ix heritage.org/Military | Heritage Foundation The is Vice President for the Davis Institute and E. W. Richardson Fellow at The The at Fellow Richardson E. W. and Institute the Davis for President is Vice Lieutenant General, U.S. Army (Ret.), is Director of the Center for National Defense. Defense. National for of the Center is Director (Ret.), Army U.S. General, Lieutenant is Director of the Margaret Center for Freedom of the Davis Institute. He Institute. of the Davis Freedom for Center Thatcher of the Margaret is Director is Senior Research Fellow for Defense Programs in the Center for National Defense. Defense. National for in the Center Programs Defense for Fellow is Senior Research is Policy Analyst for Defense Budgeting in the Center for National Defense. Before Before Defense. National for Center in the Budgeting Defense for Analyst is Policy is Senior Policy Analyst for Defense and Strategic Policy in the Center for National National for in the Center Policy and Strategic Defense for Analyst is Senior Policy is Senior Research Fellow for Defense Programs in the Center for National Defense, of Defense, National for the Center in Programs Defense for Fellow is Senior Research of the Senate f of the Senate the sta on He has served Center. of the Asian Studies is Director is Senior Research Fellow for Northeast Asia in the Asian Studies Center. He served for for He served Center. Asia in the Asian Studies Northeast for Fellow is Senior Research is a Research Assistant in the Center for National Defense. He focuses on foreign security security on foreign focuses He Defense. National for in the Center Assistant is a Research airs in the Center for Freedom, Freedom, for Center Thatcher in the Margaret airs f A in European Analyst is a Policy is a Senior Research Fellow in the Asian Studies Center of the Davis Institute. He specializes He specializes Institute. of the Davis Center in the Asian Studies Fellow is a Senior Research is Director of the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy of the Davis Institute. Institute. of the Davis Policy Foreign for Allison Center of the Douglas and Sarah is Director

Bruce Klingner Bruce Daniel Kochis Michaela Dodge PhD, , Dean Cheng ey f Co Luke Frederico Bartels Frederico Dakota L. Wood Dakota in China’s military and foreign policy. military and foreign in China’s universities, including the National Defense University. Defense the National including universities, Heritage Experts Defense. She specializes in missile defense, nuclear weapons modernization, and arms control. modernization, nuclear weapons defense, in missile She specializes Defense. He joined Heritage after service as Senior Special Advisor to the Secretary of State for Defence of the Defence for of State the Secretary to as Senior Special Advisor service He joined Heritage after Following a 20-year career in the U.S. Navy’s submarine fleet, he served for five years as Director for for as Director years five for he served submarine fleet, Navy’s in the U.S. career a 20-year Following Before joining The Heritage Foundation, he served America for more than 36 years in the U.S. Army. in the U.S. than 36 years more America for he served Foundation, Heritage joining The Before cer and has taught at a number of at and has taught ofcer Army as a U.S. 25 years for He served Heritage Foundation. cer in the U.S. Marine Corps, including service as a including service Marine Corps, in the U.S. as an ofcer decades two for He served Foundation. Assessment. Net joining The Heritage Foundation, he served for three years as a Policy Analyst with Concerned Veterans Veterans with Concerned Analyst as a Policy years three for he served Heritage Foundation, joining The U.S.–ASEAN Business Council. Business U.S.–ASEAN the Arctic. two decades at the Central Intelligence Agency and the Defense Intelligence Agency. Intelligence Defense and the Agency Intelligence the Central decades at two the . the United United Kingdom. United the Navy for Policy. for the Navy the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for National Security and Foreign Policy, at The Heritage Heritage The at Policy, and Foreign Security National for Institute Cullom Davis Shelby and the Kathryn for America. for ce of former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher of Thatcher Margaret Prime Minister of former Ofce in the Private researcher policy as foreign served strategic analyst for the Commandant of the Marine Corps and the Secretary of Defense’s Director of Director of Defense’s and the Secretary of the Marine Corps the Commandant for analyst strategic cooperation, maritime security, and the U.S. Coast Guard. Coast and the U.S. maritime security, cooperation, where he specializes in trans-Atlantic security issues including NATO, U.S.–Russia relations, and relations, U.S.–Russia including NATO, issues security in trans-Atlantic specializes he where Walter Lohman Walter ce of Senator John McCain, and as Executive Director of the Director John McCain, and as Executive of Senator in the Ofce Relations, on Foreign Committee ce of the Deputy Under Secretary of of Secretary Under of the Deputy of the Ofce Directorate Capabilities in the Capabilities and Concepts Thomas Callender Thomas

Thomas W. Spoehr, W. Thomas Contributors James DiPane James Jay Carafano, PhD, Carafano, James Jay James Phillips is Senior Research Fellow for Middle Eastern Afairs in the Allison Center. He has also served at the Congressional Research Service and at the East–West Center.

John Venable is Senior Research Fellow for Defense Policy in the Center for National Defense. A 25-year veteran of the U.S. Air Force and F-16 pilot, he served in three combat operations, was commander of the Thunderbirds, and earned the rank of colonel before retiring.

Rachel Zissimos is a Policy Analyst in the Center for National Defense. She focuses on Department of Defense Energy and Industrial Base policy in addition to supporting production of the Index of U.S. Military Strength.

External Reviewers and Expert Contributors John Conger is President of Conger Strategies & Solutions, LLC.

Patrick M. Cronin, PhD, is Senior Director of the Asia–Pacific Security Program at the Center for a New American Security (CNAS).

Lindsey Ford is Director for Political-Security Afairs and Richard Holbrooke Fellow at the Asia Society Policy Institute.

Daniel Gouré, PhD, is Senior Vice President at the Lexington Institute.

Jim Greer, Colonel, U.S. Army (Ret.).

David Isby is a Washington-based defense analyst and consultant.

Roy D. Kamphausen is Senior Vice President for Research at the National Bureau of Asian Research.

Eoin Micheál McNamara is a Junior Research Fellow at the University of Tartu, Estonia.

Blaise Misztal is Director of the National Security Program at the Bipartisan Policy Center.

Thomas C. Moore is an independent consultant.

Jack Rametta is Project Associate for the Bipartisan Policy Center’s Economic Policy Project.

Douglas E. Streusand, PhD, is a Professor of International Relations at the U.S. Marine Corps Command and Staf College.

John Wissler, Lieutenant General, USMC (Ret.).

Larry M. Wortzel, PhD, is Senior Fellow for Asian Security at the American Foreign Policy Council.

Any views presented in or reflecting the results of any prepublication review of this document by an ofcer or employee of the are rendered in his or her individual capacity and do not necessarily represent the views of the United States or any agency thereof.

x 2019 Index of U.S. Military Strength ------xi materials was helps to provide a provide to helps Index of Economic Economic of Index Index Index during this past year—the work work year—the past this during Index , and to help Americans everywhere The Heritage Foundation seeks a better life better a seeks Foundation Heritage The We believe that this heritage.org/Military better better informed understanding and wider ap for Americans, which requires a stronger econ stronger a requires which Americans, for preciation of America’s ability to “provide for for “provide to ability America’s of preciation airs in and the multitude of factors factors of multitude the and in airs f a of state delivery as our world becomes increasingly digital, portable, and driven by social media. omy, a stronger society, and a stronger defense. defense. stronger a and society, stronger a omy, cited cited and referenced by Congress, the execu girds The Heritage Foundation’s vision of “an “an of vision Foundation’s Heritage The girds gave gave visual life to text and to statistics convey afecting our country. a message with maximum impact. Senior tunity publishes the annual the publishes tunity that the presentation of tuned to account for changes in content the common defence”—an ability that under the of tion of Department the within cials f o branch, tive the public—we are encouraged that so many these eforts into place to create a cohesive, more fully understand the state of our defenses, defenses, our of state the understand fully more ity, and flourish.” Judging by recep by Judging flourish.” society civil and ity, among and institutes, policy academia, media, finished product. Finally, Director of Research Editors Therese Finally, Pennefather was critical in guiding each of the agencies, government supporting Defense, Editorial Associate Luke Karnick, once again Designer of Research Projects Simon Jay and ensured Sousa Maria Director Strategy Digital Institute Institute for and Economic Oppor Freedom To help measure the state of the economy, our economy, the of state the measure help To Freedom Americans are similarly concerned about the about concerned are similarly Americans America where freedom, opportunity, America prosper where freedom, opportunity,

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Policy Analyst for National Security and As with all past editions, Senior Editor become stale when carried from one year to feat all its own—but also in checking every production professionals who made this made who professionals production people, but there usually are a few special sections. She was supported by Heritage Young Young Heritage by supported was She sections. essay essay with the same attention to detail. Data coherence throughout the efficient efficient production of the did she substantially smooth and enhance the enhance and smooth substantially she did contributors whose talents, work ethic, and ably assisted by Data Graphics Specialist and additional time and focus better for everyone a reality, both in print and on the Web. Not only only Not Web. the on and print in both reality, a the next. He was aided this year by Research this multi-author document—a challenging thing quite special. updating of its many framing and explanatory and framing many its of updating updating text that, though still current, can helped to inform the findings of the of findings the inform to helped reference to ensure accuracy of reporting and reporting accuracyof ensure to reference in maintaining a consistent tone throughout involved, but she also directly handled the linchpin of production success, working with the authors, editors, and graphics and willingness willingness to go the extra mile make it some who contributed significant research that Graphics Services Manager John Fleming, Defense Studies Rachel Zissimos was the Editor Kathleen McCann Scaturro, who edited edited who Scaturro, McCann Kathleen Editor Blaise manpower Misztal and Rametta’s Jack Hunter, Hunter, Hayden Morse, and Matt Ahlquist, Leaders Program interns Matt Bartilotti, Josh Josh Bartilotti, Matt interns Program Leaders William T. Poole was instrumental not only

N Acknowledgments our Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Insti- has made this 2019 Index of U.S. Military tute for National Security and Foreign Policy is Strength possible. publishing this fifth annual edition of the Index Finally, as always, The Heritage Foundation of U.S. Military Strength. also expresses its profound appreciation to the In addition to acknowledging all of those members of the U.S. armed forces who contin- who helped to prepare this edition, very spe- ue to protect the liberty of the American peo- cial recognition is due to the Heritage mem- ple in an increasingly dangerous world. bers and donors whose continued support

xii 2019 Index of U.S. Military Strength