2010).  To establish minimum energy efficiency requirements for all new buildings and the existing ones over 1.000 m2 which are radically renovated.  The preparation of energy study for all new buildings and existing ones over 1.000 m2 which radically renovated, submitted to the relevant competent urban office for all new and radically renovated buildings.  The issue of building energy performance certificate (EPC) for all new and radically renovated buildings and in the case of purchase or lease existing ones. The EPC lasts at maximum 10 years.  Regular inspection of boilers and heating.  Regular inspection of refrigeration and air conditioning.  The issuance of the relevant presidential decree for energy inspectors. The presidential decree refers to issues related to education, qualification requirements, and registration process of energy auditors, fees and penalties for violations. In the Law 3851/2010 "Accelerating the Development of Renewable Energy to Face Climate Change and Other Provisions in matters of competence of the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change" (Official Gazette A 85), Article 10 amended the provisions of Law 3661/2008. The main points that were added are:  The removal of the limit of 1.000 m2 for the obligation to prepare and submit energy- related study in the relevant urban planning offices.

 The obligation to caver 60% of the needs for domestic hot water (DHW) from solar thermal systems or renewable energy systems or heat pumps with high efficiency, etc.  Conducting energy audits and issuing EPC in a part of a building as condominiums (e.g. apartments) with a common central heating system.  The obligation that the latest 31.12.2019 all new buildings to cover the total primary energy consumption by energy supply systems based on renewable energy, cogeneration, district heating and heat pumps with a seasonal performance factor SPF greater than 3.3. For new buildings occupied offices in the public and broader public sector, this obligation should enter into force no later than 31.12.2014.  The possibility to finance the implementation of renewable energy systems in residential buildings through special public investment programs (PIP).  Parallel there are issued by the Ministry of Environment, Energy & Climate Change - Y.P.E.K.A. a number of relevant explanatory directives relating to the application of the regulation for Buildings Energy Performance especially in urban issues.

Regulation of Buildings Energy Performance (KENAK) In April 2010, the Regulation of Buildings Energy Performance was issued by the Joint Ministerial Decision No. D6/V/oik.5825/2010 "Regulatory Approvals of Buildings Energy Performance(K.EN.AK)" (GG . 407 B). The basic settings of the regulation are:  Definition of the methodology for calculating the energy efficiency and energy classification of buildings (Articles 4 and 5). The methodology is based on the relevant European standards, through the revision of EU Directive 31/2010, it is now mandatory.  Determination of the minimum requirements (kWh/m2) for energy efficiency and energy classification of new and radically renovated buildings through the methodology of the reference building (Articles 7 and 13). With the same methodology existing buildings are evaluated and energy ranked and will be certified.  Determination of the minimum standards for the architectural design, the thermophysical characteristics of the structural elements of the building and the technical specifications of the energy installations in designing new buildings, as well as radically renovated ones (Article 8).  Definition of the content of the energy efficiency study of buildings (Article 11). The study will be submitted along with other relevant studies for building permit.  Determination of the form of the energy performance certificate (EPC) for buildings and the data this will includes (Article 14).  The procedure of energy audits of buildings and the procedure for inspections of boilers and heating and air conditioning (Articles 15, 16 and 17).

Requirements and Specifications for New Buildings With Article 7 and 8 of KENAK the minimum requirements and standards for all new and radically renovated buildings are defined, buildings which do not qualify for exemption under Article 11 of Law 3661/2008. The minimum energy efficiency requirements are met when:  The building has all the minimum requirements described in Article 8 of KENAK  The total primary energy consumption (kWh/m2) of the examined building is less than or equal to total primary energy consumption of the reference building, as described in Article 9 of KENAK. That building is classified in energy efficiency class B or better. Alternatively, the building in examination should have the same technical characteristics as the reference building both in the building shell and in terms of electromechanical installations in their entirety. Particularly for existing buildings being renovated radically, according to those set out in Article 5 of Law 3661, as amended by Article 10 (paragraph 4) of Law 3851/2010 and as mentioned in Article 7 (Section 1) of KENAK the compliance obligation for energy class B will be fulfilled in the level that is technically, functionally and economically feasible, upon adequate documentation which will be included in the study of energy efficiency. The minimum technical requirements of Article 8 of KENAK must be applied and taken into account in the design of the building and the study of energy efficiency. In case of failure to implement the minimum there should be sufficient documentation in the preparation of the study of energy efficiency. For buildings protected by specific zoning laws and building requirements (eg buildings in traditional settlements) minimum standards apply to a feasible level. The minimum standards apply:  During the architectural design of the building, in order to minimize the energy requirements of the building for heating and cooling and in accordance with KENAK when planning should take into account the location of the building on the plot, the incorporating at least of a passive solar system, the sun protection of the building, the utilization of natural lighting, etc., as defined in paragraph 1 of Article 8 of KENAK.  The thermal shield of the building shell by an appropriate heat insulation opaque components and applying appropriate energy efficient doors and windows, so that both the individual values for each component and the value of the average U (Um) must not exceed limits set out in paragraph 2 of Article 8 of KENAK.  The design and installation of electrical installations for heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting defined as technical specifications in Section 3 of Article 8 of KENAK.

Reference building The determination of the minimum energy efficiency requirements (kWh/m2/year) of a building, as defined in the European Directive 91/2002 and Law 3661/2008, it can be done mainly through two methods: either by reference values, either through the reference building. In both cases are formed (scaled) energy classes A +, A, B, B, C, etc. for all uses buildings (residential, offices, hotels, schools, etc.) and for each climate zone (a total of four for Greece). In the case of the reference values (Figure 1, left), the energy rating categories are determined by a range of final consumption of energy (kWh/m2/year) for all uses buildings and climate zones. In the case of the reference building (Figure 1, right), the examined building (new or renovated) is compared with the reference building, which always occupy the position B. The final primary energy consumption (kWh/m2/year) of the reference building determines the consumption of class B, while the other categories are formed as consumption rates of the reference building. The definition of minimum requirements through reference building is a method for comparison and evaluation of energy efficiency of the examined building with a same building. The reference building has the same geometry, the same place, the same attitude, the same use and the same operating characteristics with the examined building. The reference building meets the minimum requirements (Article 8 KENAK) and has defined technical characteristics of both the external components of the building shell and the electric installations related to heating, cooling and air conditioning, indoor in hot water and lighting (for buildings of the tertiary sector).

Figure 1: Energy efficiency categories and reference building

The method of reference building is applied in several European countries with different variants depending on the manner specified in each case. In most European countries where energy audits are already well advanced and there is considerable sample recorded buildings, have already been identified and the reference values for each use of the building and climate zone. As a result, in some countries the minimum energy efficiency (kWh/m2/year) that must be met by new buildings, is tested and to the reference building, but also in specific reference values per use. That means for the minimum energy efficiency requirements a double check is applied. In Greece, the reference values for each use of building and climate zone will be defined at national level after recording and collection of energy consumption data from a significant sample of buildings able to correctly determine the limits. The collection of these data will be made at the completion of energy audits of Greek buildings. All new and radically renovated buildings must have an energy classification same or better than class B. Particularly for existing buildings being renovated radically, according to those set out in Article 5 of Law 3661 and as stated in Article 7 of KENAK, the compliance obligation for energy class B is to the level that this is technically, functionally and economically feasible, upon adequate documentation to be included in the study of energy efficiency. From the previous record of existing residential buildings (new and old), the energy classification of buildings depending on the date of construction is as follows:  New buildings constructed in accordance with the provisions of KENAK predominantly classified in energy class B and in some cases in category B +.  Existing buildings constructed after 1979, when entered into force Thermal Building Regulations, are basically between energy classes C, D, E and F, depending on the rate to which they had implemented the requirements of thermal protection of the building, according the status of existing electric installations.  Existing buildings constructed before 1979, namely before the entry into force of Thermal Building Regulation are basically between energy groups G and H, depending on the quality of construction of the building shell and the condition of the existing electric installations.

Energy Study In Article 10 of Law 3661/2008 is stated that from the entry into force of the provisions of KENAK each new building’s construction permit or major renovation permit of an existing building, within the meaning of Law 3661/2008, shall be granted only after the submission of a study on the energy performance of the building to the appropriate planning agency as defined in KENAK based to Paragraph 1 of Article 3 of the Law. Also, Article 10 of the same law states that the study of energy efficiency must contain at least the minimum energy performance in accordance with the provisions of the Regulation. Checking,

approval and monitoring of the implementation of energy study will be done under the circumstances for issuing building permits. In relevant regulations of Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change there is extensive reference to the obligation to prepare energy study in cases of buildings that do not belong to the exceptions of Article 11 of Law 3661/2008, and refer to extensions and additions to buildings, change of use of buildings, reviewing building permits etc. Article 11 of KENAK indicates the contents of the building energy efficiency study, which in general are:  General building information. General building elements such as location, building use (residential, offices, etc.), the operating schedule (timetable), the number of users (total and per shift for buildings with 24-hour mode). Desired indoor environmental conditions (temperature, relative humidity, ventilation and lighting). Data and assumptions about the factors taken into account for calculating the energy performance of the building. The climatic conditions of the region.  Architectural design and geometric characteristics of the building and the openings (plan, volume, surface, orientation, shading coefficient, etc.). Thermophysical characteristics of building shell. Technical characteristics and specifications of electric installations.  Documentation of the energy design of the building according to the minimum requirements of architectural design, the minimum thermal efficiency of the building and the minimum requirements of the electric installations, the automatic control and renewable energy systems.  Report of the software used to estimate the energy efficiency of the building, as well as the assumptions considered for the application of the methodology, such as thermal zones. For thermal zones defined in the calculations should be schematic and detailed description of all the data (thermal bridges, etc.).  Results of calculations. Detailed results of the calculations clearly indicating the units of measurement sizes. In those results shall be reported the energy requirements, the annual final energy consumption (kWh/m2), total and per use (heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting), per thermal zone and by form of energy used (electricity, oil, etc.), and the annual primary energy consumption (kWh/m2) per use (heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting) and corresponding carbon emissions.

1.2.2 ANTI – SEISMIC REGULATION

Greek Anti –Seismic Regulation 2000 The Regulation covers the constructions described as "normal risk", ie constructions whose potential damage is limited to the construction itself, in its content and in its immediate vicinity. The Regulation contains the basic requirements, design criteria, seismic actions and rules for combining them with other actions and provisions on soil and retaining applicable to buildings and other structures in seismic areas. Also contains rules for buildings mainly. Contains mandatory provisions who define:  The minimum seismic design actions and their respective combinations of actions,  The behavior requirements for the above combinations of actions and the criteria of safety,  The calculation of the intensity and strain of constructions, and  The specific structural set up of bodies and materials.

Figure 2: Seismic Hazard Zone Map of Greece

Design seismic action As seismic design actions are considered – because of earthquake – the oscillatory movements of the soil, for which is needed to be done constructions design. The definition of seismic actions as oscillatory movements of the ground - and not seismic forces of construction - is in line with the true nature of the phenomenon and allows the application of more accurate methods for calculating the seismic response of structures. Based on this definition, which is adopted by almost all modern regulations, the imported in the construction forces, because of the inactivity of the masses, arise as a result of seismic actions. Determining the severity of seismic design action with a single parameter is conventional. Actually there are other parameters (maximum speed, duration of vibration) that contribute to the risk of vibration.

1.2.3 CONSTRUCTION SAFETY REGULATIONS Temporary or mobile construction, hereinafter generally called "construction site" means any site which is currently undergoing construction or civil engineering and general technical work performed (Presidential Decree 305/96, Article 2). In Annex 1 of Article 12 of the same Decree yhere is a list of such works:  Excavations  Ground-works  Constructions  Assembly and disassembly of prefabricated elements  Conversions  Renovations  Repairs  Demolition  Extraordinary maintenance  Regular maintenance - painting and cleaning  Sanitation IT’s emphasized that the definition of the construction site in the construction works includes not only the building but also the land, materials and machines, ie generally all transactions taking place in this space. Construction site also is road construction projects, plumbing, electrical installations, underground structures, etc., which are viewed as civil engineering progects regardless of the existence or non-construction building on them.

Before starting work on the construction site the following actions must take place:  Calendar of security measures  Fence Construction  Individual protectors

Current Legislation  Presidential Decree (PD) 22/1933 "Security of Workers and Employees (PD 17/1978) Workers on portable ladders" (Official Gazette (OG) 406/A133-FEK 20/A/17-2-1978) Outlining responsibilities of employers (Articles 1, 2) and the specifications required for safe scales depending of their type (simple, portable, sliding, hinged, mechanical scales).  PD 778/1980 "Security Measures during the implementation of construction works" (OG 193/A/26-8-1980) Refers to the leggislation requirements to ensure safe working conditions on scaffolds. Before the commencement of work on scaffolds an acknowledgment of supervising engineer is needed in regards of completeness and stability of the scaffold (Article 3 and 2). Evenmore scaffolding are inspected by the supervising engineer: a) before the installation of each workshop, b) once per week, c) a natural disaster, before the recommencement of operations.  PD 1073-1081 "Security Measures during work at construction sites and all sorts of Civil Engineering Works jurisdiction" (OG 260/16-9-1981)  Part I - Excavating  Part II - Demolition  Part III - Scaffolding  Part IV - Construction machinery  Part V - Electrification sites  Part VI - Material handling  Part VII - Space or facilities with special hazards - fire  Part VIII - Miscellaneous services - Individual protectors (Articles 102-108) - Hygiene - First Aid (Articles 109-110) - Obligations of employers, workers (111, 112)  Law 1396/1983 "Liabilities Taken and Observance of safety measures in the building and Other Private Projects" (OG 126/A/15-9-1983) Detailing the obligations of the developer, contractor, subcontractor, consultant and supervisor engineer.

Keeping calendar of security measures in private construction projects in settlements over 10,000 inhabitants or those who have volume 1000 cubic meters or more. The calendar. inform the supervising engineer with the instructions for obtaining and maintaining security measures. Ministerial Decision (MD) 136646/84 " Calendar of security measures" (OG 154/V/19-3- 84). How to issue, type, method compliance and content of calendar of security measures.  Law 1430/1984 "Ratification of No. 62 Convention concerning the security provisions in the Construction Industry and regulate matters relating to it "(OG 49/A/18-4-1984)  Law 1568/1985 "Health and Safety of Workers (additions and amendments to Law 1769/88 and Law 1682/87) "(OG 177/A/18-10-1985) Safety Engineer (SE) and occupational doctor (OD) (Articles 4,5,6,7,8). At all sites the employer has an obligation to use SE services. On construction sites with a number of workers 50 and on, the employer is obliged to use OD and services. Qualifications and working hours of SE and OD defined by PD 294/88 in conjunction with Article 5 of Law 1568/85 and PD 17/96.  M.D.131325/87 "Establishment of Joint Committees on Control and Worksite Construction Projects" (OG 467/V/28-8-1987)  PD 315/1987 "Establishment of the Health and Safety Committees on construction sites and in general construction projects" (OG 149/A/25-8-1987)  Law 294/1988 "Minimum Time employment of SE and OD. Level of knowledge and specificity for Businesses, Farms and Work of article 1 paragraph 1 of Law 1568/85" Health and Safety of Workers' "(OG 138/A/1988 )  PD 225/1989 "Health and Safety in the Underground Construction Projects" (OG 106/A/2-5-1989) Increased requirements of the client, the contractor, subcontractors, the supervising engineer and workers in all phases of the project. Need of drafting Health and Safety plan (Article 27) of the subcontractor of each section. Study of health and safety measures from the contractor or subcontractor of the entire project (Articles 2 and 26) Emergency response plan (Art. 28). Coordinating meeting of the subcontractors, SE, OD, workers each month. Obligation to call a meeting of the above has the general contractor or subcontractor. Mandatory compliance of practices. Head Construction Underground project - a graduate engineer with a similar documented experience. Head each shift Engineer consistently present in the work (Articles 10 and 8).

 PD 31/1990 "Supervision of Operation and Maintenance of Machinery Construction Execution" (OG 11/A/5-2-1990)  Common Ministerial Decision (CMD) 16440 "Regulation of Production and Distribution in market minerals elements for safe construction and use of metal scaffolding" (OG 756/V/28-9-1993)  CMD 4373 "Compliance of Greek legislation with Council Directive 89/686/EU to approximate the laws of Member States relating to personal protective equipment" (OG 187 / V/93) (OG 450/V/94)  PD 395/1994 "Minimum Requirements for the use of work equipment by workers" (OG 220/A/19-12-1994)  PD 396/1994 "Minimum safety and health requirements for the use by workers when working in Compliance with Council Directive 89/656 / EU" (OG 220/A/1994)  PD 397/1994 "Minimum Requirements for the manual handling of loads entailing risks particularly of back injury to workers in compliance with Council Directive 90/269 / EU" (OG 221/A/19-12- 1994)  PD 105/95 "Minimum standards for the provision of safety and health at work in compliance with Directive 92/58/EU"  PD 305/96 "Minimum safety and health requirements at temporary or mobile construction sites in compliance with Directive 92/57/EU" (OG 212 / A / 08.29.1996) Coordinator for safety and health at the study of the project (Articles 2,3,4,5). Health and Safety Plan (HSP) and Health and Safety File (HSF) (Article 3) Extension of compliance of calendar of security measures (see Law 1396/83) in all projects (public and private) required advance notification (Article 3 par. 12,13,14). (If the anticipated duration of the work> 30 working days simultaneous employment of more than 20 persons or projected workload> 500 salaries).  PD 175/97 "Amendment PD 70a/88 (OG 31/A/17-2-1998) "Protection of workers exposed to asbestos at work" (31/A) in compliance with Directive 91/382/EU (OG 150 / A / 15 - 7-1997).

1.2.4 PROPERTY TAXATION Property taxpayer (owned, leased, rented, etc.)

Property size Annual taxpayer Up to 80 m2 40 euro/ m2 81-120 m2 65 euro/ m2 121-200 m2 110 euro/ m2 201-300 m2 200 euro/ m2 More than 300 m2 400 euro/ m2

The final amount of the imputed taxpayer is formed after taking into account: • increased by 40% if the price band exceeds 2.800 € / m² • increased by 70% if the price band exceeds 5.000 € / m² • increased by 20% in single-family homes • increased by 40 € / m² for any ancillary areas & arbitrarily • reduced to 50% for each secondary residence • reduced by 30% for pensioners over 65 years

Tax Property Scale for Individuals Properties existing before 01.01.2013

Tax of scale Total Scales Tax rate (€) Property Tax 200.000 0% 0 200.000 0 300.000 0,2% 600 500.000 600 100.000 0,3% 300 600.000 900 100.000 0,6% 600 700.000 1.500 100.000 0,9% 900 800.000 2.400 4.200.000 1% 42.000 5.000.000 44.400 More 2%

Legal Entities The real estate of legal entities is taxed at proportional rate as follows: • General rate for legal entities 0.6%. • For non-profit legal entities 0.3%. • For owner-occupied property 0.1%.

First property purchase with buying – heritage – donation

Type of property Type of beneficiary Taxable Amount (€)

House Unmarried 200.000 House Married 250.000 House Married disabled 275.000 Plot Married 50.000 Plot Unmarried 100.000

• For buying a house, the above amounts are increased by EUR 25,000 for each of the first two children and € 30,000 for each subsequent child. • To buying land, the above amounts are increased by $ 10,000 for each of the first two children and € 15,000 for each subsequent child. • The purchase of a primary residence house for up to 120 m2 and value to a maximum of 200.000 € is not subject to a presumption of home ownership

Tax scale of property transfer (imposed on the buyer if the transferred property has not VAT)

Property value Basic rate Tax (€) Up to 20.000 8% 1.600 More than 10% -

Surplus Value Tax: Property assets acquired from 01.01.2013 and on have surplus value tax at the time of subsequent sale By Law 4110/2013, Article 33 of the Income Tax Code replaced as follows: "Article 33 - Profits of capital surplus value arising from the transfer of Real Estate": • At any type of property or share thereof acquired after 1.1.2013 after acquiring the transferor has to pay tax calculated on the difference between the purchase price and the selling price. • The difference between the purchase price and the selling price of the property, which is subjected to tax, obtained by applying the following age rates:

Years of ownership Age rate

1 – 5 0,90 5 – 10 0,80

10 - 15 0,75

15 – 20 0,70

20 – 25 0,65

> 25 0,60

1.2.5 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS The process consists of the following steps:

Issue of Building Rermit Includes:  On-site inspections at construction plot.  Meetings until finally clarifying the study.  Prepare a plan.  Elaboration of architectural, structural, mechanical studies.  Contributions to taxes, VAT, etc.  Processing of the file in Urban Planning Office. Required:  Topographical Chart (prepared by qualified topographer)  Architectural design study (prepared by a qualified Architect)  Static study (prepared by a qualified Civil Engineer)  Mechanical study (prepared by a qualified mechanical engineer)  Approval of Agencies

1st Stage of Construction Until completion of the shell. Includes:  Initial works o Endorsement of building permit in police station o Endorsement of calendar and safety measures to the Labour Inspectorate. o Insurance contract. o Requests for shift cable or pipeline network utilities that may pass through the plot. o Applications for contruction site’s power connection and water. o Cleaning the plot. o Fencing the plot.

 Groundworks o Excavation of foundations. o Reclamation foundations.

 Hydraulic o Sewage pipes in the basement.

 Electrical o Construction foundational grounding. o Installing recessed spots on balconies

 Insulation o Waterproofing basement walls. o Columns and beams Insulation with polystyrene. o Basement roof insulation with polystyrene.

 Concreting o Cleaning concrete. o Placing steel reinforcement. o Completion of building shell. o Payment and reimbursement of workshops. o Payment of companies manufacturing concrete and steel

2nd Stage of Construction Until completion of the coatings.  Constructions o Brickworks internal - external. o Installation of chimneys. o Coatings internally - externally.

 Iron Works o Placing bases for internal frames. o Placing bases for exterior doors. o Erection of railings

3rd Stage of Construction Until the end of contruction.  Constructions

o Construction of fireplace o Mortars and floor level points

 Insulation o Waterproofing balconies and terraces o Hydraulic o Purchase and installation of sanitary ware and bathroom accessories o Purchase and installation of batteries and sink o Issuing certificate for hydraulic power supply

 Heating o Construction of the heating system (radiator panel) o Construction of boiler o Purchase and installation of solar 180 liters

 Electrical o Wiring o Purchase and installation of elecrticity tables o Purchase and installation of switches - sockets. o Issuing certificate for electrical power supply

 Floors o Granite tiles in all floors worth up 23,00 euro/m2 o Ceramic tile in all baths worth up 18,00 euro/m2 o Semiwhite marble in thresholds and internal enclosures

 Exterior doors and windows o Aluminum frames EXALCO white superimposed or opening roller aluminum heavy duty screens, double white crystals.

 Colours o Tooling to all interior walls of the house o Plastic on the ceilings o Cement paint on external surfaces.  Carpentry

o Kitchen o Wardrobe in every room o Room doors lacquered or anegkre o Armored door

2. DEMAND AND SUPPLY This section of the report provides an analysis and comparison of the existing supply - demand in the intervention area (engineers / builders - people).

2.1. TYPES OF MILD HOME

SUPPLY DEMAND The target group of MILD HOME is all The target group of MILD HOME is all generations. generations. In a MILD HOME must live 4 people in 80 In a MILD HOME must live 4 people in 90 – m2. 110 m2. Imagine the MILD HOME as independent Imagine the MILD HOME as independent units, such as family / independent houses. units, such as family / independent houses.

Diagram 1: Target group of MILD HOME

Diagram 2: How many people are supposed to live in a MILD HOME

Diagram 3: The area (m2) of a MILD HOME

Diagram 4: How do you imagine MILD HOME

2.2. WAY OF LIVING

SUPPLY DEMAND Professionals who build a MILD HOME in People expect to rent a MILD HOME in Eco- Eco-Village expect to rent it for a short Village for a short period but the goal is to period but the goal is to stay in the same stay in the same house permanently. house permanently. The life time of MILD HOME is expected to The life time of MILD HOME is expected to be from 50 to 100 years and the be from 10 to 20 years and the depreciation depreciation time in the 15 years. time in the 15 years. People prefer to buy MILD HOME through Professionals recommend buying MILD the savings they have. HOME by bank long time loan.

Diagram 5: Way of living in a MILD HOME

Diagram 6: Way of living in an Eco Green Village

Diagram 7: Life time of a MILD HOME

Diagram 8: Depreciation time of a MILD HOME

Diagram 9: Best way to buy a MILD HOME

2.3. FINANCIAL BACKROUND

SUPPLY DEMAND Professionals believe that the residents of MILD HOME must have net income of 1.000 The target group believes that the residents - 2.000 € per month. of MILD HOME must have net income of In Greece the cost for a house construction 1.000 - 2.000 € per month. is 700 - 1.000 € / m2 while the cost of MILD In Greece the cost for a MILD HOME HOME is 500 - 700 € / m2. construction is 500 - 700 € / m2. Professionals believe that the purchase cost People believe that the purchase cost of of MILD HOME be covered 20% by own fund MILD HOME be covered 20% by own fund and has a monthly rent or reimbursement and has a monthly rent or reimbursement 200 - 300 €. 200 - 300 €. The average hourly rate of workers in the construction sector is 7 €.

Diagram 10: Net income of residents of MILD HOME

Diagram 11: Average construction cost of MILD HOME

Diagram 12: Purchase cost of MILD HOME (%)

Diagram 13: Monthly rent or reimbursement of MILD HOME

2.4. PARTS OF MILD HOME / ECO GREEN VILLAGE (FUNCTIONS AND SERVICES)

SUPPLY DEMAND Professionals consider that a MILD HOME The target group considers that a MILD must include the following functions / rooms HOME must include the following functions / / services: rooms / services: - Major functions: bedroom, bathroom, - Major functions: bedroom, bathroom, living room, dining room, boiler room. storage room, WC. - Less important functions: roof, wind - Less important functions: roof, wind deflector, cellar, workshop. deflector, cellar, workshop. In the case of proximity to communal areas In the case of proximity to communal areas are preferred sites multifunction gym and are preferred sites multifunction gym and garden. garden. As necessary services within an Eco Green As necessary services within an Eco Green Village are the library, the office, primary Village are the indoor sports center, library, school, the playground, the grocery store, office, primary school, the playground, the the swimming pool, medical center and grocery store, cinema, swimming pool, mail while it seems necessary and the medical center, laundry and mail while it creation of an office building. seems necessary and creation of an office As for the service systems and functions that building. must be installed in a MILD HOME As for the service systems and functions that professionals respond in order of must be installed in a MILD HOME the target importance as follows: Gas network, group respond in order of importance as photovoltaic roof, electricity generator, follows: Gas network, network of rainwater network of rainwater harvesting, hot air harvesting, solar panels on the roof, recycling system, purification system of electricity generator, hot air recycling drinking water, composting system, Internet, system, sewerage system, waste sorting electricity alternative production unit, system, drinking water purification system, sewerage, waste sorting system, electrical composting system, Internet, electricity facilities shading. alternative production unit, artificial ventilation system

Diagram 14: Functions / rooms / services of a MILD HOME

Diagram 15: Functions in communal areas

Diagram 16: Services in an Eco Green village

Diagram 17: Service systems and functions that must be installed in a MILD HOME

2.5. ECO GREEN VILLAGE – SCALE, SIZE, LOCATION

SUPPLY DEMAND Professionals believe that the size of an Eco Target group believe that the size of an Eco Green Village should be from 500 to 2,000 Green Village should be from 500 to 2,000 inhabitants. inhabitants. The most important factors that play a role The most important factors that play a role in the choice of location for choosing an in the choice of location for choosing an Green Village are: Green Village are: - Geographical parameters (topography, - Geographical parameters (topography, climate, vegetation, soil, etc.) climate, vegetation, soil, etc.) - Local energy networks - Connection of the region with economic - Local products and materials. activities (agriculture, industry, trade, jobs, etc.) - History of the region - Land of the region Important condition for the operation is to be close to a town and on the assumption - Local products and materials that it will be completely independent the Important condition for the operation is to best distance from the nearest town would be close to a town and on the assumption be 2-5 km that it will be completely independent the The village should have full autonomy to all best distance from the nearest town would services for the residents. be 5-10 km The village should have partial autonomy in heating, drainage, drinking water, food, electricity and waste.

Diagram 18: Size of an Eco Green village

Diagram 19: Factors that affect the choice of location of an Eco Green village

Diagram 20: Better operation of an Eco Green village

Diagram 21: Eco Green village’s distance from the nearest town

Diagram 22: Autonomous Eco Green Village

2.6. TRAFFIC

SUPPLY DEMAND

For movements between the Eco Green The target group prefers to travel between village and nearby town professionals Eco Green village and nearby town by new believe that they should build a new transportation network while within Eco transportation network while within co Green village prefers public transport. Green village prefer private transport.

Diagram 23: Movements between the Eco Green village and nearby town

Diagram 24: Movements within the Eco Green village

2.7. MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES

SUPPLY DEMAND The importance at the choice of materials The importance at the choice of materials and structures for the construction is and structures for the construction is affected by the following parameters in affected by the following parameters in order of priority: order of priority: - Avoid using of materials with toxic effects. - Avoid using of materials with toxic effects. - Use of natural materials. - Use of recycled and reused materials. - Use of recycled and reused materials. - Use of natural materials. - Use materials and structures with respect - Use materials and structures produced to their energy efficiency. within a short distance from the area. - Use materials and structures produced - Use materials and structures that do not within a short distance from the area. require expertise to be used. - Building on the site with manpower. - Use of materials and structures produced - Use of materials and structures produced in Greece. in Greece. - Building on the site with manpower. - Use prefabricated structures. - Use of certified materials and structures. - Minimize the working hours in stages of - Possibility of “do it yourself”. construction. - Use prefabricated structures. - Use of certified materials and structures. - Minimize the working hours in stages of - Possibility of “do it yourself” construction. - Use materials and structures that do not require expertise to be used. - Use of experimental materials and - Use of experimental materials and structures. structures.

Diagram 25: Importance at the choice of materials and structures for the construction of a MILD HOME

2.8. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

SUPPLY DEMAND For professionals an important role in the For people an important role in the design design of MILD HOME in relation to of MILD HOME in relation to environmental environmental protection play the following protection play the following parameters: parameters: - Use of sparing water management - Consideration of the whole life cycle. systems. - Consideration the usual wind conditions of - Consideration the usual wind conditions of the place. the place. - Reduction of CO2 emission connected to - Reduction of the electromagnetic the use of the buildings. pollution. - Use of sparing water management - Reach of the satisfying level of fire systems. prevention. - Reach of the satisfying level of fire - Use of green structures, plants in the prevention. building shell - Use of green structures, plants in the - Design of the vegetation around the building shell. buildings. - Protection of spaces from noises from - Protection of spaces from noises from outside and inside. outside and inside. - Elimination of the presence of radon gas in - Consideration of the whole life cycle. spaces. - Reduction of CO2 emission connected to - Reduction of the electromagnetic the use of the buildings. pollution. - Reduction of the electromagnetic - Consideration of the ecological footprints pollution. of the occupiers. - Consideration of the ecological footprints - Design of the vegetation around the of the occupiers. buildings.

Diagram 26: Important parameters for environmental protection in designing a MILD HOME

2.9. ENERGY PERFORMANCE

SUPPLY DEMAND For professionals the most important role in For people the most important role in the the design of MILD HOME in relation to design of MILD HOME in relation to energy energy efficiency play the following efficiency play the following parameters: parameters: - Minimization of the heat needs of the - Minimization of the heat needs of the buildings in winter buildings in winter. - Reduction of the temperature difference - Reduction of the temperature difference inside surfaces and air in winter. inside surfaces and air in winter. - Minimization of the cooling needs of the - Keep of satisfying thermal comfort building in summer. standards during summer. - Reduction of the risk of condensation - Use of ventilated structures in the and accumulation in building’s. building shell. - Reduction of the number and impact of - Use of renewable energies on the thermal bridges. building site. - Maximization of passive solar energy - Maximization of passive solar energy collection collection.

Diagram 27: Important parameters for energy performance in designing a MILD HOME

2.10. ENERGY RESOURCES

SUPPLY DEMAND In the intervention area the degree of In the intervention area the degree of availability of renewable resources is as availability of renewable resources is as follows in descending order: follows in descending order: - Solar energy (harvesting electricity). Solar energy (harvesting electricity). - Solar energy (harvesting heat). - Solar energy (harvesting heat). - Wind power. - Wind power. - Geothermal energy. - Biofuel. - Biofuel. - Biomass. - Biomass. - Geothermal energy. - Hydro power. - Hydro power. In Greece, in connection with investment In Greece, in connection with investment cost is more economical to collect solar cost is more economical to collect solar energy and biomass from renewable energy and wind energy from renewable resources. resources.

Diagram 28: Availability of renewable resources in the intervention area

Diagram 29: Investment cost and collection of renewable energy

2.11. BUDGET PLAN OF BUILDING COST

SUPPLY DEMAND For professionals, the factors which For people, the factors which contribute to contribute to the formation of the the formation of the construction costs of a construction costs of a building are also building are also influenced by the other influenced by the other components. More components. More specifically: specifically: - Purchase of land. The most important - Purchase of land. One of the two most factor in building construction cost and is important factors in building construction influenced by whether the municipality or cost and is influenced by whether the company sell their land at lower prices. municipality or company build village for - Urbanization (public facilities, rent. transportation, services). Plays a smaller role - Urbanization (public facilities, and depends on whether the facilities are transportation, services). Plays a smaller role designed for the Eco Green village. and depends on whether the facilities are - Design and project coordination. Has designed for the Eco Green village. moderate contribution to the cost and - Design and project coordination. Has depends upon whether similar designs will moderate contribution to the cost and be used. depends upon whether similar designs will - Materials and products. Has moderate

be used. contribution to the cost and depends on - Materials and products. One of the two the use of new technologies. most important factors in building - Manpower. Important factor and depends construction cost and is affected by the use on “do it yourself”. of prefabricated, natural and local - Heating, ventilation, hot water, lighting. products. Plays a minor role and depends on the - Manpower. Important factor and depends existence of central facilities for the village on “do it yourself”. or bands. - Heating, ventilation, hot water, lighting. - Decoration, integration. Plays a minor role Plays a minor role and depends on the and depends on careful planning, local existence of central facilities for the village materials and moderation. or bands. - Decoration, integration. Plays a minor role and depends on careful planning, local materials and moderation.

Diagram 30: Factors which contribute to the formation of the construction costs (%)

Diagram 31: Land purchase affecting construction costs

Diagram 32: Urbanization affecting construction costs

Diagram 33: Design and project coordination affecting construction costs

2.12. BUDGET PLAN OF OPERATING COSTS

SUPPLY DEMAND For professionals, the factors which For people, the factors which contribute to contribute to the formation of the operation the formation of the operation costs of a costs of a building are also influenced by building are also influenced by the other the other components. More specifically: components. More specifically: - Heating, ventilation, hot water, lighting. - Heating, ventilation, hot water, lighting. One of the most important factors for the One of the most important factors for the operating costs of the building and is operating costs of the building and is influenced by whether the construction influenced by whether the construction flushed to zero energy buildings. flushed to zero energy buildings. - Drinking water. Plays a smaller role and is - Drinking water. Plays a smaller role and is depending on the control flow, the depending on the control flow, the intelligent use and convert wastewater. intelligent use and convert wastewater. - Waste. Plays a minor role and is - Waste. Plays a minor role and is depending on composting. depending on measures of reuse and recycling. - Automation. Play an important role and

are depending on optimization of final - Automation. Play an important role and energy consumption. depending on from optimization of final energy consumption. - Maintenance (short term, long term). Plays an important role in reducing costs and - Maintenance (short term, long term). Plays depends on the medium resistance of the an important role in reducing costs and materials. depends on the medium resistance of the materials. - Common costs. The most important factor and is influenced by the degree of - Common costs. The most important factor utilization of appropriate work. and is influenced by the optimization of revenue and expenditure of public spaces.

Diagram 34: Factors which contribute to the formation of the operating costs (%)

Diagram 35: Heating, ventilation, hot water, lighting affecting operating costs

Diagram 36: Waste affecting operating costs

Diagram 37: Maintenance (short term, long term) affecting operating costs

Diagram 38: Common costs affecting operating costs

3. CONCLUSIONS

3.1. CHANGE OF PHILOSOPHY Approaching both the residents and professionals a more complete view was formed of how a MILD HOME could be made and how an Eco Green village can operate. The needs of residents and professionals predictions are the same mostly in matters having to do with quality of life, landscaping and saving funds and vary in structural and qualitative characteristics of buildings and the use of renewable energy. This is due to the fact that the residents are not fully familiar with the use of renewable energy sources and environmentally friendly building methods and also that the professionals have not done until now a comprehensive intervention at Eco Green villages so that it is recognizable and comprehensible to nonspecific. The aforementioned record and consideration of various factors affecting a MILD HOME and an Eco Green village will be one of the cornerstones of different - ecological philosophy that must be cultivated in everyone involved.

3.2. EXPECTED MILD HOME AND EGV Analyzing the results of Chapter 2 it comes clear that a MILD HOME must have some common characteristics. Appeals to all generations, have size from 80 to 110 m2 and operates as an independent house. The house life under the terms of the professionals will be from 10 to 20 years while it is commonly accepted that will be depreciated within 15 years. As regards the construction materials are preferred natural or recycled materials and these which have toxic effects are avoided and priority is always given in local materials. During the design of MILD HOME are included the lifetime of the building, reducing carbon emissions, the use of water management systems and the design of greenery around the buildings. Especially for professionals greater role in designing MILD HOME in relation to energy efficiency play to minimize the need for heating the building in winter, reducing the temperature difference inside surfaces and air in winter, maintaining thermal comfort during summer season and the use of structures ventilating the building shell. In the design of Eco Green village should be taken into consideration the available renewable energy sources and more specifically solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, biofuels, biomass and hydropower. In Greece, in connection with its investment cost is economical to collect solar energy, wind energy and biomass from renewable resources. For transportation between the Eco Green village and nearby town everyone thought it must be built new transportation network while within Eco Green village prefer either private transport or public transport.

3.3. FINANCIAL DATA In the area of financial figures there are some data. The market MILD HOME can be done by bank loans or through prior saving, while it's suggested to buy it people with net income of 1.000 - 2.000 € per month. The construction cost (500 - 700 € / m2) of MILD HOME is probably cheaper than conventional construction (700 - 1.000 € / m2) and it is proposed the purchase to cover 20% of equity and has a monthly rent or a monthly payment of 200 - 300 €. The configuration of the construction cost of MILD HOME is influenced primarily by the purchase of land which depends on whether the council or the company sell land or build to rent. An important role also play construction materials and manpower that reduce costs through the use of prefabricated, natural and local products and systems “do it yourself”. Similarly, the cost of operating expenses relies heavily on the fourfold 'heating, ventilation, hot water and lighting" which can be handled satisfactorily if the construction driven towards zero energy buildings. Special mention for the operating costs should be the maintenance of the building which depends on the medium strength of materials and common costs that depend on the expenditure of public spaces.