(    )                  $  F"A (Review Article) 134 ( 125  $%& 1390   3   35  

   ! " # $%&  '"() *+ ) , - ./

4="(>"(> &9 0 15 :3"0$ 0(5 $ (5 :28 *89 :1*"01/ $02 3 04 15

*         +   ,-. / +0 1 *        1      1  +0 2 *         6   77$( 85 , 2+ 3 4 5 3 <+(         9 (  :;  77$( 5+ 4

03  , .12  3 C . B 8 E+F  85  ,+6B  G <+> 8?@+ <   A ,AB 3 C D  D?$. :@ A+" 8 K+L 8CM. 8 4N. O 5 E 5   B  3 2 + ,AB . I   8  ,4@ J  <+  +F E4@ AB + 994) ,+6B 384 S 2  , . +0  L <4  A , ? , B 85  R. ( 12 CP Q 4 < 5  A 85  . .1/  / (,;   +.  2 ,6?@ W +P A ( 12  L2

Downloaded from pejouhesh.sbmu.ac.ir at 14:40 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021  +` +     X A , ?  :+  2   b`4( < P+2 E N

c 9 e( . I   8  ,4@ J  <+  +F E4@ 1A 994) ,+e6B 384 S e2 8e  f1e? g^ W> P 8  . eB  e 8 E+F  26 8 K+L 3 C D  D?$. Je  3 eC D  85 12 +5h < .1/  / (,; AeB +  3 C D  .12  (Haly Abbas) 3 C 8e  e  ;e2 < e A e.  I   8 ( A   +e ,AB 8   KiY   A 26 \7. 1@ DB  <4e  A , e?  e AeB + ZB 0A + A 1/          !"  :     (e-mail: [email protected]) ! # "$% &' .(1 2)  ee ee  1Cee? < eeB 0A 8ee  ee A , ee? 1390/2/20 :     1390/7/3 :     $%&  '"() *+ ) , - ./     /126   e08&; 8  a+7  S s <4 8 .12 +5   A  \eP 8e5 e ;e2 b. e <   D +(8?@+ A ,AB R&( ;5 D 2  cP 8  34. @  ;5 0n 8eCM. 8 4eN. Oe 5 E e5  1e I 2 D 2 +B P .(6 7) 12 +5 ej ,+e 1e2 eCP Q e4 < e5  A 85  . 8 K+L 8e5 8en I +e  +e5 S eC   e  8eL. M e ,AB ( e  D5 i  .   k  <   A  1  8..  e 8e  e E e5  .1/ B 0I   8  < 4 A  e0 +& L < 77$   ,j < 2    jY 8 e  +e5 R.re( e  8..j J ,+ «.» e  e  . e +e  e < e2  De  lm <4 8 ,  De?$( O > 12  5 +e2 X+  ` 85  8/ + De/" E e5 .(8)  M2 <+> <   C +0 QC4 J  1e2 e +5h Z  E 5    6. L D  A  8. 7 8..eej +ee  ,+ee 8ee5 ,AeeB R.ree( "ee  Oee 5 e 8..ej \CP 8 4N. O 5 \Y & 85 12 8  <   eBE e ,  12  5  +5 R.r( 8  D +? 4/ 85 45 <   ,+  ,+@ lo2 ....A+ + 8 3  8 E e5 De  1@ DB 8 f  b  ON% , Bd+ De  .e45 OeY  +0 1 +  D 500 ( 400 1? ( E e5 8e4  e( e +0   <4  ,+  Q@+   De  A  e e ,   +2 G  6 ( 5 +B g^ <e(e D + e4 . e +B x @ 8&+  42 D < >  A  ee + ,AeeB ee    6 +ee2 .ee qee   +ee>ee Oe  "e  Oe 5 De/" e4L . E 5 85 1%0 <+e0  e 2 ( B 2 ,AB .  2 1eB Oe. 8e .12 +( 2 b  < > E 5  +( 2 D4e2 Ze%5 e loe2 4e5 \2     4n   A  E e5 De    5 <    "  O 5 D/" E 5 A <e 8e5 e  \C2 D  .45  +2 + 8+X D 4G e    <4  y+ .445 8@+( 4(c 8 + < A A le    +/ W  8  . , @  4  e;P 8e  e7 +/I D e?45 8e@+( W +P A ( 4/+ i A e ,; 994 S 2 / ,AB .(5)   % ,  . e4 12 12  I 8CM. 8 4N. O 5 E 5  85   , eB 8e   eB E e5 B   85  E+ <   D +(b \eP 9 e( +e , 8e 7 "  e 8e  E 5  Y  6( ,AeB e? 8eG  e  +e> e   eL. M 8e   <   "e  Oe 5 D/" E 5  7 +/I D ?45 : 0  "E+

Downloaded from pejouhesh.sbmu.ac.ir at 14:40 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021   < eA e4(c , eB e+F 85    ? J  D?^ De  .e +0+ e4(c 8 ,; 1070- 1078 , BS 2 D  +e  %.r(  +/ 8 85 C    A ,AB . 8 4 e b?7( 8. 7 1? 8  12 ,L , BE  O E 5 +e5 R.re( "e  O 5 D/" <4   5     8/ / e eC. 5  e   eBON/ 8   S 8. 7 .(6) 12 .1e/+0 +> (< ? P 8) E+F  :+ <   8B Q@+ 85  / e eC. 5 be e& Qe@+ Ze^ D  .  k N +e5  4e2 e B e 8e ]+C R.r(  ,AB .(9)  < @  (  « .   4 +. 2» .(6) 12 Oe 5 De/" E e5 e>  e7 +/I D e?45 Re2r( S 5  8e  8e@( eB< e2   e  B  8 , {eB 8e   1C?  8  ,  e e B   1@ DB 8 f12  \7  85  ?5 +   l. 34. @ a+7  %.r(    "I  & . 1e2 +5 d+M     8  ( %.r( 84 A D  <e e2 + e 8e5  , + ZB[ J +X Y 8L. M  .1e  +e  A 2  8 c   7  8 ,AB D4G bB . 1e2  +> 8L. M     9 (   ,AB Z7 a+ee7 , eeBE ee5 A , ee 8ee ee ee , eeB 5  e I e  Ce   +` 8 85 l.  3A C  34. @ 127 / " "01/ $02 3 04 15 90 0=" ! 3 " ! 35   €e%Y   (]A )  / D +(  <+5  $2 5 +e A Se2 e e@  1e?@ ,[(+2 , + 8L. M D   .(15 16) 45 |1e2 e 8eG e  9 (  ,AB Z7 :1/+0 O 3 eC De e" , eB - e5 A < 2 +  6  ,+ $%&  "   e  e4( 8e "  9 (" "  O 5 D/" ",AB Pubmed E 5  ,+6B  G <+>   +  7.  J  ,AB   e?  Q 4 .  %2 C5+(  & 8 Google – scholar 8e%0 A   e&  BA e  e. 8eCM. 8 4N. O 5 e5 S L A  1/+0 +> 2 +   8@+( 85 12  +5h b > ,   +  , CP  a+7 Oe 2 /  +. , BJ   6?@ 1@ B- SID :12 O h d+ 8 ,AB 8 4 <4 1$(  %2   ( ) 5  +  ;P ;(    .+0 8   8e5   Q 8%2  1? < + A    <  L  De?Y  < e < e     J  . +0 +/  b D   "  5 $%&  ] `4       8G  iF  8G < I 86. L  +( De b. e2 a C(  J 1B    2 4 +5 ,AB  Ee_  +e@ +e   C 2+S   %2 <  A be . E 5  .12  R&(  <   J  Re&  eB  8 * +M ,   0 {B .  +`  e45e R&( ,AB .12  ~$ ,-. /  E N 1e.c 8 B  D4G 8  ‚ +   4  8  

Downloaded from pejouhesh.sbmu.ac.ir at 14:40 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021 e445 ƒ7e2 , eB   e6( A . e  4^2  + ,  < 5    A   \CP  e + 3+e( , +eX+F e   beF 86 ^ 85 bY a+7 8n I WCP + SY Q@  85 12 J  + 1  5 (  ;2 < q +( , ,AB .12 E+MX  < 2 +  < +  bG *   bY    /  +/ 1Y+2 b. 2 b -  +0+  85  DBh  < 1 ;2 (  < 4e? keN8e <  <      < A] $%&  '"() *+ ) , - ./     /128 &"O P0-  $%&  e C 8e2 De  A +@  2 +/     @ 8 +7/ : 0 . E 5  ,AB   b`4( E   +e0  eB B<  8?5 A     D +0 8 8e5  e A e( e C ,  e A ,+e ,+ B   » 8e A  \e 8e+ e I < e  8e +e De D  e? 8eG Je. . +0 +>  %2   1?  I  ,+ e4(   eY e I , e +e0 &N^  +X Y < 4.  - JG5 bY 85  A ,+   B 0 e   0+0  +…( A  Y , B,  85 +G   85   ;   %& 8 8  ]0 +e , e_I A e Oe < I + +5h 8e5 1e2 bY 8   ‡   , 8 D4@ 85 «.12 +(  8B A S L   «.   <+ K+P 8  8ee5 Dee  ee 8ee 4 Dee  1Ce? ( / eX  B1  R&. Q 12 a+7 8 402 Downloaded from pejouhesh.sbmu.ac.ir at 14:40 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021 Se$(  e   8e 1e2 + %5 7 D  8 ,AB 8/+   E+6 ,87 +P < 4G 8 ; , BA   -1 8 4eN. Oe 5  e 8 Z 5   %0 A •X D  .12 .12  +0 <  a+7 :12 8%0 85    I 8CM.  e  Y Y  >;  (7 S& 8 4 D   -2 A  ee Iee ee@ 8ee  ee  +ee ee4 Dee^ I  ee Dee4@» .1ee2 8ee/+0 +> 8ee@(  ee ;ee2 DCeeC Dee  ee+/ 8  beY +e%Y   e e 8e^ I bB 8 4  .  A E 4@  4?  +7/ <  8 02 .12 8/ D^2 Oe( e45 e 8eP Y  De4@ 85 ,+  5 (   E_ < +> +`    eB •++e2  eB• 85 + D  8 .+0 ON 45  4. e ]Ae I   e2  1 e .  1B + -3 D4@  Z     8%0 <8n +0 +4  85 12  & D  a+e e I \e. M €%Y    ,  5  8L. M -4 , +e%Y 8 B0 I+ D     O(  B0 I+ < E e?Y 8   Z  1/+    8/+Y  17/ e@ 8e d , e7 +e%Y De   . +e0 e O C( •  .(17) 12  I 129 / " "01/ $02 3 04 15 90 0=" ! 3 " ! 35   - 1e5+Y  1e2 15+Y S Y  82 8 + A f12   ,eG D?^ .  A FI D4@ , j Z    I  I ,AeB . e e … A 4( C  B 0    , 5 D4G 8  G ( ,   S A  C   8  E e4P , e  (Oe ) 2;  J2 o2 q/  R&( eB  e6  b%B  b b64      5 D  8   1e%@ 31  • e^ , .1e2  ˆeX( ( ^ ) S 4 o2 eG  De4@ +e A fe45 ,      ‡ eY ieF 8  12 RLX S  7  ,8e@ + A , e4( \eN Je  ,8en. C  3 S+5 2 ~e  1e2 Ac D4@ ,+ 85 , A  < <+5 .  8e c 2 82 8 ,86@ O  ,86@ E N 1%@ be  beB  e  . +e   b5 D4@ ,iF 85   Je   e , eB• O e *A 8 c J ,8 1^2  Ac e A e <e <+5 .  8    +e2 e4 D e Je -. /  ƒ + , D4nB «.(6)    A    b5 D4@  +/ee2 ee5 ee  +/ •+ee& 8+eeX  ee 8eeY q/  860+2 +2  +0 1 [44 ,86@ , B? B% $%&  .(15) 12 +5 ~$ < 8 +5 \F+( ]A  8  +   %.r( A , ?  ,AB D +e A e  iF A Z +0 ]A " 85 12 7L  .12 W X $%&  e2 4( €e%Y ,+e < e?  8e5 12  B 5 D +(4 2  +5 2 + ,+ K -   «Epilepsy» •+& ,  ,AB  ,e>  eBe  ]A  8e5 1e2 1@ < D   B  6   1. e& <e   \Ce2 8 85 2  B86 < 4G 8  Eh 1e2  >  B   85  iF mA  A 2 b$ <4e  Qe@+ <+e> D e4G e( e  84 A  1> e  +e(D4e2 e>+B ]A  .+e D A  < e  ,A +e^/  8e…. C < :?   "CN +e5h B,  8  < I < ;C +5  445 8? ?@  •+e& ,  ,AB 3 C D  S 8@    M2 ieF A  eL 8& /; g^ 85 45 ] %2 ,AB .45  , e O  4   O 5 ?  ,AB .4 4 ieF e( e4 ]A  1e2 L  A4B iF 85 >  <  / +_  … 0  \2I : 0  .+5 ˆ +(  •+& e E 5   .(6)  B   < bjB E A Z Ze +e2  +e 1e/  0  A QX D   12

 P3 $%&  e E e5 R.r(   . < ? <4  D + A ,AB Q $"0+ $%&  e5   e  , eB8 e 8B 8 "  O 5 D/"  8  8e i0  8e5   B,  A (O2) 8 < D5+G , eB , e A E+eL. +e @ E+e .1  8P Y  84 L  e We/ < ? 4  ,AB .1  • < @ ,+e < e?  E+e < e   e + e q bG <+/ Oe2 , e < e  8e5 e2+ 8e6 D  8   77$( $%&  '"() *+ ) , - ./     /130 +e be •eX D  2 +  85 12  ? <4    e445 K+eP+ 4e5 beB  , B  + A a e?C   † eC7  O    ~$ S;  , eB  +e( Je  e? 1L> 8 R&( D   12 +5 R&( e  , e +0 A e4L  I " 8e5 8e  < e ,AeB .(22) 12 Y $%&  < e + 8e5 ,e> ,8enB , eB+C/ A 8e c D 4G 8e e E 5   .1  , A 8@(   <  8 ,AB +e  eB8e 82 8 Z/+P 8B  12 a ?C   † C7  8em  •X D       5 2 + 8CM. 8 4N. O 5  8 85   ‰G  12 DM +%Y  \> .12  8/+0 +e5 ˆ +( O 5 P 8  D  J/ ? , .12  DeM .1e2 e e@ b^eX (K+ejF) o2 J 82  , . e +eCL B<+> SP   ;P D  85 6 I ( 12 8e2 8e eC5 A <e  A f  8 B  12 12 K+eP A D e Je/ 1> +B» :85 8  <    D/ E 5 F 82  8n  J 8 B D  85    S 7   5  e   @ bB A 8/  1?>  45  /  <+ DeM 8e <e Oe S eY  < 85  A 85  *A 8e5 1e2 8e? 1e2 ‰eG J/  /  +0 4C   8e <e 8e5 De  A D + 4  4/ bB , 12 12  ‰eG 1e2 ( e 1e ) 8 Ce2 1   8  1 

Je  8en  A e45 ,+0@ +0+  5  O  e I e@ 8e 0 I+ 1   D    45 < B O  12 •++2 J 8  ]  2 85  ‡  •+B 2 e <+e K+eP A  e K & ( b   <+ K+P 8  J/ A .1e2 e 8 4e 0++2 •+B 2 <4 8 D + 4 Je/  e/  +0 .B +>  , @   LCP QX 8  B 8e ,+e  c e 1e2 8e    b?7( 8 2 8 Downloaded from pejouhesh.sbmu.ac.ir at 14:40 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021 8e? e45 e /  J/ K+P  +B +0 .% & ".(23 24) D  ,2  Je/ K+P  12 A  %2   1 /+P J5  85 12  e&  1e2 8e?   +0+ ]LCP O  O$ 8 "RR $ 02RR :"> RR : $%&RR  e ;eP A , 8e e  8/  J/  @ , B<  <   <  2 2 , B A   Y+@ <+  8 i0 <   , eB 9e e  +2 1 4 ƒ2 85  & D  45  %2 e • e +e0 8e5 1e2 (be) , ,eF < P+2»   ie B]0 , A  8ee ee   1ee2 D +eeF Zee@; .(6) +0 +>  , @  J/ 84  ( +e0  e  > e ,8e  ,+e_ a ?C  A  %2   177Y  ( 45 8&(  0 A E A ,AeeB 1ee@ DeeB 8ee f ee5 eeB•+ ee  <ee 131 / " "01/ $02 3 04 15 90 0=" ! 3 " ! 35   +e5 R&  «A/» 1. Y <  W +P  D4nB  12    Ac <[?5  E ,B \2 4 1? A ƒ$ .(25 ) 12  e  ,AeB 8e5 1e2 I1% ? .(25)   8  BbA     ~Y C b  bB  b c 7  ee    g^ee( 8ee7 +P  8ee%0 D^ee2 Oee  eeB0ee 0   eeY+@  , eB eF 8e4 A    ( 8  85 +5 8m  ,8?@+  c 7 + 2   12  I bm;  O  L7 , B,  , eeB•eX A < e A \Ce2 8e e 1e2 e4 <e  ? \C2 8 h Y S  1%5   12   8e4  +e ; 12 @ c  †  < B   bA ‡ e A+e   ] 4 B B8I 8^( $ b E  e e ‡   A , ? +e5h  +e , eB1/   @   ?@  2 / ‡? <+5 ".(6) + A e4  eBe7  +e2 , eB1?5 <    12 +5 .(27) 12  +5h Y+@ $  < P+2  <+0 S T $%&  A  8e+ Y+@ cI A ,  d+ 8 D4nB ,AB De/" e e.  e 8e   b    E 5 ,AB be + 9e : 1e2 +e5   O 2 D  A  %2 8 8@ De  A Je +eB .+e5 R.re( 8e. 7 1?  "  O 5 8e2 e ) DeC5 ] e74 B• 0 + D ,+ O e S 8e. 7  . 1e2 e be?7( E  4G 8 B8. 7 beG , eB, e ejL < e  85Ce?. (n> 8C 1e2 e  8e/+Y O e +  8. 7   ,+` , B8C4@ J B (5 , ) + , ,+ beG < I  EI , ,+ 1 (bG 1e2 e ƒe7/ 85   , B 5 8  B8. 7 D  A  

Downloaded from pejouhesh.sbmu.ac.ir at 14:40 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021 ‡ e ,+e 8e2 e4G  8e s    < / +0 <   e&J O 8. 7 D  .12  k N +0  6   . Re2+   4e& 8@ A  < A + D4@ <+5  •++e2 0 + <  , .12 Y+@     ON/  : A OC> < A2  <5 ee^/ 8ee +ee5 ee> , 8/+ee eeY+@ 8ee7 +P 8ee -e < e  <0 0 , B   + 85  BA. O 8 D/ ee Oee ,AeeB . ee < ee?  E+ee <4ee  e5 D      6  A. O D 4G  . 0 1B  8ee7 +P 8ee 8ee s Š4ee2 < I <+ee ,+ee  « ee  » 8e "e  Oe 5 De/" Z e5  Oe 87 +P . W/ 8 e 8e5 , 87 +P f12  d+ O 5  & 8 Y+@ BA. E ." : 0  .12   d+ ON%  & e?5 De. ,AB .(6) 12 Y+@ b 84 A    +e ieF <+e +e/  +0  cP Z(   •  > +e5 Re&  eL7 We +P A Š42 D? O 85 12 $%&  '"() *+ ) , - ./     /132 . eB . 4e? b e> < e  < e  A ( % +/ 177Y +e +_ 8e7 +P . QM> BA. 85 12 8? A e(  eB < e  8e   +e> , +e  -.(  e  +e+ e( ,e@ e( eB < e +/  8 85 12 ,+e 1e? 4 +/ 85 +G 445 ,   C  g^( < e +/   8  45 A   Z B    8  44 e e45 7( l. 82 8  > /  A 12 D  +e   e    8e \7 K+P 8   +2 ( B OY+  0+B (2 4 \N) CN bm; C5 S Y D  / < A 8 85 ,      8   < A 85 B < +/ , eB?  8?+F   ,AB .1?  I 8. A le . eB / < B D  1?> 8  A l .,+C 9 A 12 \2 4 $ 0C01 e 8e 2 85+2  E;0  45 QM> \(+( DB 8  e e+  e+F , B 5 A + 85 12 ( 8 %2  8 12 8? B 12 , +  +0 .45 +F+F ( B " 1e 1eC_ e&  Re^ , eB 8e  8  k  /B .(6) B : 2 EI <+5 +F+F ,+   / e5    < 1C?   +  +B   <4  -];( D  A ,  85 4   ,A 21 B ,+ < I "  I 218 $%&  d+P  85+( 4  B 5 ,2 A + , BS 2   B  ee  E e5 eY+@ Ze^  Ze^ A 8e. 7 De <e , hI , e e < 6  hI  c < *+( ,  B+ <2 /  1 +   + ? , B1?> e Ie +e` 8e < e De   .b  B ,640  ` .12  ee   eeB E ee5 R. ee( 8ee  8ee ee ee+ , B ee5 Ze^ De 93 be 1?>  @  ,+ ? < e77$ ƒe2( ,A , +5A  42D <nB  4   , +e , eBe? OeN/ De   .12  8  e&  e+F R^ , B< A 8 BE 5 D  8@+(  E+ e @ ] J ,AB .12  R&( <  B0n ee ee Qee% 8ee ee +  <4ee  +ee A , +ee+ee e  e Re&( OeC> A 85 8?+F , B? 8  e , I e ie. .(29-31) e  I+ 44G D  , B4/+( 8e? <^e2 Je " 8e5 12  4B

Downloaded from pejouhesh.sbmu.ac.ir at 14:40 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021 Ze7 +e , +e KeB e e +eX Y ZB[ .   +X 8e e   1 _ b$ P 8   @ 8 @ Y+@  eeL , ee A  ee&  eeL  ee  9 ee(  ,AeeB ".(18)  A 8^ <  D  8/+ i  6   A L <4   + 2 + , , i0+_ ( 116 Ze^ b Z^  @  B+ /  1 +  D e e  9 (  ,AB Z7 12 b? 8G 1e2 8/+ +> 2 +   @  L. M  1Y+& 8  e  < A SP   8@ S c; A.2 8e , e  e& 8 bB E e5  e 5 + N( .B <  8 A  , +e < e A P   I A ,+0+ 85   @ ,AB , 8+eX 8L eX A  A%5 <  ˆ$& 4 +/ 42D 4e2 \P    9 ( D (  <4  + 2  +` e Re&( a+7 ƒ2( O& P 8 85 +0 +   12 8  Z7  . e e e 4Me2 E e5   +5h Z^  12 eB  e  8e5 e E+e < e + D +(b A  ,AB , B?     @ , BON/ 5 D  A Y+@ Z^  e  +>    L. M 8   , , B8   BE 5  85 12 8/+0 +    I 1 +   B/   ,+ 133 / " "01/ $02 3 04 15 90 0=" ! 3 " ! 35   + ,4 2  \. @ \. M 8  ,AB E 5 D  @ , eBe+F 8e5 1e2  e? J  D?^ , ? 8G e \eP , eB8   A , ? 8m   +B   b 8e 8e5 eC    A ,AB . 8 4   < A 4(c Oe 5  a+e7 8 40e2 8e ,  / X 8@ A .1+ De/" <e4 e  e5  e   8/ +  %.r(  +/ •+e& ,   E N b 8 8@( ,AB ƒ2( -< ? P 8 - E+F  <ee ]+ee0  ee2  :+ee  \ee>  ee2 8ee4 A  +e5  4e2 eB< e2     B  8 ] eB< P+2 A ,+    b`4( +  8 8@( D4nB  , 8e5 ,8e 0 8e ,+e` , B2 + K+& 8 8 12  ,AeB 8e5   84 A  +  , B8.7 A , ?  +e5 / e   \eP b 85 ?5 8   9 ( \5 A Je +eB d+e 8e ˆX P 8 <   2 (;@ \. > .12  \7 .12 8+  I   e   e&N 8e5 e  e 51^e2 < ?  ,AB   ee%. (   ee +`  8eeG e e +5  %2 ƒe?( < @ <   , B8 ^ 5 + E 5 D  85 12 +5h 8e5  e5 fe +B ex 4e2 De < > E 5 84  ( f1/ REFERENCES 1. Castiglioni A, Editor. A history of medicine. 2nd ed. New York: Alfred Knopf Publisher; 1958. p 270. 2. Sarton G, Editor. Introdution to the history of science. Baltimore: Williams &Wilkins; 1927. p.677. 3. Lutz Richter-Bernburg, "‘ b. ‘Abbas Majusi", in Encyclopaedia Iranica Ehsan Yarshater, 6+ vols. (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul and Costa Mesa: Mazda, 1983 to present), vol. 1, pp. 837–8 4. Azizi MH. Ahvazi, one of the most prominent Iranian medical scholars. Iranian Journal of Diabetes And Lipid Disorders 2005; 11: 97-99. 5. Ahmadzadeh A, Ahmadzadeh A. Ali al-Majusi Ahvazi Arjani. Scientific Medical Journal of Ahwaz University of Medical Sciences 2011;10: 121-29. 6. Defa AA. Leading physician in the era of Islamic civilization. Ali Ahmadi B, Translator. Tehran, Humanities and Cultural Studies; 2003. p.95. [In Persian]

Downloaded from pejouhesh.sbmu.ac.ir at 14:40 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021 7. Hamarneh S. The Physician and the health professions in Medieval . Bull N.Y. Acad Med 1971; 47:1088-110. 8. Girakca A, Editor. Islamic history of medicine. From the beginning to XIII century. Istanbul: Cagdas Basin Yayin Ltd.Sti; 2004. p.185-187. [In Turkish] 9. Garrison FH, Editor. An introduction to the history of medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1929. p.129. 10. Sabzi F, Teymouri H. The history of legal medicine in Iran. Journal of Legal Medicine of Islamic Republic of Iran 2004; 9: 200-11. 11. Shahsavari S, Mosallanejad L, Sobhanian S, Tehranineshat B, Faseleh M. Study the physical, spiritual and social stress – related symptoms in nurses and midwiferies working at educational and Therapeutic centers affiliated to Jahrom School of Medical Sciences, 2003. Journal of Jahrom Medical School 2005; 2: 12-20. 12. Ghasemi GhR, Asadollahi GhA, Ahmadzadeh GhH, Najmi B, Palhang H. Prevalence of mental disorders in Isfahan city, 1996. Journal of Research In Medical Sciences 2000; 4: 194-90. 13. Tavakkoli Zadeh J, Moshki M, Hosseini Shahidi L, Maroozi P. The survey of stressor events and their relationship with mental disorders on youths in Gonabad city. Ofogh-e-danesh, Journal of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2003; 9: 111-105. 14. Khanjani Z, Faroghy P, Yaghobi A. The risk psychological factors and suffering from coronary heart diseases: analytical on role of personality and coping styles in CHP. Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2010; 32: 30-34. 15. Dols MW. The origins of the Islamic hospital: myth and reality. Bull Hist Med 1987; 61: 367-90. $%&  '"() *+ ) , - ./     /134 16. Hashemi SH. A brief study in Islamic medicine. Arak Medical University Journal (Rahavard Danesh) 1997; 1: 37- 42. 17. Hatami H. Introducing a database for the medical history before and after Islam. Hakim Research Journal 1999; 1: 218-22. 18. Belen D, Aciduman A. A pioneer from the Islamic golden age: Haly Abbas and spinal traumas in his principal work, The Royal Book. J Neurosurg Spine 2006; 5: 381-83 19. Behzadian nejad GH. Proceedings of the International Congress of History of Islam and Iran. Tehran: Development and Research Institute of Iran; 2005. p.279. 20. Javanbakht M. Historical pie: Alli Ibn Abbas Al-Majusi and medical ethics. Journal of Tanaffos 2010; 9:10-17. 21. Hamarneh S. Medical education and practice in medieval Islam. UCLA Forum Med Sci 1970; 12: 39-71. 22. Majeed A. How Islam changed medicine. BMJ 2005; 331: 1486-87. 23. Nasr SH. Islamic science. Westerham: World of Islam Festival Publishing Company Ltd; 1976. 24. Keys TE, Wakim KG. Contributions of the to medicine. Mayo Clin Proc 1953; 28: 423-37. 25. Najmabadi M. History of medicine of Iran. Tehran: Tehran University Publication; 1987. p.193-94. [In Persian] 26. Farhud D. Review of history of ethics. Ethics in Science and Technology 2007; 1: 1-6. [In Persian] 27. al- Majusi Ali Ibn al-Abbas. The complete medical art. Kamil al –Sana a al-tibbiya. Part 1. Frankfurt, Germany: Institute for the History of -Islamic Science, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; 1985. p.78-125. [In Arabic] 28. Haddad FS. Surgical firsts in Arabic medical literature. Stud Hist Med Sci 1987; 11: 95-103. 29. Changizi Ashtiyani S, Zarei A, Elahipour M. Innovations and discoveries of Jorjani in medicine. J Med Ethics Hist Med 2009; 2: 16. 30. Changizi Ashtiyani S, Shamsi M, Cyrus A, Bastani B. A critical review of the works of pioneer physicians in ancient Iran Avicenna, Rhazes, Al-Akawayni, and Jorjani. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases 2011; 5:121-25. 31. Changizi Ashtiyani S, Shamsi M, Kabiri Nia K. Role of Razi in modern medical education. J Med Ethics Hist Med 2010; 3: 7-12. Downloaded from pejouhesh.sbmu.ac.ir at 14:40 +0330 on Tuesday October 5th 2021