JOURNAL Edition Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 OF

ISLAMIC ISLAMIC JOURNALOFISLAMICWORLD WORLD WORLD

AND POLITICS AND AND POLITICS

ALAMAT REDAKSI Mustafa Selçuk & Impact of ISIS on Radical Groups of Southeast Asia UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH Nikos Panagiotou Countries Jl. Lingkar Selatan, Tamantirto, Kasihan, Bantul, Yogyakarta, (55183) Ahmad Zainal Iran Defensive Attitudes Towards United States' Offensive Phone : (0274) 387656 FAX : (0274)387646 Mustofa Politics: Analysis of Iran's Nuclear Development Programs e-mail: [email protected] Musyqur Rahman Current Phenomenon Tension Between the United States

Edition and Iran in the Middle East UMY Aprilia Restuning Indonesia-Egypt Diplomacy: Darussalam Gontor and Al- UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH YOGYAKARTA Tunggal Azhar University V

ol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 Dhany Putra Paradiplomacy Practice In Indonesia: A Lesson From West Pratama Nusa Tenggara Province In 2013-2018 Syaiful Anam & Reframing In Conict Mediation: Empowering Parties Or Rezki Satris Manipulating Decision-Making? Anggi Nurul The Effort of NGO BOS (Borneo Orangutan Survival) Qomari'ah Foundation in Saving Orangutans in Central (2016-2019) Anastazia N Modern Slavery in Indonesia: Study Case Of Maritime Wattimena Slavery in Benjina Kabupaten Kepulauan Aru

Master of International Relations | Vol. 4 | No. 1 | P. 1-130 |Yogyakarta | June 2020 | ISSN 2614-0535 | E-ISSN 2655-1330

Mustafa Selçuk & Impact of ISIS on Radical Groups of Southeast Asia Nikos Panagiotou Countries Iran Defensive Attitudes Towards United States' Offensive Ahmad Zainal Politics: Analysis of Iran's Nuclear Development Programs Mustofa Current Phenomenon Tension Between The United States And Iran in The Middle East Musyqur Rahman Indonesia-Egypt Diplomacy: Darussalam Gontor and Al- Azhar University Aprilia Restuning Tunggal Paradiplomacy Practice In Indonesia: A Lesson From Province In 2013-2018 Dhany Putra Reframing In Conict Mediation: Empowering Parties Or Pratama Manipulating Decision-Making? The Effort of NGO BOS (Borneo Orangutan Survival) Syaiful Anam & Foundation in Saving Orangutans in Rezki Satris (2016-2019) Modern Slavery in Indonesia: Study Case Of Maritime Anggi Nurul Slavery in Benjina Kabupaten Kepulauan Aru Maluku Qomari'ah Journal of Islamic World and Politics Edition Vol. 4. No.1 June 2020

Journal of Islamic World and Politics Journal of Islamic World and Editor-in-chief : Politics (JIWP) is the scientific Dr.Ahmad Sahide, S.IP., M.A. journal published by Master of Peer Reviewer: International Relations, Universitas Prof. TulusWarsito Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Prof. Dr. Bambang Cipto (UMY). This is published twice Dr. Ali Maksum in a year, June and December. We Faris Al-Fadhat, Ph.D. invite colleagues and researchers Alam Saleh, Ph.D. of international studies to write Dr. Teuku Afrizal at Journal of Islamic World and Hazel Jovita, Ph.D. Politics. the manuscript is written Dr. Ibnu Burdah in size 12 Times New Roman Assoc. Prof.Dr. Reevany Bustami (TNR), space 1.5 on A4 size Mustafa Selcuk, Ph.D. paper with a side space of 3.5 Dr. Rifqi Muna cm from left side, 3 cm from the Dr. Seongwon Yoon right edge, 3 cm from the top and Dr. Sylvia Yazid bottom edges. Number of pages is Dr. Yoyo, M.A. 12-20 pages (4000-6000 words), Dr. Elisabeth Adyiningtyas Satya including bibliography and tables. Dewi Journal Manager : Junior Hendri, S.IP. Address : Kasman Singodimejo Building, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. Kampus terpadu UMY, Ringroad, Tamantirto, Kasihan, Bantul, Yogyakarta. Phone. 0274-387656 Email: [email protected] Content Vol.4. No.1 January - June 2020

1-14 Impact of ISIS on Radical Groups of Southeast Asia Countries Mustafa Selçuk, Nikos Panagiotou

15-30 Iran Defensive Attitudes Towards United States’ Offensive Politics: Analysis of Iran’s Nuclear Development Programs Ahmad Zainal Mustofa

31-47 Current Phenomenon Tension Between the United States and Iran in the Middle East Musyfiqur Rahman

48-61 Indonesia-Egypt Diplomacy: Darussalam Gontor and Al- Azhar University Aprilia Restuning Tunggal

62-85 Paradiplomacy Practice in Indonesia: A Lesson From West Nusa Tenggara Province in 2013-2018 Dhany Putra Pratama

86-98 Reframing in Conflict Mediation: Empowering Parties Or Manipulating Decision-Making? Syaiful Anam, Rezki Satris

99-116 The Effort of NGO BOS (Borneo Orangutan Survival) Foundation in Saving Orangutans in Central Kalimantan (2016-2019) Anggi Nurul Qomari’ah

117-130 Modern Slavery in Indonesia: Study Case of Maritime Slavery in Benjina Kabupaten Kepulauan Aru Maluku Anastazia N Wattimena Editorial

Reading the social phenomenon in the world, we will realize that the Islamic world and international world and politics are so dynamic. We watch and read every day from the social media about conflict and war happening in all over the world, mainly in Middle East. in another side, the states in the worlds are doing many things to build cooperation in eradicating poverty, violation of the human right in upholding peace for the people in the universe. We realize that terrorism, global conflict, violation of human right, human trafficking, and slavery are the world problem currently. These must be responded by the researchers and scholars. Journal of Islamic World and Politics (JIWP) is one of the ways from the researchers and scholars coming from all over the world in sharing their new ideas or finding as the solution of problem faced in the contemporary issues. In this sixth edition, we invite eight scholars and researchers to share their new ideas and the result of their researchs in reading the global phenomenon currently. We do hope that by publishing this sixth edition we will participate in giving the solution of the problem that we are facing in international Islamic world and politics. We do hope that the eight articles in this edition are welcomed well by the readers and researchers as the way in transforming the current ideas and scientific research. Happy reading and we are waiting for your paper.

Ahmad Sahide Editor-in-chief

Impact of Isis on Radical Groups of Southeast Asia Countries

Mustafa Selçuk1, Nikos Panagiotou2 1Ph.D. candidate, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 2Assistant Professor, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Email Corespondence: [email protected]

Abstract Radicalization is not a new phenomenon in Southeast Asia. Islamic radicalization has increased and became a significant issue in Southeast Asia since 2001. Faith-based organizations have supported the radical spreading of misinformation, and therefore various measures have many casualties. the development of Islamic radicalism in Southeast Asia is starting to spread in Indonesia, Philippines, and Malaysia, mostly via social media. This research focuses on how the ideology of ISIS affects (re-activated) radical groups in Southeast Asia. More specifically, through discourse text analysis and frame analysis, this research aims to analyze similarities in discourses and frames through their communication campaigns. Besides, how the spreading of Islamic radicalism in Southeast Asia and broadening the scope of knowledge on the impact of Islamic radicalization in other regional countries also become a discussion. While ISIS shrinks in the Middle-East, the researchers argue that in recent years ISIS has started to affiliate with countries in Southeast Asia.

Keywords: ISIS, Radicalization, Social Media, Southeast Asia, Terror attack, Radical groups

Abstrak Radikalisasi bukanlah fenomena baru di Asia Tenggara. Radikalisasi Islam telah meningkat dan menjadi isu penting di Asia Tenggara sejak tahun 2001. Organisasi berbasis agama telah mendukung penyebaran informasi yang radikal secara radikal, dan karenanya berbagai tindakan memiliki banyak korban. Perkembangan radikalisme Islam di Asia Tenggara mulai

Islamic World and Politics Vol. 4. No.1 June 2020 ISSN: 2614-0535, E-ISSN: 2655-1330 Islamic World and Politics 2 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 menyebar di Indonesia, Filipina, dan Malaysia, sebagian besar melalui media sosial. Penelitian ini berfokus pada bagaimana ideologi ISIS mempengaruhi (mengaktifkan kembali) kelompok radikal di Asia Tenggara. Lebih khusus lagi, melalui analisis teks wacana dan analisis bingkai, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kesamaan dalam wacana dan bingkai melalui kampanye komunikasi mereka. Selain itu, bagaimana penyebaran radikalisme Islam di Asia Tenggara dan memperluas ruang lingkup pengetahuan tentang dampak radikalisasi Islam di negara-negara kawasan lain juga menjadi bahan diskusi. Sementara ISIS menyusut di Timur Tengah, para peneliti berpendapat bahwa dalam beberapa tahun terakhir ISIS telah mulai berafiliasi dengan negara- negara di Asia Tenggara.

Kata kunci: ISIS, Radikalisasi, Media Sosial, Asia Tenggara, Serangan Teror, Kelompok Radikal

INTRODUCTION groups. Hundreds of Asians went to There are many radical groups Syria and joined ISIS. that they want to bring a caliphate Some of them went with system in their countries. This their family. Especially this year, ideological frame is similar to ISIS started to focus on Southeast ISIS that calls all Muslims to join Asia because a massive number the caliphate system. They started of the Muslim population joins making a campaign to reach people ISIS coming from radical groups who want to join them through throughout the countries. Recent social media to people all around magazines and videos ISIS used the world. Since the Syrian civil Asian children to show them that war began, ISIS tried to extend many Southeast Asians already in the region, mainly in Iraq and joined, gave them courage, and Syria. Many foreign fighters joined spread the ideology of ISIS in the ISIS from Europe, Balkans, and region. Last year, there were many Southeast Asia. in this article, the terror attacks in Europe and Turkey, researchers will focus on foreign even though there was not any fighters from South Asian and how attack news since it erupted in the ISIS affects Southeast Asian radical Philippines after the Manchester Mustafa Selçuk & Nikos Panagiotou 3 Impact of ISIS on Radical Groups of Southeast Asia Countries attack. Some of the radical groups critical comparison with major in the Philippines announced that events. the main goal of this research they accepted the caliphate of ISIS, is to find out the affiliation of ISIS in and they siege the city of Marawi. Southeast Asia. This issue was in the tenth magazine of ISIS (Rome 10th). They said that RESEARCH METHOD ISIS fighters extended in Southeast In 2014, when the civil war in Asia. Syria started point for radical group, Syria and Iraq accrued ISIS and METHODOLOGY leader of ISIS Baghdadi declared The researchers critically his caliphate in June 2014. Baghdadi examined how ISIS affects radical called, “Global Jihad is gone on to groups in Southeast Asia and their build a global network of affiliates campaign progress also how they and branches that now stretches tried to gain followers in Southeast from Afghanistan to West Africa, Asia. This paper analyzed ISIS from the Middle-east to Southeast magazine, statement in 2016-2018 Asia.” the most critical factor in easy regarding Southeast Asia, and spreading is social media and online analysis of critical published news publications in different languages. about ISIS in Southeast Asia between Recently, ISIS starts to focus on 2016-2018 to figure out the impact Southeast Asia. It is Southeast of ISIS in Southeast Asia. the paper Asia with a Muslim majority or reviewed the narrative strategies substantial Muslim-minority adopted by the news media. in this populations that have been the study, the researchers used frame most worried by the effect of Islamic analysis and discourse text analysis. State, because of the number of foreign fighters from the sub-region Meanwhile, the international who have gone to Syria and Iraq. news agency showed that ISIS Al Qaeda and ISIS are different. It shrinks. in reality, they are means they do not collaborate. Their spreading, especially in Southeast split has had an impact in Southeast Asia. ISIS changes its strategy and Asian radical groups, such as most starts investing in Southeast Asia. senior activists of the JI (Jamaatul the research is inventive because Islamiyah) network support Al it examined the magazine of ISIS, Qaeda’s Syrian affiliate Al-Nusra. which they publish regularly, and international news coverage in a Jemaah Islamiyah has a base in Indonesia, which links to the Islamic World and Politics 4 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 global jihad vision of Al Qaeda happened outside the Australian and commits to the establishment embassy in . in October 2005, of a pan Southeast Asian Islamic there was an attack in , after a state (Ramakrishna: 2017, 3). the couple of years, a suicide attack that statement aims to include Muslim targeted Jakarta Ritz-Carlton and the groups in Southeast Asia, especially near to Marriott hotel in July 2009 Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, to set up an Islamic State (Hashim: Singapore also some territory of 2015). Their aim was not only in Thailand and even Australia, where Indonesia, but all of Southeast Asia Muslim communities located. countries establishing the Islamic Another group is Abu Sayyaf (AS) States. Since then, radicalization in Southeast Asia bloody attacks in has increased in Southeast Asia and their regions. There is also an Islamist become a severe threat to the regions. movement, Darul Islam, established Also, there are some other by Abu Bakar Ba’asyir and Abdullah radical groups in Indonesia, Sungkar. the two believed that the which have similar ideological Jamaatul Islamiyah (JI) should thinking with ISIS in Indonesia. wage jihad against Indonesia. Some Hizb-ut Tahrir, the extremist extremist leaders supported the idea organization, founded by Syrian of ISIS, such a Ba’asyir and Aman Omar Bakri Muhammad Al- Abdurrahman. However, some of Muhajiroun in 1938. It is hard to them eschew the concept of ISIS, argue all of the members that have such as Abdul Rohim and Ridho. a radical ideology. However, there Therefore, they left JAT to establish is a potential of radicalization. Al- Jamaah Ansharusy Shariah (JAS) Muhajiroun believes that countries (Ramakrishna: 2017). Also, JAS such as Pakistan, Bangladesh, rejected the declaration of ISIS so- Afghanistan, Indonesia, and called Global caliphate and has even Malaysia should be his aim to sought to recruit Indonesian fighters establish the caliphate (IPAC for its chief rival, Al-Nusra, in Syria. Report: 2014, 13). the ideology of The Bali attack rebuilt the threat Hizb-ut Tahrir has been a spread of radical network to Southeast among young people in Southeast Asian security, edited deadly attacks Asia. Mainly, Hizb-ut Tahrir started by the extremist groups. August 2003 to make links with their supporters was the attack of the Jakarta Marriott, and online activities. One of their in September 2004. This attack followers, Fachry, established a Mustafa Selçuk & Nikos Panagiotou 5 Impact of ISIS on Radical Groups of Southeast Asia Countries magazine because online magazines Islamic caliphate. in 2006, a group and news were an easy way to find of people who promoted the idea followers. He believed that Islam’s of an Islamic state in Indonesia enemies, particularly America and sneaked to school and university western countries, controlled the students and became their mentors. mainstream global media. Thus, it Between 2006 and 2007, they held was crucial to establish a magazine mass demonstrations on campus to fight in the media. under the banner of freedom of In 2007, Al-Muhajirun expression in support of the Islamic published their first magazine titled State (TheJakartaPost: 08/08/2014). “Staying on the Road to Jihad” (IPAC It means that Indonesia is Report: 2014). in the beginning, convenient for the idea of ISIS since Fachry and his friends in FAKSI many people support the concept were neutral (tawaquf) toward the of an Islamic state. However, the campaign of ISIS. establishment of Islamic states Nevertheless, on October 1, discussed in the past, with many 2013, Omar Bakri proclaimed that Islamic thinkers is hard. There is a they supported ISIS. He said that gap in the idea of an Islamic state. ISIS was the most active group Who would be the leader? How among other Jihadi groups. He should someone be chosen as believed that Baghdadi descended caliph? To dispose of those gaps, the from the Quraishi, the tribe of the ISIS leader of Baghdadi claimed that Prophet. He thought that Baghdadi God wanted him for Muslims all had in-depth religious knowledge, over the world. He used a spiritual knew for his piety, and was a proven way to convince to Muslim join his faithful commander (IPAC Report: idea. ISIS leader of Baghdadi made 2014). After the declaration of Al- his campaign mostly social media, Baghdadi, many radical groups which is a useful tool current time accepted and approved his idea for spreading ideas and information. regarding global jihad. FAKSI (Forum Aktivis Syariat Also, the idea of the Islamic Islam) is a radical youth actively State is not a new phenomenon in publishing via online websites and Indonesia, especially Malang city, supporting ISIS. Salim Mubarok is East , where the ISIS movement one of the FAKSI members from in Malang had campaigned for Malang, . He went to Syria the setting up of a well-prepared with his wife and children. When Islamic World and Politics 6 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 he arrived in Syria, he changed his was the first ISIS-inspired attack in name to Abu Jandal Al-Yemeni Southeast Asia (Sidney: 2016). JAD (IPAC Report: 2014). He fluently also perpetrated Kampung Melayu spoke Arabic and quickly improved Bombings in May 2017 (Arianti: an extensive network within ISIS 2018). All the knives perpetrators and helped facilitate arrangements attacks in Indonesia outside Poso for other Indonesians who wanted consulted ISIS online propaganda to join ISIS, including five of material because most of the people his former students in Malang. in Indonesia are active social When the researcher was teaching media users. Radical literature in in Universitas Muhammadiyah Indonesia, most of them translated Malang and explaining about ISIS, from English and Arabic, has some of his students gave their been encouraging militants to use testimony. They said that there were stabbing (including beheading) some cells of ISIS in which students against their adversaries (ICPVTR). and local people in Malang (Batu) ISIS’ mainstream media Al- did propaganda. Batu is one of the Hayat Media Center released a video best places in Malang, where there entitled “Join the Ranks,” describing are many resorts and villas for a group of Indonesian foreign internal tourists to come. It means fighters in Syria. in the video, most that ISIS members were trying to militants were young people from gain wealthier followers. East part Southeast Asia. of Java Island is an available spot for ISIS because Java is a region where people are quite open to beliefs. Therefore, ISIS tried to connect with local extremist groups and gain more members in Indonesia. Another extremist group is JAD (Jamaah Ansharud Daulah) based in Figure.1 Indonesia, and since 2015, JAD has linked with ISIS. Jamaah Ansharud Al-Hayat media center photo taken Daulah (JAD), as two other terrorist as a screenshot from the video of incidents published by ISIS, was ISIS published on their website in officially responsible for the Jakarta 2016 Thamrin attack in January 2016. It Mustafa Selçuk & Nikos Panagiotou 7 Impact of ISIS on Radical Groups of Southeast Asia Countries

In the video published (Sputnik singer. the world’s attention focused News: 20/05/2016), there were on the British city of Manchester, several teenagers and children and suddenly radical groups erupted from Indonesia, Malaysia, and the in the Philippines. So it came as a Philippines who went to Syria. They surprise when, several thousand burned their passport and gave a miles from Manchester, the ISIS in message, “We renounce your so- Southeast Asia erupted the city of called citizenship. We join soldiers Marawi violently in the southern that you will never be able to defeat. Philippines, Mindanao Island. It is Allah’s promise.” They tried to Many Muslim armed groups in the encourage people who are radical to country’s south, including some join them. commanders of the violent Abu Besides, Rome (Rumiyah) is Sayyaf, have pledged loyalty to ISIS one of the online journals of ISIS. (The Guardian: 28.08.2016). They started publishing in 2016. When the siege of Marawi Publication languages are in Arabic, by ISIS from the Maute and Abu English, Turkish, and French Sayyaf groups was almost two- and recently begin to issue their month, the unsettling events in the declarations in Urdu, Bahasa Malay, southern Philippines served as a and Bahasa Indonesia. They are grim reminder of a militancy and giving general information regarding terrorism problem threatening the Jihad action in different countries, security and stability of much of how they do the operation, and give Southeast Asia (Forbes: 29.06.2017). courage to their followers. the tenth Abu Sayyaf is one of the extremist issue of Rumiyah focuses on East groups in the southern Philippines. Asia with the title of the magazine, Abu Sayyaf is notorious for Jihad in East Asia. in recent years, kidnapping for ransom and attacks ISIS attacked the western countries, on civilians and the army. Several of especially in Central Europe and its factions declared their allegiance Turkey. to the ISIS in 2014. ISIS attacked Manchester Arena after a concert by an American Islamic World and Politics 8 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020

Figure.2 Institute for Policy Analysis of conflict; Philippine institute for political violence and terrorism research

The Sulu Sea is the intersection of Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. For extremists, it is accessible to reach the city of Tarakan (Indonesia) or Malaysia. Indonesia suspects that some of the extremists involved in the siege of Marawi may have slipped away during the battle with military Figure.3 sources of the Philippine. in recent An ISIS fighter erects the flag of years many ships passing through the so-called Islamic State atop a the Sulu Sea, including several school near a mosque in Marawi, Indonesian ships, have been southern Philippines, on May 24, hijacked by the Abu Sayyaf militant 2017. Source CNN (http://edition. group, based Southern Philippines, cnn.com/2017/05/28/asia/isis- group demand money in return for threat-southeast-asia/index.html) the safety of the detained crews. Mustafa Selçuk & Nikos Panagiotou 9 Impact of ISIS on Radical Groups of Southeast Asia Countries

Figure 4 The Sulu Sea between Malaysia, Indonesia, and Marawi (Philippines)

Indonesia, Philippines, and that 38 Indonesians involved in the Malaysia deployed a warship to Marawi conflict. Four of them died, reconnaissance patrol the waters and the Philippines government plagued by this threat, signaling deported 12 others, and the other 22 the start of unheard-of joint patrols are still in Marawi (TheJakartaPost: by the countries that share borders 20.06.2017). in the region. There is a sense of Malaysian government urgency in the joint patrols following estimates that there are 50.000 the alarming collapse of security in ISIS sympathizers in Malaysia, the southern Philippines after ISIS- a vast number compared to a linked fighters, including some from country population. It is difficult Indonesia and Malaysia, overran to find out how many there are ISIS the city of Marawi. Malaysian sympathizers in Indonesia because Defence Minister Dato said, “I there are more than 17.000 islands. expected other Southeast Asian Still, at least there are some research countries to participate in more radicalism maps, especially islands joint patrols in the future to ensure where the most population exists. security and safe travel throughout Regarding research of Syarif the region.” Extremist groups are Hidayatullah State Islamic University connected, and terrorism has Jakarta (UIN), the following Table.5, become transitional. the national Kalimantan is intolerant, and police of the Philippines reported there is a tendency to radicalism. Islamic World and Politics 10 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020

Therefore, ISIS members tried to such as Telegram, WhatsApp, etc. link from Marawi to Sulu after facilitate them to communicate reaching Kalimantan (Tarakan). local extremist groups or gain more Social media and applications supporters for their goal.

figure.5 PPIM Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta

ISIS published made massive Marawi siege worries about the propaganda via social media in growing impact of ISIS in Southeast Bahasa Indonesia, also Bahasa Asia. Telegram is a popular Malay, which are similar to each messaging platform for Islamic State other. Anyone who speaks Malay sympathizers. They use chatrooms will understand Bahasa, and so with hundreds of members, besides will people who speak Bahasa holding private conversations. (more than 90 percent of Muslims Indonesian authorities have blocked in Southeast Asia) (Nawab: access to some Telegram channels, 14.09.2017). Nowadays, the internet saying it has several “full of radical or social media propaganda remains and terrorist propaganda” forums. the most important means of the authority has blocked 11 of recruitment. Telegram’s Domain Name Systems Indonesia has the most Muslim (DNS) for its web-based service population in the world, after on July 14, 2017, and they would Mustafa Selçuk & Nikos Panagiotou 11 Impact of ISIS on Radical Groups of Southeast Asia Countries be reopened these soon, as said in different regions of Indonesia. by Communications Minister the organizations’ followers are Rudiantara in a statement (Reuters: approximately 30 million, which 01.09.2017). Pavel Durov, the means it is a reputable organization founder of Telegram, noted that in Indonesia. Nahdlatul Ulama “We have discussed ways to block (NU) followers are about 40 million publicly available propaganda of and the most prominent religious terrorism on Telegram, which is organization in Indonesia. Both something we have committed religious movements endeavor at to do globally, and particularly in countering the ISIS narrative in Indonesia,” a joint news conference Indonesia; nevertheless, as seen with the minister (Reuters: above in Table 5, a massive number 01.09.2017). Durov added that it of population intolerant and most could take about 24 to 36 hours for intolerant. the app to shut down public channels On May 13, 2018, a couple of with terrorism content. Still, a direct days before Ramadhan, a series communication line to Indonesian of terrorist attacks occurred in authorities would allow it to “shut Surabaya, the second biggest city them down more efficiently within in Indonesia. There was a big terror several hours.” Also, there has been attack made by family members considerable pushback against the below. ideology of ISIS. Indonesia is home to two of the most significant Muslim mass movements in the world – first is Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), and the second is Muhammadiyah (Liow: 2016). Those movements are much more moderates than other Figure 6 actions. Both organizations are active and well-known by society. Dita with his family suicide Therefore, their declaration has an bombers including children essential impact on the community. (Photo: East Java Police HQ) Muhammadiyah organization Evan Hudojo, 11, and Ethan has many schools, universities, Hudojo, 8, went to the entrance of hospitals, and such institutions the Santa Maria Catholic Church Islamic World and Politics 12 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 located in East Java in Surabaya. branch of Jamaah Ansharut Daulah At that moment, the two brothers, (JAD) linked with ISIS since 2015. Firman Halim, 16, and Yusof Fadhil, There was no proof that Dita went 18, waited at the cross of the church to Syria and returned to Indonesia. on a motorcycle and detonated Tito Karnavian believed that they explosives that they were carrying. had learned how to make bombs At the entrance of the Santa via the Internet and social media. Maria Catholic church in Surabaya Surabaya attack was the third attack on Sunday at 7.30 am local time, of JAD since they linked with ISIS the attack killed all four boys every year. After a couple of days, and four other church members another attack occurred in (Channelnewsasia: 27.05.2018). Utara. Four sword-wielding men Then, their father drove a bomb- were shot dead, and one police laden car to the Surabaya Centre officer also died. the investigators Pentecostal Church at 7.35 am local believed that the families in the time and detonated explosives. After attacks on Sunday and Monday were that, his wife, Puji Kuswati, 42, and all part of the same cell of Jamaah her two daughters, Fadhila Sari, 12, Ansharut Daulah. This Indonesian and Famela Rizqita, nine, brought terrorist group had declared loyalty a bomb attack on Diponegoro to the Islamic State (New York Indonesian Christian Church Times: 16.05.2018). Islamic State (Channel News Asia: 27.05.2018).. claimed responsibility for those As a result of this attack, 12 attacks in Indonesia and published a people died, including the suicide statement via social media (Amaq). bombers. the Father of that family CONCLUSION convinced family members of the suicide bombings. He said that all Social media has a significant of them would gather in heaven role in societies; even radical after this suicide. Former Jemaah groups used social media actively Islamiyah (JI) bomb-maker Ali Fauzi for spreading their magazine and Manzi, said to Channel NewsAsia. reached ISIS in 2014. Abu Sayyaf “That is their belief, and that is is one of the extremist groups their ideology (Channelnewsasia: in the Philippines notorious for 27.05.2018). kidnapping for ransom and attacks on civilians and the army. in 2014, According to Indonesian police they accepted the “Global Jihad” of chief Tito Karnavian, Dita was the Mustafa Selçuk & Nikos Panagiotou 13 Impact of ISIS on Radical Groups of Southeast Asia Countries

ISIS, and some of its factions have unavoidable in Indonesia. Regional declared their allegiance to ISIS. governments should remain alert in Indonesia, there was a massive to ISIS or related extremist group’s attack in Bali in 2002 by JAD developments, especially in terms of (Jamaah Ansharud Daulah). After monitoring both returnees as well as this attack, there was no such attack communications between militants until JAD accepted the declaration of in Syria and their counterparts and ISIS in 2014. the periodical terrorist members back homeland. Most of attack appeared in Indonesia after the attacks in Indonesia came from JAD received a claim of ISIS. Also, local extremist group members Marawi siege in the Philippines, and inspired by ISIS. These cases indicate regarding Malaysian authority, there how ISIS re-activated local extreme were 50.000 people feeling sympathy group members. for ISIS. All cases indicated that ISIS re-activated extremist groups BIBLIOGRAPHY in Southeast Asia. the 10th issue of Ahmed S. Hashim, the impact of Rumiyah, which is ISIS magazine the Islamic State in Asia, Policy regularly published, focused on Report 2015. Southeast Asia and mentioned Arianti V. Analyzing Use of Sharp about Jihadist from Southeast Asia Weapons in Terrorist Attacks in (Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Indonesia, A JOURNAL etc.) to give courage to followers join OF the INTERNATIONAL them and gain more sympathizer. CENTRE FOR POLITICAL Internet and social media one of VIOLENCE and TERRORISM the significant are tools of ISIS to RESEARCH (ICPVTR) ISSN 2382- gain more followers and connect 6444, Volume 10, Issue 4 April with local extremist groups. They 2018. used “Twitter” for spreading their magazine and declarations, Mohamed Osman, ISIS and Islamic “Youtube” for giving to courage Radicalization in Southeast their followers and “Telegram” for Asia, An Interview. communicating with their followers Hedges Paul, Radicalization: or members. Examining a Concept, Counter Despite the measures taken Terrorist Trends and Analyses after the siege of Marawi in the its Use and Abuse ISSN 2382- Philippines, terrorist attacks are Islamic World and Politics 14 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020

6444 | Volume 9, Issue 10 | https://www.theguardian.com/ October 2017 world/2016/aug/28/philip- Ramakrishna, Kumar, “The Growth pines-isis-linked-extremists- of ISIS Extremism in Southeast freeeight-militants-in-attack- Asia: Its Ideological and on-jail https://www.forbes.com/ Cognitive Features and Possible sites/insideasia/2017/06/29/ Policy Responses,” New southern-philippines-will- England Journal of Public need-morethan-troops- Policy, Vol.29, issue 1, March 3 to-fight-its-radical-islam- 2017. problems/#7d03c1fc6852 Sidney Jones, “Battling ISIS in https://www.reuters.com/article/ Indonesia,” New York Times, us-indonesia-security-apps/ January 18, 2016. indonesia-to-lift-ban-on- telegrammessage-service-over- the Evolution of ISIS in Indonesia, security-idUSKBN1AH40K September 24, 2014, IPAC Report No.13 https: //www.channelnewsasia.com /news/asia/surabaya-bomber- TheJakartaPost, vol.35, no 045, dita-oepriarto-the-father- Tuesday, June,20,2017. ofdeath-10258580#cxrecs_s Joseph Chinyong Liow, https://www.channelnewsasia. CONGRESSIONAL com/news/asia/surabaya- TESTIMONY, ISIS in the attack-teen-suicide- Pacific: Assessing terrorism in bomber-seencrying- Southeast Asia and the threat to inconsolably-10244778 the homeland, April 27, 2016. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/ Jolo and Maguindanao: New IS news/asia/surabaya-bomber- Epicentres in Philippines? RSIS dita-oepriarto-the-father- No. 065 – April 5, 2018. ofdeath-10258580#cxrecs_s http://www.thejakartapost.com/ https://www.nytimes. news/2014/08/08/ your-letters- com/2018/05/16/world/asia/ isis-movement-malang.html indonesia-swords-terrorism- https://tr.sputniknews.com/ sumatra.html ortadogu/2016052010228 63093-isid-asyali-cocuk-asker- egitim/ Iran Defensive Attitudes Towards United States’ Offensive Politics: Analysis of Iran’s Nuclear Development Programs

Ahmad Zainal Mustofa Postgraduate of UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta Email: [email protected]

Abstrak Artikel ini menjelaskan tentang sikap yang ditunjukkan Iran terhadap serangan, tekanan, maupun kecaman Amerika Serikat khususnya dalam program perkembangan nuklir mereka. Melalui teori ofensif-defensif dari Stephen van Evera, artikel ini menjelaskan empat determinan yang menjadikan Iran akhirnya menerapkan sikap defensif terhadap sikap ofensif dari Amerika Serikat. Empat determinan tersebut meliputi perkembangan teknologi militer, kondisi geografis, konstelasi sosial politik, dan tatanan diplomasi. Selanjutnya artikel ini memaparkan empat determinan tersebut dan mengaitkannya dengan program pengembangan nuklir Iran dan juga respon dari Amerika Serikat. Dengan demikian, terlihat bahwa Iran menunjukkan sikap defensif terhadap sikap ofensif Amerika Serikat.

Kata kunci: Ofensif, Defensif, Pengembangan nuklir Iran, Amerika Serikat, Sosial politik.

Abstract: This article explains the attitude that Iran shows towards the attacks, pressures, and condemnation of the United States, especially in its nuclear development program. Through Stephen van Evera’s offensive-defensive theory, this article explains four determinants that led Iran to finally adopt a defensive attitude towards all offensive from the United States. the four determinants include the development of military technology, geographical conditions, socio-political constellation, and the order of diplomacy. Furthermore, this article describes the four determinants and relates them to Iran’s nuclear development program

Islamic World and Politics Vol. 4. No.1 June 2020 ISSN: 2614-0535, E-ISSN: 2655-1330 Islamic World and Politics 16 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 and the response of the United States. Thus, it appears that Iran is showing a defensive towards the United States offensive.

Keywords: Offensive, Defensive, Iran’s nuclear development, United States, Social politics.

INTRODUCTION marked when representatives Iran’s nuclear program is of non-aligned countries currently a hot issue discussed announced support for Iran over internationally. the development the development of the nuclear of this technology is reaping the program at a meeting of members problems of the United States and of the International Atomic Energy other Western countries, which Agency (IAEA) (Gogary, 2013, p. incidentally already has thousands 143). of nuclear weapons. According to However, not all countries, data obtained from the Stockholm especially Western countries, International Peace Research welcome the development of Iran’s Institute (SIPRI), there are at least nuclear technology. the United eight countries that have around States is the most violent country 4,400 operational nuclear weapons. in opposing Iran’s nuclear program. These countries are the United Most recently, when Iran conducted States, Russia, Britain, France, missile weapons testing for national China, India, Pakistan, and Israel defense, the US accused it as a (Herianto, 2013, p. 168). program violating UN resolution Iran’s efforts in developing (Kompas, 2018). nuclear weapons technology The United States always tries have not been in vain. They get a to stop Iran’s domination in the lot of support from non-aligned Middle East region, because they countries. Iran is indeed active are doing propaganda to prevent in building relations by doing other developing countries from diplomatic missions and is also maintaining its existence as a Super intensely approaching its non- Power country. in early 2002, US aligned countries on an ongoing then-President George Herbert basis. Fortunately, Iran’s efforts get a Walker Bush said in a congress the quick response from these countries, «axis of evil,» which included North Ahmad Zainal Mustofa 17 Iran Defensive Attitudes Towards United States’ Offensive Politics

Korea, Iran, and Iraq (Brinkley, attitude actualized in concrete steps, 2004, p. 945). Although Bush’s especially regarding Iran’s nuclear speech was devoted to Iraq under program to deal with pressure from Saddam Hussein’s leadership, the the United States. the author filtered US still regarded Iran as a to-watch- all sources to produce accurate data out-for enemy. accommodating forms of tension Furthermore, the author that occurred substantially and focuses on the attitude shown by permanently. Iran through its nuclear program The theory used was Stephen developed towards American Van Evera’s offensive-defensive pressure and attacks from various theory. This theory adopts the angles and sides, since various concept of a security dilemma efforts have also been made by the owned by Robert Jervis. the United States to prevent Iran from security dilemma itself can be a developing its weapons further. the form of action and reaction that author tries to untangle the tension occurs in countries. Actions taken between the United States and Iran by one country in increasing its in its nuclear development program security will have an impact on the using offensive-defensive theory. protection of another country as an effort to weaken the safety of these RESEARCH METHOD countries (Alghifari & Letticia, The research method used is 2016, p. 20). the basic pattern of a descriptive-analytical method, offensive-defensive theory balance which is a method of collecting is that when offense dominates, data by gathering relevant data what happens is an increase in the to the discussion first, then security dilemma, then followed by analyzing them. the data collection arms competition. Eventually, war technique used in this study was will likely occur. However, people the documentation technique. can avoid it through defense more Documentation technique is a dominant than offense (Glaser & technique of collecting data sourced Kauffman, 1998, p. 45). from documents, such as books, Based on this explanation, the journals, newspapers, magazines, author will describe Iran’s behavior and research reports as research based on four determinants data (Moehnilabib, 1997, p. 89). the contained in the offensive-defensive author will describe Iran’s defensive theory in which Iran’s position is as Islamic World and Politics 18 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 a defender, as follows (Evera, 1998, was the momentum of p. 16-22): Ayatollah Khomeini to use his a) Military Technology and influence in changing foreign Doctrine policy, especially with the For the aggressor country or US. Khomeini has laid Iran’s the defender country, military political foundation that is technology can undoubtedly not in line with the US, then benefit them. the change followed by his successors. It accompanied by an increase is the starting point for the in military capability will be emergence of attacks and from data on Iranian spending unrelenting pressure from the and spending. the author will, US. of course, see the difference in d) Diplomatic Arrangement the perception of the United Iran conducts diplomacy with States government as a factor US non-affiliated alliance that makes Iran strengthen its countries as back-ups in military. strengthening the country’s b) Geography resilience, also supported by Geographically, Iran is adjacent the strengthening of Iranian to the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of military forces as an essential Oman, and the Caspian Gulf. element to face national threats Being in a strategic position for that could occur at any time. trade routes certainly makes DISCUSSION America want to control the region to secure its national Technology and Military interests. Besides, Iran’s Development geographical location holds In 1960, Iran, then led by substantial resources. These president Shah Reza Pahlavi, resources come from oil and developed its nuclear power. At gas reserves, whose production that time, Iran received a lot of costs are lower than other oil- help from Western countries such producing countries (Printina, as America, Germany, and France. 2019, p. 50). Iran’s nuclear installation was c) Political and Social Order initially only for research purposes The 1979 Iranian Revolution with 5 megawatts of power, which Ahmad Zainal Mustofa 19 Iran Defensive Attitudes Towards United States’ Offensive Politics then began operating in 1967, in the Middle East to deteriorate, then added cooperation between especially in the Gulf region. Iran and France and Germany for Unfortunately, relations between the construction of power plants. Iran and America also reheated However, on its way, when the when Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was end of Reza Pahlavi’s rule, Iran’s elected president of Iran. America cooperation with these Western began to shake Ahmadinejad with countries ended. Iran continues its various issues, including nuclear nuclear development program after issues. the controversy over Iran’s the revolution without the will of nuclear program by the US becomes the West. This issue is what triggers a revisionist force in the Middle East Iran in the Western view as a power regional system. It is this factor that that can endanger them, no longer makes America see Iran as a serious as partners (Sahide, 2017, p. 154). threat to US interests in the Middle In 1979, Iran underwent a East. According to America, Iran revolution, and relations between is slowly but surely becoming the the two countries became broken. leading country in the Middle East Muslim politics also became region Sahide, 2013, p. 100-102). very influential towards the end The government, the Iranian of the 20th century, both on the military, and also its population perception of Islam and Muslim widely support Iran’s nuclear and Western relations. This issue program. At the same time, obtaining continues to haunt the US causing nuclear weapons capability is rarely distrust and shock due to the fall explicitly supported by Iranian of the Pahlavi’s regime. the White officials or others. Nuclear weapons House worries about the emergence are regularly as counterproductive of radical Islamic fundamentalism and anti-Islamic. All of Iran’s nuclear or Khomeinism, which will infrastructure - underground spread to other countries after this enrichment facilities in Natanz, revolution (Esposito, 2010, p. 99). uranium conversion plants in Ayatollah Khomeini, as the leader Esfahan, Bushehr nuclear power of the Iranian revolution, even plant, heavy water plutonium gave the nickname to America as production plant in Arak, and the Great Satan. It is what makes enrichment facilities in Qom, America always blame Iran as a located inside a mountain base country that causes conditions operated by Revolutionary Guards Islamic World and Politics 20 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020

- shows the Iranian leadership. It Nuclear Program Agreement is pursuing nuclear capabilities Today, the development that can lead to the production of of science and technology is operational nuclear weapons. progressing so rapidly, not least After the end of the Iran-Iraq in terms of the use of nuclear War, the nuclear program had a power. the development of nuclear revitalization. There was significant technology is indeed inseparable progress during the presidency of from the conditions and political Khatami (1997-2005), which in situation during the world war. turn was a relatively moderate and It causes developed nuclear pragmatism period in Iran’s foreign technology to make weapons for policy. Khatami sought a policy war in the form of nuclear bombs. of engagement with the IAEA From this fact, the term nuclear and the European Union (EU) to is often associated with weapons reach a compromise on the nuclear (Akhadi, 1997, p. 10). Nuclear program. Iran even suspended weapons are the primary concern uranium enrichment in 2003 as of countries in the international a sign of commitment. Khatami’s community, both for the owner policy does not lead to a complete and non-possessor of nuclear halt to the nuclear program, but it weapons. Nuclear tests conducted did open up opportunities for Iran by countries outside P5 pose a threat and the international community not only to P5 countries themselves to resolve the nuclear standoff. It but to the international community also facilitated Khatami’s efforts in general. Nuclear is a problem that to reduce Iran’s isolation and disrupts global security and causes improve relations with critical the future of world peace on the regional countries, such as Saudi verge of collapse (Yustiningrum, Arabia, and with European powers, 2016, p. 24). the figure of Nuclear such as France and Germany. As Ownership Countries, 2018 a result, Iran was able to attract more significant foreign trade and investment (Davis et al., 2011). Ahmad Zainal Mustofa 21 Iran Defensive Attitudes Towards United States’ Offensive Politics

In 2015, there was a world 2. Iran has decided to reduce nuclear agreement that was its current stockpile of mutually agreed upon by Britain, around 10,000 kg of low- France, Germany, China, Russia, enriched uranium (LEU) and the US. the critical parameter to 300 kilograms from 3.67 of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of percent LEU for 15 years. Act (JCPOA) is a discussion of the All centrifugal infrastructure Islamic Republic of Iran. the nuclear and over-enrichment will be program agreement took place in placed in IAEA-monitored Lausanne, Switzerland. the main storage and will only be used points of the debate on the deal, are as a replacement for outward (jps.ucpress.edu, 2015): operations and equipment. 1. Iran has agreed to reduce about 3. Iran has agreed not to build new two-thirds of the installed facilities to enrich uranium for centrifuges. Iran will change 15 years. from having around 19,000 4. Iran’s flight timeline - the time installed today to 6,104 installed needed for Iran to get enough according to the agreement, fissile material for one weapon with only 5,060 uranium - is currently valued at 2 to 3 looking rich for ten years. All6, months. That time frame will 104 centrifuges are IR-1, Iran’s be extended at least one year, first-generation centrifuges. for at least ten years, under this Iran has agreed not to enrich framework. uranium by more than 3.67 After reaching an agreement percent for at least 15 years. from the negotiations, on July Islamic World and Politics 22 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020

14, 2015, US President Barack Petroleum, to get involved in Iran’s Obama held a press conference at oil and gas exploration projects. the White House. He explained the latest technology owned by the that the negotiations aimed to West can produce Iranian oil by spread the distribution of nuclear 3.3 million barrels per day. US and weapons in the Middle East so European entrepreneurs choose a that the international community realistic strategy from this causality. could ensure that Iran would obey They will get oil and gas resources, and respect this agreement by not while Iran will be able to expand developing nuclear weapons. the its market reach to an international argument presented by Obama level (Rofii, 2015, p. 33). regarding the nuclear deal with Iran Doctrine and Geographic is that America is free from potential Conditions direct threats to the national security of its country, which can Iran has the doctrine of military come from countries that possess defense as the world countries in nuclear weapons. Iran is one of the general. Nevertheless, Iran is unique states noted by America, especially in the aspect of military security. in Bush’s era as a country to watch the uniqueness lies in Iran’s defense out for and anticipate (Rofii, 2015, strategy that relies on strengthening p. 32). to defend from enemy attacks. It is the main philosophy and doctrine With Iran’s oil production of Iran’s military defense system. the reaching 2 million barrels per day, doctrine of this defensive teaching the US hopes to partner with them comes from the teachings of Islam, again to meet the needs of large-scale in which the history of Islam itself energy supply. This step will benefit shows how the Prophet Muhammad the US so that it can compensate never started a war. for Russia, which dominates Iran. Besides, Western countries’ All types of warfare carried out embargoes have narrowed Iran’s by the Prophet Muhammad are in market reach in the past decade. the the context of resistance and self- US and the UK are the countries that defense against enemies who attack will benefit from the situation. the and want to wipe out Muslims along two countries that have economic with Islam. Islam does not allow its motives will use the oil sector, people to be aggressive, but Muslims such as Shell, Chevron, and British must be firm, and always ready to Ahmad Zainal Mustofa 23 Iran Defensive Attitudes Towards United States’ Offensive Politics face all possible invasions from with Middle Eastern countries. the outside. This formidable defense purpose is to remove the influence will, in turn, avoid or reduce the of the Soviet Union from the Arab enemy’s bad intentions to attack. world. the US wants to invest three the phrase that had been conveyed things to strengthen its impact, by Ayatullah Khomeini to the namely: First, exploiting natural Iranian military commanders resources to gain as much wealth as made the nationalism spirit of the possible. Second, the US wants to combat troops burn. They are to change the ideology in the Middle maintain the defense and security East that is synonymous with using of the country from various enemy the Islamic system by turning it into threats. However, they also will not an ideology of liberal democracy. be rash and without calculation in Third, the US’s desire to dominate deciding something. They believe the power in the Middle East to that a defensive strategy is the best achieve glory (Sahide, 2019, p. 154). way to make enemies think twice if The Iranian Revolution has they want to attack them. changed the political constellation Before the Iranian Revolution, and US national interests in the the US considered Iran as an essential Middle East. the US and Israel are the economic partner by looking countries affected by the revolution at the results of its location and and have suffered many losses. the geographical conditions. Iran, as a US has lost its guaranteed security of ‘silk route’ and an abundant producer the oil routes they desperately need, of gas and petroleum, makes the while losing partners to its modern US not miss the opportunity to weapons industry (Sahide, 2013, p. establish cooperation. Both of 94). Ayatollah Khomeini created an them established trade relations in ideological idea in which Islam was the military and petroleum fields. by combining Iranian nationalism, the US is a significant supplier of which originated in religion and weapons to Iran to meet the needs belief in the transnational character of combat weapons. Also, about and the global mission of Muslims 20% of all oil obtained by the US through propaganda, role models, comes from the Middle East plains. and weapons revolutions to spread But behind it all, there is a secret Islam. This idea is exporting Islam mission brought by the US and one Revolutionary (Esposito, 1996, of its interests behind cooperation p. 127). the influence of Iran’s Islamic World and Politics 24 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 dependence on the US is slowly one of the best in the world. disappearing. Iran can stand 4. The Hezbollah Resistance without US assistance. in addition to Movement is likely to assist voicing as an anti-imperialist state, Iran’s resistance to the US. Iran is also very concerned about its 5. Iran has impressive capabilities defense and security aspects, which in the development of are essential aspects of defending cyberspace. the country. 6. The US military deserves a rest Social and Political Constellations after nearly a decade of the Iran is a country with a continuing war. systematic strategy in determining 7. The US attack on Iran will bring policy so that Iran is not afraid of the United States into a bigger US criticism. Even the US efforts war. to immerse Iran so far have not The seven reasons reinforce produced maximum results yet. the that the United States cannot attack US worries if Iran will dominate the Iran directly. Hence, the US uses Middle East region because this will the nuclear issue and, even more make the US lose its influence in the recently, is an Iranian missile test area. There are at least seven reasons as a propaganda tool to undermine why America did not attack Iran, Iran’s image in the international namely (dunia.tempo.co, 2019): world. the United States is well 1. Iran has qualified military skills aware that if it conducts a direct to deal with the United States attack on Iran, then the US will get in recent decades. Iran also a lot of damage. has experience in learning US During this time, Western tactics and strategy through countries have turned a blind eye to observation during the decade Israeli nuclear bombs that threaten of the Iraq war. security and peace in the Middle 2. The Iranian Army and the East. But on the contrary, they Iranian Revolutionary Guard always suppress and prevent Iran Corps will not put their from possessing nuclear and nuclear weapons on the initial attack. tech­nology, even though it is one of Iran will not just give up on the the most simple and legal rights of initial US attack. the Iranian people. Iran’s closeness 3. Iran’s Intelligence Ministry is to Venezuela, Cuba, North Korea, Ahmad Zainal Mustofa 25 Iran Defensive Attitudes Towards United States’ Offensive Politics

China, and Russia has raised fears been Israel alone or with America for America. They worry that the attacking Iran. However, because international front against American Iran’s air and sea defenses are imperialism and hegemony will substantial, including successfully form after the ineffectiveness of the dropping a US spy plane, the RQ- non-aligned movement. the fear 170 Sentinel at the end of 2011, the of the United States is increasing, facts made Israel think long before especially with the increasing attacking Iran. Thus, Iran’s military relations and cooperation between defensive doctrine is essentially Iran-China-Venezuela, especially in deterrence or deterrence (Gogary, the oil sector (Gogary, 2013, p. 143- 2013, p. 178). 144). Iran’s military budget statistics Western countries only focus provide an accurate picture of the on finding loopholes to weaken adoption of its defensive doctrine, Iran in terms of military power and even though the Iranian economy is weapons. Iran must accept criticism ranked 17th largest in the world and after condemnation carried out by facing threats of attack from the US. America and its allies. But Iran Psychologically, the shadow of the US proves that they are a country that threat could disrupt Iran’s calm due to is not weak and timid. Iran remains the psywar. However, Iran still has the unmoved by US efforts to stop its confidence to uphold the principle of existence in developing weapons. defensive defense. Even though Iran Implicitly, Khomeini’s currently has a low budget, the region statement encouraging the military highly respects the Iranian military. to strengthen weapons was an effort the following is a list of Military to prevent war. If Iran had a weak Expenditures from the top 5 countries military defense, it might have long (Herianto, 2013, p. 179):

Countries Military Expenditures Budget 2010 ($) % in 2009 1. USA $698,105,000,000 4,7% 2. China $114,000,000,000 2,2% 3. France $61,285,000,000 2,5% 4. UK $57,424,000,000 2,7% 5. Russia $52,586,000,000 4,3% 6. Iran (number 25) $9,174,000,000 1,8% Islamic World and Politics 26 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020

Iran is a budget-saving country and technology, and foreign policy for military spending, proved by (Herianto, 2013, p. 179-181). Iran’s success by ranking 25th in In contrast to Iran, the US the world, even in the 6th largest allocates more funds for defense. in the Middle East. Still, Iran is an With the number of defense independent country. They use equipment of the two countries domestic scientists and engineers today, the United States military to produce weapons tailored to strength is far more reliable than their defensive needs. This Iranian Iran. the following are data on the effort can save high costs. Iran military power of the United States prefers soft power in strengthening and Iran in 2019 (globalfirepower. its country, namely culture, science com, 2019):

Military Forces USA Iran 1. Budget $716,000,000,000 $6.300.000.000 2. Active Personnel 1,281,900 people 532,000 people 3. Land Defense 6,287 weapons 1,634 weapons 4. Marine Defense 415 weapons 398 weapons 5. Air Defense 13,398 weapons 509 weapons

The two tables above prove that, Trump criticized the deal because even though Iran has a minimal there were no points of restriction military budget and less military on the development of Iranian power compared to the United defense equipment, according to States, it has other ways to manage him. Trump said that he would both, starting from a defensive not let Iran continue to develop strategy, using scientists and nuclear because it could threaten engineers to prioritize soft power. US national defense. Nuclear It is what the United States scares agreement that is valid until 2030 from Iran. is to make Iran free to continue its In May 2018, US President nuclear development program, so Donald Trump withdrew from the that it will create a contestation of international nuclear agreement nuclear weapons ownership in the and reinstated sanctions on Iran. Ahmad Zainal Mustofa 27 Iran Defensive Attitudes Towards United States’ Offensive Politics

Middle East (international.kompas. establishing diplomatic relations com, 2019). with outside countries such as Furthermore, the US officially Russia and North Korea providing left the Iranian nuclear agreement an injection of strength both on May 8, 2018, and again imposed morally and materially so that Iran economic sanctions on him. the can stand firm under US pressure. United States has still harassed of course, the countries that Iran Iran by entering a new phase. the embraced to form diplomacy are US is very objected to the ballistic US non-affiliated countries. This missile test activities carried out by strategy also makes the US pressure Iran. However, Iran reiterated that the intensity against Iran. its missile program was only for In the Obama era, the US defense testing. Not only that, but conducted foreign policy towards the US also tried to influence other Iran by imposing economic countries to simultaneously criticize sanctions and damaging the stability Iran, seen by the US’s insistence on of the Iranian economy by reducing the United Nations Security Council imports of oil and its petroleum (UNSC) to denounce Iran. on the products. the action aimed to isolate other hand, the US also does not vital objects such as the Central hesitate to impose sanctions on Iran, Bank of Iran, which has an essential even for the most stringent ones. role in regulating Iran’s trade flows. Obama also wanted Tehran to stop Iran Diplomatic and United States nuclear development activities. Pressure Even Obama directly threatened US concern about Iran is a foreign investors who were still in situation that can undoubtedly the oil business with Iran. the threat disturb the sound sleep of the was in the form of decisive action White House. Ahmadinejad’s strict against financial institutions in their statement that Iran will remain countries (dw.com, 2012). consistent with the principles The pressure on Iran does not of the 1979 Islamic Revolution end there. Efforts to intervene in further aggravated the condition. Iran in the Trump era are much Also not spared, Iran responds to stricter. Trump gave a warning to all forms of political maneuvering any countries cooperating with Iran. carried out by Western countries. They will not be allowed to establish So far, Iran has also been active in cooperation with the US. Trump Islamic World and Politics 28 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 issued this statement after the US domestic instability that can lead left the Iranian nuclear agreement to conflict and division. This kind and re-imposed sanctions on Iran of situation is what the US wants to (bbc.com, 2018). the US’s strong maintain dominance in the Middle stance by imposing full sanctions East region without interference on Iran aimed to make them feel from Iran. pressured that they wanted to re- open negotiations with the US CONCLUSION regarding its nuclear program. the Based on the above discussion, US also hoped that the countries Iran uses a defensive stance in the involved in the signing of the JCPOA face of pressure and attacks from the could follow in his footsteps so that United States. Four determinants Iran would be in a challenging and describe Iran as a defender. the increasingly pressured condition first is technological and military (Rahim, 2019, p. 31). developments embodied in the US foreign policy towards nuclear development program, and Iran during Obama and Trump the second is Iran’s geographical are relatively similar. the two US condition as a ‘silk route’ and leaders imposed severe sanctions to abundant oil and gas producers. pressure the government in Tehran. Third, the social and political Even Trump continues to exert constellation of Iran is so systematic pressure by conducting a psywar in determining policy, in which against Iran, especially after the US Iran in producing weapons is officially left the Iranian Nuclear more utilizing the engineers and Treaty and maintains a new round scientists they have. Fourth is Iran’s of implementing sanctions for diplomatic order by embracing Iran. the US is pressing Iran from non-affiliated US countries. Iran’s various sides, such as bilateral defensive attitude is to offset the and multilateral policies. With the offensive manner carried out by repressive attitude shown, the US the United States. Although it hopes that its systems can provide does not attack America directly, turbulence for Iran’s foreign policy, Iran is always alert and ready at especially in the economic and trade any time if America wants a war. fields. This condition is essential. Until now, America does not have If the economy and business are enough courage to fight and attack thriving, then what happens is Iran directly. Instead, they only Ahmad Zainal Mustofa 29 Iran Defensive Attitudes Towards United States’ Offensive Politics denounce it with a variety of things, Esposito, Jhon L. (2010). Masa accusations, and reasons, especially Depan Islam: Antara Tantangan regarding nuclear. It launches these Kemajemukan dan Benturan criticisms with the hope that Iran dengan Barat. (Terj. 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Musyfiqur Rahman Postgraduate Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies Concentration in Middle East Studies, State Islamic University of Sunan Kalijaga, Yogyakarta Email: [email protected]

Abstract The tensions between the United States and Iran, as can be seen lately, have reached a rare point in the many escalations in recent years in the Middle East. Apart from the historical factors that began since Iran succeeded in carrying out a revolution by subverting the regime of Shah Mohamed Reza Pahlavi, another factor further heightening the geopolitical dynamics of the region was the departure of the US under President Donald Trump from nuclear agreement of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), followed by the enactment of tighter economic sanctions on Iran. in this article, the writer tried to explain the phenomenon of tensions between the two countries using the national interest theory according to Scott Burchill, by reading the strategic goals of the political attitudes of the US in the Middle East for its national interest. the findings of this article confirm that the US does not want a large force in the region disturbing its national interest. However, the US also does not want to launch an open war against Iran but rather tighten a series of sanctions economically.

Keywords: Tension, United States, Iran, National Interest, Middle East, JCPOA

Abstrak Ketegangan antara Amerika Serikat dan Iran, seperti dapat dilihat belakangan ini, telah mencapai titik langka dalam banyak peningkatan dalam beberapa tahun terakhir di Timur Tengah. Terlepas dari faktor-faktor historis yang dimulai sejak Iran berhasil melakukan revolusi dengan menumbangkan rezim Shah Mohamed Reza Pahlavi, faktor lain yang lebih meningkatkan

Islamic World and Politics Vol. 4. No.1 June 2020 ISSN: 2614-0535, E-ISSN: 2655-1330 Islamic World and Politics 32 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 dinamika geopolitik di kawasan itu adalah kepergian AS di bawah Presiden Donald Trump dari perjanjian nuklir negara tersebut. Rencana Aksi Bersama Komprehensif (JCPOA), diikuti dengan diberlakukannya sanksi ekonomi yang lebih ketat terhadap Iran. Dalam artikel ini, penulis mencoba menjelaskan fenomena ketegangan antara kedua negara menggunakan teori kepentingan nasional menurut Scott Burchill, dengan membaca tujuan strategis dari sikap politik AS di Timur Tengah untuk kepentingan nasionalnya. Temuan artikel ini mengkonfirmasi bahwa AS tidak ingin kekuatan besar di kawasan itu mengganggu kepentingan nasionalnya. Namun, AS juga tidak ingin melancarkan perang terbuka terhadap Iran tetapi lebih memperketat serangkaian sanksi ekonomi.

Kata kunci: Ketegangan, Amerika Serikat, Iran, Kepentingan Nasional, Timur Tengah, JCPOA

INTRODUCTION to Iran began when Donald Trump In the beginning, it was brought the United States out of hegemony. It is a desire to rule by Iran’s nuclear agreement or the suppressing weak social structures. Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action Gramsci defines hegemony as the (JCPOA). Even since the beginning embodiment of a class and all its of his campaign, Trump has been components carrying out the power touting for bringing America out project to grip the lower classes of the agreement, which Trump through violence and persuasion called the “worst agreement” ever (Simon 2004, 16). It is illustrated made by the United States. Indeed, th in the recent phenomenon, the this criticism leads to the 44 tensions between the United States United States President, Barack and the Islamic Republic of Iran. Obama, because the agreement was America, as a superpower, moves made and agreed during Obama’s all its components and instruments leadership. to control Iran’s “class” state as a Iran, as the first Islamic country structure under the United States. in the world succeeding in igniting The desire of the United States its revolutionary fire and was very to launch a more massive hegemony popular in 1979 (Esposito 1997, 77), up to now has values and Musyfiqur Rahman 33 Current Phenomenon Tension Between The United States significance for political maps for the resistance movement and policymakers in the Middle over Western hegemony, it was East. One of its strategic values is increasingly emphasized above the because politically Iran has control view that Islamic fundamentalism over the Persian Gulf and the Strait or militant Islam is a real threat to of Hormuz, which is a shipping the West. How Khomeini discussed lane for oil carriers from the region frontal narratives by calling the to Western countries, besides United States “Great Satan” or Iran itself is one of the largest oil- “Destroy America!” as a jihad producing countries in the region against foreign infidels who have (Burdah 2008, 66–67). usurped the rights of Muslims as an In addition to the strategic oppressed party (Esposito 1996, 13). geopolitical value making these In recent times, several two countries to face each other important events have occurred, diametrically, there is another which have either directly or fundamental factor that is quite indirectly added to the escalation primordial, namely excessive fear between the United States and Iran. of monolithic Islam, which for From shooting down the most John L. Esposito is an unfounded sophisticated unmanned aircraft Western myth, but it continues to be ever made by the United States to produced for the sake of achieving take a hostage of British warships, certain interests. Without being then bombing two Saudi Arabian based on authentic historical reality Aramco oil refineries, and also about Islam, Western commentators endless wars in Yemen. on Islam have distorted much of the The study of tensions between reality of Islam itself (Esposito 1996, the United States and Iran is widely 202). They are actually building discussed by researchers, such as a myth to legitimize hegemonic the article written by Enayatollah purposes. Including in the case Yazdani in the journal Sociology of Iran, America made the main Study entitled Confrontation between spectrum in building meta narration America and the Islamic Republic of about the latent dangers of the Iran. in his article, Yazdani revealed influence of the Islamic Revolution that the United States and Iranian to achieve its national interest. tensions in the last few decades were Since Ayatollah Khomeini rooted in three fundamental issues: appeared as one of the symbols 1). the nuclear program problem, 2). Islamic World and Politics 34 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020

Development of ballistic missiles, spread in several countries in the and 3). Iran’s influence in the Middle East, such as the Yemeni region (Yazdani 2019, 180). Yazdani Houthis and others. Therefore, considered these three issues as a the writer would review some of serious threat to the United States’ the current tension phenomena interest in the region. Thus, the regarding Iran’s involvement in the escalation is increasing and heating constellation in the Middle East up from time to time. However, and how it makes Iran confront the Yazdani also concluded that the United States’ national interest. confrontation strategy done by the United States against Iran led to the RESEARCH METHOD option “No War and No Peace”. In the preparation of this The second article was written study, the writer relied on primary by Albert B. Wolf in the Comparative sources of library material that Strategy journal entitled After pretty much explains the historical JCPOA: American Grand Strategy and theoretical framework around toward Iran. If Yazdani, in his the themes raised in this study. the article, identified three fundamental effort to portray an area during an problems related to Iran’s policy, escalating situation between two which the United States considered countries, which both want to show would interfere with its national the existence, domination, and interest, then Wolf revealed four fulfillment of their national interest fundamental United States’ interests in the region, certainly requires a in the Middle East that directly comprehensive and analytical study. related to Iran’s behavior: 1). Energy the writer also enriched the data by security, 2). the proliferation of the following the latest news related to nuclear program, 3). the problem the tensions between the United of terrorism, and 4). Israeli security States and Iran in the region and guarantee (Wolf, 2018, 22). specifically news about this research, However, the two articles have both from printed newspapers or not offended the issues of regional online media. crisis in which Iran is considered THEORY by the United States to have a very significant role, especially in In this study, the writer made supplying weapons and military the national interest theory a surgical funds for resistance movements tool for analyzing the construction Musyfiqur Rahman 35 Current Phenomenon Tension Between The United States of phenomena regarding the United Iran’s influence in the region. Hence, States and Iranian tensions in the the main focus of this article is to region. According to Scott Burchill, look at the United States’ national the true national interest refers to interest in the constellation with the interest of a country by relying Iran and, at the same time, see how on the power it has (Scott 2005, 35). Iran survives resistance. Furthermore, Burchill describes his The Beginning of Iran-United analysis of national interest in four States Tensions perspectives; realism, Marxism, liberalism, and English Schools, each Islam reappeared as one of the of which has a four-way approach global forces taken into account and certainly has its implications on the international political stage and implications in formulating in the 1970-1980s. Space for the and deciphering a phenomenon of spirit of the rise of Islam covers international relations. However, various parts of the world. Islamic the writer focused only on using government leaders and opposition the perspective of realism. Realism groups also use religion to legitimize is a perspective trying to develop a the support of the people (Esposito full conceptualization related to the 1996, 21). Moreover, the only national interest. This view builds success of this Islamic revival to the the assumption that national interest scale of the country was the Iranian must be seen from the framework of Islamic Revolution. the interests of a country as a high Iran and America relations institution in politics representing deteriorated rapidly after the Islamic society’s interest as well as the Revolution in 1979. the new Iranian character of anarchism in the arena regime under the control of mullahs of international politics (Scott 2005, no longer trusted America because 31-32). in this study, the writer it supported the Shah of the past, would explain how this realism Mohamed Reza Pahlavi. When the perspective has taken place in the American government accepted the map of the United States political overthrow Shah to enter America policy since the beginning of the for treatment due to cancer, a group post-revolution tensions od the of Iranian students stormed the United States-Iran until now, under American Embassy in Tehran and the pretext of realizing its national held 52 American diplomats on interest and making efforts to quell Islamic World and Politics 36 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020

November 4, 1979 (Rogan 2017, Islam, such as fanaticism, Islamism, 590). fundamentalism, and Islamic Recorded on January 20, 1981, militancy, have often appeared in 52 American diplomat hostages the mass media without a clear detained at the United States understanding of its meaning and Embassy for 444 days finally left substance (Esposito, Arkoun, and Iran. A few days later, they arrived Al-Jabiri 2002, 182). in America, and the country and On the surface, the Iran- the mass media cheered on their United States crisis represented an return by congratulating them on ideological and cultural war between the “return of the hostages”. For the governments of two different days this event received special political systems. Nevertheless, at a attention from various media in the deeper level, Iran’s portrayal of Satan world, complemented by various increasingly shows the severity of analyzes related to the diplomatic the views of United States officials process taking place behind the and their fear of regimes controlled scenes between the two parties by the mullahs by using Islam as until an agreement was reached for legitimacy to attack the interests of the release of the hostages. Besides, America and its allies. Since 1979, the sentiments emerging in the Iran has staked the legitimacy of mass media narrative were the power in the region by using its heroism of the United States and Islamic (Shia) identity (Gerges 2002, Iranian barbarism. on January 31, 50–51). 1981, the New Republic revealed Ayatollah Khomeini and his the “ransom” issued by the Jimmy revolution by the Western media are Carter administration to meet Iran’s described as having a reactionary demands to free the hostages (Said character carrying a “medieval” feel 1986, 7–8). imaged as a century of backwardness The West, primarily America, and static. Furthermore, Islam is has witnessed a series of “Islamic attached to negative abstractions revival” events with certain doubts alleged by Western scholars as mixed with fear. However, the inhibiting the development process image of the Iranian revolution and hindering modernization was present to fulfill the complexity theories (Eickelman and Piscatori of the Western outlook on Islam. 1998, 34). Even for Europe, Islam Since 1979, terms associated with is an eternal trauma, symbolized Musyfiqur Rahman 37 Current Phenomenon Tension Between The United States as terror, destruction, and hordes become an independent country, of barbarians who are loyal and meaning that it does not depend despised (Said 2016, 88). Moreover, on the global economic cycle it is hard to rebuild good relations controlled by the United States and between the United States and Iran. the international Zionist network. Especially after the September 11, Based on data published in the 2001 incident, instead, the United influential economic weekly media, States put Iran on the terrorist Business Week shows that Iran, blacklist (Tamara 2017, 378). with a population of 69 million, has a reserve of 35 billion USD, Crucial Point of Current Tension income per capita that reaches In addition to the tensions 6,800 USD, and income growth of occurring since the beginning of 5.9%. Indeed, the United States’ Iran’s revolution, the current tension economic and political sanctions in was caused by several issues. One of no way affect Iran’s socio-economic the main triggers is since the United pressures. One impact of the United States, under the rule of Donald States’ economic sanctions is the Trump, left the nuclear agreement emergence of a phenomenon in or the Joint Comprehensive Plan of which Iran seems “thirsty for goods, Action (JCPOA) unilaterally. Trump foreign capital and technology”. considered this agreement as “the Until 2004, foreign investment was worst agreement that should not minimal, and it was estimated to have been possible”. Thus, for this only around 2 billion USD per year reason, Trump has again imposed (Sihbudi 2007, 269). harsh sanctions on Iran (Mikail The economic situation under 2018, 70). pressure from America’s sanctions The sanctions regime imposed increasingly complicated the tactical by the United States on Iran began steps of the Iranian government in in 1979 in the form of economic and the decision-making process to political sanctions. However, in this keep domestic stability safe and situation, Iran is still able to show its under control. on November 16- superiority as these mullah countries 18, 2019, the Iranian government do not necessarily go bankrupt due faced demonstrations taking place to the United States’ sanctions. It in various cities. the main trigger is exactly from this point that Iran was the government’s decision to learned to continue to improve and revoke part of the fuel subsidy so Islamic World and Politics 38 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 that fuel prices increased by up to many people opposed his policy. 50% (Kompas, n.d.). As for Trump’s goal of bringing the Iranian President Hassan United States out of the nuclear Rouhani said that Iran was facing agreement, then tightening a series a difficult situation because it of sanctions on Iran, according to needed huge funds to meet the Munir Shaqiq, Secretary-General benefits and services of 60 million of the Palestinian People’s Congress underprivileged people. This source Abroad, is because of four factors. of income is usually from oil exports. First is to review Iran’s nuclear Due to America’s sanctions making agreement by considering tighter it very difficult for Iran to conduct restrictions on Iran for nuclear global-level transactions with its development projects, even on the partner countries for oil exports, pretext of security. Second is the ban the government was forced to raise on Iran to develop ballistic missiles. domestic fuel prices (Kompas, n.d.). Third, Iran must withdraw from If Iran does not take this step, the intervention and provide missile government will face a far greater supplies to Syria. Fourth, Iran crisis as the government has not must stop supplying weapons to maintained economic stability. Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas By tightening sanctions on Iran, in Gaza (Shaqiq 2019, 119). the American attitude increasingly There is another aspect Munir made it difficult for the countries Shaqiq does not attend to, namely involved in this agreement, namely the problem of Iran’s involvement the five permanent members of in the Yemen conflict by supplying the UN Security Council (US, UK, sophisticated weapons to the Houthi France, Russia, China) and the militia as Houthi does not deny the European Union represented by involvement of Iran in providing Germany. However, they experience political support, military, and a dilemma between maintaining an flush funds (Al-Daghsyi 2013, agreement with Iran as a country 85). However, the United States having strategic values in the region wants Iran to stop and immediately and also supporting the sanctions withdraw from its intervention regime imposed by America. in the Yemen conflict. the United Although Trump’s controversial States wants the Yemen conflict to move has angered many parties, he end immediately with Saudi Arabia remained firm in his stance. Even and its coalition winners. Then, Musyfiqur Rahman 39 Current Phenomenon Tension Between The United States these points become the main Israeli nuclear project, known as trigger Trump withdrew from the the Shimon Peres Negev Nuclear agreement to return the nuclear Research Center, or sometimes also talks to zero so that these points called the Dimona reactor, the CIA could be included in negotiations. has known it. Even the CIA itself Definitely, Iran rejected negotiation submitted an essential document efforts beyond the nuclear issue, to the US Secretary of State, John while the United States insisted on Foster Dulles, in 1963, informing making the external aspects part of in detail that Israeli Prime Minister the negotiating material. David Ben Gurion had released a The dual political tendencies document related to the nuclear played by America in the region, on reactor construction project in the one hand, it wants the stability 1956. in secret, the US intelligence of the region free from the threat assisted Israel in ensuring that the of nuclear weapons, but on the Israeli nuclear reactor construction other hand, it allows Israel to carry project is realized. Under the pretext out nuclear development as free as of the 1967 War, which almost possible without any supervision. threatened Israel’s existence due This action exactly prevents the to the onslaught of Arab coalition balance of strategic geopolitical forces (Salim 2001, 291–92), the interests among policymakers in United States fully provided support the region. Indeed geographically, and assistance for Israel’s nuclear Israel’s position is very vulnerable program as a major bulwark for because this small country is military threats and distress which surrounded by states and resistance could come at any time. movements, and without natural To answer the anomalies of geographical boundaries either in the political attitudes of the United the form of large mountains or wide States, which always play double waters providing sufficient defensive politics to realize its national positions in depressed conditions interest, Iran is not motionless. (Burdah 2014, 144). This situation Evidently, since RQ-A4 Global has undoubtedly silenced America Hawk, the drone US military scouts and even supported Israel’s nuclear dropped by the Islamic Revolution program. Guards Corps (IRGC) in the Even since the beginning southern Persian Gulf, precisely at of the process of initiating the 19:44 GMT on Wednesday, June 19, Islamic World and Politics 40 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020

2019, or 00:14 Thursday local time be seriously threatened when the (Jakarta Greater 2019), tensions in war occurring cannot be resolved the region between the United States immediately. Therefore, he chose to and Iran has reached the rare point ignore the input of his advisers who of the many escalations in recent tended toward open war. years. After the shooting, the United Post-Aramco Saudi Bombing States, at Trump’s instructions, had declared an open war with Iran, but Indeed the complexity of the shortly after the decision was made; various tensions in the Middle East Trump withdrew his statement has a parallel chain connecting one because he received information problem point to another. When from one of his generals that an discussing the problem of the Yemen attack on Iran’s three main points conflict, it certainly cannot stand would sacrifice 150 lives (Detik.com alone without involving the parties 2019). involved in the conflict. Including when discussing the increasing Much speculation has been escalation between the United States circulating among analysts and Iran, it also can not be separated regarding changes in Trump’s from various proxy wars throughout attitude at the last minute as part of the region. These factors cause the the upheaval between his military complexity of the breaking of the advisers who wanted war with embers in the Middle East. Trump’s commitment not to decide to open warfare immediately. It As a country leading the fight could be because Trump does not against the Houthi insurgency in want to take risks difficult to reckon Yemen, Saudi Arabia must accept with since an open war with Iran the harsh reality after years of will cause widespread tensions bombarding Yemen. It is because throughout the region where the Houthi militia began to attack by proxies will engage in this war and targeting Saudi Arabia’s vital objects, will automatically become a threat namely two of Aramco’s biggest oil to Israel’s security so vulnerable. refineries in the Abqaiq and Khurais regions. This attack used several Besides, Trump is considering unmanned aircraft (drones) able to calculations for investment in the penetrate Saudi Arabia’s air defense upcoming 2020 elections. If the war bases (Kompas, n.d.). with Iran is fought in the last years of his leadership period, his votes will Musyfiqur Rahman 41 Current Phenomenon Tension Between The United States

Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia’s seriously (Schemm and Loveluck military defense base, especially 2019). its air defense, is increasingly Calculation of US Open War with being highlighted by the public. It Iran is because Saudi Arabia is serious about maintaining its sovereignty, Looking at various phenomena especially in the midst of vulnerable today, it is true what was expressed situations and conditions as it is by Martin Wight that what today. Billions of USD have been distinguishes modern history from spent on buying weapons and the history of the Middle Ages is the sophisticated defense systems from superiority of the idea of power over Europe and the United States. the idea of truth (Sahide 2017, 86). the weapons purchased from the Determination of winners and losers United States include Avengers is no longer measured according short-range missiles, I-Hawk mid- to a set of values and other social range missiles, and Swiss short- institutions, but by testing the extent range missiles named Orelinkons to which power and hegemony can (Kompas, n.d.). Moreover, the US- create a structured and systematic made Patriot missile defense system movement to control a country for was also installed in various major its national interest. Therefore, the cities and several other strategic United States, as a superpower, exists facilities. without value or wants to surpass all values. Being above all existing As if dissatisfied with the order values, the United States, in Houthis claiming responsibility its hegemonic projects, hid many for the incident, Saudi Arabia and reasons behind the pretext of human the United States agreed to throw rights and democracy. However, accusations at Iran, or at least, Iran these drives are never consistent. was behind the attack on Saudi If it is truly consistent, inevitably, it Arabia’s oil refineries. However, Iran’s will clash with its national interest. Foreign Minister, Mohammad Javad Zarif, denied Iran’s involvement in It is true what Samuel P. the Aramco refinery shooting and Huntington said when addressing further stressed that if this tension the issue of clashes between requires military involvement, civilizations reflected by a particular Iran firmly states that it will fight interest and purpose by relying Islamic World and Politics 42 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 on the legitimacy of identities poles: legalism-moralism and intentionally made face to face: pragmatism-realism. Alternatively, People use politics not only for in other words, American foreign their interests but also to state their policy goes back and forth between identity. We will only know who we real politics and moralism. For are when we know who “we are not” supporters and practitioners, realism and that can only be known through is a clear, orderly, straightforward, “with whom we are dealing with” and firm understanding of policy (Huntington 2012, 8). formulation based on well-defined It is also seen in various nerve state interests. the essence of this wars between American and realism is the national interest Iranian officials, where both parties closely related to national security constructed each other as superior (Hastedt 2000, 28-34). to others, either by relying on a One of the most critical aspects particular identity to give legitimacy of power capable of influencing or even to bring down. a variety of hegemony projects is In the arena of international military power. According to Kabi politics, a country will be thrown Al-Khuri, from the Center for Arab from a competitive global arena Unity Studies, citing data from when it fails to realize its national Global Firepower assesses that interest properly. For Morgenthau, Iran, as one of the countries in the th international politics is the same region, is indeed ranked 14 in the as politics in general, the arena world’s strongest military. Many of power struggles. Whatever researchers doubt the true strength is the ultimate goal of political of Iran because these calculations power, power is always the most exclude nuclear power (Al-Khuri immediate goal (Morgenthau 2010, 2019, 165-66). If it is included, Iran’s 33). in the context of its dispute military might be above that rank. with Iran, America wants to realize on this side alone, America is sure its national interest by grounding in to calculate very well when it has to the direction of policies formulated deal directly with an open war with and then implemented through its Iran. foreign policy. It is also important to see US foreign policy is often Trump’s attitude, which, from the discussed in terms of the dialectical very beginning, was known to be tension between two opposing aggressive in leading Uncle Sam’s Musyfiqur Rahman 43 Current Phenomenon Tension Between The United States country. Seeing from his sarcastic though both of them have a skeptical attitude, undoubtedly, many people attitude toward multilateralism. assume that Trump is also among the US leaders who like to hunt CONCLUSION for war. It is just that if observed The tensions between the United in several cases, including cases States and Iran, as can be witnessed of tension with Iran, he seemed to lately, have reached the rare point of appear softened before the facts; several escalations in recent years, that Iran cannot be compared to the especially in the Middle East. Apart weak countries in the Middle East from the historical factors that began because, since the beginning of the since Iran succeeded in carrying initiation of an open war with Iran, out a revolution by subverting the it was the primary option always regime of Shah Mohamed Reza encouraged by its military advisers. Pahlavi, another factor heightening Although in the end, Trump chose the geopolitical dynamics of the to cancel the attack at the last second region was the departure of the US to cause tension between Trump under President Donald Trump and his National Security Adviser, from the nuclear agreement of the John Bolton, who then ended with Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action his dismissal by Trump (Kompas, (JCPOA), followed by tighter n.d.). economic sanctions on Iran. the At this point, it appears that escalation, which is increasing from Trump is experiencing symptoms time to time, cannot be separated of repression in which the ego from the series of sanctions imposed mechanism relies on the defense on Iran by the United States. There of the subconscious to maintain is intense pressure from America its existence from feelings of on Iran to immediately stop its anxiety or depression that always nuclear program considered to have overshadow when panic, conflict, disrupted geopolitical stability in and threatened (Az-Zaghul 2004, the Middle East. 285). in the situation of facing Viewed from the perspective of various challenges both outside and national interest, America does not inside, finally, John Bolton, as the want a stable country influencing main stumbling block in deciding the political map in the region. policies, must be discarded, even If it happens, it will clash with its national interest. However, despite Islamic World and Politics 44 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 the escalation of the firing points of Trump, who will step forward again rivalry between the two countries, to run for president for his second even the shooting down of the term in 2020. Trump is considering Global Hawk RQ-A4, a US military calculations for investment in the surveillance drone by the Islamic upcoming 2020 elections. If the war Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) with Iran is carried out in the last south of the Persian Gulf at 19:44 period of his leadership, his votes GMT on Wednesday, June 19, 2019, will be very threatened. Hence, or 00:14 Thursday local time, no he chose to ignore the input of his serious signs were leading to open advisers who tended toward open war, except only limited to curses war. Besides, another important and expletives of the American factor is that the Iranian military president, Donald Trump, who at cannot be underestimated. Global first had given orders to wage war Firepower data show that Iran is against Iran. However, shortly after, one of the most influential countries he withdrew his orders under the in the region and ranks 14th in the pretext of humanity. world’s strongest military. 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———. n.d. “Persenjataan Mahal, Tapi Kebobolan Juga.” Print Version, Thursday 19 September 2019 edition. ———. n.d. “Pilihan Sulit Rouhani.” Print Version, Tuesday, 19 November 2019 edition. Schemm, Paul, and Louisa Loveluck. 2019. “Iran Warns U.S. of ‘All-out War’ If Attacked.” the Wasington Post, 20 September 2019. https://www.washingtonpost. com/world/middle_east/ iran-warns-us-of-all-out- war-if-attacked/2019/09/19/ 26c04864-da4c-11e9-a1a5- 162b8a9c9ca2_story.html. Indonesia-Egypt Diplomacy: Darussalam Gontor and Al-Azhar University

Aprilia Restuning Tunggal Department of International Relations Universitas Darussalam Gontor-Indonesia Email: [email protected]

Abstract The purpose of this article is to describe the diplomatic strategy of Darussalam Gontor with Al-Azhar University in the educational sector. This research was descriptive qualitative and studied Darussalam Gontor at Ponorogo and Al-Azhar University at the Embassy of the Arab Republic of Egypt in Jakarta. in the data collection techniques, this research used interviews, observation, and proper documentation. the research found that Gontor has received an additional quota for the scholarship to their potential student who intends to study at the respective Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

Keywords: Diplomacy, Al-Azhar, Indonesia, Egypt, Darussalam Gontor

Abstrak Tujuan artikel ini adalah untuk menggambarkan strategi diplomatik Darussalam Gontor dengan Universitas Al-Azhar di sektor pendidikan. Penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif dan mempelajari Darussalam Gontor di Ponorogo dan Universitas Al-Azhar di Kedutaan Besar Republik Arab Mesir di Jakarta. Dalam teknik pengumpulan data, penelitian ini menggunakan wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi yang tepat. Penelitian menemukan bahwa Gontor telah menerima kuota tambahan untuk beasiswa kepada calon siswa mereka yang bermaksud untuk belajar di Universitas Al-Azhar masing- masing, Kairo, Mesir.

Kata kunci: Diplomasi, Al-Azhar, Indonesia, Mesir, Darussalam Gontor

Islamic World and Politics Vol. 4. No.1 June 2019 ISSN: 2614-0535, E-ISSN: 2655-1330 Aprilia Restuning Tunggal 49 Indonesia-Egypt Diplomacy

INTRODUCTION independence on March 22, 1946, The formation of many states in by the Secretary-General of the the world, the principles, and rules Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in international relations between Kamil Abdurrahman Bey (Fachir, states through international law 2009). and diplomacy have developed. the Besides, diplomatic visits by countries have started sending their both countries have also existed. For delegates to negotiate and defend the first time President Soekarno’s their interests. the Indonesian inaugural visit to Egypt on July state, in particular, is bound by the 18, 1955, Prime Minister Gamal provisions of international law and Abdul Nasser’s visit to Indonesia to customs, which are the basis for attend the Conference Asia Africa the association between relations in Bandung, 18-24 April 1955, to various countries. Egypt was visit of Egyptian First Lady Jihan the first African state to recognize Sadat to Indonesia on 31 October-4 Indonesia’s independence in 1946. November 1976, President Soeharto’s the two states opened diplomatic visit to Egypt on 16 October 1977, relations marked by the signing visit of Egyptian President Hosni of the Treaty of Friendship and Mubarak to Indonesia on 9-11 Cordiality on June 10, 1947, which April 1983, President Abdurrahman was then followed by the opening of Wahid’s visit to Egypt on June 17, the Indonesian Representative office 2000, and on February 24, 2001, in Cairo, Egypt, in 1949 (Indonesia, President Megawati Soekarno 2015). Putri’s visit to Egypt on September The State of Egypt and 12, 2002, President Susilo Bambang Indonesia always provide mutual Yudhoyono’s visit to Egypt on support for each other based on October 20, 2004, and the visit of the principle of reciprocity of the Egyptian President Abdel Fattah Al mutual relations between the two in Sisi to Indonesia on September 4, the nomination to become members 2015. (Fachir, 2009). or in occupying certain positions in international organizations. An RESEARCH METHOD indicator of a good relationship Darussalam Gontor is an between the two states was also educational institution in Indonesia proved by the recognition of De established for a long time in 1926. Facto by Egypt towards Indonesian It has played an active role in Islamic World and Politics 50 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 conducting international relations two. the origin of the member with other educational institutions countries in this collaboration is around the world, for instance, not specified because the nature Al-Azhar University, Cairo, of bilateral cooperation is far more Syanggit University in Mauritania, private than other cooperation. Santiniketan University in India, After all, it only involves two states. and Aligarh Islamic University in (Fatma, 2017). India. Darussalam Gontor has a Regarding the content of foundation of the above educational bilateral cooperation in practice, institutions. Since its establishment, it cannot be standardized because a significant role is in the matter of the contents of the cooperation cooperation and networking with agreement are the rights between Al-Azhar University, Cairo. the the two bound parties. Usually, Egyptian government, through bilateral cooperation contains Cairo’s Al-Azhar University, several points, which are the annually offers scholarships to objectives of cooperation between Indonesian students. the scholarship countries. These points cover has been available since the 1960s the fields of economics, politics, until now. This research wants to military and technology, and study the success of diplomacy transportation. Indonesia and Egypt in the field of education that has have established cooperation in been carried out by Darussalam various fields, including politics. Gontor as an Islamic boarding Participation in politics is school in Indonesia with Al-Azhar closely related to the governance of University, Cairo. So that way, a country. Indonesia has cooperated the researchers took this research in politics with Egypt marked by the Diplomacy between Pondok opening of Indonesian-Egyptian Modern Darussalam Gontor and diplomatic representation in Cairo Al-Azhar University as a non-state and followed by the opening of actor in international relations. the Egyptian Embassy in Jakarta. Also, the two countries have signed THEORY AND CONCEPT cooperation in the field of culture, The Concept of Bilateral which includes the exchange of Cooperation lecturers and teachers between The term bilateral itself comes Indonesia and Egypt, student from the word «bi,» which means exchanges, and the implementation Aprilia Restuning Tunggal 51 Indonesia-Egypt Diplomacy of similar study programs of Along with the times, education, culture, and arts. By diplomacy itself has developed conducting cooperation, the two with the addition of new actors countries can establish friendships in international relations. New and can strengthen relations actors in international relations between the two. Besides that, the exist beside the main actor, two countries can also learn from namely the state. the birth of a each other. new theory in diplomacy as Multi- track Diplomacy then followed Multitrack Diplomacy this development. According to In terms of diplomacy, Dr. Louise and Ambassador John there are several definitions of McDonald in a Thesis written by diplomacy. When referring to an Rudi Candra, Postgraduate Study extensive Indonesian dictionary, Program in International Relations, diplomacy is the affairs of the Gadjah Mada University, explained organization of official relations that Multitrack Diplomacy is a between one country and another. system that aims to create peace in It can also be defined as a matter international relations. This system of the interests of a country by the is referred to as multi-track because mediation of its representatives in there are several related elements, other countries (Setiawan, 2012), including individuals, groups, while the definition of diplomacy institutions, and communities. in general, can be interpreted as Some features will cooperate and regulating a matter for particular support each other for the goals and interests through its representatives. the sake of peaceful and harmonious Usually, diplomacy is closely related world life. Furthermore, the concept to the state as one of the essential of Multi-Track Diplomacy requires instruments in the implementation unity between the main actors, of foreign policy. Diplomacy is to namely the state and non-state establish, strengthen, and improve actors. (Candra, 2013) relations between one country In his statement, Dr. Louise and another to achieve common and Ambassador John McDonald interests, by sending a diplomat who explained who state actors and controls many matters related to the non-state actors were. State actors government / other countries as his are diplomats explicitly sent by the representatives. (Arudam, 2015). state. in contrast, non-state actors Islamic World and Politics 52 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 are all elements of a country’s society evidence shows that in the period that can interact and communicate after Indonesia’s independence with other governments or non- precisely in 1945, the de-facto government parties. This interaction Indonesian state at that time needed process has a positive impact on the support from various countries in sustainability of relations between the world. Recognition from other the two countries. in the multi- countries is an absolute requirement track diplomacy concept delivered, for the sovereignty of a nation. As in there are nine channels, namely the theory of state administration, government agencies, professionals, the obligation to become a business people, the general public, sovereign state is the recognition research/education, activists, of other countries. Precisely on religious groups, funding providers, March 22, 1946, through the and information media. (Diamond, Secretary-General of the Egyptian 1996). Ministry of Foreign Affairs Kamil In this study, the authors explain Abdurrahman Bey, Egypt became following the theory conveyed above the first Arab country to recognize that Pondok Modern Darussalam Indonesian independence. the two Gontor is also an international countries agreed to open diplomatic relations actor. Although not as relations marked by the signing the leading actor/government, this of the Treaty of Friendship and pesantren institution has shown a Cordiality on June 10, 1947, then significant role in interacting and followed by the opening of the establishing cooperative relations Indonesian Representative Office with Cairo’s Al-Azhar University, in Cairo in 1949. (Indonesia, 2015). where diplomacy has given birth After the two countries officially to extraordinary success, and the opened diplomatic relations, they Indonesian government should always supported one another based emulate it. on the principle of reciprocity of the mutual relations between the The History of Diplomatic two countries in the nomination to Relationship between Indonesia become members or in occupying and Egypt certain positions in international Speaking of the history of organizations. Relations between the diplomatic relations between two countries looked very closed, Indonesia and Egypt, the historical harmonious. There is no tension, Aprilia Restuning Tunggal 53 Indonesia-Egypt Diplomacy let alone the diplomatic severance of this state visit is also a form of the two countries. (Fachir, 2009). the reciprocal visits that are never birth of support from the Egyptian interrupted. From the beginning state for Indonesian independence of Indonesia’s independence, the did not come naturally. However, state visit between the two has been through the significant role of going well. the forms of state visits the Egyptian society itself, the between the two countries began Indonesian people in Egypt, and with President Soekarno’s inaugural students in Egypt have made visit to Egypt on July 18, 1955. Prime efforts and lobbied and diplomatic Minister Gamal Abdul Nasser’s visit to the Egyptian Government. in to Indonesia attended the Asian- the post-independence period of African Conference in Bandung, Indonesia, the relationship between April 18-24, 1955; Egyptian First the Indonesian government and Lady Jihan Sadat visited Indonesia Egypt increasingly demonstrated its on 31 October-4 November 1976; presence in the international world. President Soeharto’s visit to Egypt the two leaders of the country, was on 16 October 1977. Egyptian namely Soekarno and Gamal Abdul President Hosni Mubarak’s visit to Nasser, became the leading figures Indonesia was on 9-11 April 1983; who pioneered the birth of the President Abdurrahman Wahid’s Asian-African Conference (KAA) visit to Egypt was on 17 June 2000 in Bandung in 1955. the closeness and on 24 February 2001. President between the two leaders of these Megawati Soekarno Putri’s visit countries has reached emotional to Egypt was on September 12, closeness and gave birth to good 2002; President Susilo Bambang individual relations. From this good Yudhoyono’s visit to Egypt was on relationship, the name of President October 20, 2004, and Egyptian Soekarno became the name of a President Abdel Fattah Al Sisi’s visit street in Cairo. to Indonesia was on September 4, Diplomatic relations between 2015. (Fachir, 2013). the two countries have also Other evidence showing that been carried out in good faith, relations between the two countries professionally and guided by the went very harmonious until now is values ​​shared by both countries. the closeness between the people Where the two countries carry of Indonesia and the people of out state visits with one another, Egypt who are always friendly Islamic World and Politics 54 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 in meetings and relationships diplomatic and service passports between them. Many Egyptians and bilateral cooperation political even say in Arabic, «Masri Ummu consultations, defense cooperation Addunya wa Indonesia Abuhu.» and finally, criminal Trafficking in (Ahmed, 2019). Although it looks Persons (Surya, 2019). small, this is a fact that shows the Educational Cooperation people of Indonesia and Egypt are between various Indonesian and always warm in friendship wherever Egyptian Universities includes and whenever. in an interview several things, including diploma conducted by the researchers during equality, scholarships, teaching a visit to the Egyptian Embassy Arabic, and student exchange and in Jakarta, the close relationship cooperation in scientific activities between the people and individuals and recognition of the IAIN Diploma of the two countries has created with the Al-Azhar University cultural acculturation between the Egyptian Diploma (Mualim, 2018). two countries through marriage in addition to the above forms of ties. Until now, there have been cooperation, Al-Azhar University, many mixed marriages between Cairo, also collaborates with the Indonesian people and Egyptian Jatikarya Silaturrahim Education society. (Ahmed, 2019). Foundation in Bekasi and Mandiri The Pattern of Indonesia-Egypt Individual Education in Cibubur. Relations According to the representative Community and state relations of Al-Azhar University in Indonesia, between the countries of Egypt Sheikh Ahmad Aid stated that this and Indonesia have been for a long collaboration would eventually lead time. the long age of the relationship to scholarship facilities for students between the two countries has at the Institute to continue their proceeded in harmony. Within the studies at the Al-Azhar University framework of bilateral cooperation, of Egypt. With this collaboration, Indonesia and Egypt have it has automatically shown that the collaborated in various fields, such Muslim community in Indonesia as educational cooperation between has a rational understanding that various universities, counter- can be accepted by Egypt. Not the terrorism cooperation, mutual other way round, which has the support in various international wrong understanding of Islam. forums, visa-free cooperation for (Joko, 2017). Aprilia Restuning Tunggal 55 Indonesia-Egypt Diplomacy

In addition to cooperation in Thus, the authors can convey that the field of Education, Indonesia this is the right momentum for and Egypt have also collaborated in Indonesia and Egypt to cooperate counter-terrorism. the cooperation in combating terrorism. between the two countries is by the Relationship Between Pondok signing of an MoU (Memorandum of Modern Darussalam Gontor and Understanding) conducted through Al-Azhar University the Egyptian Ministry of the Interior and the National Counterterrorism Starting from the ideals of the Agency (BNPT). the signing of the founders of Darussalam Gontor memorandum of understanding of KH. Ahmad Sahal, KH. Zainuddin the two countries was within the Fananie and KH. Imam Zarkasyi or Egyptian Ministry of the Interior, known by Trimurti that they wanted Major General Mahmoud Tawfik, Darussalam Gontor to have a and the Head of the BNPT of different concept in learning Arabic the Republic of Indonesia, Police with salaf / traditional schools in Commissioner-General Suhardi Indonesia at that time. Where the Alius. Also present at the signing of teaching system used by the lodges the MoU at the Egyptian Ministry in Indonesia still uses the sorogan of the Interior was the Indonesian method or the bandongan method Ambassador to Egypt in Cairo, Mr. and studies the yellow book. It is with Heli Fauzy, and accompanied by the the ideas and concepts promoted by main Secretary of the BNPT young Trimurti that Darussalam Gontor is Marshal Asep Adang Supriyadi. guiding international educational (Marboen, 2019) This collaboration institutions known as the Gontor aims to tackle the problem of synthesis. These include Al-Azhar Terrorism, which has a global in Egypt, Syanggit in Mauritania, network. It enters Indonesia and in Aligarh in India, and Shantiniketan Asian countries such as Malaysia in India. Trimurti, the founder and the Philippines, originated of Pondok Gontor, studied these from doctrines, propaganda, and international institutions which ideological transfers, especially from have ethical values. So that in the the Middle East because radical founding of Gontor, the Arabic terrorist networks in Indonesia have learning method and its education joined ISIS, and the influence of ISIS system integrated the processes, in Indonesia is quite significant. policies, and education of the four Institutions. Islamic World and Politics 56 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020

Also, the founders of Gontor developed by Al-Azhar, where did not rule out the values of Islamic this waqf system has created boarding schools in Indonesia. He sustainability in the development of continued to implement several the University. From the beginning curricula carried out at Salaf Hut of the establishment of Al-Azhar then used at Gontor. Like the Fathul to the present day, the University Pole study conducted by students in can still stand firm and continue Gontor. They within a week looked the process of Islamic education. for problems of Islamic law and then Although Al-Azhar’s age is already looked for answers from the books thousands of years, this system provided. Relations between the eventually became the example two institutions have started from of the founders of Darussalam the beginning of the founding of Gontor at that time, because in Darussalam Gontor. At that time, Indonesia at that time was still in Darussalam Gontor founders or also the colonial period. It is where the known as Trimurti, had aspirations implementation of ideas and ideals to establish a boarding school with exist in Darussalam Gontor until a waqf system so that the Pondok now. on October 12, 1958, at the family did not own the cottage for Gontor Ponorogo Pondok Modern themselves. Many Islamic boarding Darussalam Hall, witnessed by the schools in Indonesia also had Deputy Prime Minister of Indonesia not implemented a waqf system and his staff, the founders of Gontor yet. Trimurti was not in favor of (Trimurti) donated the land and Darussalam Gontor with the same buildings of the Gontor Modern fate as other traditional religious Darussalam Cabin to the Pondok schools in Indonesia. Therefore, Modern Family Association the Darussalam Gontor founders (IKPM). (Nasrullah, 2016). learned from Al-Azhar Cairo At that time, Gontor was also University in the field of waqf and represented and did not belong to sustainable development. an individual or family. However, Implementation of the Value of it belongs to Muslims. From there, Waqf from Al-Azhar the founders of Gontor imitated the Waqf system in Al-Azhar. For the One of the reasons behind the Pondok to continue standing and relationship between Darussalam not die because of its leadership, Gontor and Al Azhar University it is necessary to implement a in Cairo, Egypt, is the waqf system Aprilia Restuning Tunggal 57 Indonesia-Egypt Diplomacy waqf system. At that time, the Azhar University. the cadres and religious school in Indonesia had students went there to study starting not implemented a waqf system, from first, second to the third level. but Gontor had implemented it as After their education period from Al-Azhar did. in its development, Al-Azhar finished, they returned Pondok Gontor has added and to serve at Pondok Gontor and completed buildings according to also served at Darussalam Gontor educational needs. Since the 1970s, University (UNIDA) Gontor. This an increase in the quantity and process continues every year until quality of the building has occurred. now. Besides, Darussalam Gontor Means of transportation are also always plays an active role in sending very much and quite diverse. students who have the advantage of Besides that, Darussalam Gontor attending training in Egypt for more also has several business units such or less within two weeks. (Zarkasyi, as rice milling machines, bread 2019). makers, bottled water producers, Similarities in Education Ideology bookstores, or printing companies. and Values (Nasrullah, Historical Traces of the Darussalam Darussalam Gontor Egypt is famous for its Al- Cottage, 2016). Azhar and has given birth to well- known figures and Islamic scholars The development of Gontor’s in the world, such as Sheikh Yusuf relationship with Al-Azhar from day Qaradawi, and Grand Sheikh to day is increasingly harmonious Al-Azhar Ahmad Mal Thayyib. and closed. This relationship Especially the Grand Sheikh Al- continues to be maintained by Azhar of Egypt, who always made both institutions in the name his visit to the country of Indonesia. of respecting one another. the the visit was an essential visit establishment of this cooperative where Indonesia was the country relationship began with Al-Azhar with the largest Muslim majority University, who sent two of its population in the world and has teachers to teach at Darussalam been recognized by Sheikh Azhar Gontor in the 1960s. (Dr. KH. himself that Indonesia is a pluralistic Ahmad Hidayatullah Zarkasyi, country or has a diversity of cultures 2019). Then, Darussalam Gontor and religions but has integrated into also always sends cadres, students, a nation. It was one of Grand Sheikh to continue their education at Al- Al-Azhar’s visits to (Koes 2018). Islamic World and Politics 58 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020

Besides that, Indonesia is a moderate The relationship between country or Wasathiyysah where Pondok Modern Darussalam Muslims in Indonesia are Muslims Gontor and Al-Azhar Cairo with a middle ground view and a University is very harmonious and reasonable approach in Islam, not very closed, as stated by Grand being extreme against other schools Sheikh Al-Azhar in his speech and upholding tolerance in religion. during a visit to Pondok Modern Thus, this statement is in line with Darussalam Gontor at the opening what is taught by Cairo’s Al-Azhar ceremony of 90 years of Gontor. University, where Al-Azhar wants to He conveyed that Pondok Modern re-enhance the views of Wasathiyah, Darussalam Gontor is a miniature of which became Al-Azhar’s teachings. Al-Azhar Cairo University to form Gontor himself has a big hand in a generation of young Indonesians Indonesia in the field of education, who hold fast to the teachings of such as implementing moderate Islam. Gontor has an essential role Islamic culture or Wasathiyyah in shaping moderate soul and mind and instilling other Islamic values. through education, teaching, and Since its establishment until now, culture, where this business is the Pondok Gontor has scored its most strenuous business that some alumni having a Gontor world countries in the world have not been view and spread across all lines in able to carry out until now (UNIDA Indonesia. the motto of Pondok Gontor, 2016). Modern Darussalam Gontor is The statement is in line with «Gontor stands above and for all what has been said by Prof. Dr. goongan» then «Above only the Mustafa Dasuki Kesbah during a sky and below only the ground.» visit to UNIDA Gontor in 2019. Gontor’s role in educating and Where he stated that Gontor, as implementing Wasatiyyah Islamic an Islamic educational institution values in Indonesia has become that has the principle of Islamic strategic for Al-Azhar because both Wasthiyyah, these two institutions have similarities and harmonious have also organized the Robitah relationships in maintaining these Al-Islamiyyah Conference held values. Therefore, every time Grand in Gontor Darussalam. With Sheikh Al-Azhar visits Indonesia. the arrival of the International He will visit Pondok Gontor. Conference, countries, especially in the Middle East, will become more Aprilia Restuning Tunggal 59 Indonesia-Egypt Diplomacy familiar with Gontor University proved to be very helpful for and Darussalam University. Pondok students in learning Arabic more Gontor comes from the values of easily. It is different from the Arabic sincerity, generosity by its founders way of teaching in traditional to give birth to the soul, the spirit of Islamic boarding schools, where the struggle of Islam. It teaches how the students are only taught Arabic Islamic values ​​are implemented in from books like Nahwu and Sharf by our daily lives, starting from waking memorizing and interpreting texts up to sleep again, and it becomes without teaching the techniques of significant with the presence of conversation and practice in daily Darussalam University Gontor, life. especially with the International The Arabic language that Gontor Relations Study Program that has taught his students also much studies international interaction. helps them in learning and working Arabic Language Education in Middle Eastern Arab countries. Likewise, for those who study at Arabic Language Education Al-Azhar University in Cairo, it is at Pondok Modern Darussalam easier for them to receive lessons Gontor has become a fundamental and study material / Madah Islamic thing to educate its students so that Studies at Al-Azhar University. they can interact and communicate With the ability of Arabic owned on an international level. Arabic by the students, it will help them in in Gontor began to be taught from dealing with and communicating the beginning when becoming with people on the international students’ prospective until when scene. (Prof. Dr. Dasuki, 2019). they graduated from the cottage. It is what ultimately becomes an in fact, in everyday life, the Arabic added value for Pondok Modern language becomes a compulsory Darussalam Gontor Cottage in language used by all students and the eyes of Al-Azhar University, teachers in communicating both so it is essential as a collaborative in the classroom and outside the partner. With the advantages and classroom. in the Arabic teaching disadvantages of Gontor, Al-Azhar method used in Gontor, in addition has given confidence and gratitude to learning from books, it also that have an impact on the addition teaches the daily conversation, of Gontor santri scholarships to public speaking, and vocabularies/ study at Al-Azhar Cairo. mufrodat methods. This method Islamic World and Politics 60 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020

CONCLUSION REFERENCES Egypt is the first country to Fachir, A.M. (2009). Out of the Eye recognize Indonesian sovereignty. Near at the Heart of the Portrait the recognition of Egypt was of Indonesia-Egypt Relations. beneficial for Indonesia when at Embassy of the Republic of the beginning of independence. Indonesia, Cairo. Indonesia was in dire need of Fachir, A.M. (2015). Inequality support from other countries in of Indonesia-Egypt Relations the world. the fact that both have a 1950-2010: Study of the Theory harmonious relationship is visible of Reciprocity. UGM Graduate from both countries’ interaction School Dissertation. and collaboration. When Grand Candra, Rudi. (2013). the role of Sheikh Al-Azhar visited Indonesia, people to people Diplomacy he always made time to visit Pondok in Indonesian Indonesian Gontor. Gontor has the same Diplomatic Relations. ideology and educational value, Examining the function of soft namely the implementation of waqf, power in relations between teaching about Islamic principles, the two countries. 1998- and their application in daily life 2011. Thesis Study Program where these are the principles International Relations, Faculty taught by Al-Azhar. Besides, Gontor of Social and Political Sciences. as an educational institution that is UGM. concerned about Arabic. Diamond, Louise and McDonald Therefore, many alumni, when Jhon, Ambassador. (1996). continuing their education in Multi-Track Diplomacy. the Middle East, especially in Al- Kumarian Press. the United Azhar, can follow what the Azhar States of America. Community teaches well as well as Nasrullah, Zainul. (2016). Historical the many Gontor Alumni who take Traces of the Darussalam part and become prominent figures Gontor Modern Cottage. in Indonesia. It is what makes Commemoration Committee Egypt design to give scholarships of Gontor’s Pondok Timur 90 to Gontor and provide additional Years. scholarships to students and cadres of Gontor. Desy, Fatma. (2017). Bilateral Cooperation: Definition, Aprilia Restuning Tunggal 61 Indonesia-Egypt Diplomacy

Objectives, Benefits, and Hidayatullah, Ahmad Zarkasyi. Examples. https://ilmugeografi. (2019). Relationship between com/ilmu-social/koperasi- Al-Azhar and Pondok Modern bilateral Darussalam Gontor. Interview Ahmed, Second Secretary. (2019). at the Darussalam University Diplomatic Relations between (UNIDA) Gontor. Indonesia and Egypt. Embassy Grand Sheikh Al-Azhar: Gontor of the Republic of Arab Egypt is Miniature of Al-Azhar to Jakarta. University, Egypt. http://unida. Surya, Aji. M. (2019). Forms gontor.ac.id/grand-syekh-al- of Bilateral Cooperation azhar-gontor-is-miniature- between Indonesia and Egypt. universitas-al-azhar-mesir/. Indonesian Embassy in Cairo, Grand Sheikh Al-Azhar’s Egypt. speech in the opening of the Joko. (2017). Egypt’s Al-Azhar 90th anniversary of Gontor. University is seeking curriculum Dasuki, Mustafa Kesbah. (2019). the cooperation. Postkotanews. Relationship between Gontor com. Modern Darussalam Cottage Marboen, Sigit Pinardi, and Ade and Cairo Al-Azhar University. P. (2019). Egypt, Indonesia, Interview at the Darussalam establishes Cooperation University (UNIDA) Gontor. in Combating Terrorism. https://www.antaranews.com/ berita/803110/indonesia- mesir-jalin-kerja-sama- control-terrorism Paradiplomacy Practice in Indonesia: a Lesson From West Nusa Tenggara Province in 2013-2018

Dhany Putra Pratama Master Program of International Relations, Faculty of Postgraduate, Universi- tas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 55183 Email: [email protected]

Abstract This article attempts to reveal the factors inflicting the decision-making process of paradiplomacy in West Nusa Tenggara within six years between 2013 and 2018, including the problems faced by them under the administration of two governors, Tuan Guru Bajang and Dr. .Utilizing rational choice theory in the form of qualitative-descriptive research, various field findings and kinds of literature indicate one primary matter. It is that external and internal factors consisting of a combination of individual and bureaucratic rationalities and influence play significant roles in driving the trend of halal tourism-based paradiplomacy by Tuan Guru Bajang and education and investment-based one by Dr. Zulkieflimansyah. There are attempts from both governors and their administration to achieve the full potential of both paradiplomacy policies. the policies, however, are not flawless as errors and issues due to economic disparity, development rate inequality, and lack of proper management of information systems become points of critics by many parts of the society, both public and official.

Keywords: Dr. Zulkieflimansyah, Education, Halal Tourism, NTB, Paradiplomacy, Tuan Guru Bajang

Abstrak Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap faktor yang memengaruhi proses pembuatan kebijakan paradiplomasi di Nusa Tenggara Barat dalam kurun waktu enam tahun antara 2013 dan 2018 termasuk masalah yang dihadapi

Islamic World and Politics Vol. 4. No.1 June 2019 ISSN: 2614-0535, E-ISSN: 2655-1330 Dhany Putra Pratama Paradiplomacy Practice In Indonesia: 63 dalam administrasi dua gubernur, Tuan Guru Bajang dan Dr. Zulkieflimansyah. Melalui teori pilihan rasional dalam bentuk penelitian kualitatif-deskriptif, penemuan lapangan dan literatur menunjukkan bahwa faktor eksternal dan internal yang terdiri dari gabungan rasionalitas dan pengaruh individu dan birokrasi memengaruhi tren paradiplomasi pariwisata halal oleh Tuan Guru Bajang dan pendidikan dan investasi oleh Dr. Zulkieflimansyah secara signifikan. Meskipun usaha untuk memaksimalkan potensi kebijiakan telah dilakukan oleh kedua gubernur beserta administrasi mereka, kebijakan yang diterapkan belum sempurna dikarenakan kesalahan dan isu yang terkait dengan ketimpangan dan kurangnya manajemen yang mumpuni menjadi poin kritik oleh banyak orang, baik dari kalangan publik maupun pejabat.

Kata Kunci: Dr. Zulkieflimansyah, NTB, Paradiplomasi, Pariwisata Halal, Pendidikan, Tuan Guru Bajang

INTRODUCTION conducted by scholars in Indonesia, The term “paradiplomacy” explicitly pointing “paradiplomacy” is indeed unpopular but not as their concern of analyses. These without reason. At first, the term situations challenge the author paradiplomacy is not a common term to further introduce this term to in public. It is mainly used by social the public and policymakers and and political science academicians possible lessons from the already and researchers to mention foreign existing practices worldwide, relations conducted between sub- including those nearby. state actors across national borders With the rise of various new (Mukti, 2013), which becomes actors in the realm of international the initial focus of this research. relations along with new issues Secondly, the public, especially in to tackle, central governments Indonesia, tends to be more familiar worldwide start to open their tables with the word “diplomacy” and as for options to enforce their interests “meant to be coordinated by the further while guaranteeing others’ central government by any means” and paradiplomacy is among them. as the classic form. Thirdly and Indonesia is arguably among the presumably, lastly, there has been latest to include paradiplomacy in a limited number of researches its foreign relation options aside Islamic World and Politics 64 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 from the traditional state-to-state of NTB (Herbawati, 2018) and the relations with the first being the sister influence of ruling governor at the city agreement between Bandung time which the society continuously and Braunschweig, Germany, in expects to be the “agents of change” 1960. Under the principle of regional (Fitriani, 2016). the course of six autonomy, Indonesian central years displays the rise of NTB as a government guarantees the rights new powerhouse of tourism as the of local/provincial governments government of NTB initiated the to arrange, manage, and oversee “halal tourism” project to boost various aspects of domestic affairs NTB’s economy further. It is through without significant intervention the reforming of tourism aspects in from the central government with NTB fitting to the concept of Sharia a general assumption that local law and other elements belonging governments “recognize” their to Islamic faith (Subarkah, 2018) area the most (Rasyid, 2007). under the leadership of Tuan Guru Initially, paradiplomacy serves one Bajang as the governor of NTB. He of or all three primary purposes: popularizes the new NTB in the purely commercial purposes image of “Muslim tourists-friendly (open market and investment), tourism sites.” the government of multipurpose (economic, NTB also continuously welcomes social, culture, technology, and foreign governments and education), and regional identity companies to invest in various and political interests (expressing construction projects supporting autonomous, specific, and different NTB’s initial halal tourism project characters (Mukti, 2015). Based on and other projects with excellent these purposes, provinces across results. the local government of Indonesia begin to view more NTB receives awards worldwide possibilities for cooperation with for its achievements, the massive regions and cities worldwide. One increase of domestic and foreign of them is West Nusa Tenggara or tourist visits per year. A slight Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB). difference happened in mid-2018 The focus of paradiplomacy as the paradiplomacy focus of of West Nusa Tenggara province NTB adding education to be a new profoundly depends on the two main sector along with the change in the factors: the maximum utilization government: a new governor named of natural and social advantages Dr. Zulkieflimansyah elected. Dhany Putra Pratama Paradiplomacy Practice In Indonesia: 65

This paper investigates the articles mentioned above and thesis factors driving both governors, already indicate that scholars have Tuan Guru Bajang and Dr. studied paradiplomacy practices Zulkieflimansyah, to direct the in NTB. This article explores the trend of paradiplomacy as it is and problems the governor’s face that the problems and critics each other drives their paradiplomacy policy face during the implementation. trends and the issues during the the underlying assumption the implementation, which becomes the author adopts is that each governor novelty of this paper. belongs to different backgrounds Paradiplomacy projects of and experiences, and each period West Nusa Tenggara government presents its challenges, later with are to enhance regional economic various criticism from the public conditions through building over their rather unorthodox relations with foreign institutions policies. This paper also attempts and the government conduct so to take a neutral stance regarding by reaching several provinces in the view of paradiplomacy trends foreign countries, such as Zhejiang between the governor and the province of the People’s Republic people of NTB by comparing both of China, and other countries. governors’ paradiplomacy policies Paradiplomacy practices are mainly and how the public views them. in forms of sister cities of sister provinces and foreign investment LITERATURE REVIEW agreements, as stated by Sibawaihi This paper is the first to (2016) and Utami (2017). Those study paradiplomacy practices options are the most applicable for in West Nusa Tenggara (Nusa the region and arguably the simplest Tenggara Barat- NTB) province despite the process not being as is an overstatement as studies simple as it seems. the power of on this topic in forms of journal city and province branding should articles and thesis from Indonesian be into vital account as without scholars and foreign researchers proper objects to be promoted collaborating with Indonesian ones. to the international community Despite not directly mentioning (Subarkah, 2018), the attempt to “paradiplomacy” in the titles, terms attract collaborators and investors “foreign investment,” “tourism,” will be more difficult. and “sister cities/provinces” by the Islamic World and Politics 66 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020

Aside from the challenge to from the central government, the create the desired image through lower-level officials have yet to adapt the branding, the existing social, to the demand. cultural, political, and geographical conditions, West Nusa Tenggara RESEARCH METHOD province shall be for the success This paper intends to describe of every project initiated by the paradiplomacy trends belonging to local government. the geographical each governor, Tuan Guru Bajang, situation of NTB province alone and Dr. Zulkieflimansyah, and is already challenging, with the create a trend comparison on the existence of two main islands trends along with the problems (Lombok and Sumbawa) along during implementations, doing with a wide variety of landscapes this paper qualitative-descriptive (Laplaza, Tanaya, & Suwardji, research with inductive analysis. the 2017). Three major ethnic groups data collecting methods of this paper are dominating the province utilized both primary and secondary (Sasak, Samawa, Mbojo) inhabiting sources as the information required the islands complete with their in either official publications and traditions. the differences between autobiographies or the talks with one another can sometimes conflict government officials, which could due to different understanding only be through interviews to on an issue and the tendency to maintain eligibility. promote ethnic superiority over provincial unity (Zulkieflimansyah, RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY 2019), something the government The definition of “rational” is continuously fighting against or “rationality” may vary between through time. Further, Laplaza, one scholar and another along with Tanaya, and Suwardji (2017) their disciplines and despite being indicate the long-living, rigid, and initially a term commonly used top-centered development pattern in economic studies, “rational” or of West Nusa Tenggara province “rationality” finds its position in frequently causes poor coordination the studies of social and political and uncertainty. It becomes a science and policymaking process bitter pill for the local government in various levels. Warsito (2017) as, despite the leader promoting suggests that rational analysis decentralization on some sectors is logical, valid, and efficient Dhany Putra Pratama Paradiplomacy Practice In Indonesia: 67 assessment tested empirically choice does not necessarily involve and, most importantly, based one person only (single charismatic on fact; further explanation also individual) in the policymaking recommends that rationality may process or the decision-making differ in the condition of different process (DMP) with some occasions contexts and situations. Despite of rational decisions made by the difference of interpretations bureaucratic organizations along between scholars and disciplines, with a specific set of characteristics. they find one common ground on In the case of the charismatic one aspect: it is indeed the ideal individual entity of DMP, the nature of the human mind (Tillyer, leader possesses certain “charisma” 2011) when concluding a decision influencing his/her followers to based on intentional considerations. voluntarily follow the lead of the Rationality in political leader and support any of his/her science is “rational choice theory,” decisions. Past examples indicate the which focuses on the condition existence of charismatic individuals of human minds “wanting more” often related closely to theological out of something; this term is as (religious) figures such as prophets, the attempt to gain maximum messengers, saints, priests. Other benefits out of a decision without religiously influencing characters in-depth good-bad consideration. may have closer ties with God and in considering an option based on possess features normal humans rational choice theory, three aspects are unable to maintain as God gave should be the consideration. They those features. Further development are completeness (all alternatives/ indicates that charismatic leaders options listed based on priorities), may also have links to genetic transitivity (all options can be backgrounds, educations, social compared, such as A is better than contributions, and more as what B, while B is better than C. modern charismatic figures display Thus, A is better than C, and when leading his/her people. Weber, on), and independency from in Warsito (2017), considers that relevant alternatives (when option becoming overestimated frequently, A is to be better than B, despite bureaucratic organizations are “the later emergence of option X, B will more efficient, systematic, and never be better than A) (Warsito, predictable” option available to a 2017). Warsito suggests that rational longer extent of time compared to Islamic World and Politics 68 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 the single counterpart. It is often full the leader is virtually an impersonal of secrecy, personal and family-tied, order. Bureaucracy is the definitive and short-term execution. However, form of law domination. bureaucracy is not flawless; in On many occasions, studies fact, Tocqueville in Elster (1986) regarding rational choice theory in described these flaws as follows: international relations discipline inability to coordinate specific often carefully refer to how details of a plan, the lack of secrecy, national-level entities (central and the lack of courage during governments) decide a foreign execution in time of crisis. policy to be imposed towards other In answering the debate objects at the same level. in this of individual and bureaucratic article, the local government-level effectiveness in deciding a policy approach of rational choice theory rationally, scholars suggest the by Merrilee S. Grindle (2009) is combination of both entities in one presumably the most suitable in system. answering the research question The author considers a useful provided previously. the application practice in many democratic of rational choice theory in local countries by eliminating any “we government-level stresses on the often do this” or “it is often done this influence of decentralization of way” mentality. This strategy seeks power by the central government for further reach of available options the local governments in affecting in experiments to find suitable the entrepreneurship capabilities alternatives to policies for solving and capacities of local elected rulers specific issues without creating (governors, regents) to manage and broader issues or crippling each utilize available resources and range other’s credibility. in this situation, of connection in competing against Weber, in Warsito (2017), mentions other regions within the state five importances of the rule of law and beyond. Grindle in Wibawa specified. They are standard norms (1994) later continued with the formed by agreement. the law is explanation. the final decision from a consistent system consciously the decision-making process shall constituted from basically abstract focus on five aspects. They are types rules, obedience to law obligated for of benefits, desired degree of change, all entities, decision making based the position of decision-makers, on the rule of law, and obedience to Dhany Putra Pratama Paradiplomacy Practice In Indonesia: 69 programs’ executors, and resulted the previous governor of NTB in in resources. the 2008-2013 period. Muhammad As for final implementation, Zainul Majdi, who is famously four aspects shall also become a known as Tuan Guru Bajang or often consideration: power, interests, abbreviated as TGB, ruled NTB for strategies of involved actors, and ten years. He is also the grandson obedience and response capability. of Nahdlatul Wathan founder, Muhammad Zainudin Abdulmajid. Research Findings It is the most significant Islamic Each leader in all systems ideally movement in West Nusa Tenggara believes that every decision he/she based in Pancor, East Lombok makes must serve the betterment regency, and an alumnus of Al- of the public based on his/her Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt. vision, thus making the policy He becomes a significant “different” to his/her predecessor. influence on how Tuan Guru This situation regularly happens in Bajang formed his policies. He the policymaking process of West primarily mobilized the support Nusa Tenggara or NTB. It considers of the people by utilizing the the rate of congeniality between three fundamental identities of each governor’s background, the people of NTB (Indonesia- vision, and policy. It is safe to ism or Pancasila, NTB-ism, or the assume that the role of charismatic harmony of people of NTB despite individual influence significantly in the ethnic and religious diversity, the policymaking process of NTB and Islam-ism or the belief in Allah government, but the statement does and Muhammad. Mentioning TGB’s not necessarily discard the part of success in improving West Nusa the representative council (Dewan Tenggara’s economic problems, Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah/DPRD) most of his achievements (TGB. entirely in the process (Mahdi, id, n.d.) focused on the sector of 2019). halal tourism, infrastructure, and Halal Tourism as the Foundation of relations with the Islamic world. TGB’s Paradiplomacy Furthermore, his vision for the Between 2013 and 2018, a 2013 governor election of NTB, governor named Muhammad Religious and Cultured, Prosperous, Zainul Majdi ruled the province of and Competitive NTB (Maga, West Nusa Tenggara. He was also 2013), already annunciated the Islamic World and Politics 70 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 influence of Islamic value in his In terms of paradiplomacy, programs and created a distinction the focus of Tuan Guru Bajang to prior governors’ plans and other administration in developing governors in Indonesia. Neneng NTB’s economic condition through Herbawati (2018) went as far as foreign relations is the promotion of putting TGB’s development principle halal tourism brand. Halal tourism side-to-side with Obamanomics in the definition is an attempt to by US President Barrack Obama, create a tourism system based on Widjojonomics by Prof. Dr. Widjojo the Islamic Sharia law in which Nitisastro, Habibienomics by Prof. the food and drink consumption, Dr. BJ. Habibie, and other economic accommodation, and other facilities experts and leaders, by naming are standardized based on the TGB’s principle “TGBNomics” in need of Muslim tourists (Hariani, her autobiography book entitled 2016). Still, it does not necessarily TGBNomics: Ikhtiar NTB Untuk designate to Muslim tourists only Indonesia. Through TGBNomics as non-Muslim tourists are also (Herbawati, 2018), Tuan Guru guaranteed to enjoy the leisure Bajang attempted to create a system provided by the halal tourism of politics and economy in NTB system. the positive impact of the friendly to lower-class community, development of halal tourism in investors, tourists, and supporting NTB aside of the increasing number the national development program of tourist visits and the amount of based on Islamic values as well as national and international awards nourishing the pride and confidence is the increase of working field in of NTB people from the negative the tourism sector for the people image Nanti Tuhan Bantu (roughly of NTB and the nourishment of translated into May God Helps) friendship between NTB with caused by prolonged high poverty Islamic countries across the world rate. Furthermore, the role of the (Busaini, 2017). Attempting to Indonesian government should be unleash NTB from the “shadow” accounted for as the 10 Bali Baru of Bali as Indonesia’s iconic tourist (10 New Bali) project by the central destination of Indonesia, the halal government transformed into an tourism project instigated by Tuan excellent opportunity for NTB’s Guru Bajang served not merely as policy options. one of the policies promoted by his governance but also the flagship Dhany Putra Pratama Paradiplomacy Practice In Indonesia: 71 leading almost all his strategies vice governor, Sitti Rohmi Djalilah, by focusing regional development the sister of Tuan Guru Bajang, through infrastructures supporting muster public support throughout halal tourism. Further observation the province by harnessing both indicates the building of relations educational background and public with local and foreign governments contribution before the election and institutions such as the period. Among the most perceivable Australian government and the feat by Dr. Zul reasonably boosting states included as “Muslim-majority his reputation is by being the founder states” in assisting the realization of Universitas Teknologi Sumbawa of NTB’s goals through various (UTS), one of the most recently training of foreign languages and established universities in Sumbawa tourism management, constructions regency (Universitas Teknologi projects, and fairs. the result is Sumbawa, n.d.). arguably fruitful as NTB received Dr. Zul is an alumnus of multiple awards from national the University of Strathclyde in and international communities Glasgow, United Kingdom (UK) successfully applying halal tourism graduating from Doctoral Program to such extent that it becomes of International Marketing a continuous program for the and Business of Department of following periods. Economics in 2001, along with Dr. Zul, Education & Investment, several non-degree programs and Paradiplomacy attained in various universities across Australia, Japan, the The rise of Dr. Zulkieflimansyah Netherlands, UK, and the United as the new governor of West States. He eventually delivers a Nusa Tenggara province since significant influence on how issues mid-2018 is a further step in the of his administration’s policies: politics of West Nusa Tenggara. focusing on the regional economic Dr. Zulkieflimansyah or famously development by enhancing the known as Dr. Zul or Bang Zul quality of human resources through becomes one of few Sumbawanese education. the situation presumably (one of three majority ethnic groups goes as far as his entire plan in NTB aside from Sasak and Mbojo) generally guided by his experience becoming a governor after a few as an Indonesian student studying decades. Another matter deserving abroad and various reputations attention is that how Dr. Zul, with his Islamic World and Politics 72 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 as a lecturer and a member of the civil society and law and justice national representative council enforcement). (DPR), and all of them achieved Several findings suggest that Dr. within a period less than fifteen Zulkieflimansyah has developed a years. Dr. Zul (2019) frequently set of a rather unorthodox form of admits that his policies receives an paradiplomacy for fulfilling the goal influence from his experience and of enhancing the quality of human his vice governor’s desire to build resources through education. It is NTB on their vision, becoming utilizing a local-established non- the driving force of the formation governmental organization in of NTB Gemilang five-year providing support for the regime development plan which consists of and its goals. Such policy is visible six fundamental pillars (Pemerintah through the establishment of a sister Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat, province plan between NTB and 2019): NTB Tangguh dan Mantap Kujawsko-Pomorskie voivodeship (reinforcing disaster mitigation and (province) in Poland. Appearing development of infrastructure and like other typical forms of inter- regional connectivity), NTB Bersih regional paradiplomacy, Lembaga dan Melayani (transformation for Pengembangan Pendidikan (LPP) integrated, high-performance, NTB serves a supporting role by corruption-collusion-nepotism- establishing relations with universities free, and dedicating bureaucracy), in Kujawsko-Pomorskie before the NTB Sehat dan Cerdas exploratory phase of the official (enhancement of quality of human sister province plan’s establishment resources as the foundation of started in October 2018 (Imansyah, regional competitiveness), NTB Asri 2018). Based on the Letter of Intent dan Lestari (management of natural (LoI) signed by the governors of both resources and environment), NTB provinces in April 2019, both regions Sejahtera dan Mandiri (poverty intend to cooperate in sectors such eradication, reduction of economic as economy, art and culture, science discrepancy, and inclusive economic and education, tourism, and sports development relying on agriculture, (Aulia, 2019). tourism, and industrialization), and Regarding the relation NTB Aman dan Berkah (realization between Dr. Zulkieflimansyah’s of religious and characterized administration and LPP NTB, the information retrieved from Dhany Putra Pratama Paradiplomacy Practice In Indonesia: 73 the Bureau of Cooperation (CSR) of companies operating in Administration of Governor Office NTB, donors of the sympathizers, of NTB and LPP NTB suggests and scholarships from universities that LPP NTB is established by Dr. agreeing to cooperate in succeeding Zulkieflimansyah himself outside in the program (Rahadi, 2019), the administrative system of the particularly those outside Indonesia. Governor’s office (Aulia, 2019). It in many negotiations conducted serves as a means to accomplish between the Governor’s office one of the administration’s mission: with regions outside Indonesia, the 1000 Cendikia (Rahadi, negotiators from LPP NTB are also 2019), a continuation of one of present in the meeting along with Dr. Zulkieflimansyah’s campaign Dr. Zulkieflimansyah himself, thus promises to send 1000 NTB revealing the pivotal role of LPP students to study abroad. A non- NTB in the process. As per 2019, governmental organization means as this article was in the making, that LPP NTB’s funding undoubtedly the awardees of the LPP NTB’s sources from funding outside the scholarship ranging around 250 official budget (APBD). It relies with details provided below: on corporate social responsibility

Type(s) of Host Program No. Grade Awardee Study Intake Scholarship Countries Batch 1 Category A (Fully Poland Batch 1 S2 20 October 2018 Funded) Batch 2 S2 26 February 2019 Batch 3 S2 26 October 2019 Malaysia S2 141 September 2019 2 Category B China S1 21 October 2019 (Partially Funded) S3 16 October 2019 Table 1 Awardee of Beasiswa NTB Year 2018-2019 (https://lppntb.com/) Another purpose of the bureaucracy required for establishment of LPP NTB is to the establishment of formal outmaneuver the “complicated” paradiplomacy cooperation Islamic World and Politics 74 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 with regions (Aulia, 2019). Dr. NTB’s local government attempts to Zulkieflimansyah (2019) argued benefit from the sending of students during an interview that education- to Poland, Polish corporations invest based cooperation through LPP in various sectors, including tourism NTB serves as a “stepping stone” and construction, by cooperating for more structured and formal with national companies with cooperation between the Governor’s one recent example being the office of NTB and other regions construction of Sambelia Power Plant potentially welcoming NTB as their (Suara NTB, 2019). Under President partner. With twelve procedures, ’s administration, the Governor’s office has to foreign investment has become accomplish to establish formal a priority for the government to cooperation based on Regulation enhance national and regional of Foreign Minister (Permenlu) economy and, with regional leaders Number 3 the Year 2019 regarding authorized to de-bureaucratize the General Guideline on Foreign investment-related regulations Relations by Local Governments. (Badan Koordinasi Penanaman the considerable amount of time Modal, n.d.). the Governor’s office expended on coordination with of NTB adapts with the system DPRD, the Ministry of Internal by promoting cooperation with Affairs, and External Affairs included governments and organizations on in the twelve procedures respectively education with an opportunity for has driven Dr. Zulkieflimansyah investment in return. for another alternative requiring less bureaucratic procedures and DISCUSSION time to establish. Tasking a non- Based on discoveries related governmental organization, creates to paradiplomacy practiced an early start for the Governor’s by Tuan Guru Bajang and Dr. office of NTB. Zulkieflimansyah, several points Such a form of cooperation are taken into account, particularly received immediate approval from the reasoning behind the focused the central government (Liputan6. sectors of paradiplomacy in each com, 2018), particularly Indonesia, period and how the public of NTB for the central governments of both views the policies of each governor. Indonesia and Poland attempt to in the case of paradiplomacy policies fulfill their interests in NTB. As issued by the two governors of Dhany Putra Pratama Paradiplomacy Practice In Indonesia: 75

NTB between 2013 and 2018, both representative council (DPRD) legislative and executive may have serves as both an opportunity and different reasonings on enlisting halal threat to NTB’s economy as the tourism in TGB’s era and education loosening of regulations on the and investment in Dr. Zul’s era as flow of people, goods, services, and an option for paradiplomacy aside technology between member states. with the afore-existing tourism At the same time, it benefits NTB as and investment options. Further the trade road becomes wider and investigation reveals that the factors more flexible, are also vulnerable why the two governors alongside the to domination as the free market representative council decide to select model of ASEAN is a competition. the two options: external and internal. Those unable to compete will experience an unintended overflow Factors and Rational Consi­ of such goods, services, and more, derations thus leading both governors to be External factors of such creative in handling such issues. paradiplomacy options mainly refer the second issue is the fulfillment to situations occurring outside the task of United Nations’ Sustainable national jurisdiction and border of Development Goals (SDGs), which NTB’s government and Indonesian Indonesia signed in 2015 and, along government entirely, thus leaving with the other 189 UN member NTB’s government, particularly states, plan to gratify in the year both governors, with the option to 2030. the SDGs’ fulfillment aims for adapt to the situation. Two of the global mutual prosperity consisting most prominent and repeatedly of 17 goals and 169 targets. discussed factors is the emergence The third factor emerges from of ASEAN Community as a new the demands of cooperation initiated integration platform of Southeast by foreign governments and other Asian countries included in the institutions, which undeniably Association of Southeast Asian intend to fulfill their own previously Nations or ASEAN consisting mentioned three goals (purely of economic, socio-cultural, economic, multipurpose, and and politics-security integration regional identity/political interests). agreements signed by presidents in the practice of paradiplomacy and legal representatives of each agreements between NTB and member state. the integration plan foreign institutions (governments, for both governors and the local Islamic World and Politics 76 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 companies, and universities), the backed by experiences. As TGB agreement regularly involves two intended to build NTB through a paradiplomacy sectors or more religious-based tourism concept, Dr. with the expectation that when Zulkieflimansyah intended to build one side does not receive a direct NTB through developing human benefit from one sector. the other resources and economy through included sectors may assist. For education (Zulkieflimansyah, 2019) instance, the agreement between and investment. NTB and Kujawsko-Pomorskie, The second factor is the Poland, involves the Polish condition of NTB’s Human government’s and companies’ Development Index (HDI) being investment in Special Economic “lower than the national average Zone (Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus rate.” the latest calculation of HDI or KEK) Mandalika, Lombok in issued by Badan Pusat Statistik exchange of NTB students studying (BPS) indicated that the HDI of in Toruń and other cities across the NTB experienced a gradual increase Kujawsko-Pomorskie. However, for eight years by starting at 61,16 in foreign direct investment (FDI) in 2010 and ending at 67,30 in 2018. Indonesia is a national-level issue, Despite the increase, such numbers and the sustainable energy facilities are still below the national means investment is a continuation ranging from 66,53 per 2010 to 71,39 of the Indonesia-Polish central per 2018. the HDI Growth per year government agreement. for the province is also relatively Internally, the first factor to inconsistent, with the lowest laying at consider is the demand of people 0,88 percent in 2014 and 0,95 percent and the governors’ vision to in 2016. Still, the numbers indicated moderate a “change” in the system, signs of improvement with average demanding it to improve on sectors growth being higher compared with previous governments missed the national mean every year with continuously. in other words, while graphics designated below: the governors insist on creating a distinct vision, missions, and policies to their predecessors, the people simultaneously request “better government” than before, based on the desired conditions Dhany Putra Pratama Paradiplomacy Practice In Indonesia: 77

Graphic 1 HDI Growth Percentage of NTB Province Year 2011-2018 (Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat (2019))

Graphic 2: HDI of NTB Year 2010-2018 (Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat (2019))

Lastly, the desire of each and province through diaspora for governor to “globalize” NTB the same purpose. Furthermore, in their plan is influencing the both governors fulfill the goal by paradiplomacy trend. If Tuan increasing the reach of their policy Guru Bajang “globalized” NTB and flexibility of the application. through the introduction and One example is the determination massive promotion of the “halal of Dr. Zul to exclude “obligatory tourism” brand to the global dedication” to a governmental Muslim community, Dr. Zul focuses institution for the scholarship on granting a chance for NTB awardees and allow them to “seek students to promote their country their career” while building the Islamic World and Politics 78 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 image of NTB in the international to extract the desired output. community. Another example is the However, the development of “halal continuous deregulation of NTB’s tourism” in NTB almost entirely bureaucratic and licensing system focuses on Lombok island with in TGB’s era, responding President’s considerably little-to-no attention Joko Widodo’s mandate to create to potentials Sumbawa island might an investor-friendly ecosystem, provide (PSnews, 2016). For people particularly in the newly established residing in Sumbawa, this condition KEK Mandalika (Herbawati, 2018). frequently leads to the “jealous sentiment” of Sumbawanese, which Public Opinion and Critics ironically has been a long-living A dubbed good and applicable sentiment even before the period policy is not completely perfect nor Tuan Guru Bajang became the necessarily pleasing everyone within governor of NTB firstly in 2008. the society, either those belonging to the author realizes TGB’s plan to the civilian or government officials. exploit the Pulau 1000 Masjid (1000 At some moments, critics are Mosques Island) identity of Lombok inevitable as a systemized policy is island, indicating the majority of the regardless prone to flaws at some Lombok population being Muslim points, particularly executions. the (Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi same rule frequently happens in Nusa Tenggara Barat, 2019) in the last two periods of government building “halal tourism.” Despite so, within the scope of West Nusa such a situation may lead to other Tenggara province, where, despite sectors receiving less attention, and various innovative policies issued the Sumbawanese are considerably with such deemed-perfect planning, anxious that such a condition they still display flaws, thus possibly turns into a reality. triggering critics from the society. Another issue that often emerges Responding to Tuan and purposively aimed towards Guru Bajang’s “halal tourism” the “halal tourism” paradiplomacy paradiplomacy policy, the author is the fear that TGB systematically admits that executing such a publicly ignores the economic role of other unfamiliar policy, arguably the first religious groups residing in NTB, in Indonesia at the time, requires particularly Lombok island as the lots of courage and systematic center of “halal tourism” policy. planning thus enabling the policy Maintaining harmonious relations Dhany Putra Pratama Paradiplomacy Practice In Indonesia: 79 between ethnoreligious groups and News, 2019), the policies of Dr. having Balinese ethnic embracing Zulkieflimansyah’s administration, Hinduism as the second-largest including the education and community in NTB serve as both investment-based paradiplomacy, a unique trait a challenge to NTB are prone to mal-administration due regardless of the time and place. to the hurried implementations but Fortunately, research by Setiawati able to be tackled through proper (2019) indicated that the Hindu planning and information system. community involved in the halal Another issue commonly discussed tourism project is generally pleased is the inequal treat the government and positive with the economic laid on the revitalization of Lombok prospects potentially emerging island following the earthquake from halal tourism. However, lack of in mid-2018, stated by Koalisi proper socialization and training to Masyarakat Sipil NTB and Partai the society, particularly the workers Demokrasi Indonesia – Perjuangan at various tourism facilities (hotels, (PDI-P) NTB (Hidayat & Zulfikar, restaurants), and the tourist often 2019). led to misunderstandings, thus For the public, the critics on reducing the effectiveness of such a Dr. Zulkieflimansyah’s policies, perfectly-planned policy. education, and investment-based The next administration also paradiplomacy, in particular, appears to be struggling with the mostly aim at how the lack of same issue (Baihaqi, 2019) despite proper information and contact the routine visits and monitoring system of the Governor’s office conducted by the governor. the on the scholarship during first desired executions are considerably months of application. Due to patchy and hasty (Talika News, this issue, applicants often found 2019), thus triggering critics from themselves ignored by LPP NTB the public and government officials. as the committee with uncertain Officials and political parties often requirements and the inability of the become one of the first to respond committee to respond immediately and criticize the policies of the local and later refrained their intentions government in NTB. For the Chief to enlist (Fahriza, 2018). For worse, of Fraksi Bintang Perjuangankan the inability for proper information Nurani Rakyat (FBPNR) for DPRD and communication system also NTB, L. Budi Suriyata (Talika causes suspicion among society. the Islamic World and Politics 80 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 awardees are “close” to the governor, society that ideologies adopted in any causing what the author describes as states are not necessarily affecting “a waste of potential talent.” Another the ideologies of the students, and issue is as stated by the Secretary of character-building at home is the Education and Cultural Department primary task of the parents to guide of NTB (Disdikbud NTB). Sukran and strengthen their children’s (2019), mentions the necessity principles. With such effort, the of improvement of the capability knowledge and experience retrieved of all students of NTB, especially by the students can open the minds those participating in LPP NTB’s of people fearing to face the outside scholarship, namely Beasiswa world. NTB, to speak, write, and read in foreign languages (i.e., English, CONCLUSION Mandarin) to improve their study NTB’s paradiplomacy trends for abroad. the author suggests that the the last five years rely on the initiative improvement of the capability of of the governors as the leader of students of NTB in communicating the movement and their capability with foreign languages may also to exploit available resources and elevate NTB’s reputation towards connection to improve the regional the host countries. competitiveness in the middle The last issue appearing of competition between regions during the implementation is the within the same state and outside. presence of unnecessary fear of With various available options, the NTB society that is known the governors should experiment to be religious, particularly the and expand the region’s capability parents, that studying abroad may in challenging the continuously lead their children into ideologies changing and demanding global contradicting religious teachings economy. Frequently relying (Fahriza, 2018). While appearing on regional identity, personal trivial, such issue shall be the experience, and the current trend, attention for fear of communicating the two governors ruling between with the outside world will hinder 2013 and 2018 exactly committed the progress of the government and so by introducing halal tourism the society to improve. in tackling paradiplomacy initiated by Tuan the issue, the task of the government Guru Bajang and education and mainly centers on educating the investment-based paradiplomacy by Dhany Putra Pratama Paradiplomacy Practice In Indonesia: 81

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Syaiful Anam1, Rezki Satris2 1Universitas Mataram, Nusa Tenggara Barat 2Universitas AMIKOM Yogyakarta Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Abstrak Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana mengkonstruksikan kembali bentuk mediasi melalui suatu analisis framing. Konsep framing dalam sebuah mediasi adalah sebuah bentuk komunikasi yang dibingkai secara konstruktif. Dalam dinamika konflik, proses mediasi menjadi bagian yang paling menentukan dalam proses pemecahan masalah. Bagaimana seorang mediator mampu membingkai ulang konsep mediasi ini dengan memberdayakan pihak-pihak yang berkonflik untuk dapat keluar dari masalah tanpa harus memperburuk situasi. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah bersifat kualitatif dengan pendekatan sebuah analisis freming yang menjelaskan bahwa seorang mediator bukanlah pengambil keputusan dari proses negosiasi, akan tetapi seorang mediator mampu mencari solusi terhadap permasalahan yang bersifat konstruktif dan kooperatif sesuai dengan kemampuan mediator.

Kata Kunci: Framing, Konflik, Mediasi, Pengambilan Keputusan

Abstract This study aims to explain how to reconstruct the form of mediation through a framing analysis. the concept of framing in negotiation is a form of constructively framed communication. the dynamics of conflict, the mediation process, become the most decisive part of the problem-solving process and how a mediator can reframe the mediation concept by empowering conflicting parties without worsening the situation. the research method used qualitative with a framing analysis approach. It explains that a mediator is not a decision- maker in the negotiation process. A mediator can find solutions to constructive

Islamic World and Politics Vol. 4. No.1 June 2019 ISSN: 2614-0535, E-ISSN: 2655-1330 Syaiful Anam & Rezki Satris 87 Reframing In Conflict Mediation: and cooperative problems following the mediator’s abilities.

Keywords: Framing, Conflict, Mediation, Decision Making

INTRODUCTION communication skills to support One of the beneficial skills that parties in finding ways to resolve have to be mastered by mediators (Sharland, 2007) by reframing the is the technique of reframing. negative frame delivered by parties. Reframing here refers to the Whereas manipulation here refers communication skill utilized by to, using the Robert Benjamin’s the mediator to change the parties’ term (1995), as a positive deception thoughts to a more affirmative that could encourage parties to meaning to support parties gain a resolution as well, despite in gaining resolution (Mayer, the potential risks that might 2000:132). in other words, reframing be counterproductive with the means to shift the frame that is principle of mediation itself. fabricated by parties to describe the This paper, thus, will be divided problem or conflict into another into four parts to substantiate the more constructive frame. argument. the first part will be Given the importance of the discussing the reframing skill in skill in determining the settlement general and as well as its application in a mediation process, this paper in the process of mediation. the will examine whether reframing idea of this part is to explore what skills could empower parties. is reframing itself in general, It eventually brings them to an including its purposes and methods. agreement, or rather this skill is a the next section will be analyzing form of manipulating the issues and the concept of empowerment in decisions conducted by a mediator, mediation. It will then have an which might consequently elaboration through the discussion exacerbate the dispute. It will argue of reframing. Afterward, it will that reframing can be regarded be discussing on how reframing as both empowering parties and is in a more negative term as a manipulating choices in mediation. form of manipulating decision- Empowering parties means making. It will explain whether or that the mediator uses his/her not reframing is genuinely a form Islamic World and Politics 88 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 of deception. the last part of the challenging to reach (Donohue, paper will then conclude that while Allen & Burrell, 1985: 76-77). reframing could empower parties ‘Reframing’ is one of the to reach an agreement, it is also communication skills that equip manipulative in specific ways. mediator in facilitating parties. It is perceived as crucial since RESULT AND EXPLANATION the mediator in the mediation Reframing in Mediation: General process frequently encounters a Introduction situation in which parties came with their frame of interpretation The mediator needs to to describe or to behave in the have competence or skill of dispute they are involving. the communication when dealing concept of ‘frame or framing’ with parties in conflict or dispute. itself has been offered by Bateson By having specific knowledge of (1972) to refer to a psychological communication and the ability to idea where conversations or social use it in the mediation process, it actions have a construction within could facilitate parties to progress restricted meaning based on the and to reach an agreement. For interpretation of each party. It is instance, when dealing with an as a result, including particular interpersonal dispute such as a messages and disregarding others divorce dispute, the mediator (Benjamin & Irving, 2005:478; should understand how the emotion Bodtker & Jameson, 1997:238). of parties when responding to These frames might consequently issues related to divorce. in this not only create misinterpretation situation, what mediator should and misunderstanding by the other do is that he/she has to utilize his/ party but also make each party her communication strategy in remain to insist upon their position facilitating parties to get accurate that might bring the mediation to an and positive information exchange uncomfortable atmosphere. Hence, among them. Failure conversely the mediator in this circumstance creates a tough situation in which should ‘reframe’ the statements parties insist upon their position that tend to be misunderstood by due to the unclear information or to insult other parties into a new delivered by the mediator. Hence, frame containing neutral or positive the agreement is consequently meanings. Syaiful Anam & Rezki Satris 89 Reframing In Conflict Mediation:

Tracing back the historical situation, Erickson constructed a experiences, the technique of new frame for his patient by saying reframing is not new in human (Rosen, 1974, in Zaffar, 2008), history. in dealing with their internal “You say that you are a good conflict, for instance, humans Catholic. Then why do you insult the frequently and automatically Lord; why do you make a mockery reframe specific issues that have of him? You ought to be ashamed put them in a complicated situation of yourself - making a mockery of into a frame that make them feel God and calling yourself a good better. When encountered with the Catholic.” Erickson continued to problem of losing someone who they state, “[I] hauled out my anatomy are loved, individuals would tend to book, an atlas showing all the think, “I am sure she wouldn’t have illustrations of the body. I showed her wanted me to cry or be sad if she a cross-section of the rectum and anal were here.” This kind of reframing is sphincter. I said, ‘Now, man is very simple yet successfully to convince skillful at building things. But, can the reframer that they could still you imagine a man being sufficiently “move on” and do not occupy their skillful at building a valve that sorrow (Zaffar, 2008). contains solid matter, liquid matter, The application of reframing and air- and emits downward only strategy in current practice has been the air?’ I said, ‘God did. Why don’t developed well and is in a particular you respect God?’” situation. the method of reframing At the final stage, Erickson conducted by a psychiatrist, Milton suggested a behavioral prescription H. Erickson, shows that reframing towards his patient. As restated by can create significant changes in the Zaffar (2008), “He ordered her to eat thought and behavior of the patient. some baked beans flavored by garlic Erickson encountered a problem and onions (a great stimulant for the where his patient, a teacher, and a colon) and then dance around her pious Catholic, were feeling under apartment naked, “emitting loud pressure because of her bad behavior ones, soft ones, big ones, little ones … that frequently passes her flatus and enjoy God’s work.” Finally, that loudly in her teaching activity in the woman had successfully overcome classroom. She then locked herself her problem and involved in any in her room, avoiding interaction social activities. This experience with the people around her. in this showed how Erickson shifted the Islamic World and Politics 90 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 underlying frame of his patient by should try to convince parties to the using her religious worldview as a point that might be able to realize way to justify her awkwardness and them upon the different believe turn it as an acceptable matter in they have, yet it is not to falsify social life. the belief. Instead, it focuses on Through the example finding the core mutual values that experienced by Erickson, the might assist parties in reaching an purpose of reframing is to shift agreement. Nevertheless, the use the context situation faced by a of this technique is widespread in patient to another better context. mediation. It, too, focuses on values This technique, as stated by Zaffar on future problems instead of the (2008), is called “Reframing by immediate one. Recontextualization.” It is how a Another method that is more new frame/context created through practical in reframing conflict is, as the previously factual background advocated by Jennifer Fisher, Coben of the patient itself (religious belief, & Love, the practice of rituals and or socio-economic status). Despite symbols. By bringing foods, drinks, changing into a modern context, and eating together at the same table reframing is also to persuade will much reduce the level of tension parties, that is, moving out from between disputants and create a the current circumstance and status comfortable atmosphere so that they quo. Here, the mediator helps parties could be more cooperative. Also, a to open their minds upon a higher technique such as active listening is possibility of achieving settlement necessary to reframe conflict. Active in the future by exploring parties’ listening requires mediator not only creative solutions. to listen carefully and actively but There are many ways to do also to give a constructive reflection reframing in dispute. For instance, of his/her thoughts in responding to Fisher and Ury (1991) suggested parties’ issues without making any the technique of “agree to disagree.” judgments. This constructive thinks Mediator using this technique to that permeates into the words, facilitate people intolerant with sentences, and conversation done homosexuality, for example, is likely by the mediator is used to reframe challenging to persuade them, and the specific problems that might they believe in that position into a bring positive meaning to parties change after mediation. the mediator and ignore other issues that might Syaiful Anam & Rezki Satris 91 Reframing In Conflict Mediation: negatively affect the mediation and find a way to solve the dispute are parties (Phillips, 1999: 170). facilitated and supported in finding Furthermore, reframing is also and developing their solution to a tool to exercise the mediator’s settle their dispute. Cobb (1993) power in intervening parties. asserts that mediation is to empower Intervention here means that the parties, and Mayer (2000) has mediator uses his/her ability to argued that the essence of mediation reshape the structure or content itself is to provide an empowering of language, proposal, discourse, approach to solve serious conflict or utterance delivered by parties. and dispute. This part of the paper It is a part of evaluation towards then attempts to investigate whether the appropriateness of parties’ the practice of reframing by the recommendations whether or mediator is empowering parties and not it will bring a solution to the supporting the mediation process dispute. Intervention through as a means to facilitate parties to reframing moreover functions to achieve resolution. provide alternatives to parties and To understand and determine bring them to a single shared-view whether reframing is a form of perspective in which common empowering parties, it will be elements of their proposal are necessary first to discuss the concept reconstructed by mediator so of empowerment in mediation. that it will help parties to achieve Many authors, researchers, mutual understanding and desirable and practitioners in mediation solution. By doing useful reframing, agree that ‘empowerment’ is an it will change the way conflict being important aspect of mediation. represented by parties through However, there is no single agreed- language and discourse into a upon what exactly the concept is constructive discussion (Donohue, (O’Reardon, 2011), and it is indeed Allen, & Burrell, 1985:80; Gerami, an ambiguous and indefinable 2009:443). concept (Sharland, 2007). Apart from that matter, empowerment Reframing: Empowering Parties itself is the core principle within the One of the underlying purposes philosophy of mediation, and this of mediation is to empower parties, is one of the reasons why mediation meaning that through mediation, is a global method of dispute/ practice parties initially unable to Islamic World and Politics 92 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 conflict resolution in various sectors content of agreement without any (Doherty & Guyler, 2008: 173). intervention from the mediator. The essence of empowerment the faithfulness of the agreement in mediation is an attempt at is up to the disputants or parties supporting parties through certain themselves (2008:173). These factors strategies conducted by a mediator clearly show a simple set for and by to facilitate parties to find their the conflicting parties, and they way to reach an agreement. It is as accordingly need to be empowered emphasized by Cobb (1997) that “ throughout the mediation process … empowered parties experience so that there should be desirable increased self-esteem, improved solutions. control over decision making, an Why parties need to be increased sense of their power, and empowered and how by empowering the reduction of painful emotions”. parties in mediation might help What Cobb has stressed reflects them to find the solution upon their that empowerment is precisely one dispute could also be well understood of the core functions of mediation, by exploring the main aspect of the that is, to merely facilitate parties to empowerment itself. O’Reardon solve their dispute in their ways in a (2011) pointed out three important constructive manner. As the dispute aspects of empowerment: cognitive, that emerged from the parties’ linguistic, and emotional. the interactions, the mediator only cognitive aspect in empowerment functions to guide and facilitate describes the persons’ ability to see them in which there should be a new alternatives or choices that they solution to the dispute from the did not see beforehand. It does not disputants or parties’ initiatives. mean that the persons do not have Doherty and Guyler (2008) point the choices or options before, but out factors that make empowerment it gives persons a new perspective rests within the process of mediation, in seeing that they have choices to such as the decision to involve in solve their problem and dispute. mediation is based on the parties’ in another way, it also constructs a decision without any coercion person’s belief and gives awareness from any other people. Parties upon a new believer or norm. For themselves determine the issues instance, a person who believes that and topics discussed in mediation. persons from certain ethnicities, says Parties decide the decision and the ethnic B, is rude. It would influence Syaiful Anam & Rezki Satris 93 Reframing In Conflict Mediation: someone’s behavior in interacting mediation, a disempowered party and interpretation in seeing the does not know how to choose the problem. the critical question is right decision, being aggressive, or whether or not these beliefs could do not focus on the core problem help us to find ways of solving the of dispute. Empowerment enables problem. Empowerments then disempowered parties to manage function to reshape this belief to a their emotion appropriately. new belief that is more constructive Thus, this emotion could be more in seeing the relationship. positively and productively. The aspect of linguistic With the discussion of the in empowerment means that empowerment above, the essence empowerment could help a person of mediation itself is to empower to provide a new language to express parties. of course, for enabling self-feeling. Imagine that if we parties, the mediator needs to could only express the feeling of develop and utilize specific skills down and low by ‘sad,’ it will make and strategies. They are the main us see that all emotional feeling is topics of the paper, ‘Does reframing only described by the word ‘sad.’ the skill and strategy empower parties?’ consequence of it is that it would It will argue that reframing difficult to address the deep source is a skill that serves to empower of emotion specifically. It would be parties in mediation. the idea of different if we could have words empowerment, as discussed above, such as ‘depressed,’ ‘melancholy,’ is enabling parties that they are ‘disaffected,’ and ‘alienated,’ which authorized or encouraged through through these words could reflect specific skills and strategies of a specific source of the emotion the mediator to find and explore and enable us to respond properly. their potential personal capacity Empowerment thus helps the person for solving their problem and to express feelings and emotions eventually reaching an agreeable through languages. solution. Reframing accordingly, as The last aspect is emotional. argued by Mayer (2000), functions in expressing their emotion, to empower parties throughout its disempowered people do not practices and principles. Livingood know how to express it and tend (2002) points out some reasons for to behave in unhealthy ways using reframing in mediation to appropriately. in a discussion or illuminate the empowering aspect Islamic World and Politics 94 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 of reframing, and these reasons parties’ minds and perspectives to reflect the tradition and policy of think constructively in responding reframing as a way of empowering to their problems. disputants/parties. Firstly, through Secondly, reframing may create reframing, a mediator can help a new alternative perspective. By parties to understand, and clarifying proposing a new alternative so that issues reviewed. By reframing, a an old viewpoint can change. Parties mediator may help parties to narrow are to see and understand the issues the complex problems and guide through a different light. It can be by them in determining the essence using neutral or positive language of the problem. As suggested by and statements. Reframing through Livingood, reframing statements proper and positive communication from parties means clarify which might persuade parties to avoid issues to include in the process certain words and comments of mediation or by asking parties that might trigger other parties’ questions leading them to reframe emotions and make them listen to their original statements. For their statements or their opponent. example: By hearing and understanding “Original Statement: “Our each proposal and issue through members are highly skilled and positive feedback, it would make deserve to be paid for their skills.” parties think about their issue more “Request to Frame: “Are you constructively. saying that all your members are There are many more reasons highly skilled and all deserve higher to show that reframing is a form of pay?” empowering parties, but this will “Reframed statement: Our be the last point here, that is, by mechanics and technicians are reframing it will assist parties to the ones I am talking about; they obtain their common problems and deserve higher rates.” (Livingood, goals. Mayer (2000) and Livingood 2002: 45). (2002) outline through their work The example of reframing that by reframing parties’ paradigm above shows that the mediator asks and worldview also helps them to questions to a party so that the issue see not only the issues but also their becomes narrower and help the party position within the conflict system to identify his underlying interests. they have built through different Furthermore, it might also open light and perspective. the mediator Syaiful Anam & Rezki Satris 95 Reframing In Conflict Mediation: needs to engage parties to change 2010: 20). Benjamin (1995), also their storyline, alter their dramatic considered that reframing in the view of the conflict, hear each other, form of deception could “…create and encourage parties to work an opportunity for the disputants’ together in establishing common- current unproductive worldviews shared story taken from their every to discard so that newer and more element of the story. Then, they productive frames can emerge” (in could find their common problems Blanciak, 2002). and goals (Mayer, 2000: 137-138; While reframing as mani­ Livingood, 2002:48). It eventually pulating parties’ decisions and will bring parties to be cooperative issues are common in the practice and help them to reach an acceptable of mediation as to some extent it agreement. could foster the settlement, it is not Reframing and its manipulative recommended by some authors aspect and practitioners in the field to frequently apply it. Benjamin Despite its function to empower (1995), a proponent of manipulative parties, reframing also serves reframing, argues, as restated by as to manipulate parties. Some Blanciak (2002), in a complicated authors, such as Bernard Mayer, situation, utilizing logic and reason James Coben, Lela P. Love, and is unlikely to convince parties Robert Benjamin, acknowledge the to move out of their position. It manipulative aspect of reframing is, therefore, by reframing in a practice. For instance, Mayer manipulative way justified as an (2000) argued that “…reframing attempt to help parties in finding a can also be manipulative. It can solution. Instead of using the term be for people to talk out of their ‘manipulative,’ the word ‘deception’ concerns or feelings or to water is seen to be more appropriate for down a conflict or an issue” (2000: Benjamin to describe this matter. 139). Likewise, Coben and Love the deception through reframing contend that mediator frequently in Benjamin’s account requires a uses reframing as manipulation mediator to sync with the worldview and deception so that parties could of each party. Mediator then should consider issues and proposals accept the “truth” of this worldview through different perspectives, and and use it to reframe the context. that could promote settlement (in For Benjamin, this is “tricky . . . Coben, 2000: 4; and Coben & Love, Islamic World and Politics 96 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 because the mediator must be able also argued that manipulation in to synchronize with each party’s reframing can always be allowed as construction of reality in a manner long as it is applied at the right time that does not appear to invalidate any and for a definite end. He emphasizes other party to the dispute”. Adding that there is no something wrong to Benjamin’s account, Blanciak (2002) be manipulative as the aim of it is argues, “The deception involves the to stop parties to regard themselves mediator working in a very indirect as internally bad and to help them manner so as not to make a rational in enhancing their capacity to solve argument but to reframe.” Moreover, a problem through their creative Blanciak describes how Benjamin solutions (2011: 2). claimed to reframe as productive However, authors such as Mayer, deception to resolution. Coben, and Love have informed “Benjamin gives an example of that this strategy (manipulative/ reframing a dispute between parties deception) might work to bring who are actively fighting. First, parties into an agreement and to he joins their worldview by give parties different perspectives complementing them “on how in seeing their proposal. It may well they fight.”He then continues bring many risks to the parties by reframing the fighting into and mediator as well. Mayer (2000: something positive. He tells them that 139) has argued that “Manipulative “people who fight well can negotiate reframing leads to disputants’ well.” This technique is similar to mistrust of the process of resolution what the deceptive trickster does in and of the third parties who are “twist[ing] their words and shift[ing] involved.” Similarly, Coben and the context of the discussion” to a Love stress the risk of manipulative more productive frame. He continues reframing by arguing that, “A in stating that “[r]eframing provides major concern is a possibility that a technique by which resistance can sophisticated mediation consumers be surreptitiously bypassed.” are more «immune» to these types The goal of all of this is for the of mediator moves than are one- mediator “to reposition each of the time participants” (2010: 20). antagonists so that the dispute is amenable to a resolution.” CONCLUSION Taking the same position as The essence of mediation is Benjamin, Matthews (2011) has to empower parties. Empowering Syaiful Anam & Rezki Satris 97 Reframing In Conflict Mediation: parties means that through their capacity to achieve agreement. mediation, parties are facilitated Nevertheless, some risks should be and helped to find their solution suggested by Mayer and Coben, upon the dispute they are involving. that it might create distrust between A mediator is not the one that parties, and it could make parties determines the decision-making more ‘immune’ in particular cases. and the agreement in the mediation. Instead, parties are encouraged REFERENCES constructively and cooperatively Benjamin, M & Irving, HH 2005, through their capacity and creativity. ‘Using the “Mediatable Frame” To establish a mediation process in to define the problem in which parties are working together mediating a parenting plan,’ constructively, the mediator needs Conflict Resolution Quarterly, specific skills in assisting his or vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 473-491. her role. Reframing is one of the Benjamin, R 1995, ‘The Constructive communication skills in mediation uses of deception: Skills, that should be mastered and utilized strategies, and techniques of by a mediator. This paper argues the folkloric trickster figure and that the principle and practice of their application by mediators,’ reframing is similar to the mediation Mediation Quarterly, 13(1), philosophy to empower parties. pp.3-17. Reframing enables parties in Blanciak, P 2002, ‘Reframing: the terms of its methods which assist essence of mediation,’ online parties to shift their negative frame, http://www.mediate.com/ help them to obtain and explore articles/blanciak.cfm#_ftn21, their potential and capacity to retrieved on 20 May 2013. create their accepted solution, Bodtker, AM & Jameson, JK and to engage them in fixing their 1997, ‘Mediation as a mutual relationship. 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Coben, J 2000, ‘Mediation’s dirty ftp.im.com.au/ME12/Final%20 little secret: Straight talks about papers/Chris%20Matthews. mediator manipulation and pdf. Retrieved on 20 May 2013. deception,’ Alternative Dispute Mayer, B 2000, ‘The dynamics Resolution Journal, pp.4-7 of conflict resolution: A Coben, J & Love, LP 2010, ‘Trick practitioner’s guide,’ USA: John or treat? the ethics of mediator Wiley & Sons. manipulation’, Dispute O’Reardon, D 2011, ‘What does Resolution Magazine, Fall 2010, “Empowerment” look like and pp. 17-20. how can mediators facilitate Doherty, N & Guyler, M 2008, ‘The it?’, online http://www.mediate. essential guide to workplace com/articles/oReardonD3. mediation and conflict cfm#bio, retrieved on 20 May resolution: Rebuilding working 2013. relationships,’ India: Replika Phillips, B 1999, ‘Reformulating Press. dispute narratives through Donohue, WA, Allen, M & Burrell, active listening,’ Mediation N 1985, ‘Communication Quarterly, 17(2), pp.161-180. strategies in mediation,’ in J. Sharland, A 2007, ‘The A. Lemmon (Ed.), ‘Evaluative underlying philosophies of Criteria and Outcomes mediation: Empowerment,’ in Mediation,’ Mediation online http://www. Quarterly, no. 10. San Francisco: communicationandconflict. Jossey-Bass, pp. 75-89. com/empowerment.html, Gerami, A 2009, ‘Bridging the retrieved on 20 May 2013. theory and practice gap: Zaffar, E 2008, ‘Context is King: A Mediator power in practice,’ Practical Guide to Reframing in Conflict Resolution Quarterly, Mediation,’ online http://www. vol. 26, no. 4, pp.433-451. mediate.com/articles/zaffarE1. Livingood, JM 2002, ‘Reframing cfm#5, retrieved on 20 May and its uses,’ Dispute Resolution 2013. Journal; 57, 4, pp. 42- 59. Matthews, C 2011, ‘Manipulation the technique that dare not speak its name,’ online ftp:// The Effort of, NGO, BOS, in (Borneo Orangutan Survival) Foundation in Saving Orangutans in Central Kalimantan (2016-2019)

Anggi Nurul Qomari’ah Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Email: [email protected]

Abstract This paper will describe the BOS (Borneo Orangutan Survival) Foundation’s effort as an NGO in saving Orangutans. Orangutan is one of the endemic animals of the island of Borneo, which currently lives in threatening conditions. Bornean Orangutans are in the endangered category, and there are 57,000 individuals left. Even in the last 20 years, the population of Bornean Orangutans has decreased by 55% due to illegal logging, clearing of oil palm land, and poaching. Through the Convention on International Trade in wild plants and animals or the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), orangutans are one of the endangered primates and animals to protect. the author used advocacy theory in explaining BOS efforts. To face this situation, the BOSF is implementing an effort or way through social media campaigns with the #ClimbForOrangutan, #OrangutanFreedom, and #SaveDodo strategies. Another effort undertaken by the BOS Foundation to continue to fight in saving orangutans,including their habitat, is to work with overseas partners and organizations that also focus on animal rescue and conservation.

Keywords: BOS, Orangutan, NGO, Advocacy

Abstrak Tulisan ini akan mendeskripsikan bagaimana upaya BOS (Borneo Orangutan Survival) Foundation sebagai NGO dalam menyelamatkan Orangutan. Orangutan merupakan salah satu hewan endemik pulau Kalimantan yang saat ini hidup dalam kondisi terancam. Orangutan Kalimantan masuk dalam

Islamic World and Politics Vol. 4. No.1 June 2020 ISSN: 2614-0535, E-ISSN: 2655-1330 Islamic World and Politics 100 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 kategori terancam punah dan tersisa 57.000 individu. Bahkan dalam 20 tahun terakhir populasi Orangutan Kalimantan berkurang hingga 55% hal ini diakibatkan karena adanya penebangan liar, pembukaan lahan kelapa sawit dan perburuan liar. Hal ini juga disepakati melalui Konvensi tentang Perdagangan Internasional tumbuhan dan satwa liar atau Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) bahwa Orangutan adalah salah satu primata yang terancam punah dan merupakan hewan yang harus kita lindungi. Penulis menggunakan teori advokasi dalam menjelaskan upaya BOS. Menghadapi situasi ini, BOS Foundation melakukan sebuah upaya atau cara melalui kampanye di media sosial dengan hastag #ClimbForOrangutan, #OrangutanFreedom dan #SaveDodo, upaya lain yang dilakukan BOS Foundation agar terus berjuang dalam penyelamatan Orangutan dan habitatnya ialah bekerjasama dengan mitra-mitra luar negeri maupun organisasi-organisasi yang juga berfokus pada penyelamatan hewan dan konservasi.

Kata Kunci: BOS, Orangutan, NGO, Advokasi

INTRODUCTION (Pongo Pygamaeus). Kalimantan’s Orangutan is one of the orangutans alone are estimated at endemic animals of the island of around 54 thousand individuals Borneo, which currently lives in an and grouped into three types of unsafe condition. the existence of children. First is Pongo pygmaeus, illegal logging and illegal burning which is north of the Kapuas River of forests makes the Orangutan () to the northeast population increasingly decreases. of Sarawak (Malaysia). the second, the rescuers have made various Pongo pygmaeus morio, lives in efforts. One of them is building Sabah (Malaysia) to the south of the captive breeding due to the current Mahakam River, . condition of the orangutans so the third is Pongo pygmaeus that they can live comfortably and wurmbii, seen from the southern without threats. in Indonesia, there part of the Kapuas River (West are two types of orangutans, namely Kalimantan) to the east of the Barito Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo River (Central Kalimantan) (Teroka Abelli) and Kalimantan orangutan Borneo, 2018). Anggi Nurul Qomari’ah 101 The Effort of NGO BOS (Borneo Orangutan Survival) Foundation

Orangutan population is Fauna and Flora (CITES) (BOS, increasingly decreasing. Even 2018). in the last 20 years, Borneo’s The government regulate the orangutan population has protection of animals and plants reduced by 55%. Sumatran and through Law Number 5 of 1990 Kalimantan orangutans have concerning Conservation of Living critically endangered because of Natural Resources and Ecosystems their population of 7,500 living and Government Regulation in nature while the remaining Number 7 of 1999 concerning Borneo Orangutan 57,000 species. Preservation of Plant and Animal Some of the causes of the decline Species, and at the international in orangutan populations include level Orangutans occupy Appendix the practice of poaching and illegal I status in CITES, which means burning, the conversion of forests Orangutans are not for sale (Nur, into oil palm plantations, climate 2017). in dealing with the problem change, and forest fires (WWF, of Orangutans, of course, the role 2018). Convention on International of government alone is not enough, Trade in Endangered Species of Wild and there is a need for cooperation Fauna and Flora (CITES) has agreed from related organizations, the that orangutan is one of Indonesia’s contribution, and participation endemic endangered species and of NGOs (Non-Government needs significant attention so that its Organizations) greatly assist the population is maintained. Bornean, government in the preservation Sumatran, and Tapanuli Orangutan and development of the Orangutan populations are about to extinct itself. in Palangkaraya, Central due to habitat loss due to poaching. Kalimantan, for example, there is an Bornean Orangutan population has orangutan breeding site, the Nyaru declined by more than 80% in the Menteng Arboretum managed last three generations. the World by the conservation organization Conservation Union (IUCN RED BOSF (Borneo Orangutan LIST 2007) classifies these three Survival Foundation). According species as endangered species. It to BOSF, Orangutans at the BOSF also puts them in Appendix I to the rehabilitation center are threatened Convention on International Trade by their population and habitat due in Endangered Species of Wild to illegal logging, forest fires, and oil palm companies. So this has Islamic World and Politics 102 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 become a problem in itself so that #ClimbForOrangutan, and the Orangutan population will not #SaveDodo on social media such as decrease (Rahmadi, 2016). Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, the Borneo Orangutan Survival official website, and others. Foundation (BOSF) is a non-profit Besides, BOS, as an organization organization or NGO in Indonesia based in Indonesia, has done many and was founded by Dr. Wille collaborations with several overseas Smits in 1991 with the objectives organizations, universities, and of orangutan reintroduction, palm oil companies. the presence rehabilitation, and protection of BOS Australia, BOS Germany, of wildlife habitat protected by and BOS Switzerland marks the law, especially Orangutans and expansion of this organization. providing information, outreach the BOS Foundation manages and education, community two reintroduction programs, capacity building, community namely Nyaru Menteng in Central empowerment, and community Kalimantan and Samboja Lestari awareness-raising. BOS manages in East Kalimantan. Both BOS the orangutan rescue, rehabilitation, Foundation programs focus on and reintroduction program in rehabilitation and reintroduction East and Central Kalimantan. BOS activities, in line with national Foundation has a vision of «Realizing policies and international guidelines the Conservation of the Orangutan and criteria (IUCN). When an of Kalimantan and its Habitat orangutan baby lives separately from with community participation,» its mother, they lose all learning and its mission of Reintroduction, time early. Therefore, rehabilitation Protection, Community aims to equip orangutans who have Empowerment, Research and lost their mothers by providing Education, Collaboration, and them with skills in how to survive. Institutional Capacity (BOS, BOS After they are old enough and Foundation Vision and Mission). have the skills, they are ready to be the BOS Foundation’s efforts to save released into the forest. To date, the Orangutans include conducting BOS Foundation has rescued more campaigns to the broader than 12,000 Orangutans in Central community both in Indonesia and and East Kalimantan and currently internationally. the campaigns cares for more than 450 Orangutans are like the #OrangutanFreedom,

Anggi Nurul Qomari’ah 103 The Effort of NGO BOS (Borneo Orangutan Survival) Foundation lost their mothers by providing them with skills in how to survive. After they are old enough and have the skills, they are ready to be released into the in forest.Nyaru To Menteng date, the (BOS,BOS Foundation BOS whohas rescuedurge these more changes. than 100222 the word Foundation’sOrangutans Vision in Central and and Mission). East Kalimantanadvocacy and currently comes cares from for the more English than 422 Orangutans in Nyaru Mentengword (BOS, ‘to BOS advocate.’ Foundation's It can Vision mean ‘to andThen Mission). how did the BOS Foundation’sThen how effortsdid the BOSin Foundation'ssaving defend’ efforts in (a saving case inorangutans court) to and advance orangutanstheir habitat andsucceed? their Through habitat this paper,or tothe promote, author will to reveal try to how create the a new succeed?BOS Foundation's Through campaign this paper, and cooperation one that with has seneververal existedinternational (to create) partners. or can also mean making changes the author will reveal how the BOSTHEORETICAL Foundation’s FRAMEWORK campaign in an organized and systematic (to and cooperationAdvocacy is anwith effort severalto improve change)or change (Azizah, public policies 2013). following internationalthe wishes partners.or interests of those who urgeAdvocacy these changes. activities The wordat the advocacy comes from the English word 'to advocate.' It can mean 'to defend' (a case in court) to advance orlocal, to promote, national, to try andto create international a new THEORETICALone that has never FRAMEWORK existed (to create) orlevels can also involve mean making various changes parties/ in anAdvocacy organized is and an effort systematic to improve (to change) organizations (Azizah, 0213). described in the Advocacy activities at the local, national, and international levels or changeinvolve variouspublic parties/organizationspolicies following describedfollowing in the coordination following coordination triangle: the triangle:wishes or interests of those

Supporting Work (Supporting units) provide funding, logistics, data support, Information, and access. Frontline Work (Front lines) conduct the function of a spokesperson, negotiator, lobbyists, involved in the legislation process, and rally allies.

Base Work (Ground-underground works) 'Kitchen' advocacy movement: building a mass base, cadre political education, forming the core circumference, mobilization actions.

SchemeScheme 1. Coordination 1. Coordination between between actors actors involved involved in advocacy in advocacy Source:Source: Tomatimasang Tomatimasang et al., et Nur al., Azizah, Nur Advocacy Azizah, for Advocacy Women's Quota for Women’sin Indonesia, Quota0213, LP3M UMY: Yogyakarta in Indonesia, 2013, LP3M UMY: Yogyakarta

In this journal, the author of advocacy activities specifically 22 uses an advocacy framework. the in the context of forming public main objective of advocacy is to opinion and raising time is not change public policy. the purpose merely to make people just know Islamic World and Politics 104 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 but how to get involved and act. are Swiss BOS, Australian BOS, Save Advocacy does affect not only the the Orangutan, and many more. contents of people’s heads but also They are the ones who collaborate the contents of people’s hearts. and provide information and access Advocacy is not just changing one’s to the international community cognition (knowledge, insight), regarding saving orangutans and but also influencing the affection their habitat. As for the necessary (feelings, concerns, attitudes, and work section, such as building behaviors) of many people. Thus, a mass base, the mobilization of advocacy activities are engaged in action is carried out by national and all types and processes of public international communities who are policy formation targeted so that involved and care for Orangutans. advocacy activities require the Through programs run by BOS, such involvement of many parties with as campaigns through social media different expertise specifications but and education about Orangutans systematically organized. to schools, this NGO helped mass From the explanation above, gather and built small communities advocacy activities involve many about the importance of saving parties/actors (action groups) orangutans and their habitats. who act as initiators/initiators of Meanwhile, the last one, front advocacy, parties who conduct line work, is the BOS Foundation mass mobilization, parties who act itself. BOS is involved in the process as data providers (usually research of saving and releasing orangutans institutions), parties who act as in cooperation with BKSDA and providers of funds, those involved KLHK. For example is the BOS in the legislative process and those Foundation, in collaboration who act as spokespersons and with the Directorate General of lobbies who will form a network Ecosystem Natural Resources of advocacy movements (Azizah, Conservation (KSDAE), in the Women’s Quota Advocacy, 2013). release of albino orangutans named In its implementation, the Alba. the decision to return Alba work of supporting units become becomes the only albino orangutan providers of funds, logistics. ever recorded in the wild. Supporting Others are those who partner the commitment of the government, and collaborate as well as BOS especially KLHK, is to protect Foundation donors. Among them all protected wildlife, especially Anggi Nurul Qomari’ah 105 The Effort of NGO BOS (Borneo Orangutan Survival) Foundation orangutans and their habitats. This activities do not meet the standards release activity also received support for sustainable forest management. from Central Kalimantan Governor Reduce Impact Logging (RIL), Sugianto Sabran. the Head of High Conservation Value Forest Indonesia’s Creative Economy (HCVF), or Restoring Logged Over Agency (BEKRAF), Triawan Land (RLOL) programs do not have Munaf, and Director of Biodiversity a full implementation yet in forest Conservation Indra Exploitasia also exploitation. If forest degradation conveyed their form of appreciation continues, the orangutans will (Yulianto, 2018). become the first ape species to be extinct from the wild (Kuswanda, DISCUSSION 2014). About the Borneo Orangutan Bornean orangutans are Orangutan population in the increasingly experiencing a decline last 30 years continues to decline. due to high habitat destruction This population decline occurred caused by human activities. because of the ineffective efforts of Orangutans themselves belong the government to stop the rate of to Endangered Species (IUCN forest destruction as the orangutan’s 2014), and this status rose in 2016 original habitat. Also, threats to the to Critically Endangered (Ventie survival of Orangutans and their Angelia Nawangsari, 2016). habitats are still rife due to illegal Orangutan life is dependent on the hunting, forest conversion for condition of the forest, which is still interests outside forestry activities good, and as primates, orangutans such as plantations, agriculture, need fruits as their primary food development, and industry. source. the main factors causing it Orangutans are now on the verge of are hunting, conversion of forest extinction due to habitat degradation land into oil palm plantations, and and fragmentation. the rate of forest habitat destruction due to logging degradation and fragmentation both licensed and unlicensed. as orangutan’s original habitat is Also, conflicts with humans and still difficult to stop. Besides, the habitat fragmentation have caused protection of orangutan habitat an orangutan population decline inside and outside conservation of 25 percent in the last ten years areas is still shallow. in general, (Nugraha, 2017). forest exploitation or illegal logging Islamic World and Politics 106 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020

Table 1. Current Number of Orangutans Population General Names Scientific Names Status Estimation Bornean Orangutan Pongo Pygmaeus 57.350 Endangered Sumatran Orangutan Pongo Abelli 14.470 Endangered Tapanuli Orangutan Pongo Tapanuliensis <800 Endangered Source: http://orangutan.or.id/orangutans-fact/

BOS Foundation as an NGO cooperated and received support Focusing on Orangutan from the people of Katingan Conservation Regency, the global partners of The BOS Foundation saved BOS Australia, BOS Germany, BOS more than 2,000 orangutans until Switzerland, BOS England, and Save 2016. BOS will continue to promise the Orangutan. It is also donors to protect the presence of Bornean from the business world, such as Orangutans. One of the big problems PT Sumberma Sarana Tbk and is the status of Orangutans, who individual donors (Gazali, 2019). are now at a very endangered The existence of BOS as level. With efforts to release and an NGO that focuses on the maintain the location of the forest environment and conservation where the release will undoubtedly in Kalimantan is the spearhead guarantee this species will continue in solving various problems that to exist. Aside from that, to succeed occur in Orangutans. Orangutans in releasing Orangutans, the BOS are creatures that live among the Foundation certainly embraces trees, which means spending their various stakeholders. During entire lives under the tropical rain the release process, BOS always forests of Borneo. However, now, establishes communication with many of their natural habitats have the Ministry of Environment and changed to oil palm land. the risk Forestry, Central Kalimantan of environmental threats is high for Provincial Government, Katingan Bornean Orangutans living in parts Regency Government, Pulang of lowland forests or those located Pisau Regency, Central Kalimantan near peatlands. BKSDA, and Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park Office. BOS also Anggi Nurul Qomari’ah 107 The Effort of NGO BOS (Borneo Orangutan Survival) Foundation

As orangutan conservation, donors for the smooth conservation BOS certainly requires a large program to save Orangutan habitat. number of funds. Each orangutan BOS Foundation’s Efforts to Save usually costs IDR 35 million per Orangutans year for food, nutrition, health, and other needs. BOS Samboja Lestari BOS Foundation focuses on is working on approximately 114 saving orangutans. It has several employees to manage an area of strategies or ways to save orangutans 1,800 hectares in which there are so that there is no continuous Orangutans and Honey Bears. extinction. Among the ways During the year, at least BOS needs undertaken by the BOS Foundation, a fund of around Rp 7 Billion for it provides awareness to the broader the conservation of Orangutans community through orangutan and Honey Bears (Gazali, BOSF care campaigns by using hashtags Invites Stakeholders to Succeed such as ClimbForOrangutan, in Orangutan Release, 2019). the OrangutanFreedom, SaveDodo. BOS Foundation currently treats in collaboration with establishing more than 750 orangutans with relationships with international the support of 400 employees. partners also focus on animal Communities can participate in handling and conservation. BOS programs in various ways. Climb For Orangutan For example, giving donations, Through the #Climb For adopting Orangutans, or becoming Orangutan campaign, the BOS a field officer (lifesaver). the BOS Foundation opened an adoption Foundation also sells multiple whereby the community could items that can be bought by the contribute Rupiahs to help the wider community, such as T-shirts, Orangutans. However, orangutans dry bags, and special edition Flazz are not pets. the community Cards. Then the proceeds from the provides enough to help restore sale will be distributed to various Orangutans. the adoption package Orangutan conservation activities has four categories, namely a under BOS foundation programs monthly package in which the (Atmodjo, 2018). Besides, the community can contribute Rp. need for support from partners or 100.000,- per month, a six-month international organizations and package that is Rp. 500.000,-, a 12-month package of 12 million Islamic World and Politics 108 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020

Rupiahs and a particular adoptee of orangutans in the rehabilitation 1.5 million Rupiahs. Besides, people center. According to the CEO of can also increase public awareness BOS Foundation Jamartin Sihite, of the existence of orangutans. this campaign aims to provide a One of them is with a photo of public understanding of the links a self-climbing then spreading between orangutan release and it through social media with the the preservation of this endemic hashtag ClimbForOrangutan. This Indonesian animal. So anyone can campaign idea was launched by join using the #OrangutanFreedom the BOS Foundation, which aims hashtag. the more people involved, to increase public awareness of the the higher the concern about the importance of saving Orangutans. importance of protecting unique Through this campaign, activists animals in their natural habitats also want to spread the message that (Fathurahman, 2017). the current condition of Orangutans The #OrangutanFreedom is increasingly marginalized and Campaign successfully united alarming due to the burning of BOS Foundation and partners in forests for farming or clearing oil a globally focused campaign for palm land (Linggasari, 2016). the first time. in the context of this OrangutanFreedom campaign, the BOS Foundation succeeded in providing freedom In 2017, the BOS Foundation for 170 Orangutans, of whom 95 also officially launched the were moved from rehabilitation #OrangutanFreedom campaign. complexes to pre-release islands. This campaign provides At the same time, 75 orangutans opportunities for people around were released into the forest. in the world through a competition 2017, the BOS Foundation also given by the BOS Foundation and won an award, the World Branding presents a rare prize and memorable Award Animalis Edition. It is an trip. Lucky winners will get a chance achievement for BOSF and the to travel to Kalimantan. the winner entire team in realizing the BOS will meet directly with Orangutans Foundation as a trusted name in and be involved in the process of the fields of Orangutan welfare, releasing into the wild. the BOS rehabilitation, release, preservation, Foundation states that 2017 is a and long-term conservation and year of freedom, with the immediate care. the BOS Foundation also found target of giving freedom to 200 Anggi Nurul Qomari’ah 109 The Effort of NGO BOS (Borneo Orangutan Survival) Foundation an endangered species of orangutan, extinction. Bornean Orangutans the albino orangutan in Tanggirang by taking concrete steps through village, Kapuas Hulu district, Kapuas the #SaveDodo campaign. Dodo is district, Central Kalimantan. one of the orangutans saved from Although Alba has useful life becoming an icon in this campaign. experience, it needs to require a This initiative was to help people well-planned rehabilitation strategy. who want to participate in saving Various symptoms of albinism, orangutans in Kalimantan (BOSF, namely the lack of melanin pigment Help Us Build New Homes for in her hair and skin, can cause Orangutan Babies, 2016). health complications such as vision, Swiss Belhotel International poor hearing, skin cancer making Chairman and President, Gavin M. Alba more susceptible to hunting Faull said, “At SBI, we understand or predators. After undergoing and contribute to the country, a year of rehabilitation at Nyaru culture, and environment where we Menteng, Alba was released into manage our property. Initially, we the Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National started this campaign to take a stand Park (TNBBBR), and monitoring on environmental issues in Borneo continued until June 2019 (BOSF, (Kalimantan), one of the areas where BOS Highlights 2017, 2018). we operate. However, we realize that SaveDodo this is not an easy step taken alone. the support of QS and CCAI allows us to The population of Bornean strengthen the scale of this campaign Orangutans has decreased by 75 so that it can create a greater impact.” percent since 1990. the decline (BOSF, Help Us Build New Homes in the orangutan population is for Orangutans, 2016) due to land clearing carried out in their natural habitat and illegal Fundraising for the #SaveDodo trade and poaching. Therefore, campaign would be through the sale one of the strategies and ways to of the #SaveDodo T-Shirt designed avoid or overcome this is the BOS specifically by QuickSilver and go Foundation together with Swiss- on sale as of December 2015. the Belhotel International (SBI) and proceeds from the collected funds with support from QuickSilver will be for the rehabilitation of Dodo Indonesia (QS) and Coca-cola and other Bornean Orangutans in Amatil Indonesia (CCAI) taking BOS Foundation rehabilitation. concrete steps to prevent their Islamic World and Politics 110 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020

Jacqui Sunderland-Groves as deputy Kristy Nelwan said the same CEO of the BOS Foundation said: thing as Head of Corporate «Through the purchase of Communications of Coca-Cola #SaveDodo t-shirts, everyone can Amatil Indonesia: help ensure Orangutans receive «Being part of the #SaveDodo adequate care and rehabilitation campaign is an important step in and have the opportunity to return contributing to the conservation of to their habitat safely. With the recent our forests. For CCAI as a leading soft forest fires in Kalimantan, many drink sales, producer, and distributor Orangutans suffer, and their survival company that has been operating is threatened, so conservation must for almost 24 years in Indonesia, be done immediately. Now, more than we understand the importance of ever, we need a helping hand from participating and making changes various parties to support orangutan for a sustainable future.” With only conservation efforts.” (CCA, 2016) Rp.145,000 - Rp.245,000 per t-shirt, Meanwhile, Sammy Gosling as the community can contribute and Marketing Executive of Quicksilver ensure Dodo and his friends can Southeast Asia said: continue to survive for generations «Quicksilver is a company that to come (CCA, 2016). promotes a healthy board riding Partnership Program lifestyle, which relies heavily on the In 2018, around May-June, cleanliness of beaches, roads, and representatives from the BOS mountains. in Bali, together with Foundation and all International Coca-Cola Amatil Indonesia, we Organization partners attended are actively cleaning the beaches. meetings in Switzerland and As a result, we have seen how the Germany to coordinate a turtle population significantly fundraising and communication increases with the improvement of activity, including a global campaign beach cleanliness. in this #SaveDodo through a serial promotion strategy campaign, we are proud to be on television, namely the Orangutan working with organizations that Jungle School (OJS). Natural share the same vision and mission History New Zealand (NHNZ) in supporting the conservation of produced this OJS containing the Orangutan population. We hope documentation of the development to make a difference jointly.” (CCA, of the Orangutan from the BOS 2016) Anggi Nurul Qomari’ah 111 The Effort of NGO BOS (Borneo Orangutan Survival) Foundation

Foundation through the process of center both in Nyaru Menteng and rehabilitation and reintroduction, Samboja Lestari. the first season and all activities at the rehabilitation of 2018 from OJS was released in center both in Nyaru Menteng and various countries such as Indonesia, Samboja Lestari. the first season Myanmar, New Guinea, of 2018 from OJS was released in Australia, and Singapore. Version various countries such as Indonesia, 3 of the series was broadcasted on Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, British TV channels and received Australia, and Singapore. Version much attention and coverage in 3 of the series was broadcasted on foreign media such as the USA, Italy, British TV channels and received China, and Japan. Since the level of much attention and coverage in enthusiasm in these four countries foreign media such as the USA, Italy, was high, the OJS series would air China, and Japan. Since the level of in their country in 2019 (BOSF, BOS enthusiasm in these four countries Highlights 2018, 2019). was high, the OJS series would air Through the campaign by the in their country in 2019 (BOSF, BOS BOS Foundation and the parties Highlights 2018, 2019). involved in this program, the In 2018, around May-June, orangutan population will not be representatives from the BOS extinct. in addition to protecting Foundation and all International orangutans, the habitat of the Organization partners attended orangutan itself is critical, because meetings in Switzerland and the orangutan habitat provides many Germany to coordinate a benefits and preserves the ecosystem. fundraising and communication However, humans are still unaware activity, including a global campaign of how essential Orangutans are in through a serial promotion strategy our lives. Orangutan is an umbrella on television, namely the Orangutan species that can maintain forest Jungle School (OJS). Natural regeneration so that they can keep History New Zealand (NHNZ) the existing forests. Ignorance about produced this OJS containing Orangutans often creates orangutan documentation of the development and human conflicts. Humans of the Orangutan from the BOS perceive orangutans as pests that Foundation through the process of disturb their plantation areas and rehabilitation and reintroduction, consider this a threat. Then how to and all activities at the rehabilitation manage this conflict? the best way is Islamic World and Politics 112 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 to protect the habitat and population after seeing the current condition of the orangutan. of the orangutans that they can live Through the efforts carried out comfortably and without threats. by the BOS Foundation is one of the Convention on International the significant steps to campaign Trade in Endangered Species of for Orangutans both nationally Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) has and internationally. This campaign agreed that orangutans are one of strategy is the best solution provided the endangered primates and are so that people understand and animals to protect. begin to realize how vital orangutan The government regulates habitat and population are. the the protection of animals and hashtag #ClimbForOrangutan, plants through Law No. 5 of 1990 #OrangutanFreedom, and concerning Conservation of Natural #SaveDodo campaigns are useful in Resources and Ecosystems and an era that is aware of technology Government Regulation No. 7 of like today. Campaigns can be 1999 concerning Preservation of through social media such as Plant and Animal Species. in dealing Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc. with the problem of Orangutans, Besides, it does not escape the of course, the role of government attention of the BOS Foundation, alone is not enough, and there is a the community around the release need for cooperation from related area is also given education about organizations, the contribution, feeding orangutans properly, and and participation of NGOs (Non- socializing the importance of Government Organizations) Orangutans for human’s lives. greatly assist the government in the preservation and development of the CONCLUSION Orangutan itself. Borneo Orangutan Orangutan is one of the Survival Foundation is an NGO that endemic animals of the island of focuses on saving orangutans. There Borneo, which currently lives in a are two programs focused on saving threatening condition. the existence Orangutans, namely Samboja Lestari of illegal logging and illegal burning in East Kalimantan and Nyaru of forests makes the Orangutan Menteng in Central Kalimantan, population increasingly decreases. which focuses on orangutan the rescuers make various efforts rehabilitation and reintroduction. like building captive orangutan Borneo Orangutan Survival Anggi Nurul Qomari’ah 113 The Effort of NGO BOS (Borneo Orangutan Survival) Foundation

Foundation (BOSF) is a non-profit experts in their respective fields. organization or NGO in Indonesia Collaborate with organizations and was founded by Dr. Wille that are focused on animal rescue Smits in 1991 with the objectives and conservation and have official of orangutan reintroduction, partners abroad, namely BOS rehabilitation, and protection Australia, BOS Switzerland, and of wildlife habitat protected by BOS Germany. in its activities, BOS law, especially Orangutans and always receives donations for those providing information, outreach who care about Orangutans, and and education, community BOS also sells various merchandise capacity building, community for sustainable orangutan life. empowerment, and community Furthermore, the author sees a awareness-raising. lack of financial support from As an NGO that focuses the government because 80% of on saving orangutans, the BOS the funds come from official BOS Foundation has many strategies, Foundation partners. including through a campaign This research has led to the that aims to make people aware of conclusion that the strategy by the importance of orangutans and the BOS Foundation in saving their habitat in our lives and to orangutans through campaigns help protect these endemic native and seeking cooperation with other Indonesian animals. Campaigns are INGOs was considered successful. held, such as #ClimbForOrangutan, Through the campaign, the global #OrangutanFreedom, and community knows and can #SaveDodo. BOS also carries out participate in saving Orangutans. cooperation/partnership programs the development programs of the with international partners, and BOS Foundation, which provide donors are higher than those education to rural communities and of existing and overseas-based Orangutan Goes to School (OGTS), organizations. are also well implemented. the total Through this BOS Foundation, BOS revenue reached more than the author sees how an NGO that seven billion seen from the many is very structural and very focused activities and programs carried out in dealing with Orangutans and in 2018. It is to thank the support their habitat, has four programs, of BOS cooperation partners and BOS Foundation has staff who are donors who come from many Islamic World and Politics 114 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 countries. Individual fundraising, Pelepasliaran dan Aktivitas such as donations, adoption, and Orangutan (Pongo Pygmaeus purchase of Orangutan merchandise Wurumbi Groves, 2001) Ex- in 2018, has also increased thanks Captive di Suaka Margasatwa to a large number of new donors. Lamandau. Media Konservasi Countries whose communities Vol 21, 36-42. regularly provide financial Atmodjo, S. (2018, Desember). Yuk, assistance to BOS programs include peduli Orangutan Lewat BOS. the United Kingdom, Germany, Dipetik Oktober 2019, dari Denmark, Switzerland, America, www.duniafintech.com:https:// and Australia. Once the magnitude www.duniafintech.com/yuk- of the international community’s peduli-orang-utan-bos/ concern for the population of BOS. (2018). Tentang Orangutan. Orangutans and their habitats. Dipetik Desember 2018, dari Indeed, as owners of these endemic http://orangutan.or.id: http:// animals, humans can care for orangutan.or.id/id/orangutan/ and take care of how important BOS. (2016). Visi dan Misi BOS orangutans are to lives. Foundation. Dipetik Desember REFERENCES 2018, dari http://orangutan. or.id: http://orangutan.or.id/ Arum Silvana, M. T. (2017). id/bosf/ Gerakan Sosial Yayasan Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation BOSF. (2016, Januari). Bantu Kami (BOS) Berbasis Komunitas Membangun Rumah Baru dalam Penyelamatan Orangutan Bagi Para Bayi Orangutan. di Kalimantan Tengah . Dipetik September 2019, dari Senaspro UMM http://orangutan.or.id: http:// orangutan.or.id/id/latestnews/ Azizah, N. (2013). Advokasi Kuota page/37/ Perempuan. Yogyakarta: LP3M UMY. BOSF. (2017). Tentang BOS Foundation. Dipetik Juli 2019, Kuswanda, W. (2014). Orangutan dari orangutan.or.id: https:// Batang Toru, Kritis di Ambang orangutan.or.id Punah. Bogor, Jawa Barat: Forda Press. BOSF. (2018). BOS Highlights 2017. Dipetik Desember 2018, Ventie Angelia Nawangsari, A. H. (2016). Pengelolaan Pasca Anggi Nurul Qomari’ah 115 The Effort of NGO BOS (Borneo Orangutan Survival) Foundation

dari orangutan.or.id: http:// Sukseskan Pelepasanliaran orangutan.or.id Orangutan. Dipetik Oktober BOSF. (2019). BOS Highlights 2019, dari www.borneonews. 2018. Dipetik April 2019, co.id: https://www.borneonews. dari orangutan.or.id: http:// co.id/berita/119397-bosf- orangutan.or.id ajak-pemangku-kepentingan- CCA. (2016, Desember). BOS sukseskan-pelepasanliaran- Foundation, Swiss-Belhotel orangutan Internasional, QucikSilver Linggasari, Y. (2016, November). Indonesia, dan Coca-Cola Memanjat Pohon, Amatil Indonesia Luncurkan Menyelamatkan Orangutan. Kampanye #SaveDodo. Dipetik Dipetik September 2019, September 2019, dari http:// dari www.cnnindonesia.com: coca-colaamatil.co.id: http:// https://www.cnnindonesia. coca-colaamatil.co.id/news/ com/gaya-hidup/2014110­ detail/43.40.47.107/bos- 6­185054-269-10124/memanjat- foundation-swiss-belhotel- pohon-menyelamatkan- international-quiksilver- orangutan indonesia-dan-coca-cola- Nugraha, I. (2017, November). amatil-indonesia-luncurkan- Populasi Orangutan Kalim- kampanye-savedodo antan Cenderung Menurun, Fathurahman. (2017, Oktober). Perlindungan Habitat Menjadi Dijamin Seru! Kampanye Keharusan. Dipetik Februari #OrangutanFreedom Berhadiah, 2019, dari www.mongabay. Bisa Nikmati Perjalanan ke co.id: https://www.mongabay. Habitat Orangutan. Dipetik co.id/2017/11/21/populasi-or- September 2019, dari angutan-kalimantan-cender- banjarmasin.tribunnews. ung-menurun-perlindungan- com: https://banjarmasin. habitat-menjadi-keharusan/ tribunnews.com/2017/10/02/ Nur, A. (2017, Desember). Kenali dijamin-seru-kampanye- Lebih Dekat Orangutan orangutanfreedom-berhadiah- Indonesia. Dipetik Desember bisa-nikmati-perjalanan-ke- 2018, dari www.wwf.or.id: habitat-orangutan https://www.wwf.or.id/rss. Gazali, R. (2019, Maret). BOSF cfm?uNewsID=63143 Ajak Pemangku Kepentingan Islamic World and Politics 116 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020

Rahmadi, R. (2016, Agustus). Naik dari www.wwf.or.id: https:// Status, Perlindungan Orangutan www.wwf.or.id/program/ Kalimantan dan Habitatnya spesies/orangutan_kalimantan/ Harus Serius. Dipetik Agustus WWF. (2018). Sahabat Orangutan. 2018, dari www.mongabay. Dipetik Desember 2018, co.id: https://www.mongabay. dari www.supporterwwf.org: co.id/2016/08/20/naik-status- https://www.supporterwwf. perlindungan-orangutan- org/donation/6/sahabat-satwa/ kalimantan-dan-habitatnya- sahabat-orangutan.html harus-serius/ Teroka Borneo. (2018). Dipetik Agustus 2018, dari Lokasi Penangkaran Orangutan di Kalimantan: https:// terokaborneo.com WWF. (2016). Orangutan Kalimantan. Dipetik April 2019, Modern Slavery in Indonesia : Study Case of Maritime Slavery in Benjina Kabupaten Kepulauan Aru Maluku

Anastazia N Wattimena Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta [email protected]

Abstract The case of maritime slavery that took place in Benjina, significance unpopular, and isolated area in the easternmost part of Indonesia shook the world. Hundreds of foreign shipmen, seafarers, were found enslaved for years. Forced by the captains of Thailand ships vessels from PT. Pusaka Benjina Resources to work long and extra hours without being given any appropriate payments and food along the way. This paper is a qualitative type of research using secondary data from books, journals, articles, both online and paper-based, to gather all related information. This paper also used the theory of modern slavery as a management practice from Andrew Crane to analyze the pushing factors of this slavery case. Hoping that the same situation will no longer happen in the future. Since slavery in the fishing industry has happened in so many sea-based countries in the world, including Indonesia.

Keywords: slavery, maritime industry, foreign shipmen, Benjina

Abstrak Kasus perbudakan maritim yang terjadi di Benjina, wilayah yang tidak populer, dan terisolir di bagian timur Indonesia mengguncang dunia. Ratusan awak kapal asing, pelaut, ditemukan diperbudak selama bertahun-tahun. Dipaksa oleh kapten kapal Thailand kapal dari PT.Pusaka Benjina Resources untuk bekerja berjam-jam dan ekstra tanpa diberikan pembayaran dan makanan yang sesuai di sepanjang jalan. Makalah ini adalah jenis penelitian kualitatif menggunakan data sekunder dari buku, jurnal, artikel, baik online dan berbasis kertas, untuk mengumpulkan semua informasi terkait. Makalah

Islamic World and Politics Vol. 4. No.1 June 2020 ISSN: 2614-0535, E-ISSN: 2655-1330 Islamic World and Politics 118 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 ini juga menggunakan teori perbudakan modern sebagai praktik manajemen dari Andrew Crane untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor pendorong dari kasus perbudakan ini. Berharap bahwa situasi yang sama tidak akan terjadi lagi di masa depan. Sejak perbudakan di industri perikanan telah terjadi di banyak negara berbasis laut di dunia, termasuk Indonesia.

Kata kunci: perbudakan, industri maritim, kapal asing, Benjina

INTRODUCTION would beat them. Some of them Associated Press in March died in the Arafura Sea. Some of 2015 published this case regarding them were buried in Benjina, and hundreds of seafarers who happened to cover the trails. They changed the to be slaves in fishing ships from a name of ship crews when buried to company called PT. Pusaka Benjina hide the death (McDowell, Manson, Resources (McDowell, Manson, & & Mendoza, 2015). Mendoza, 2015). the exploitation For the first time, AP found occurred both in the sea and land, the case long before. There was an the land of Benjina, a small village investigation held by LPN (Labors located in one of the easternmost Right Promotion Network) and parts of Indonesia. SAC (Seafarers Action Centre) in According to the investigation of corporation with AP and Channel AP and extended interviews between 3 Thailand regarding their fishing the International Organization of vessels, especially the ones which Migration (IOM Indonesia) and traveled to Indonesia. Due to all the slavery victims. the captain deep suspicion about the human of the ship enslaved all foreign ship trafficking network, especially crews, and not just in one ship but in involving Thailand, Myanmar, almost all the vessels owned by PT. Laos, Cambodia, and Indonesia PBR. the victims were all beaten by (Tangprachyakul, 2015). the big fishtail. They were in a cage During 2006-2014, LPN where they only got curry to survive accepted around 128 complaints every day. They had to work 18-20 about seafarers who left Indonesia. hours per day. Whenever they were Thirty-nine people went back to tired and complained, the captain Thailand, death, and two others Anastazia N Wattimena 119 Modern Slavery in Indonesia: Study Case Of Maritime Slavery were disabled. There were neither the case. They also suspended payment nor compensation for those foreign ships from Indonesia water, people (Tangprachyakul, 2015). For especially those who came from that reason, then LPN helped by AP, Thailand fishing companies (Dillon, and other actors decided to have 2015). further investigation to Indonesian According to IOM, nearly 550 water regarding those fishermen. people were safe from the practice of Finally, it becomes the starting point modern slavery in Indonesia. Based for a significant discovery in Benjina on the Global Slavery Index 2016, a year after. Indonesia was in the first place as In the maritime industry, a country, having the most number laborers are fragile, trapped in of current slavery cases compared slavery. Fishing labors cost 30%-50% to other ASEAN countries (Sindo, of the total fishing costs. Then those 2018). costs tend to be cut to minimize All the fish, shrimps, and total production costs. It makes the different kinds of seafood captured company tend to ignore the safety by slaves come from Thailand. All standards of crews or to decrease the fish and shrimp are processed their payments or even eliminate it and become canned food sold in at all (Tickler, et al., 2018). big markets in United States such After the case was published, as Wall-Mart, Kroger, and Sysco the Indonesia government reacted (Mendoza, US Lets in Thai Fish in specific ways. For instance, the Caught by Slaves Despite Law , Indonesian government represented 2015). Hearing the issue of fish by the Ministry of Maritime and products produced by slaves in Fisheries took the first step by Indonesia, the US government then sending teams to investigate further passed an act of banning all kinds the verdict of slavery as well as of fish products captured by slaves helping all the victims, especially in and or forced laborers. President terms of their documents supported Barrack Obama signed House of by Immigration Ministry. Resolution 644 on February 24th, The second response from the 2016 (Mendoza, Obama Bans US Indonesia government would be Imports of Slave-Produced Goods, extending the moratorium until 2016). October 2015 to hold long and People probably wonder why detailed investigations throughout the issue of slavery even exists in Islamic World and Politics 120 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 this 21st century after a long time. analyzed the factors behind this After this practice of slavery banned phenomenon using the theory of all over the world since 18 century, modern slavery brought by Andrew but for the record even until the 20th Crane. However, the author did not century, chattel slavery still existed use all five indicators; instead, only in Arabia. Slavery in these days has two of them. the author believes that been quite modernized, meaning those two indicators are enough to that it has many differences than give the exact explanation about this chattel slavery that had happened new phenomenon in the maritime in the past (Miers, 2011). industry.

If chattel slavery was a Theory of Modern Slavery possession of someone who can Andrew Crane (2013), with his be bought, owned, and sold to theory of modern slavery, explains another party. Modern slavery has five different indicators enabling many differences in a point where the practice of modern slavery as there is no legal ownership toward a form of management practice. the slaves, and how the violence Those five indicators consist of become an ultimate tight between industrial context, socioeconomic the slaves and slaveholders (Bales, context, geographical context, Understanding Global Slavery : A cultural context, and regulatory Reader, 2005). context. in this research, the author Since the phenomena of slavery only will focus on two contexts, come back over time, the author which are socio-economic context is interested in exploring more, and regulatory context. the socio- especially regarding the push factors economic context has several of slavery even occur in the first parts. They are poverty and relative place. poverty, education, and awareness, as well as unemployment (Crane, METHODOLOGY AND THEORY 2013). Meanwhile, the regulatory This research used secondary context consists of the strength of data taking from multiple resources governance and issue attention. like books, journals, websites, as well The author will explain all as an online newspaper. Hopefully, indicators in the perspectives of it can give the closest pictures about the slaves and the Indonesian what happened in Benjina and government to give a concise why it even happened. the author Anastazia N Wattimena 121 Modern Slavery in Indonesia: Study Case Of Maritime Slavery yet comprehensive explanation The second context will be regarding why the practice of regulatory, which regarding slavery slavery even happens in the east part laws, both national and international of Indonesia, especially the kind of levels. in this context, Crane maritime slavery. also emphasizes on governance In his writing, Crane explains system. How effective the system, that poverty will always be the “push” how corrupt the system, or how factors that trap people into slavery. low the maintenance of regional People who live under poverty governance system. Thus, it creates create opportunities, especially for the possibilities of slavery to appear slave recruiters, where they can be quickly. very persuasive to influence the The two contexts of Crane about potential laborers. in contrast, the the theory of modern slavery could laborers themselves have no better explain the situation in Benjina options. Slavery will probably occur since 2015. in one geographic location if it is perceived to have more extreme RESULT AND EXPLANATION poverty compare to another area. There are quite progressive The next indicator will be developments of research, especially unemployment, directly linked to about modern slavery in general. poverty. Unemployment situation Talking about modern slavery, Kevin because of no skills and limited Bales, in his book Disposal People, job opportunities, especially if “slavery means that total control of it structurally happens. Those one person by another for the purpose situations are going to make the of economic exploitation” (Bales, offer seems so realistic as the family Disposable People : New Slavery the only option as economic survival in the Global Economy, 2000). Old choices, specifically if they have no slavery may concern color skin, alternative job options and without ethnics, race, or religion as the adequate social protection. in most consideration to enslave somebody. modern slavery cases, all slaves are However, modern slavery does victims of deceiving and coercing. a different job. Modern slavery They are not well aware of the focuses on weakness, gullibility, working arrangements due to lack and deprivation despite races and of education and illiteracy among or skin colors. the target population (Crane, 2013). Islamic World and Politics 122 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020

The causes of old slavery no They do not give much money if longer become causes for modern being sold. Still, they will create slavery. According to Bales, the thousands of profits from their slavery grows best in an extreme work and exploitation, especially poverty situation because the for industrial slavery or maritime slaveholder can easily predict the slavery. That is why companies tend pre-social status of slaves target. to enslave their workers if they have Second, the slaveholder has to the chance to ensure a significant ensure that the cost of keeping a outcome over smaller costs. slave is much cheaper than hiring Poverty and Low Education free labor (Bales, Disposable Contribute to Create Opportunity People : New Slavery in the Global to Enslave People Economy, 2000). Slavery happens from the desperation of options, The victims of Benjina Slavery being abandoned, a refuge, being cases are mostly coming from poor, and the homeless to avoid countries such as Myanmar, the potency of being enslaved by Cambodia, and Laos. somebody else. Thirdly, slaves target should not have access for any helps or having any power to defend themselves against violence. Those vulnerabilities make it so hard for slaves to save themselves from the slaveholder. Old slaves in 1850 may cost Figure.1 almost $40.000 in modern money, but now slave worth only a few Population Living in Poverty in hundred dollars. This change, of ASEAN 2014 Based on ADB 2014 course, has consequences, slaves (Tien, Ranola.,Jr, & Thuy, 2017) nowadays are cheaper. It makes them Slavery always starts with so affordable to have but at the same human trafficking. People living time disposable, according to Kevin in poverty in developing countries Bales in his book the Slave Next usually become an easy target to be Door (Bales & Soodalter, the Slave manipulated by the recruiters. the Next Door : Human Trafficking and figure above shows the population Slavery in America Today, 2009). living under poverty in 2014, and not

Slavery always starts with human trafficking. People living in poverty in developing countries usually become an easy target to be manipulated by the recruiters. The figure above shows the population living under poverty in 0214, and not surprisingly, Myanmar, Cambodia, and Laos are on the top lists of countries living under poverty. The problem with having many people living under poverty is that they will be most likely unemployment for so many reasons. They belong to the poor for a reason. They couldn’t afford their basic living needs, not to mention they do not have a permanent job, most likely because of no having qualified education or a structured direction into poverty. However, no matter what the reason behind those people living under poverty, being unemployment as well as having low or no education at all make them much more fragile and vulnerable. That vulnerability becomes an opportunity for the recruiters to traffic them to the outside territory, then, in the end, become slaves. Anastazia N Wattimena 123 Modern Slavery in Indonesia: Study Case Of Maritime Slavery

surprisingly, Myanmar, Cambodia, From the figure, the victims and Laos are on the top lists of identify themselves as either poor or countries living under poverty. the very poor. By feeling that way, they Figure 0. problem with having many people realize that it is so essential for them Financial Situation of Victims Before They Enter Indonesia (KKP Indonesia, Satgas IUU Fishing living under poverty is that they to have moreIndonesia, options IOMfor sustainedIndonesia, & Universitas Coventry, 0210) will be most likely unemployment life. One option that seems so for so many reasons. They belong to potentialFrom the is figure,migration. the victimsMoving identify to themselves as either poor or very poor. By feeling that way, they realize that it is so essential for them to have Slavery always startsthe with poor humanfor a reason. trafficking. They couldn’t People another living location in poverty or territory in that afford their basic living needs, notmore appears options to havefor sustained more choices life. Oneof option that seems so potential is developing countries usually become an easy target to be manipulated by to mention they do not have a migration.job. the Moving recruiters to anotherwell play location this or territory that appears to have the recruiters. The figure above shows the population living under poverty in permanent job, most likely because moremoment. choices They of job.saw theThe opportunityrecruiters well play this moment. They saw the opportunity and offer help by promising to give an alternative career in 0214, and not surprisingly,of no Myanmar, having qualified Cambodia, education andor andLaos offer are help on bythe promising top to other territories as what has happened in most modern slavery cases. lists of countries living undera structured poverty. direction The problem into poverty. with givehaving an alternative many people career in other living under poverty is However,that they no matterwill be what most the reason likely unemploymentterritories as what hasfor happened so in many reasons. They belongbehind to those the peoplepoor forliving a underreason. mostThey modern couldn’t slavery afford cases. their basic living needs, poverty,not to mentionbeing unemployment they do not as have a permanent job, most likely because ofwell no as having low qualified or no education education or a structured at all make them much more fragile direction into poverty. However, no matter what the reason behind those and vulnerable. That vulnerability people living under poverty, being unemployment as well as having low or becomes an opportunity for the no education at all makerecruiters them to muc traffich morethem tofragile the and vulnerable. That vulnerability becomes anoutside opportunity territory, then,for the in therecruiters end, to traffic them to the Figure 3. outside territory, then, in becomethe end, slaves. become slaves. Figure 3. Level of Education from Foreign

Victims of Trafficking sent to 120 Indonesia (KKP Indonesia, Satgas IUU Fishing Indonesia, IOM Indonesia, & Universitas Coventry, 2016) Victims of human trafficking Figure 2. Figure 0. sent to Indonesia, especially fishers, Financial Situation of Victims BeforeFinancial They Situation Enter Indonesia of Victims (KKP Indonesia,are having Satgas low education IUU Fishing in general. Indonesia, BeforeIOM Indonesia, They Enter & UniversitasIndonesia (KKP Coventry, For 0210 Crane) (2013), it is right from Indonesia, Satgas IUU Fishing the perspective of the slaveholder. Indonesia, IOM Indonesia, & From the figure, the victims identify themselves asWhen either someone poor has or little very knowledge Universitas Coventry, 2016) poor. By feeling that way, they realize that it is so essentiaaboutl forwhere them they areto havegeographically more options for sustained life. One option that seems so potential is migration. Moving to another location or territory that appears to have more choices of job. The recruiters well play this moment. They saw the opportunity and offer help by promising to give an alternative career in other territories as what has happened in most modern slavery cases.

Figure 3.

120 Islamic World and Politics 124 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 and having no information on access to save themselves as well as they do not communicate well with the foreign language, it will make them hard to get their freedom out of slavery. a. Myanmar After being independent Figure 4. of British colonization in 1948, Nationality of Human Trafficking Myanmar, also known as Burma at Victims in Indonesia 2011-2015 the time, had a dictatorship regime (KKP Indonesia, Satgas IUU for quite a long period since 1962 Fishing Indonesia, IOM Indonesia, (Champkin, 2012). the military & Universitas Coventry, 2016) government seemed so repressive Figure 4. above reflects how until Myanmar themselves got many Myanmar citizens become international sanctions for it. For victims of human trafficking. This Min Zing, as he wrote in Foreign particular country has been so Policy magazine, poverty in vulnerable for such a long time, Myanmar rises not only due to like Thailand, which is already the international sanctions against well-known as a place for human them, but more importantly, for trafficking recruiters. Myanmar, him, is allocation of Myanmar on the other hand, has been so national budget is imbalanced. famous as forced laborers and slaves Myanmar government spent supplier. 23,6 % ($ 2 billion) of their federal In 2014, the Thai government budget in the military, 1,3 % ($ reported that there are 224 110 million) for health, and for Myanmar citizens as victims of education, they only allocate 4,13 % human trafficking in Thailand ($ 349 million) from their national (Crime, 2017). It has been a budget. No wonder if they have long time connection between quite a significant number of people Myanmar and Thailand in terms living under poverty. of human trafficking. As time goes by since human trafficking can lead to slavery. Thus, ASEAN should Anastazia N Wattimena 125 Modern Slavery in Indonesia: Study Case Of Maritime Slavery probably do a little better to cut the that repatriate from Thailand. It tie between those two countries. seems like both countries have had There is no much information a long tight relationship in human regarding the victims from Benjina trafficking either as transit or as a slave case, especially from the destination. It is not shocking at historical background of those all that more countries in ASEAN victims from Myanmar, but there involve in human trafficking are two things for sure. First, they since the distance between each are all poor, and second, they are country is quite close to each other. not well-educated. Those two causes Secondly, countries in ASEAN are make people so vulnerable and do still developing countries, which not think much when they accept have a problem with poverty as well the offer of working to another as education access. location. Going back to Cambodia, they seem to have an average economic b. Cambodia growth from 1998-2018 (8 %), as Cambodia is infamous for its World Bank said (The World Bank conflict of Preah Vier temple, which in Cambodia, 2019). At least not become the most intense conflict as much severe as Myanmar did, between Cambodia and Thailand. but still, the poverty of its society However, the author will only contributes to human trafficking focus on the long history of human in ASEAN. There has been quite a trafficking lead to slavery-related to dangerous supply chain of human both Cambodia and Thailand. trafficking involving countries in ASEAN. Cambodian women and girls historically become victims of human trafficking, whether in Thailand or other ASEAN countries. While men as victims Figure 5. increase hugely, especially in the Human Trafficking from Thailand fishing industry, after Cambodia (SIREN Human the government passed a new Traffickig Data Sheet, 2008) Trafficking Law (SIREN Human Traffickig Data Sheet, 2008). The data above lists the number of victims of human trafficking

As a report from the United Nations, they interviewed in Cambodia. Moving and having to immigrate from Cambodia to Thailand is pretty much necessary because of the unavailability of jobs in Cambodia. Thailand has higher wages than Cambodia. It is 02-32 % higher in Thailand than in Cambodia for the same position or job (Crime, 0210). Thus, Thailand is so much attractive for people in their productive ages.

c. Lao PDR Lao PDR is having almost the same background as the other fellow countries. Having a lot of experiences regarding social, economic problems after its independence in 1202. Lao PDR has had such difficult times because they passed through a civil war between the Royal Lao Government and Communist Pathet Lao. This country also took part in the Islamic WorldIndochina and Politics conflict. Despite all former conflicts, Lao PDR is well known as a 126 Vol. 4. No. 1 Juneland 2020-linked country because it has bordered neighbors such as Myanmar, Cambodia, China, Thailand, and Vietnam (About Lao PDR). Such geographic position supposedly gives more advantages to the country, for As a report example,from the becomeUnited aASEAN trading countries.track connected Providing China some and the rest of ASEAN Nations, they countries.interviewed Providing in somesort of sort disadvantages of disadvantages also becomes also becomes the track for Cambodia. Movinghuman and trafficking having alongthe withtrack regional for human ASEAN. trafficking to immigrate from Cambodia to along with regional ASEAN. Thailand is pretty much necessary because of the unavailability of jobs in Cambodia. Thailand has higher wages than Cambodia. It is 20-30 % higher in Thailand than in

Cambodia for the same position or job (Crime, 2017). Thus, Thailand Figure 0. is so much attractive forUnemployment people in Rate Annually in FigureLao PDR 6.Sourced World Bank (Laos Tingkat Pengangguran) their productive ages. Unemployment Rate Annually

in Lao PDR Sourced World Bank c. Lao PDR The graphic shows that Lao PDR does not necessarily have such a massive problem of both(Laos unemployment Tingkat Pengangguran) and poverty compared to its Lao PDR isneighbor, having almostMyanmar. LaoThe PDR graphichas successfully shows thatmanaged Lao its advantages as the same backgrounda land as- linkedthe other country PDR to enhancedoes not itsnecessarily economy. haveFurther, to minimize the fellow countries.number Having of poverty.a lot such a massive problem of both of experiences regardingBoth humansocial, traffickingunemployment and modern and slavery poverty in the fishing industry are economic problemsinevitable after reality its facingcompared ASEAN. to itsThailand neighbor, has Myanmar. a consistency to grow its seafood industry. At the same time, Indonesia acts as a giant supplier for independence in 1975. Lao PDR Lao PDR has successfully managed seafood, and the rest of ASEAN member countries trapped in between has had such difficult times because its advantages as a land-linked either as transit location or fall as victims for human trafficking and slavery. they passed through a civil war country to enhance its economy. between the Royal Lao Government Further, to minimize the number of and Communist Pathet Lao. This poverty. 122 country also took part in the Both human trafficking and Indochina conflict. Despite all modern slavery in the fishing former conflicts, Lao PDR is well industry are inevitable reality facing known as a land-linked country ASEAN. Thailand has a consistency because it has bordered neighbors to grow its seafood industry. At such as Myanmar, Cambodia, the same time, Indonesia acts as a China, Thailand, and Vietnam giant supplier for seafood, and the (About Lao PDR). Such geographic rest of ASEAN member countries position supposedly gives more trapped in between either as transit advantages to the country, for location or fall as victims for human example, become a trading track trafficking and slavery. connected China and the rest of Anastazia N Wattimena 127 Modern Slavery in Indonesia: Study Case Of Maritime Slavery

Bribery Increase the Chances for their operation (Dugaan Suap, Slavery Perbudakan dan Kerajaan Kecil The practice of bribery is not a di Benjina, 2015). Therefore, the new trend in worldwide. in almost practice of slavery can occur again all aspects of life, we will find the for such a long time. According to method of corruption lying around several victims, they have been in everywhere. Legally speaking, it is, exploitation for almost ten years. of course, trespassing the law to give Some even got more. or accept bribery, but sometimes The practice continuously goes to smoothing a business, this on not because people surrounding bribery is necessary. Moving to the have no idea. It is because they do case in Benjina 2015, Indonesia’s not want to tell. Bribery makes government has a strict regulation, them do so. So, it is imperative to especially about foreign vessels build high maintenance security shipping who operate and catching in a location where there are high fish in Indonesia water. foreign ship vessels, as well as For example, Act Number 31 of erasing the possibility of corruption 2004 about Fishing, article 27 clearly and bribery, especially at the local states that every fishing vessel, both governance level. local fishing vessels or foreign fishing vessels are obliged to have CONCLUSION SIPI Surat Izin Penangkapan Ikan Slavery has been in a ban or Fishing License before running for years, but it somehow grows their operation. It is a proper and and develops in its new form that strict regulation (Indonesia, 2004). currently known as modern slavery. However, the unavailability of This modern slavery is a high maritime security patrols makes it performed human exploitation so hard for monitoring ships that that violates the most significant change their flag in the middle of value of human beings. This type the ocean to avoid making SIPI. of slavery develops in various areas PT. Pusaka Benjina Resources of a country. One of them is in themselves did quite significant the maritime and fishing industry. bribery to cover their act of Indonesia is not the only country slavery. PT. PBR intentionally that has to deal with this issue. gave Rp. 37 million each month People from Indonesia may be for local apparatus to maintain Islamic World and Politics 128 Vol. 4. No. 1 June 2020 victims of this maritime slavery Miguel, C. S. (2011). Enslavement. somewhere else as well. in J. P. Rodrigues, Slavery in This slavery is possible to the Modern World: A History happen under so many reasons of Political, Social, Economic and situations that help it to exist. Operation (p. 34). Santa Two among those various reasons Barbara, California: ABC- and conditions are poverty, lack CLIO, LLC. of education, the effectiveness of Miers, S. (2011). Slavery and government, and regulation or Abolition in the 20th Century. the rule of law, and corruption, as in J. P. Rodriguez, Slavery in explained by Crane (2013). This the Modern World: A History of paper may not provide a systemic Political, Social, and Economic solution, but it has helped identify Oppression (pp. 3-33). the reason behind this slavery California: ABC-CLIO Press. practice. Since by knowing the Crane, A. (2013). Modern Slavery pushing factors, it will help to As A Management Practice: contribute to creating the best Exploring the Conditions possible solution to against modern and Capabilities for Human slavery. Exploitation. Academy of Management Review, 38(1), 49- REFERENCES 69. Bales, K. (2000). Disposable Tickler, D., Meeuwig, J. J., Bryant, K., People: New Slavery in the David, F., Forrest, F. A., Gordon, Global Economy. Los Angeles E., et al. (2018). Modern Slavery California: University of and the Race to Fish. Nature California Press. Communications, 1-9. Bales, K. (2005). Understanding Tien, N. D., Ranola.,Jr, R. F., & Thuy, Global Slavery : A Reader. P. T. (2017). Potential Impact Los Angeles: University of of the REDD+ Program on California Press. Poverty Reduction in Nghe An Bales, K., & Soodalter, R. (2009). Province, Vietnam. Forests Vol. the Slave Next Door: Human 8 (376), 2-18. Trafficking and Slavery in (2008). SIREN Human Traffickig America Today. Los Angeles: Data Sheet. United Nations University of California Press. Inter-Agency Project on Anastazia N Wattimena 129 Modern Slavery in Indonesia: Study Case Of Maritime Slavery

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