Introduction

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Chapter 1 Introduction

Why it is Important to Preserve Open Space Safeguarding the natural resources and processes that provide benefits for all of us (such as clean air, clean water, waste decomposition, and nutrient recycling) ranks among the greatest contem- porary environmental challenges. In 1968 Garrett Hardin published a landmark paper entitled “The Tragedy of the Commons” in which he described the consequences of our failure to take individual or collective ownership of vital ecosystem components. The subsequent passage by the federal government of the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Endangered Species Act, and the Environmental Quality Act in the late 1960s and early 1970s was an important regulatory step taken to protect these vital functions of the environment. However, the continuing reality of global warming, species extinctions, dwindling water supplies, depletion of fisheries, and col- lapse of ecosystems is compelling proof that stronger action is needed. The intention in this update of the Montgomery County Natural Areas Inventory is to identify landscapes of several thousand acres each in which important ecological functions can be preserved and or restored, and to outline management strategies needed to promote the continuation of those essential ecological functions.

Ecosystem Services Open space protects the life support system for humans as well as wildlife. While we humans may not live directly in the fields, forests or streams, we depend on those natural systems to carry out essential ecosystem services such as water purification, oxygen production, and waste decomposition. Other services provided by natural systems include ground water recharge, flood control, soil building, climate moderation, pollination, and mineral recycling. Natural systems also contain a reservoir of biological diversity in the myriad organisms large and small that are part of functioning ecosystems.

Stream Health – We withdraw water from aquifers, streams and reservoirs, use it, treat it, and return it to the natural system for further purification. Even after household wastewater has passed through a sewage treatment facility and been discharged into a stream, more cleansing takes place as the flowing water is exposed to sun and oxygen from the atmosphere and the action of microorganisms. If a stream receives too much waste, its ability to restore water quality may be exceeded, leading to algae blooms and fish kills. Flow in theWissahickon Creek, for example, can be as much as 90 percent sewage treatment plant effluent during periods of drought when many of the stream’s smaller tributaries dry up. The health of our streams is also dependent on sufficient ground water to maintain stable mini- mum flow year round. Protecting open space insures that there are forested areas where rain and melting snow can soak into the ground, thus maintaining the underground aquifer that feeds the streams. Soil permeability is greatest in forested land; however, with the loss of natural vegeta-

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 tion, runoff increases and ground water recharge is reduced. When too much of the land surface is covered with impermeable or less permeable surfaces such as roofs, paving, and even lawns, water cannot penetrate as well.

Water Supply – A lowered water table can have a negative impact on water supply, aquatic habitats, and soil erosion. Ten percent of Montgomery County residents and approximately 30 percent of the public water systems in the county depend on wells. Reductions in the water table may mean that wells go dry, which could leave these residents and purveyors without a reliable water supply. In addition, streams may have drastically reduced flow between storms, especially in the summer, which results in the loss of aquatic habitat. Furthermore, when rainstorms occur, the rapid runoff from impervious surfaces results in frequent flooding, accompanied by scouring. These conditions leave little life in the streams. Bank erosion is accelerated and suspended silt further degrades water quality. Because the water cycle’s proper functioning is closely related to the existence of open space we must carefully manage the impact development is having on our streams, to insure that water supplies remain reliable into the future.

Floodplains – Floodplains are an important part of the hydrological system. Formed by the action of streams over time, floodplains are the waterway’s safety valve. They provide a place for water to spread out during periods of high flow. The speed of water movement is slowed and silt is deposited, building up alluvial floodplain terraces. Floodplains have their own community of plants and animals that are adapted to occasional inundation. Carbon Sequestration – Forests and other natural vegetation remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through the process of photosynthesis, and incorporate it into carbon-containing compounds in plant tissue and organic resides such as leaf litter. Carbon sequestration is an important process for slowing the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere that has been linked to climate change.

Quality of Life A network of open space makes Mont- gomery County a more desirable place to live, visit, and work through protection of its distinctive resources. Studies have shown that open space and associated amenities such as trails are often considered by businesses looking to relocate. For residents, quality of life benefits include the following areas:

Spring-beauty is a common early spring wildflower in moist woods Recreation – The popularity of the throughout the county Schuylkill and Perkiomen Trails is evidence of the demand for outdoor recreation opportunities such as bicycling and hiking. Natural areas foster peace of mind, enjoyment, and recreation through such activities as bird watching,

10 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 wild flower observation, nature photography, hunting, and fishing. Bird watching, in particular, is a rapidly growing outdoor activity with many local adherents. Pennsylvania Audubon’s designation of three Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in the county has further stimulated this interest. In addition, wildflower diversity, which is especially high in the areas of diabase geology in the western part of the county (see section of geology and physiography below), has long stimulated the interest of local amateur botanists.

Health – A quiet walk in the woods can provide a respite from the human-dominated landscape and restore one’s mental and spiritual health. Merely driving a scenic country road can provide relaxation and pleasure. In addition, outdoor active recreation provides health benefits by promoting physical activity such as walking, bicycling, and jogging.

Economic – Open space can benefit communities through the positive economic impact that they can generate. New businesses may choose to locate in the area due to open space amenities that enhance community attractiveness and redevelopment initiatives. In addition, preserved open space often increases surrounding property values.

Social/Cultural – Montgomery County’s network of open space contributes to community building by linking communities along trails and greenways. It offers places where people can interact with other members of the community. People may also build pride in their community assets such as heritage areas, farms, and rural areas. Residents and visitors can also choose to take advantage of educational opportunities that the out-of-doors provides.

Study Methods Designation of Landscapes In commissioning a re-examination of natural areas in Montgomery County, the planning commission specified a “systems” approach focused on “sustainable landscapes.” Our first step was to examine aerial photography of the county looking for areas that retained a high percentage of forest cover. Using ArcGIS version 9 and spatial data sets obtained from the planning commission and Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access (PASDA) website we created overlays of the highest priority sites from the 1995 Natural Areas Inventory, publicly owned land, floodplains, and wetlands. We also took into consideration planned and existing trail corridors and areas designated as Important Bird Areas (IBAs). By drawing polygons that included areas of continuous, or nearly continuous, forest cover we identified 13 conservation landscapes, each with a core area of protected land (Figure 1.1). Not surprisingly, the landscapes were either rocky areas of diabase geology or riparian corridors. All but one of the 18 highest priority sites from the previous Natural Areas Inventory were included in our landscapes. Norritonville Woods was excluded because it did not meet the criteria for connectivity or presence of a core area of protected land. The intent of taking a landscape approach to open space preservation is to maximize the potential for long-term sustainability of individual sites by protecting the landscape context and enhancing connectivity. The landscapes, at several thousand acres each, are intended to be

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 11 big enough to preserve important ecological functions critical to maintaining the life support system for the county as a whole. This approach will be implemented through a combination of public and private ownership, easements, and voluntary implementation of appropriate management strategies and techniques.

Survey Methods Surveys were conducted of selected tracts within each landscape to document elements of biological diversity including plants, plant communities, reptiles and amphibians, and birds. Of necessity, surveys were focused on publicly owned land and private lands where permission to enter could be obtained. Two years is not enough time to conduct a complete inventory; an ongoing program is needed to examine additional sites and continue to monitor conditions.

Plant Diversity – Vegetation surveys were carried out by Drs. Ann F. Rhoads and Timothy A. Block. The plant lists were obtained by surveying core areas in each landscape during 2006 - 2007. Most sites were visited several times at different seasons to record the maximum number of species. Botanical searches employed random walk techniques as well as targeted searches of each habitat type present at a site. Plant identification and nomenclature follow The Plants of Pennsylvania, Second Edition, by Rhoads and Block. Herbarium specimens were collected of selected plants and deposited in the herbarium of the Morris Arbore- tum of the University of Pennsylvania. Occurrences of state-listed plants were reported to the Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program database. Plant Communities – Quantitative data on forest composition were obtained by placing 100- meter transects at selected locations throughout the landscapes. These transects were used to sample the composition of the canopy, shrub, and seedling layers of the forest using the point quarter method for canopy trees, three 100 meter square plots for shrubs, and ten 1 meter square plots for herbaceous plants. The relative importance value (RIV) for each species observed was calculated with a formula that uses data on cover, frequency, and abundance of each species. RIV data were used to assign specific forest types to each plant community and to assess the extent of deer browse and its impact on the forest composition and structure. Reptiles and Amphibians – Surveys of reptiles and amphibians were conducted by Marlin Corn, naturalist, who was a subcontractor employed by the Morris Arboretum. Surveys were conducted of selected areas in each of the conservation landscapes using standard survey techniques including General Herpetological Collecting and Anuran Calling Sur- veys during breeding seasons. General collecting included traveling through the survey areas on foot observing exposed animals and searching under cover objects such as logs, rocks and other debris, searching wetlands at night with a flashlight, Tim Block and intern, Carolyn and driving roads near areas of probable habitat at night dur- Beans, collecting data on forest ing wet weather during amphibian breeding seasons. Turtles composition

12 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 13 were also searched for using binoculars or a spotting scope and by canoe and/or kayak. A global positioning system (GPS) receiver was used to record locations and all finds were also documented with photographs.

The Setting Geology and Physiography The geology of Montgomery County is dominated by Newark Basin sedimentary rocks of Trias- sic and early Jurassic origin which comprise the Piedmont Lowlands (Figure 1.2). From north to south, the Brunswick Formation consisting of red shale, mudstone, and siltstone, gives way to a band of argillite and shale of the Lockatong Formation. Stockton Formation sandstones oc- cupy the southeastern edge of the basin. The northwestern part of the county is also marked by a series of diabase dikes and sills that were intruded as molten magma into the Brunswick shale during the early Jurassic period. Subsequent erosion of the softer shale has created ridges and uplands where the more resistant diabase is exposed. These boulder-strewn diabase landscapes are often erroneously assumed to have been created by glaciers; however, Montgomery County is well south of the southernmost extent of glaciation in Pennsylvania. Diabase intrusions are generally bordered by a zone of hornfels, partially metamorphosed shales created by the heat of the intruded magma. Diabase boulder fields in which the rocks ring when tapped with a hammer are The boulder field at Ringing Rocks Park present at two sites in Montgomery County and three in Bucks County (Box 1.1). The boulder fields are characterized by an open expanse of rocks lacking intervening vegetation. A line from Bridgeport to Norristown and Fort Washington marks the western edge of a complex band of older rocks including quartzite, gneiss, schist, and limestone referred to as the Piedmont Uplands, which occupies the extreme southeastern part of the county.

Box 1.1 — Why the Rocks Ring Diabase boulder fields with rocks that ring with a clear bell-like tone when tapped with a hammer exist at two locations in Montgomery County, Ringing Rocks Park (Stone Hills Conservation Landscape) and Fulshaw Craeg Preserve (Unami/Ridge Valley Creek Conservation Landscape). The boulder fields are characterized by an open expanse of rocks lacking intervening vegetation. The ringing is due to weathering of the outer layer of the boulders, which creates tension on the core. Strain resulting from the tension alters the resonant frequency of the rock. Similar rocks in the shade of adjacent woodlands do not ring, nor do all of the rocks in the open areas. Apparently even partial shading by lichens or adjacent boulders is enough to alter the weathering process such that the inner tension does not develop (Gibbons and Schlossman 1970).

14 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Montgomery County does not include any areas of Tertiary or Quaternary (recent) sediments associated with the Atlantic Coastal Plain, although an area of quartzite and sandstone near Willow Grove supports a community of coastal plain plants.

Box 1.2 — Rings of Diabase Rock Circular formations several miles in diameter consisting of diabase ridges surround the Red Hill/ Pennsburg/East Greenville and New Hanover areas in Upper Montgomery County. A similar formation exists around Quakertown in Bucks County. These unusual geologic formations are thought to have originated when diabase sheets were intruded into the existing Brunswick shale about 200 million years ago. As the diabase layer spread horizontally it responded to variations in the overlying topography. Where there was a hill, greater downward pressure created a depres- sion in the diabase sheet. Subsequent erosion exposed the rim, but shale continues to cover the diabase within the basins. The only other place that formations like these have been identified is in South Africa (Meyboum and Wallace 1978).

Two geological features in the county are identified as outstanding scenic geological features of Pennsylvania: Port Kennedy Cave in Valley Forge National Historical Park and Ringing Rocks near Pottstown. (A description of the Port Kennedy Cave is included in Chapter 13). We suggest that the rings of diabase that surround the East Greenville/Pennsburg/Red Hill corridor in northern Montgomery County and the Quakertown basin in Bucks County should also be designated as outstanding scenic geologic features (Figure 1.2 and Box 1.2). Commercial development of mineral resources of Montgomery County has included about a dozen early copper and lead mines. Another early enterprise involved quarrying limestone for agricultural use and lime manufacture; kilns erected for the purpose of converting limestone to lime are preserved in several locations. Gneiss and schist were quarried for building stone. Evi- dence of surface cutting of diabase boulders (also known as trap rock) for building stone, cobble- stones, and curbs (Belgian blocks) is visible in the woods at many locations in upper Montgom- ery County. Quarrying of argillite and hornfels for construction aggregate continues today.

Climate Montgomery County is subject to a humid continental climate featuring warm, humid summers and moderately cold winters. Monthly average tem- peratures range from 28° F in Janu- ary to 73° F in July. Average annual precipitation is 42 inches; rainfall is distributed throughout the year. On the average, precipitation exceeds the loss of moisture through evapotranspiration except in the warmest months (June, July, and August). The average length of the growing season is 160 days. Diabase ridge in the Mill Hill/Deep Creek Conservation Landscape

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 15 16 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Watersheds and Hydrology Most of Montgomery County is within the Schuylkill River watershed. Upper and central portions of the county are drained by the Perkiomen Creek and its tributaries including the East Branch of the Perkiomen Creek, Skippack Creek, Unami Creek, Swamp Creek, and Hosensack Creek. The Perkiomen flows into the Schuylkill River near Valley Forge just below Audubon. In addition, several small creeks drain directly into the Schuylkill River in the southwestern part of the county. The Wissahickon Creek, another tributary of the Schuylkill River, drains the area from Lansdale to Fort Washington. Small areas in the eastern part of the county lie within the Neshaminy Creek, Pennypack Creek, Tookany Creek, and Poquessing Creek watersheds, which drain directly to the View of the Schuylkill River near Valley Forge in early spring Delaware River (Figure 1.3).

Of the county’s waterways, only Valley Creek, which forms part of the boundary with Chester County in the southeast, is classified by The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protec- tion (DEP) as an EV (exceptional value) stream. A 1997 petition to upgrade the Unami Creek to EV status was rejected by DEP; it is designated as HQ-TSF (high quality, trout stocked fishery). A petition to upgrade the Upper Perkiomen to EV status and the Macoby Creek to HQ status was submitted to DEP in December 2006.

The Stroud Water Research Center’s Schuylkill Project involves long-term sampling to monitor water quality. Montgomery County streams were rated based on an index (MAIS) reflecting macroinvertebrate data for 10 years from 1996 to 2006.

Water quality of the Schuylkill River was severely affected by effluent from early industry and fine particles (culm) from years of mining and transporting coal. By the 1940s it was clear that a cleanup was needed. With funding from the federal and state governments a dredging project was undertaken starting in 1947. Desilting basins and impoundment basins for disposal of dredge spoil were constructed. Several impoundment basins were located in Montgomery County; one, located just below the Pawlings Road Bridge in Valley Forge National Historical Park, now provides habitat for several rare plants.

Today, water quality in the river has improved to the point that restoration of shad has become feasible. Fish ladders are in operation at the Fairmount Dam in Philadelphia and the Flat Rock Dam in Lower Merion Township to facilitate the upstream migration of spawning fish. An additional ladder is under construction at Norristown and one is planned for the Black Rock Dam above Mont Clare in 2008.

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 17 Table 1.1 — Stream Quality Classifications for Montgomery County

Stream DEP Classification* Stroud MAIS Rating* Deep Creek TSF not assessed East Branch Perkiomen Creek TSF not assessed Hosensack Creek CWF good Lower Perkiomen Creek WWF, MF fair Macoby Creek TSF fair Manatawny Creek CWF not assessed Mill Creek TSF not assessed Mine Run TSF not assessed Minister Creek not assessed poor Pennypack Creek TSF, MF not assessed Sanatoga Creek WWF not assessed Schlegel Run not assessed poor Schuylkill River WWF, MF not assessed Scioto Creek not assessed poor Skippack Creek TSF fair to poor Sprogels Run WWF not assessed Swamp Creek TSF, MF poor Towamencin Creek not assessed poor Unami Creek HQ, TSF fair Upper Perkiomen Creek TSF good Valley Creek EV not assessed West Branch Perkiomen Creek CWF good Wissahickon Creek TSF not assessed Zacharias Creek not assessed poor

* CWF = cold water fishery, EV = exceptional value, HQ = high quality, MF = migratory fishes, TSF = trout stocked fishery, WWF = warm water fishery

Biological Resources Plant Diversity Documentation of the flora of Montgomery has continued over the past 300 years. Bean’s 1884 history of the county included a list of 825 indigenous and naturalized plants. An essay on botanical exploration in the county by Ann Newbold was included in Montgomery County, The Second Hundred Years. The current flora total includes 1,559 species of wild plants documented for Montgomery County in the Pennsylvania Flora Database. Of those, 1065 species are native and 494 (31.7 percent) are non-native species that have become established since European settlement. The full list, including scientific names, is included in Appendix 1.B.

18 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 19 Table 1.2 — Summary of Plant Diversity in Montgomery County

Native Introduced Total Aquatic plants 54 9 63 Ferns and other spore-bearing plants 49 0 49 Grasses, sedges, and rushes 228 58 286 Wildflowers and other herbaceous species 543 328 871 Trees, shrubs, and woody vines 191 99 290 Totals 1,065 494 1,559

Species of Special Concern – Sixty-three plants classified as endangered, threatened, rare, or undetermined in Pennsylvania have been found in Montgomery County over the years. Thirty-nine (39) have not been seen in over 50 years and are probably extirpated locally. Small whorled pogonia, which is also listed as endangered under the Federal Endangered Species Act, was last seen in 1929. Of the listed plants, 22 were known from a single site, Frazier’s Bog, in Upper Moreland Township. The bog, described as a “Coastal Plain outlier,” still exists, but few of the rare species remain. A discussion of this site is included in the Chapter 11 on the Pennypack Conservation Landscape.

Table 1.3 — Montgomery County Plants Classified as Endangered, Threatened, Rare or Undetermined in Pennsylvania (Source: Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program Database)

Common Name Scientific Name Status* Last Observed Eared false-foxglove Agalinis auriculata G3/S1/PE 1950 Tall bentgrass Agrostis altissima G4/SX/PX 1946 Colic-root Aletris farinosa G5/S1/TU/PE 1902 Coastal juneberry Amelanchier obovalis G4G5/S1/TU/PE 1951 Puttyroot Aplectrum hyemale G5/S3/PR 2007 Western hairy rockcress Arabis hirsuta G5/S1/TU/PE 1989 Missouri rockcress Arabis missouriensis G5?Q/S1/PE 1987 Red milkweed Asclepias rubra G4G5/SX/PX 1902 White milkweed Asclepias variegata G5/S1/TU/PE 1902 Brown sedge Carex buxbaumii G5/S3/TU 2006 Cloud sedge Carex haydenii G5/S1S2/TU/PT 1959 False hop sedge Carex lupuliformis G4/S1/TU 1902 Mead’s sedge Carex meadii G4G5/S1/TU/PE 2006 Sterile sedge Carex sterilis G4/S1/PT/PE 1921 Indian paintbrush Castilleja coccinea G5/S2/TU/PT 2006 Spring coralroot Corallorhiza wisteriana G5/S1/TU/PE 2006 Dodder Cuscuta campestris G5T5/S2/N/TU 2006 Many-flowered umbrella-sedge Cyperus lancastriensis G5/S2/N/TU 2006 Tall tick-trefoil Desmodium glabellum G5/SU/TU 1907

20 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 American dragonhead Dracocephalum parviflorum G5/SH/TU 1936 Long-tubercled spike-rush Eleocharis tuberculosa G5/SX/PX 1898 Downy willow-herb Epilobium strictum G5?/S3/PE/PR 1923 Slender cotton-grass Eriophorum gracile G5/S1/PE 1910 Round-leaved eupatorium Eupatorium rotundifolium G5/S3/TU 1898 Grass-leaved goldenrod Euthamia tenuifolia G5/S1/PT 1946 Dwarf huckleberry Gaylussacia dumosa G5/SH/PE 1893 Striped gentian Gentiana villosa G4/S1/TU/PE 1971 Blunt manna-grass Glyceria obtusa G5/S1/PE 1964 Goldenseal Hydrastis canadensis PV 2006 Inkberry holly Ilex glabra G5/SX/PX 1950 Slender blue iris Iris prismatica G4G5/S1/PE 1943 Small whorled pogonia Isotria medeoloides G2/S1/PE LT 1929 Grass-leaved sedge Juncus biflorus G5/S2/TU/PT 2006 Forked rush Juncus dichotomus G5/S1/PE 2006 Thread rush Juncus filiformis G5/S3/PR 1965 Sandplain wild flax Linum intercursum G4/S1/PE 1902 Staggerbush Lyonia mariana G5/S1/PE 1951 Sweetbay magnolia Magnolia virginiana G5/S2/PT 2006 Adder’s tongue Ophioglossum vulgatum G5/S1/PE 1800s Prickly-pear cactus Opuntia humifusa G5/S3/PR 1946 Ginseng Panax quinquefolius PV 2006 Long-leaf panic-grass Panicum longifolium G4/S1/TU/PE 1944 Shining panic-grass Panicum lucidum GNR/S1/TU/PE 1993 Downy phlox Phlox pilosa G5/S1S2/TU/PE 1993 Crested yellow orchid Platanthera cristata G5/SX/PX 1898 Cross-leaved milkwort Polygala cruciata G5/S1/PE 1898 Bushy cinquefoil Potentilla paradoxa G5/S1/PE 1945 Beach plum Prunus maritima G4/S1/PE 1907 Southern red oak Quercus falcata G5/S1/PE 2006 Tufted buttercup Ranunculus fascicularis G5/S1S2/PE 2005 Tooth-cup Rotala ramosior G5/S3/PR 2006 Few-flowered nutrush Scleria pauciflora G5/S2/PT 1899 Narrow-leaved white-topped aster Sericocarpus linifolius G5/S1/PE 1901 Stiff goldenrod Solidago rigida G5/S1/TU/PE 1989 Showy goldenrod Solidago speciosa G5T5/SNR/N/PT 2006 Hooded ladies’-tresses Spiranthes romanzoffiana G5/S1/PE 1918 Spring ladies’-tresses Spiranthes vernalis G5/S1/PE 1920 Bushy aster Symphyotrichum dumosum G5/S2/TU 1898 Long-leaved aster Symphyotrichum novi-belgii G5/S2/PT 1902 Buffalo clover Trifolium reflexum G3G4/SX/PX 1899 Horse-gentian Triosteum angustifolium G5/S1/TU/PE 1920 Nodding pogonia Triphora trianthophora G3G4/SH/PE 1890 Tawny ironweed Vernonia glauca G5/S1/PE 1985 Possum haw viburnum Viburnum nudum G5/S1/PE 1944 Netted chain fern Woodwardia areolata G5/S2/N/PT 1993

* See Appendix 1.A for an explanation of status codes.

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 21 Plant Communities Montgomery County lies within the Piedmont section of the oak-chestnut forest region of the eastern deciduous forest. When European settlers arrived the area was almost entirely forested except for clearings created and maintained by Native Americans. Common canopy trees included red oak, white oak, beech, chestnut, hickory, red maple, white ash, and tuliptree. On north- facing slopes and ravines hemlock was prominent and on dry upper slopes chestnut oak, black oak, sourgum, sassafras, and chestnut, were the dominant species. Since the arrival of the settlers, many changes have occurred in the county’s forests; the loss of American chestnut, decline of oaks due to preferential feeding by gypsy moth caterpillars and deer, and the rise of red maple have resulted in shifts in species abundance. Further change may result from the spread of invasive, non-native insects and diseases such as the hemlock woolly adelgid, dogwood anthracnose, and the emerald Successional area on the floodplain of the Perkiomen Creek, the red- cedar trees show a browse line. ash borer (responsible for killing mil- lions of ash trees in the Midwest and was recently detected in western Pennsylvania). Our field studies indicate that the following mature forest types are present. In addition, successional forests characterized by eastern red-cedar, ash, and red maple are common.

Table 1.4 — Mature Forest Types of Montgomery County* Dry oak – heath forest Dry oak - mixed hardwood forest Dry hemlock - oak forest Mixed oak – hardwood forest Upland Forest Types Red oak – mixed hardwood forest Red maple terrestrial forest Sugar maple – basswood forest Tuliptree – beech - maple forest Bottomland oak – hardwood palustrine forest Red maple – black ash palustrine forest Red maple palustrine forest Lowland Forest Types Sycamore – (river birch) – box-elder floodplain forest Silver maple floodplain forest Sugar maple floodplain forest

*As defined by Fike (1999)

22 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Reptiles and Amphibians Forty-two (42) species of reptiles and amphibians were listed for Montgomery County in Montgomery County the Second Hundred Years. The statewide Herpetological Atlas Project carried out between 1996 and 2002 resulted in current records for 23 of 42 species for which historical records existed. In addition two species new to the county were documented rais- ing the overall total to 44 species known from the County. Three species are believed to be extirpated (see Table 1.6). The effort to document the County’s reptiles and amphibians is continuing. Herpetological surveys conducted by Tiebout in 2003 and Marlin Corn in 2006-2007 as part of this project have documented the presence of 35 species in Montgomery County (Table 1.6). Profiles of all species and management recommendations are included in Appendix 1.C. Species of Special Concern – The bog turtle, for which there have been several Montgomery County records, is listed as threatened under the Federal Endangered Species Act. The New Jersey chorus frog and the redbelly turtle are listed as endangered and threatened respectively in Pennsylvania. The red-eared slider is an introduced species. Two species of frog and one snake species are believed to be extirpated in the County.

Table 1.5 — Reptiles and Amphibians of Montgomery County (Compiled by Marlin Corn from current and historical records)

Common Name Scientific Name Status Salamanders Four-toed Salamander Hemidactylium scutatum * Longtail Salamander Eurycea longicauda longicauda Marbled Salamander Ambystoma opacum * Northern Dusky Salamander Desmognathus fuscus fuscus Northern Red Salamander Psuedotriton ruber ruber Northern Redback Salamander Plethodon cinereus Northern Slimy Salamander Plethodon glutinosus Northern two-lined Salamander Eurycea bislineata Red-spotted Newt Notopthalmus viridescens viridescens Spotted Salamander Ambystoma maculatum Frogs and Toads American Toad Bufo americanus Bullfrog Rana catesbieana Fowler’s Toad Bufo woodhouseii fowleri Gray Treefrog Hyla versicolor Green Frog Rana clamitans melanota New Jersey Chorus Frog Psuedacris triseriata kalmi **G5T4/S1/PE Northern Cricket Frog Acris crepitans * Northern Leopard Frog Rana pipiens *

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 23 Pickerel Frog Rana palustris Southern Leopard Frog Rana utricularia * Spring Peeper Pseudacris crucifer Upland Chorus Frog Psuedacris triseriata feriarum ** Wood Frog Rana sylvatica Turtles Bog Turtle C. muhlenbergii *G3/S1S2/PE/LT Common Musk Turtle Sternotherus odoratus Common Snapping Turtle Chelydra serpentina serpentina Eastern Box Turtle Terrapene carolina carolina Eastern Painted Turtle Chrysemys picta picta Eastern Spiny Softshell Turtle Apalone spinifera spinifera Common map Turtle Graptemys geographica Midland Painted Turtle Chrysemys picta marginata Redbelly Turtle Pseudemys rubriventris G5/S2/PT Red-eared Slider Trachemys scripta elegans introduced Wood Turtle Clemmys insculpta Snakes Black Rat Snake Elaphe obsoleta obsolete Eastern Garter Snake Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis Eastern Hognose Snake Heterodon platyrhinos **G5/S3S4 Eastern Milksnake Lampropeltis triangulum Eastern Smooth Earth Snake Haldea valeriae valeriae * Eastern Worm Snake Carphophis amoenus amoenus * Northern Black Racer Coluber constrictor constrictor Northern Brown Snake Storeria dekayi dekayi Northern Copperhead Akistrodon contortrix mokasen Northern Ringneck Snake Diadophis punctatus edwardsii Northern Water Snake Nerodia sipedon sipedon Queen Snake Regina septemvittata Ribbon Snake Thamnophis sauritus sauritus *

* Not observed but expected to be present on the basis of historical records. ** Probably extirpated.

Birds The first checklist of birds of Montgomery County, which appeared in 1884, included 232 species. One hundred years later a list of 173 species identified at the Audubon Sanctuary at Mill Grove was included in Montgomery County, The Second Hundred Years. Subse- quent efforts to document the bird life of the state have included the Pennsylvania Breed- ing Bird Atlas Project and the Second Breeding Bird Atlas survey currently underway. Three Important Bird Areas (IBAs) have been designated in Montgomery County: Unami

24 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Creek Valley, Green Lane Reservoir, and the Ambler Reservoir. Drawing on Pennsylvania Breeding Bird Atlas records, species lists for most of the landscapes in this study can be developed. Where available, lists prepared by reliable local observers were substituted. Species of Special Concern – Of the birds known from Montgomery County, six species are classified by the Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program.

Table 1.6 — PNHP-listed Birds of Montgomery County (Source: http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us)

PNHP Status* Great Blue Heron G5/S3S4B/S4N Upland Sandpiper G5/S1S2/PE Yellow-crowned Night-heron G5/S1B/PE Prothonotary Warbler G5/S2S3B/Candidate at risk (proposed) Virginia Rail G5/S3B Bald Eagle G5/S2B/PT/PS: LT,PDL

* See Appendix 1.A for an explanation of status codes.

In addition to the listed species, several groups of birds, including forest interior species, birds of riparian areas, and grassland birds, are of concern because of their dependence on declining habitats. See sections on sources and sinks, grassland management, and riparian corridors below for additional discussion.

Mammals Thirty-five (35) species of mammals were listed in Bean’s 1884 History of Montgomery County. One hundred years later Baccari and Baccari listed 56 species of mammals known from the county. Species of Special Concern – Only the Northern myotis (a bat) is classified by the Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program; its status is CR (candidate rare). No new mammal inventories were conducted as part of this project. There is always some concern when providing information on plant and animal species of special concern that doing so encourages or enables ‘collectors’ to harvest these species from the wild. Such actions are reprehensible and damaging to Montgomery County’s biodiversity. Removing any species from the wild reduces the reproducing population of that species, and threatens the ongoing viability of the population. However, as there is a need to prioritize and focus preservation and management efforts, information on species of special concern is also valuable to planning and preservation oriented organizations. With the assistance of DCNR and other jurisdictional agencies, this report has balanced the need to provide useful information and prevent illegal or undesirable harvesting of species. General

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 25 locations are given (for example, the species’ habitat is found within the conservation landscape), but specific locations have not been provided.

Historical and Current Land Use Patterns Montgomery County was established in 1784; prior to that it was part of Philadelphia County. The area that became Montgomery County was settled primarily by Germans, Swedes, Welsh, and English beginning in the late 1600s. Following initial clearing of native vegetation, the area became an agricultural landscape with scattered villages centered on streamside mills that served the farms. An early industrial corridor developed along the Schuylkill River, also based on wa- terpower. Other early industries included tanning of leather, ice harvesting, gunpowder manufac- turing (centered in Sumneytown), and cigar making (centered in Gilbertsville). In 1826 the Schuylkill Navigation Company completed a 110 mile-long series of canal segments, locks, and dams designed to improve navigability of the river. The system was expanded in 1846 to increase the capacity to move coal from the anthracite fields in the north to Philadelphia, a further stimulus to industrial growth along the entire Schuylkill corridor. The railroads were a major factor in the transition of Montgomery County from an agrarian to a suburban landscape. The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, which paralleled the Schuylkill River, was completed in 1841. It soon replaced the river as the major form of transportation. Construction of the Perkio- men Railroad between 1868 and 1874, which connected with the Philadelphia and Reading tracks at the mouth of the Perkiomen Creek and extended to Allentown, opened much of the County to more intensive development. Towns such as Oakes, Arcola, Audubon, Yerkes, Collegeville, Trappe, Ironbridge, Creamery, Graterford, Schwenks- Lock 60 of the Schuylkill Canal, restored by the Schuylkill Canal Association ville, Zieglerville, Spring Mount, Perkiomenville, Green Lane, Red Hill, Pennsburg, East Greenville, and Palm sprang up along the railroad. Today bicycles and hikers have replaced steam locomotives with the conversion of the old rail bed to the Perkiomen Trail. Agricultural use remained dominant through the early 1900s. But at the same time the pastoral landscape of Montgomery County hosted numerous privately operated amusement parks and summer camps. Serving town and city residents, the parks and camps were reached by trolleys and later by automobile. The camps, and to a lesser degree the parks, occupied large tracts of land often in forested sites along the major streams. Some of the camps are still operating, such as the Boy Scout camps on the Unami Creek, Camp Green Lane on Ridge Valley Creek, and

26 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Camp Laughing Waters, Camp Joy, and Camp ArthuReeta in the Swamp Creek valley. These large tracts are prime targets for land protection. Some former camps have been acquired as open space. The Boy Scout camps are now under conservation easements and negotiations are underway with others. With the ascendancy of the automobile as the predominant transportation mode, the southern half of Montgomery County has become a suburban landscape. This trend continues to spread along major highways and threatens to engulf the remainder of the county within 30 years. The percentage of agricultural or undeveloped land in the county dropped from 46.3 percent in 1970 to 20.4 percent in 2000. In addition, areas of light industry are now found throughout the county.

Location and Overall Condition of Remnants of Natural Vegetation Land that could be farmed easily is also land that can most readily be developed for residential, commercial, or industrial uses. Consequently it is no surprise that the areas that remain forested in today’s landscape are associated with environmental conditions such as steep slopes, extremely rocky land, floodplains and wetlands. Aerial photography shows that areas of forest cover in upper Montgomery County matches areas of diabase geology. Stream corridors and associated steep slopes, floodplains, and wetlands also stand out as ribbons of green. Forest accounted for 19.8% of the county’s land surface in 2000 (Figure 1.4). Although there are a few large forest expanses remaining, many of the forest remnants are small patches representing farm woodlots left to grow on marginal or poorly drained sites or narrow strips along streams. Their small size and exposure to adjacent disturbed landscapes leaves them vulnerable to invasion by non-native species that have become part of the naturalized flora and fauna. Some of the most damaging of these newcomers included the gypsy moth (introduced at Med- ford MA in 1869), hemlock woolly adelgid, Chestnut blight (introduced in New York in 1904), dogwood anthracnose, starling, house sparrow, and red fox. Invasive plants that have become widespread include multiflora rose, Japanese knotweed, mile-a-minute weed, tree-of-heaven, Amur honeysuckle, Morrow’s honeysuckle, Japanese honeysuckle, Oriental bittersweet, porcelain-berry, lesser celandine, Japanese stiltgrass, Japanese barberry, garlic mustard, arthraxon grass, and purple loosestrife. Our largest extant native herbivore, the Virginia white-tailed deer has also become a serious threat to the diversity and structure of native vegetation. Overabundance of deer developed after deer were restored to Pennsylvania following their near extirpation about 1900. The elimination of large predators followed by the enactment of overly protective hunting regulations has allowed the herd to grow to levels exceeding the carrying capacity of native ecosystems. The result is forests stripped of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and seedling trees and constant damage to agricultural and residential plantings. Large forested areas are scarce in the built-up areas of the county. In the Eastern portion off the county, substantial woodlands are found in and around Fort Washington State Park, in Bryn Athyn Borough, and along the Mill Creek in Lower Merion Township. Extensive woodlands are located in the western part of the county, including the woodlands running from Upper Potts-

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 27 grove to Lower Frederick, and a large second-growth forest in Marlborough, Salford, and Upper Salford Townships along the Unami and Ridge Valley Creeks. The latter example is unique: it is part of the largest contiguous forest in southeastern Pennsylvania and is within the Highlands Region, which stretches from Pennsylvania through western Connecticut.

Open Space Programs Federal The diabase region of Bucks and Montgomery counties is included in a region designated as the Highlands by the United States Forest Service. The region, which extends from southern New York across New Jersey to eastern Pennsylvania, has remained largely forested and serves as an important source of water and provides other natural benefits. The Highlands Coalition, com- posed of federal, state and local organizations, has the goal of protecting and enhancing the sustainability of the Highlands region. The Unami Hills and Ridge Valley Creek, Stone Hill, Spring Mountain, the Upper Perkiomen Creek Watershed, and the Schuylkill River Watershed have been identified as critical treasures of Pennsylvania’s Highlands.

Regional An analysis by the Green Space Alliance identified 12 focal areas for the preservation of large areas of continuous open space including the Schuylkill River corridor, the Wissahick- on Green Ribbon, and the (diabase) highlands of northern Montgomery and adjacent areas of Bucks County. The Schuylkill Watershed Conservation Plan included the following recommendations aimed at preservation of the natural features of the watershed: • Protect and restore forest buffers • Protect and restore wetlands and areas of hydric soils • Protect Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program sites • Proactively protect, restore and create identified greenway corridors • Control invasive species and deer densities to enhance forest regeneration and native plants

County The 1995 Montgomery County Natural Areas Inventory (and 1999 update) identified and ranked locations of rare plants, animals, and natural communities for preservation. The 18 top-ranked sites are listed in Table 1.7.

Table 1.7 — Highest Priority Sites From 1995 Natural Areas Inventory (including 1999 addendum)

Site Name Municipality Significance County Rank Green Lane Marsh and Upper Hanover Township Statewide 1 New Goshenhoppen Meadows Spring Mountain Woods Upper Salford Township Statewide 1

28 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Deep Creek Marsh New Hanover Township Statewide 2 Fraziers Bog Upper Moreland Township Statewide 2 Knight Road Bluffs Marlborough & Upper Hanover Townships Statewide 2 Linfield Bluffs Limerick Township Statewide 2 Niantic Northeast Woods Upper Hanover & Douglass Township Statewide 2 Ridge Valley Site Salford Township Statewide 2 Bethayres Swamp Abington & Lower Moreland Townships Local high Henning Road Woods New Hanover Township Local high New Road Swamp New Hanover Township Local high Whites Mill Meadow Salford Township Local high Whites Mill Swamp Marlborough & Salford Townships Local high Church Road Floodplain Upper Hanover Township Local medium Eagleville Woods Lower Providence Township Local medium Mill Hill Woods Upper Hanover Township Local medium Mont Clare Cliffs/Ravines Upper Providence Township Local medium Norritonville Woods Worcester Township Local medium

In 1993 the County Commissioners established a $100 million, 10-year program to preserve open space called the Green Fields, Green Towns Program. Municipalities were required to develop open space plans and were encouraged to include sites identified in the NAI. As of July 31, 2003 nearly $66 million had been expended resulting in the protection of 8,923 acres and completion of 23 miles of trails. Notable open space acquisition projects included Mill Hill, Spring Mountain, Whites Mill, and parts of the Unami Hills. Permanently protected lands, including state, county and local holdings, are shown in Figure 1.5.

Table 1.8 — Disbursements Under the Montgomery County Open Space Program: 1993-2003

Type of Disbursement Total Amount Total Area Grants to municipalities/organizations $49,467,862 4,388 acres Trails 7,404,389 23 miles County acquisitions 1,237,135 290 acres Farmland preservation 7,650,000 4,131 acres

A second round of open space protection, funded by a $150 million bond issue approved by the voters, was adopted in December 2003. In 2004 the Montgomery County Planning Commission completed a comprehensive open space plan that outlined goals to link open space with a network of trails, protect environmentally sensitive lands, provide park facilities, and protect scenic roads, vistas, and viewsheds.

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 29 30 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 31 Ecological Concepts Forest Fragmentation and Habitat Islands The land surface of Montgomery County was at one time nearly completely covered with forest. Native Americans cleared small fields adjacent to their villages to grow corn and other crops and burned the forest undergrowth to facilitate hunting. But it wasn’t until the arrival of European settlers that forest removal began in earnest driven by the need for wood for building material and fuel, as well as land clearance for agriculture. By the early 1800s, forest cover remained only in areas unsuitable for farming. Aerial photography from 1937 - 1947 shows an agrarian landscape with tree cover restricted to stream valleys, steep slopes, and boulder-strewn areas of diabase geology. Isolated farm woodlots representing localized areas of poor drainage or high water table are also visible. That pattern continues today (Figure 1.4). This pattern is similar to that described in a study of suburban areas surrounding Wilmington, Delaware. The only forests older than 100 years were on rock fields and steep slopes. Succes- sional growth on marginal lands on which agriculture had been abandoned accounted for an increase in forest cover from only 5 percent in 1890 to 22 percent by 1990. Close examination of the 1947 aerial photography of Montgomery County also reveals indications of this trend of abandonment of agriculture and subsequent re-vegetation of marginal lands. However, as agricultural land in the county continues to be converted to housing and/or commercial uses, the potential for restoration of extensive areas of forest on well-drained upland fields decreases. The resulting pattern of land use continues to restrict forest cover to riparian strips and steep or rocky areas. The influence of diabase geology on land use in upper Bucks and Montgomery Counties is readily visible in current aerial photography. Even though scattered houses have been built in the woods, extensive forest cover remains in areas of diabase rock such as the Unami Creek valley, Mill Hill, Spring Mountain, and Stone Hill (Figure 1.5). Forest fragmentation leads to the isolation of small populations of plants and animals in habitat islands. Reduced breeding opportunities and restricted gene flow are serious problems that can result, especially in organisms with restricted mobility. Plants with limited seed dispersal and/or localized pollen movement are also vulnerable, as are reptiles, amphibians, and small mammals such as shrews. Furthermore, the theory of island biogeography demonstrates that island size and proximity to similar habitat islands affect the number of species an area will support. The smaller the island and the more isolated, the fewer species present.

Edge Effects Forest edges differ from true forest interior habitat in several ways. For example, more light and wind reach the forest floor causing warming and drying. Soil moisture and relative humidity are lower as a result. Snow loads and wind throw (trees uprooted by wind) are greater. Invasive plant species penetrate the boundary and are often concentrated in the forest edge where they compete with native species. On the other hand, some native species benefit from the greater light availability at the forest edge; for example, flowering dogwood blooms more prolifically at the edge although it also occurs throughout the forest understory.

32 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 How far the edge effect extends into the forest varies with the type of forest, the age of the forest, the exposure, and the time since the edge was created. Old edges where understory plants have created a wall of foliage from the ground to the lowest branches of the canopy trees, have less impact than newly created edges. North-facing edges are less affected by light penetration than south or west-facing edges. Estimates of the depth of penetration of edge-related changes in the habitat range from 500 meters (1,500 feet) to 5 m (15 feet). For practical reasons a standard 50- meter buffer was chosen for calculating forest interior areas for this project. Forest interior areas for each landscape were calculated using aerial photography to delineate forested areas and applying a 50-meter buffer from the forest edge. In interpreting those numbers, it must be kept in mind that a parcel completely surrounded by forest may be 100% forest interior, but if surrounding lands are cleared, the forest interior area will shrink accordingly. Another question arises as to what constitutes a significant break in forest continuity. A house surrounded by an acre or two of mowed and landscaped grounds within a large forest matrix may not be a serious interruption for forest birds. However, that could change if domestic cats were present. Furthermore, landscape plants such as winged euonymus or discarded garden residue can serve as sources of invasion. A narrow country road with trees overarching is not a barrier to birds, but could be a serious impediment to salamanders, which need to travel to and from vernal pools where they breed.

Sources and Sinks Birds are affected by the amount and quality of forest area. The Brown-headed Cowbird, a nest parasite of many songbird species, preferentially inhabits forest edges. Other generalist predators including domestic cats, raccoons, opossums, and crows are also more abundant near edges. The forest interior, on the other hand, provides favorable habitat for birds such as Scarlet Tana- ger, Wood Thrush, American Redstart, Black-and-white Warbler, Worm-eating Warbler, Eastern Wood Pewee, Pileated Woodpecker, and Barred Owl. Large tracts of interior forest such as Mill Hill, Spring Mountain, and Unami Hills serve as source areas that support bird populations throughout the region. Due to high rates of breeding success, young birds from these “source” areas spread out into the surrounding landscape seeking breeding territories of their own; and often must settle for less favorable sites, referred to as “sinks,” where they experience higher mortality. Only because of the continual outflow

“For a given species, good quality habitats yield a demographic excess (natality > mortality), and are designated as ‘source’. Lower quality habitats yield a demographic deficit (mortality > natality); these are designated as ‘sink’ and may not persist without immigration from sources.

It is important to identify source habitats for conservation or management, even if they represent but a small fraction of the landscape. Preserving only sink habitats will probably produce population extinction.” — Diaz from large forested source areas as young birds seek new territory in which to nest can residents throughout the county continue to experience high bird diversity in their neighborhoods.

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 33 Bats are also area sensitive, requiring large forest tracts for foraging and summer roosting habitat. The Northern myotis, a candidate for rare status in Pennsylvania, is known to occur in Montgomery County.

Corridors and Connectivity One way of mitigating some of the isolating effects of forest fragmentation is to connect smaller tracts with a network of wildlife corridors. Corridors can achieve several purposes: allowing daily or seasonal movement of wildlife to and from breeding and/or feeding areas, allowing genetic exchange among small populations in fragmented habitats, allowing movement in response to environmental change or natural disasters, and allowing replenishment of populations from other areas. Recent research has documented increases in plant species richness, pollen movement and fruit set, pollen transfer by butterflies, and seed dispersal by birds in habitat patches connected by corridors compared to isolated patches of the same size. A recent study found that corridors could be effective in promoting dispersal of butterflies even if the corridors did not Pennypack Creek corridor support resident populations. Research on the movements of winter resident bird species re- vealed that chickadees were equally likely to travel through forest habitat or hedgerows (corridors), but less likely to cross openings. It has been suggested that corridors might also serve as dispersal channels for invasive plants. However, in the study on species richness mentioned above, although the number of native species increased in connected patches, there was no detectable effect on the number of exotic species. Rivers, streams, and associated riparian areas often form natural corridors linking larger habitat patches while at the same time protecting water quality and providing recreation opportunities. Other landscape features that can serve to enhance connectivity include roadside vegetation, fencerows, trail corridors, greenways, and greenbelts. While ideally a corridor should provide habitat continuity, in some situations it may be desirable to design a corridor specifically to meet the needs of a specific ganismor or group of organisms. An example of this type could be a culvert under a busy road designed to allow amphibians to move between upland forest and lowland breeding areas.

Riparian Corridors as Habitat – Riparian corridors are also habitat for a variety of plants and animals. Floodplain trees such as sycamore, silver maple, box-elder, honey-locust, and slippery elm line stream banks throughout the county. Floodplains are also the setting for a seasonal suc-

34 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 cession of wildflowers from the early spring display of Virginia bluebells to the graceful flowering stems of lizard’s-tail along the water’s edge, giving way to the thin-leaved sunflower, and finally the brilliant red of cardinal flower. Birds that are dependent on riparian habitat along the larger streams and rivers in the county include several species that are rare in the county. Yellow-throated Warblers nest in clusters of sycamore trees common in riparian areas. Black-crowned Night-heron, Yellow-crowned Night-heron, and Northern Pa- rula are additional rare riparian specialists. Green Heron, Great Blue Heron, Double-crested Cormorant, Common Merganser, Canada Goose, Belted Kingfisher, Mallard, Wood Duck, and Warbling Vireo are other more widespread species that are found along rivers and streams. Lizard’s-tail

Invasive Species Among the changes that have occurred in the natural landscapes of Montgomery County are those brought about by the deliberate or accidental introduction of non-native species. Chestnut blight, caused by a fungus, was first found in Bronx, NY in 1904. It spread rapidly, soon reaching Pennsylvania. Efforts to stop it were unsuccessful and the American chestnut, once the most abundant forest tree in Pennsylvania, was reduced to minor status. Sprouts from old root crowns still can be found, but usually fall victim to the disease before reaching flowering or fruiting age.

Insects and Other Invertebrates The gypsy moth entered North America at Medford, Massachusetts in 1869. It too, spread quickly and continues to go through periodic cycles of abundance in which serious defoliation leading to death of trees can occur. Oak, hemlock, and hickory are particularly susceptible. Another introduced insect pest that is affecting forest composition is the hemlock wooly adelgid, a sucking insect that is causing mortality of hemlock throughout eastern Pennsylvania. Other introduced insect pests that threaten to impact us locally are the emerald ash borer and the Asian longhorn beetle; both have recently been found in neighboring states. Earthworms, once considered indicators of healthy soil, have become too abundant in many areas. The problem has arisen where non-native earthworms have invaded floodplains and spread into all but the driest upland areas. Accidentally introduced beginning with the arrival of the earliest colonists and subsequently by fishermen when they discarded unused bait, the worms churn the soil and deplete the leaf litter, reducing opportunities for seeds to germinate and in- creasing erosion. Salamanders, which feed on soil invertebrates that normally inhabit leaf litter are affected due to reductions in their food source. Bare soil with a surface layer of 2 to 3 inches of worm castings has become commonplace throughout the county, especially on floodplains and adjacent lower slopes. Forest soils are normally important sinks for carbon, but when earthworms consume all the leaf litter that function, too, decreases. The rapid consumption of forest floor leaf litter by non-native worms is altering soil chemistry

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 35 as well as soil structure. Forest ecosystems normally depend on fungi to gradually break down litter and release nutrients. Worms shift the microbial component of the soil away from a system based on fungi to one in which bacteria dominate. Soil pH is raised in the process. Research in New Jersey has linked higher densities of non-native earthworms and two invasive plants (Japa- nese stiltgrass and Japanese barberry) to alterations in nitrogen cycling in the soil.

Plants Invasive, non-native plants are another serious environmental problem. Introduced species such as Japanese honeysuckle, multiflora rose, mile-a-minute, Japanese knotweed, Japanese stiltgrass, Amur honeysuckle, Morrow’s honeysuckle, Japanese honeysuckle, Norway maple, winged euonymus, tree-of-heaven, arthraxon grass, and many more are found throughout the county.

Riparian areas are especially vulnerable. Not only are they often narrow forested strips that are entirely edge habitat, but they are also subjected to natural disturbance due to flood scouring and a constant source of seeds and other propagules that are carried in from upstream sources and spread by floodwaters.

Ecological Impacts – Invasive plants compete with native species for space and resources. They alter forest structure and composition and affect the Mile-a-minute is spreading along streams in Montgomery County; car- functioning of ecosystems. For ex- ried by water and birds. ample, research at Drew University in New Jersey has shown that the diversity of native species in the forest understory was reduced under a canopy of Norway maple compared to sugar maple. A study of nesting success by Wood Thrushes and Robins found predation of nests was higher in non-native honeysuckle and buckthorn shrubs compared with native shrubs.

A butterfly, the West Virginia white, is threatened by the abundance of the non-native garlic mustard, which competes with toothwort, a native forest wildflower that is the butterfly’s larval food plant. A toxin in the leaves of garlic mustard is fatal to the larvae.

Research at the Stroud Water Research Center in Chester County, Pennsylvania has shown that aquatic ecosystems can be affected by the nature of streamside vegetation. Leaf litter consisting of multiflora rose, Oriental bittersweet, and princess tree (all non-native terrestrial species) resulted in reduced survival in mayfly nymphs compared to litter of white ash, hickory, and Ameri- can beech. Mayflies are aquatic in their immature stages.

Effects of Japanese stiltgrass on forest soils in New Jersey included increased pH and thinned litter and organic layers. Garlic mustard has recently been found to suppress the growth of forest trees by inhibiting fungi in the soil that form beneficial associations with the trees’ roots known as mycorrhizae.

36 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Deer overabundance compounds the invasive species problem in several ways. Deer clearly prefer native species over non-natives with the result that, as native species disappear, thus the forest understory is opened up to the spread of exotics such as winged euonymus, bush honeysuckles, and wineberry. In addition deer have been shown to serve as dispersers of seed of non-native species including autumn olive and honeysuckle. Management Strategies – Management of invasive plants must take into consideration such issues as the ability of seeds to remain viable in the soil for a number of years (the seed bank), as well as the constant influx of seeds or other propagules from outside the target area. The most effective strategy is to target species that have just begun to invade an area, removing them before a local seed bank can build up. Another important consideration is the importance of maintaining an intact forest canopy. Al- though some invasives can grow in the shade, most will decline and eventually disappear if the canopy remains intact. The dumping of garden refuse in forested areas is the source of some invasions. Garden waste often contains seeds, plant fragments, or even entire plants that can take root and compete with native forest species. Groundcovers such as Japanese pachysandra, English ivy, or periwinkle can be particularly damaging, as they are shade tolerant and spread aggressively. We recommend signs at access points to publicly owned open space to educate people about this problem and discourage the practice of discarding garden refuse in the woods. Some non-native invasive plants are so widespread and pervasive that control in all but a very limited area is impossible. Lesser celandine, garlic mustard, and Japanese stiltgrass are in this category. There are signs that multiflora rose, which also grows everywhere, may be on the decline due to rose rosette, a lethal virus disease that is spread by mites.

Deer Overabundance Some generalist wildlife species such as white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbits, gray squirrels, raccoons, and opossums have adapted very successfully to living in close proximity to humans. While this provides opportunities for local residents to view wildlife, it also brings problems. The lack of large predators and limited hunting opportunities have allowed deer to multiply in suburban areas. Damaged crops and nibbled home landscaping are frequent sights, and in some parts of the county Lyme disease is epidemic. However, the impact of overabundant deer on forested areas is more than a backyard nuisance; it constitutes a serious ecological problem. Throughout the county, forested areas show the effects of depletion (or even elimination) of shrub layers and forest floor plants. Some Over browsed slope along Swamp Creek

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 37 especially vulnerable species, including showy wildflowers, have been lost completely. At many sites a browse line is visible, resulting from severe browsing of all vegetation below a height of about five feet. The forest canopy is also affected; while mature trees are out of reach of hungry deer and continue to produce seeds, seedling and sapling trees that represent the future of the forest but are very vulnerable to both browsing and buck rub (damage caused by mature male deer scraping their antlers against saplings). Many Montgomery County forests currently show little or no regeneration of canopy or understory trees as a result. Very rocky areas that are relatively inaccessible to deer, such as those that exist on some diabase ridges, may continue to support diversity that has been lost in more accessible forest areas. Loss of forest structure and regeneration potential also affect the ability of forest stands to se- quester carbon. More carbon is stored in forest communities that retain maximum vertical com- plexity including well-developed understory, shrub, and ground-level herbaceous layers. Over browsing by deer also affects other forest animals; studies have shown that consumption of acorns by deer can negatively affect small mammals such as squirrels and white-footed mice. Loss of forest understory due to over browsing was shown to affect the diversity of birds in a ten-year study in northwestern Pennsylvania. Birds that nest on the ground (such as Ovenbirds) or in the shrub or understory layers are most vulnerable. In addition, over browsing by deer is thought to be the cause of a decline of the Baltimore checkerspot butterfly in Maryland due to reduction in turtlehead plants, the larval food plant of the butterfly. Turtlehead also grows along stream banks and in wetlands throughout Montgomery County. Reducing deer numbers is critical to preserving forest habitat and the diversity of species in Montgomery County and throughout the region and the state. Several recent publications address current options for managing deer in suburban areas: Turtlehead

A Guide to Deer Management in Developed Areas of Pennsylvania, Version 1.9. Pennsylvania Game Commission’s Deer Management Section, www.pgc.state.pa.us.

Managing White-tailed Deer in Suburban Environments, A Technical Guide. By Anthony J. DeNicola, Kurt C. VerCautern, Paul D. Curtis, and Scott E. Hygnstrom. Northeast Wildlife Damage Management Research and Outreach Cooperative. http://wildlifecontrol.info/NEWDMC/Publications/PDFs/FS655.pdf.

Community-Based Deer Management, A Practitioner’s Guide. By Daniel J. Decker, Dniela B. Raik, and William F. Siemer. Northeast Wildlife Damage Management Research and Outreach Cooperative. http://wildlifecontrol.info/NEWDMC/Publica- tions/PDFs/FS655.pdf.

38 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Forest Management While there may be a few old trees scattered on steep slopes, there is no true old growth forest remaining in Montgomery County. The county’s forest resources have been tapped again and again for timber and firewood. Existing forests represent second- or third-growth forests that have regenerated following partial or complete cutting or land clearance. Timber harvesting continues to be an option open to owners of forested land.

There are several approaches to harvesting trees. The first option is aclearcut that removes all trees at once. Another approach is highgrading in which the largest and most commercially valuable trees are cut. This method can change the species composition over time, as few seed trees of desirable species remain to restock the forest. In a third option, known as a selection cut, selected larger canopy trees are removed and the understory is thinned to allow shade intol- erant species, such as oaks, to regenerate.

Regardless of the method used, current conditions that affect the ability of the forests to regenerate must be considered. Deer overabundance is a major factor. Deer are consuming seedling and sapling trees, leaving little opportunity for replacement plants to reach the understory or the canopy. On some sites, sugar maple and beech, which are less preferred by deer, are the only species able to grow past the browse line. This will cause a shift in species composition from the mixed hardwood canopy now present in many areas.

At the same time that native species are being inhibited by deer, invasive species, which deer generally do not eat, benefit from canopy openings created when mature trees are harvested. Dense thickets of Oriental bittersweet, multiflora rose and wineberry have resulted in some areas, further interfering with tree regeneration. Also, Japanese stilt grass often colonizes haul roads and staging areas in logging operations.

On large tracts, branches and other debris left on the ground when trees are harvested may provide some temporary shelter for tree seedlings and saplings. While this may permit regrowth of some fast growing trees, it does not address the long-term concerns about forest structure and species diversity. Shrubs and wildflowers never outgrow the reach of deer. Japanese stilt grass invading a timber harvest site in the Unami Forest

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 39 Grassland Management Declining populations of grassland birds is a problem throughout the eastern United States according to a study recently released by the National Audu- bon Society. Eastern meadowlark has declined 72 percent since 1967. Field Sparrow and Grasshop- per Sparrow are down 68 percent and 65 percent respectively; Horned Lark has declined 56 percent in the same time interval. While most grassland species are centered in the prairie states of the Mid- Horned Lark, photo by Howard Eskin west, local populations have persisted in habitats ranging from native grasslands to pastures, hayfields, and early successional old fields. Popula- tions of grassland birds are present at sites included in two of the conservation landscapes selected as focal areas in this study, and efforts are underway to establish habitat in two more.

Table 1.9 — Grassland Birds of Pennsylvania (Sources: McWilliams and Brauning 2000; Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology 2007; Mass. Audubon 2007; R.H. Mellon, personal communication)

Bird Breeding Habitat Status Barn owl Farm buildings declining Bobolink Short, dense cool season grasses <18” Eastern Meadowlark Short, dense cool season grasses <18” USFWS Management Concern Dickcissel Hayfields; stripmines Not currently known from Mont. Co. Field Sparrow Overgrown fields and pastures Grasshopper Sparrow Mixture of warm season grasses declining Audubon watchlist, USFWS Mgt. Henslow’s Sparrow Meadows; uncut hayfields Concern; no recent Mont. Co. records Horned Lark Bare ground or sparse vegetation Open fields and pastures with hedgerows Loggerhead Shrike declining or scattered trees Northern Bobwhite Grass; croplands; abandoned fields declining Savannah Sparrow Mixture of warm season grasses; hayfields Upland Sandpiper Short, thin vegetation S1S2, Audubon watchlist Vesper Sparrow Bare ground or sparse vegetation Declining, no recent Mont Co. records

Grasslands Types in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania, located in the eastern deciduous forest zone, is primarily a forested state. Natu- ral grasslands are limited to sites such as serpentine barrens, limestone barrens, scoured river- ine flats, and marshes where conditions for tree growth are limited by low nutrient availability, droughty soils, constant disturbance, or standing water. There is historical evidence that frequent burning by Native Americans in the past increased the extent of open habitat. Early successional old fields, another source of grassland bird habitat, are a temporary stage in the re-colonization of abandoned farmland by forest. In the absence of repeated disturbance such as mowing, grazing,

40 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 or burning, they will succeed to forest. Revegetated stripmines have also contributed to grassland habitat in parts of Pennsylvania, but they too are successional and will eventually support woody vegetation. Warm Season Grasses – In recent years, there has been a great deal of interest among natural resource managers in the establishment of native warm season grasses on former agricultural fields and pastures. Warm season grasses have evolved physiological adaptations that allow them to grow most vigorously under the intense sunlight and hot, dry conditions characteristic of mid-summer. These species grow slowly early in the growing season and do not reach their Meadow restoration site at the Pennypack Ecological Restoration Trust full development until late summer. Of the 255 species of grasses known to occur in Pennsylvania, 100 are warm season grasses and 65 of those are native species. Similarly, there are 155 species of cool season grasses known to occur in Pennsylvania and 100 species are native. The best growth periods of cool season grasses are the spring and the fall. The Natural Lands Trust has developed effective methods for establishing robust stands of warm season grasses at the Gwynedd Preserve, located in the Wissahickon Creek Conservation Land- scape. However, it is not clear that these stands are good grassland bird habitat. Most grassland birds require openings where they can forage, perform mating displays, or move quickly to avoid predators. A dense stand of tall grass may not meet those needs. Efforts to introduce wildflowers into the plots have not been successful due to the high stem density of grasses. Part of the problem may be that former agricultural fields are just too fertile and too moist to produce the type of grassland that would develop naturally on more nutrient-limited sites. Many pastures and hayfields in our area contain a mixture of cool season grasses, warm season grasses, and forbs. In order for hayfields to be good bird habitat though, mowing schedules must be adjusted to avoid the nesting season. In pastures, although light grazing probably helps to maintain openings that provide habitat structure needed by birds, heavy grazing would be destructive. Fields at Valley Forge National Historical Park support breeding populations of Eastern Mead- owlarks, Bobolinks, and Vesper Sparrows; Grasshopper Sparrows have also been seen during the breeding season. The Valley Forge fields are dominated by a mixture of native and non-native grasses including both cool and warm season species such as orchard grass, red fescue, timothy, broom-sedge, redtop, tall fescue, panicgrass, and purpletop, as well as a variety of forbs.

Habitat Size Considerations Just as some forest species are dependent on forest interior conditions, grassland birds too, are sensitive to the size of tracts of grassland habitat. Field interiors are preferred over edges

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 41 (defined as within 50 feet of adjacent wooded lands). In addition, to meet the habitat needs of a variety of grassland species, fields need to have a mosaic consisting of denser and sparser, more open areas. Sparse vegetation with occasional openings is important to species such as the Up- land Sandpiper, Horned Lark, and Vesper Sparrow, while Grasshopper Sparrow, Field Sparrow, Savanna Sparrow, Eastern Meadowlark, and Bobolink prefer denser stands. In addition, Eastern Meadowlarks need singing perches in the form of occasional tall shrubs, small trees, or snags. Grasshopper Sparrows, Savannah Sparrows, and Vesper Bobolink, photo by Howard Eskin Sparrows prefer lower singing perches. Fields at least 100-250 acres in size, are required to meet the needs of a variety of species successfully. Smaller grassland tracts may serve as marginal habitat for a single species, but over the long run populations will be dependent on immigration from more favorable source areas. More research is needed to determine what constitutes ideal grassland bird habitat in our area and how best to establish and maintain it. A report entitled Keystone Grasslands: Restoration and Reclamation of Native Grasslands, Meadows, and Savannas in Pennsylvania State Parks and State Game Lands by Roger Latham and James F. Thorne, recently submitted to the Wild Resources Conservation Program of the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources contains valuable information on the history of grasslands in the state and extensive list of native grassland plants. In addition, a research project currently underway at Valley Forge National Park should provide further insight.

Conclusions The thirteen conservation landscapes identified in this report are described in Chapters 2 to 14. Together they comprise a total of 74,711 acres, 24 percent of the area of Montgomery County. They are located along riparian corridors and on rocky diabase ridges in areas that retain extensive forest cover. Each landscape includes a core area of protected land, but much more remains to be done to preserve the natural resources in these landscapes. The landscapes include large forested tracts, stream corridors, wetlands, known sites of rare plants and animals, and areas of high natural biological diversity. Although every effort was made to characterize the landscapes and document the important natural resources they contain, much more remains to be done. Surveys of additional areas are needed as well as ongoing monitoring to determine the effectiveness of management actions. One of the 18 highest priority sites from the 1995 Natural Areas Inventory, Norritonville Woods, was not included in this report. It was excluded because it does not lie within a larger context of continuous forest cover or riparian connectivity. Other similar sites exits within Montgomery County, which are significant at a neighborhood scale, but too isolated to meet the conservation landscape criteria.

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Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 47 48 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 APPENDIX 1.A Rare Species Status Codes

Global (G) and State (S) Ranks (assigned by The Nature Conservancy) G5 or S5 - Secure G4 or S4 - Apparently secure G3 or S3 - Vulnerable G2 or S2 - Imperiled G1 or S1 - Critically imperiled Pennsylvania Status PE – Pennsylvania endangered PT – Pennsylvania threatened PR – Pennsylvania rare PX – Pennsylvania extirpated PV – Pennsylvania vulnerable TU – Tentatively undetermined PC – Candidate CR – Candidate rare Federal Status (Endangered Species Act of 1973) LE – Listed endangered LT – Listed threatened PDL – Proposed for delisting Origin (N/I) N – Native I – Introduced

Source: Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program website http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/rankstatusdef.aspx, accessed 12/13/2006.

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 241 242 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 APPENDIX 1.B Complete List of the Plants of Montgomery County (Source: Pennsylvania Flora Database, Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania, www.paﬂ ora.org. )

Common Name Scientifi c Name Family N/I Status Wetland* Aquatics Sweet fl ag Acorus calamus Acoraceae I N OBL Broad-leaved water-plantain Alisma subcordatum Alismataceae N N OBL Water-starwort Callitriche heterophylla Plantaginaceae N N OBL Water-starwort Callitriche palustris Plantaginaceae N N OBL Water-starwort Callitriche stagnalis Plantaginaceae I N OBL Water-starwort Callitriche terrestris Plantaginaceae N N FACW+ Coontail Ceratophyllum demersum Ceratophyllaceae N N OBL Brazilian waterweed Egeria densa Hydrocharitaceae I N OBL Needle spike-rush Eleocharis acicularis Cyperaceae N N OBL Creeping spike-rush Eleocharis palustris Cyperaceae N N OBL Ditch-moss Elodea canadensis Hydrocharitaceae N N OBL Waterweed Elodea nuttallii Hydrocharitaceae N N OBL Mud-plantain Heteranthera reniformis Pontederiaceae N N OBL Floating pennywort Hydrocotyle ranunculoides Araliaceae N N OBL Water fl ag Iris pseudacorus Iridaceae I N OBL Northern blue fl ag Iris versicolor Iridaceae N N OBL Engelmann’s quillwort Isoetes engelmannii Isoetaceae N N OBL Water-willow Justicia americana Acanthaceae N N OBL Duckweed Lemna minor Araceae N N OBL Star duckweed Lemna trisulca Araceae N N OBL Marsh-purslane Ludwigia palustris Onagraceae N N OBL Northern water-milfoil Myriophyllum sibiricum Haloragaceae N PE N Eurasian water-milfoil Myriophyllum spicatum Haloragaceae I N OBL Northern waternymph Najas fl exilis Hydrocharitaceae N N OBL Slender waternymph Najas gracillima Hydrocharitaceae N PT/N OBL Watercress Nasturtium offi cinale Brassicaceae I N OBL Spatterdock Nuphar advena Nymphaeaceae N N OBL Spatterdock Nuphar microphylla Nymphaeaceae N TU OBL Fragrant water-lily Nymphaea odorata Nymphaeaceae N N OBL Waterfringe Nymphoides peltata Menyanthaceae I N OBL Goldenclub Orontium aquaticum Araceae N PR/N OBL Arrow-arum Peltandra virginica Araceae N N OBL Pickerel-weed Pontederia cordata Pontederiaceae N N OBL Bigleaf pondweed Potamogeton amplifolius Potamogetonaceae N N OBL Curly pondweed Potamogeton crispus Potamogetonaceae I N OBL Snailseed pondweed Potamogeton diversifolius Potamogetonaceae N N OBL Ribbonleaf pondweed Potamogeton epihydrus Potamogetonaceae N N OBL Leafy pondweed Potamogeton foliosus Potamogetonaceae N N OBL Illinois pondweed Potamogeton illinoensis Potamogetonaceae N TU/PR OBL

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 243 Floating pondweed Potamogeton natans Potamogetonaceae N N OBL Longleaf pondweed Potamogeton nodosus Potamogetonaceae N N OBL Sago pondweed Potamogeton pectinatus Potamogetonaceae N N OBL Pondweed Potamogeton pusillus Potamogetonaceae N N OBL Common mermaid-weed Proserpinaca palustris var. crebra Haloragaceae N N OBL White water-crowfoot Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus Ranunculaceae N N/PR OBL Appalachian arrowhead Sagittaria australis Alismataceae N N OBL Wapato Sagittaria latifolia var. latifolia Alismataceae N N OBL Wapato Sagittaria latifolia var. pubescens Alismataceae N N OBL Arrowhead Sagittaria rigida Alismataceae N N OBL Lizard’s-tail Saururus cernuus Saururaceae N N OBL Bulrush Schoenoplectus purshianus Cyperaceae N N OBL Great bulrush Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Cyperaceae N N OBL Water-parsnip Sium suave Apiaceae N N OBL Bur-reed Sparganium americanum Sparganiaceae N N OBL Bur-reed Sparganium eurycarpum Sparganiaceae N N OBL Greater duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza Araceae N N OBL Pale meadowgrass Torreyochloa pallida var. pallida Poaceae N N OBL Water-chestnut Trapa natans Lythraceae I N OBL Narrow-leaved cat-tail Typha angustifolia Typhaceae N N OBL Common cat-tail Typha latifolia Typhaceae N N OBL Tape-grass Vallisneria americana var. americana Hydrocharitaceae N N OBL Dotted water-meal Wolffi a borealis Araceae N TU/N OBL Water-meal Wolffi a columbiana Araceae N N OBL Ferns and Other Spore-Bearing Plants Walking fern Asplenium rhizophyllum Polypodiaceae N N N Wall rue spleenwort Asplenium ruta-muraria Polypodiaceae N N N Lady fern Athyrium fi lix-femina var. angustum Polypodiaceae N N FAC Southern lady fern Athyrium fi lix-femina var. asplenioides Polypodiaceae N N FAC Cut-leaved grape-fern Botrychium dissectum Ophioglossaceae N N FAC Triangle moonwort Botrychium lanceolatum Ophioglossaceae N N FACW Daisy-leaved moonwort Botrychium matricariifolium Ophioglossaceae N N N Blunt-lobed grape fern Botrychium oneidense Ophioglossaceae N N N Rattlesnake fern Botrychium virginianum Ophioglossaceae N N FACU Hairy lip fern Cheilanthes lanosa Polypodiaceae N N N Bulblet bladder fern Cystopteris bulbifera Polypodiaceae N N FAC Fragile fern Cystopteris fragilis Polypodiaceae N N FACU Protruding bladder fern Cystopteris protrusa Polypodiaceae N N N Fragile fern Cystopteris tenuis Polypodiaceae N N FACU Hay-scented fern Dennstaedtia punctilobula Polypodiaceae N N N Silvery glade fern Deparia acrostichoides Polypodiaceae N N FAC Deep-rooted running-pine Diphasiastrum digitatum Lycopodiaceae N N FACU- Deep-rooted running-pine Diphasiastrum tristachyum Lycopodiaceae N N N Narrow-leaved glade fern Diplazium pycnocarpon Polypodiaceae N N FAC Spinulose wood fern Dryopteris carthusiana Polypodiaceae N N FAC+ Log fern Dryopteris celsa Polypodiaceae N N/PE OBL Crested shield fern Dryopteris cristata Polypodiaceae N N FACW+ Goldie’s wood fern Dryopteris goldiana Polypodiaceae N N FAC+

244 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Evergreen wood-fern Dryopteris intermedia Polypodiaceae N N FACU Marginal wood fern Dryopteris marginalis Polypodiaceae N N FACU- Field horsetail Equisetum arvense Equisetaceae N N FAC Woodland horsetail Equisetum sylvaticum Equisetaceae N N FACW Common oak fern Gymnocarpium dryopteris Polypodiaceae N N UPL Shining ﬁ rmoss Huperzia lucidula Lycopodiaceae N N FACW- Appressed bog clubmoss Lycopodiella appressa Lycopodiaceae N PT FACW+ Round-branch ground-pine Lycopodium dendroideum Lycopodiaceae N N FACU Hickey’s ground-pine Lycopodium hickeyi Lycopodiaceae N N FACU Flat-branched ground-pine Lycopodium obscurum Lycopodiaceae N N FACU Ostrich fern Matteuccia struthiopteris Polypodiaceae N N FACW Sensitive fern Onoclea sensibilis Polypodiaceae N N FACW Northern adder’s-tongue Ophioglossum pusillum Ophioglossaceae N N N Southern adder’s-tongue Ophioglossum vulgatum Ophioglossaceae N PX/PR FACW Cinnamon fern Osmunda cinnamomea Osmundaceae N N FACW Interrupted fern Osmunda claytoniana Osmundaceae N N FAC Purple cliffbrake Pellaea atropurpurea Polypodiaceae N N N Long beech fern Phegopteris connectilis Polypodiaceae N N FACU+ Broad beech fern Phegopteris hexagonoptera Polypodiaceae N N FAC Appalachian polypody Polypodium appalachianum Polypodiaceae N N N Common polypody Polypodium virginianum Polypodiaceae N N N Christmas fern Polystichum acrostichoides Polypodiaceae N N N New York fern Thelypteris noveboracensis Polypodiaceae N N FAC Filmy fern Trichomanes intricatum Hymenophyllaceae N N N Blunt-lobed woodsia Woodsia obtusa Polypodiaceae N N N Netted chain fern Woodwardia areolata Polypodiaceae N N/PT FACW+ Grasses, Sedges, and Rushes Tall bentgrass Agrostis altissima Poaceae N PX FACU Bentgrass Agrostis elliottiana Poaceae I N N Redtop Agrostis gigantea Poaceae I N FACW- Hairgrass Agrostis hyemalis Poaceae N N FAC Autumn bent Agrostis perennans Poaceae N N FACU Fly-away grass Agrostis scabra Poaceae N N FAC Carpet bentgrass Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris Poaceae I N FACW Short-awned foxtail Alopecurus aequalis Poaceae N N/TU OBL Carolina foxtail Alopecurus carolinianus Poaceae N N FACW American beachgrass Ammophila breviligulata Poaceae N PT FACU- Big bluestem Andropogon gerardii Poaceae N N FAC- Elliott’s beardgrass Andropogon gyrans Poaceae N N/PR N Broom-sedge Andropogon virginicus Poaceae N N FACU Sweet vernalgrass Anthoxanthum odoratum Poaceae I N FACU Povertygrass Aristida dichotoma var. dichotoma Poaceae N N UPL Slender threeawn Aristida longispica var. geniculata Poaceae N N UPL Slender threeawn Aristida longispica var. longispica Poaceae N N UPL Prairie threeawn Aristida oligantha Poaceae N N N Tall oatgrass Arrhenatherum elatius var. elatius Poaceae I N FACU Grass Arthraxon hispidus Poaceae I N FAC Oats Avena sativa Poaceae I N N

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 245 Brachyelytrum Brachyelytrum erectum Poaceae N N N Bromegrass Bromus altissimus Poaceae N N FACW Hairy chess Bromus commutatus Poaceae I N N Smooth brome Bromus inermis Poaceae I N N Japanese chess Bromus japonicus Poaceae I N FACU- Canada brome Bromus pubescens Poaceae N N N Cheat Bromus secalinus Poaceae I N N Barren brome Bromus sterilis Poaceae I N N Downy chess Bromus tectorum Poaceae I N N Sandrush Bulbostylis capillaris Cyperaceae N N FACU Canada bluejoint Calamagrostis canadensis var. canadensis Poaceae N N FACW+ Reedgrass Calamagrostis cinnoides Poaceae N N OBL Feathertop Calamagrostis epigejos Poaceae I N FAC Sedge Carex aggregata Cyperaceae N N FACU Sedge Carex albicans Cyperaceae N N N Sedge Carex albolutescens Cyperaceae N N FACW Sedge Carex annectens Cyperaceae N N FACW Sedge Carex appalachica Cyperaceae N N N Sedge Carex argyrantha Cyperaceae N N N Bog sedge Carex atlantica ssp. atlantica Cyperaceae N N FACW+ Bog sedge Carex atlantica ssp. capillacea Cyperaceae N N OBL Bicknell’s sedge Carex bicknellii Cyperaceae N PE N Sedge Carex blanda Cyperaceae N N FAC Sedge Carex brevior Cyperaceae N N/TU UPL Sedge Carex bromoides Cyperaceae N N FACW Sedge Carex bushii Cyperaceae N N FACW Brown sedge Carex buxbaumii Cyperaceae N TU/PR OBL Sedge Carex caroliniana Cyperaceae N N FACU Sedge Carex cephaloidea Cyperaceae N N FAC+ Sedge Carex cephalophora Cyperaceae N N FACU Sedge Carex communis Cyperaceae N N N Sedge Carex conjuncta Cyperaceae N N FACW Sedge Carex conoidea Cyperaceae N N FACU Short hair sedge Carex crinita var. crinita Cyperaceae N N OBL Sedge Carex cristatella Cyperaceae N N FACW Sedge Carex davisii Cyperaceae N N FAC- Sedge Carex debilis var. debilis Cyperaceae N N FAC Sedge Carex debilis var. rudgei Cyperaceae N N FAC Sedge Carex digitalis Cyperaceae N N UPL Sedge Carex emmonsii Cyperaceae N N N Sedge Carex emoryi Cyperaceae N N OBL Sedge Carex festucacea Cyperaceae N N FAC Sedge Carex folliculata Cyperaceae N N OBL Sedge Carex frankii Cyperaceae N N OBL Sedge Carex glaucodea Cyperaceae N N N Sedge Carex gracilescens Cyperaceae N N N Sedge Carex gracillima Cyperaceae N N FACU Sedge Carex granularis var. granularis Cyperaceae N N FACW+

246 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Sedge Carex granularis var. haleana Cyperaceae N N FACW+ Sedge Carex grayi Cyperaceae N N FACW+ Sedge Carex grisea Cyperaceae N N FAC Sedge Carex gynandra Cyperaceae N N OBL Cloud sedge Carex haydenii Cyperaceae N TU/PT OBL Sedge Carex hirsutella Cyperaceae N N N Sedge Carex hirta Cyperaceae I N N Sedge Carex hirtifolia Cyperaceae N N N Sedge Carex hitchcockiana Cyperaceae N N N Sedge Carex hystericina Cyperaceae N N OBL Sedge Carex interior Cyperaceae N N OBL Sedge Carex intumescens Cyperaceae N N FACW+ Sedge Carex jamesii Cyperaceae N N N Sedge Carex lacustris Cyperaceae N N OBL Sedge Carex laevivaginata Cyperaceae N N OBL Sedge Carex laxiculmis var. laxiculmis Cyperaceae N N N Sedge Carex laxiﬂ ora Cyperaceae N N FACU Sedge Carex leavenworthii Cyperaceae N N N Sedge Carex leptalea Cyperaceae N N OBL Sedge Carex leptonervia Cyperaceae N N FACW Sedge Carex lucorum Cyperaceae N N N False hop sedge Carex lupuliformis Cyperaceae N TU FACW+ Sedge Carex lupulina Cyperaceae N N OBL Sedge Carex lurida Cyperaceae N N OBL Mead’s sedge Carex meadii Cyperaceae N TU/PE FAC Midland sedge Carex mesochorea Cyperaceae N N FACU Sedge Carex molesta Cyperaceae N N N Sedge Carex muhlenbergii Cyperaceae N N N Sedge Carex nigromarginata Cyperaceae N N UPL Sedge Carex normalis Cyperaceae N N FACU Sedge Carex oligocarpa Cyperaceae N N N Sedge Carex pallescens Cyperaceae N N N Sedge Carex pedunculata Cyperaceae N N N Sedge Carex pellita Cyperaceae N N OBL Sedge Carex pensylvanica Cyperaceae N N N Sedge Carex planispicata Cyperaceae N N N Broad-leaf sedge Carex platyphylla Cyperaceae N N N Sedge Carex prasina Cyperaceae N N OBL Sedge Carex projecta Cyperaceae N N FACW Sedge Carex radiata Cyperaceae N N N Sedge Carex retroﬂ exa Cyperaceae N N N Sedge Carex rosea Cyperaceae N N N Broom sedge Carex scoparia Cyperaceae N N FACW Sedge Carex seorsa Cyperaceae N N FACW Sedge Carex sparganioides Cyperaceae N N FACU Sedge Carex spicata Cyperaceae I N N Sedge Carex sprengelii Cyperaceae N N/PR FACU Sedge Carex squarrosa Cyperaceae N N FACW

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 247 Atlantic sedge Carex sterilis Cyperaceae N PT/PE OBL Sedge Carex stipata var. stipata Cyperaceae N N N Sedge Carex straminea Cyperaceae N N OBL Sedge Carex striatula Cyperaceae N N N Tussock sedge Carex stricta Cyperaceae N N OBL Sedge Carex stylofl exa Cyperaceae N N FACW- Sedge Carex swanii Cyperaceae N N FACU Sedge Carex tonsa var. tonsa Cyperaceae N N N Sedge Carex torta Cyperaceae N N FACW Sedge Carex trichocarpa Cyperaceae N N OBL Cat-tail sedge Carex typhina Cyperaceae N PE/PT FACW+ Sedge Carex umbellata Cyperaceae N N N Sedge Carex vestita Cyperaceae N N N Sedge Carex virescens Cyperaceae N N N Sedge Carex willdenovii Cyperaceae N N UPL Sandbur Cenchrus longispinus Poaceae N N N Wood reedgrass Cinna arundinacea Poaceae N N FACW Grass Crypsis schoenoides Poaceae I N N Bermudagrass Cynodon dactylon Poaceae I N FACU Crested dog’s-tail Cynosurus cristatus Poaceae I N UPL Spiny dog’s-tail Cynosurus echinatus Poaceae I N N Umbrella sedge Cyperus bipartitus Cyperaceae N N FACW+ Umbrella sedge Cyperus brevifolioides Cyperaceae I N N Umbrella sedge Cyperus compressus Cyperaceae N N FAC+ Umbrella sedge Cyperus echinatus Cyperaceae N N FACU Redroot fl atsedge Cyperus erythrorhizos Cyperaceae N N FACW+ Yellow nutsedge Cyperus esculentus Cyperaceae N N FACW Umbrella sedge Cyperus fl avescens Cyperaceae N N OBL Houghton’s fl atsedge Cyperus houghtonii Cyperaceae N PE N Umbrella sedge Cyperus lancastriensis Cyperaceae N N/TU FACU Umbrella sedge Cyperus lupulinus Cyperaceae N N UPL Umbrella sedge Cyperus microiria Cyperaceae I N N Umbrella sedge Cyperus odoratus Cyperaceae N N FACW Schweinitz’s fl atsedge Cyperus schweinitzii Cyperaceae N PR FACU Umbrella sedge Cyperus squarrosus Cyperaceae N N FACW+ False nutsedge Cyperus strigosus Cyperaceae N N FACW Thin-leaved fl atsedge Cyperus tenuifolius Cyperaceae N N FACW Orchardgrass Dactylis glomerata Poaceae I N FACU Northern oatgrass Danthonia compressa Poaceae N N FACU- Poverty-grass Danthonia spicata Poaceae N N N Common hairgrass Deschampsia fl exuosa Poaceae N N N Slender crabgrass Digitaria fi liformis Poaceae N N N Smooth crabgrass Digitaria ischaemum Poaceae I N UPL Northern crabgrass Digitaria sanguinalis Poaceae I N FACU- Barnyard-grass Echinochloa crusgalli var. crusgalli Poaceae I N FACU Barnyard-grass Echinochloa muricata Poaceae N N FACW+ Spike-rush Eleocharis engelmannii Cyperaceae N N FACW+ Spike-rush Eleocharis erythropoda Cyperaceae N N OBL

248 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Wright’s spike-rush Eleocharis obtusa var. obtusa Cyperaceae N N OBL Slender spike-rush Eleocharis tenuis var. pseudoptera Cyperaceae N N FACW+ Spike-rush Eleocharis tenuis var. tenuis Cyperaceae N N FACW+ Slender spike-rush Eleocharis tenuis var. verrucosa Cyperaceae N PE FACW+ Long-tubercled spike-rush Eleocharis tuberculosa Cyperaceae N PX OBL Goosegrass Eleusine indica Poaceae I N FACU- Canada wild-rye Elymus canadensis var. canadensis Poaceae N N FACU+ Bottlebrush-grass Elymus hystrix Poaceae N N N Riverbank wild-rye Elymus riparius Poaceae N N FACW Wild-rye Elymus villosus Poaceae N N FACU- Virginia wild-rye Elymus virginicus Poaceae N N FACW- Lacegrass Eragrostis capillaris Poaceae N N N Stink grass Eragrostis cilianensis Poaceae I N FACU Lovegrass Eragrostis frankii Poaceae N N FACW Creeping lovegrass Eragrostis hypnoides Poaceae N N OBL Lovegrass Eragrostis minor Poaceae I N N Carolina lovegrass Eragrostis pectinacea Poaceae N N FAC India lovegrass Eragrostis pilosa Poaceae I N FACU Purple lovegrass Eragrostis spectabilis Poaceae N N UPL Slender cotton-grass Eriophorum gracile Cyperaceae N PE OBL Tawny cotton-grass Eriophorum virginicum Cyperaceae N N OBL Nodding fescue Festuca obtusa Poaceae N N FACU Sheep fescue Festuca ovina Poaceae I N N Red fescue Festuca rubra Poaceae I N FACU Hair fescue Festuca tenuifolia Poaceae I N N Slender fi mbry Fimbristylis autumnalis Cyperaceae N N FACW+ Mannagrass Glyceria acutifl ora Poaceae N N OBL Rattlesnake mannagrass Glyceria canadensis Poaceae N N OBL Coastal mannagrass Glyceria obtusa Poaceae N PE OBL Floating mannagrass Glyceria septentrionalis Poaceae N N OBL Fowl mannagrass Glyceria striata Poaceae N N OBL Velvetgrass Holcus lanatus Poaceae I N FACU Barley Hordeum vulgare Poaceae I N N Sharp-fruited rush Juncus acuminatus Juncaceae N N OBL Grass rush Juncus bifl orus Juncaceae N TU/PT FACW Canada rush Juncus canadensis Juncaceae N N OBL Forked rush Juncus dichotomus Juncaceae N PE FACW- Rush Juncus dudleyi Juncaceae N N N Soft rush Juncus effusus var. pylaei Juncaceae N N FACW+ Soft rush Juncus effusus var. solutus Juncaceae N N OBL Blackfoot rush Juncus gerardii Juncaceae N N FACW+ Sedge rush Juncus scirpoides Juncaceae N PE FACW Rush Juncus secundus Juncaceae N N FACU Rush Juncus subcaudatus Juncaceae N N OBL Path rush Juncus tenuis var. tenuis Juncaceae N N FAC- Rice cutgrass Leersia oryzoides Poaceae N N OBL Cutgrass Leersia virginica Poaceae N N FACW Ryegrass Lolium multifl orum Poaceae I N N

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 249 Perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne Poaceae I N FACU- Darnel Lolium temulentum Poaceae I N N Common woodrush Luzula echinata Juncaceae N N FACU Field woodrush Luzula multifl ora Juncaceae N N FACU Stiltgrass Microstegium vimineum Poaceae I N FAC Eulalia Miscanthus sinensis var. sinensis Poaceae I N FACU Zebra grass Miscanthus sinensis var. zebrinus Poaceae I N FACU Wirestem muhly Muhlenbergia frondosa Poaceae N N FAC Muhly Muhlenbergia mexicana Poaceae N N FACW Dropseed Muhlenbergia schreberi Poaceae N N FAC Creeping muhly Muhlenbergia sobolifera Poaceae N N N Muhly Muhlenbergia sylvatica Poaceae N N FAC+ Muhly Muhlenbergia tenuifl ora Poaceae N N N Panic grass Panicum anceps Poaceae N N FAC Witchgrass Panicum capillare Poaceae N N FAC- Smooth panic grass Panicum dichotomifl orum Poaceae N N FACW- Old witchgrass Panicum fl exile Poaceae N TU FACU Witchgrass Panicum gattingeri Poaceae N N FAC Long-leaved panic grass Panicum longifolium Poaceae N TU/PE OBL Broomcorn millet Panicum miliaceum Poaceae I N N Panic grass Panicum philadelphicum Poaceae N N FAC- Panic grass Panicum rigidulum Poaceae N N FACW+ Panic grass Panicum stipitatum Poaceae N N FACW+ Switchgrass Panicum virgatum Poaceae N N FAC Slender beadgrass Paspalum setaceum var. muhlenbergii Poaceae N TU FACU+ Slender beadgrass Paspalum setaceum var. psammophilum Poaceae N TU FACU+ Slender beadgrass Paspalum setaceum var. setaceum Poaceae N TU FACU+ Slender beadgrass Paspalum setaceum var. supinum Poaceae I TU FACU+ Reed canary-grass Phalaris arundinacea Poaceae N N FACW Canary-grass Phalaris canariensis Poaceae I N FACU Timothy Phleum pratense Poaceae I N FACU Woodland bluegrass Poa alsodes Poaceae N N FACW- Annual bluegrass Poa annua Poaceae I N FACU Canada bluegrass Poa compressa Poaceae I N FACU Bluegrass Poa cuspidata Poaceae N N N Wood bluegrass Poa nemoralis Poaceae I N FAC Fowl bluegrass Poa palustris Poaceae N N FACW Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratensis Poaceae I N FACU Woodland bluegrass Poa sylvestris Poaceae N N FACW Rough bluegrass Poa trivialis Poaceae I N FACW Alkali grass Puccinellia distans Poaceae I N OBL White beak-rush Rhynchospora alba Cyperaceae N N OBL Beak-rush Rhynchospora capitellata Cyperaceae N N OBL Little bluestem Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium Poaceae N N FACU Chairmaker’s rush Schoenoplectus pungens Cyperaceae N N FACW+ Black bulrush Scirpus atrovirens Cyperaceae N N OBL Wool-grass Scirpus cyperinus Cyperaceae N N FACW+ Wood bulrush Scirpus expansus Cyperaceae N N OBL

250 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Bulrush Scirpus georgianus Cyperaceae N N OBL Bulrush Scirpus hattorianus Cyperaceae N N OBL Bulrush Scirpus microcarpus Cyperaceae N N OBL Bulrush Scirpus pendulus Cyperaceae N N OBL Bulrush Scirpus polyphyllus Cyperaceae N N OBL Reticulated nut-rush Scleria muhlenbergii Cyperaceae N PE OBL Few-fl owered nut-rush Scleria paucifl ora Cyperaceae N PT FACU+ Rye Secale cereale Poaceae I N N Giant foxtail Setaria faberi Poaceae I N UPL Foxtail millet Setaria italica Poaceae I N FACU Yellow foxtail Setaria pumila Poaceae I N FAC Green foxtail Setaria viridis var. viridis Poaceae I N N Indian-grass Sorghastrum nutans Poaceae N N UPL Broom-corn Sorghum bicolor ssp. bicolor Poaceae I N UPL Wedgegrass Sphenopholis nitida Poaceae N N N Slender wedgegrass Sphenopholis obtusata var. major Poaceae N N FAC- Prairie wedgegrass Sphenopholis obtusata var. obtusata Poaceae N N FAC- Wedgegrass Sphenopholis obtusata x pensylvanica Poaceae N N FAC Swamp-oats Sphenopholis pensylvanica Poaceae N N OBL Small rushgrass Sporobolus neglectus Poaceae N N FACU- Poverty grass Sporobolus vaginifl orus Poaceae N N UPL Club-rush Trichophorum planifolium Cyperaceae N N N Purpletop Tridens fl avus Poaceae N N FACU Wheat Triticum aestivum Poaceae I N N Six-weeks fescue Vulpia octofl ora var. glauca Poaceae N N UPL

Wildfl owers and Other Herbaceous Species Butter-print Abutilon theophrastii Malvaceae I N UPL Slender mercury Acalypha gracilens Euphorbiaceae N N N Three-seeded mercury Acalypha rhomboidea Euphorbiaceae N N FACU- Three-seeded mercury Acalypha virginica Euphorbiaceae N N FACU- Common yarrow Achillea millefolium Asteraceae I N FACU Doll’s-eyes Actaea pachypoda Ranunculaceae N N UPL Northern maidenhair Adiantum pedatum Polypodiaceae N N FAC- Allegheny-vine Adlumia fungosa Papaveraceae N N N Goutweed Aegopodium podagraria Apiaceae I N FACU Fool’s parsley Aethusa cynapium Apiaceae I N N Eared false-foxglove Agalinis auriculata Orobanchaceae N PE N Small-fl owered false-foxglove Agalinis paupercula Orobanchaceae N PE FACW+ False-foxglove Agalinis purpurea Orobanchaceae N N FACW- Slender false-foxglove Agalinis tenuifolia Orobanchaceae N N FAC Yellow giant-hyssop Agastache nepetoides Lamiaceae N N FACU Purple giant-hyssop Agastache scrophulariifolia Lamiaceae N N N Agrimony Agrimonia gryposepala Rosaceae N N FACU Small-fruited agrimony Agrimonia microcarpa Rosaceae N N N Southern agrimony Agrimonia parvifl ora Rosaceae N N FACW Downy agrimony Agrimonia pubescens Rosaceae N N N Woodland agrimony Agrimonia rostellata Rosaceae N N FACU

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 251 Roadside agrimony Agrimonia striata Rosaceae N N FACU- Corn cockle Agrostemma githago Caryophyllaceae I N N Carpet bugleweed Ajuga reptans Lamiaceae I N N Colic-root Aletris farinosa Melanthiaceae N TU/PE FAC Garlic-mustard Alliaria petiolata Brassicaceae I N FACU- Wild onion Allium canadense Alliaceae N N FACU Field garlic Allium oleraceum Alliaceae I N N Ramp Allium tricoccum Alliaceae N N FACU+ Field garlic Allium vineale Alliaceae I N FACU- Tumbleweed Amaranthus albus Amaranthaceae N N FACU Prostrate pigwed Amaranthus blitoides Amaranthaceae I N N Amaranth Amaranthus blitum Amaranthaceae I N N Pigweed Amaranthus hybridus Amaranthaceae I N N Palmer’s amaranth Amaranthus palmeri Amaranthaceae I N FACU Amaranth Amaranthus powellii Amaranthaceae I N N Green amaranth Amaranthus retroﬂ exus Amaranthaceae I N FACU Spiny amaranth Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthaceae I N FACU Common ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia Asteraceae N N FACU Giant ragweed Ambrosia triﬁ da Asteraceae N N FAC Fly-poison Amianthium muscaetoxicum Melanthiaceae N N FAC Hog peanut Amphicarpaea bracteata Fabaceae N N FAC Blue-star Amsonia tabernaemontana Apocynaceae I N FACW Scarlet pimpernel Anagallis arvensis Myrsinaceae I N UPL Pearly everlasting Anaphalis margaritacea Asteraceae N N N Wood anemone Anemone quinquefolia Ranunculaceae N N FACU Tall anemone Anemone virginiana Ranunculaceae N N FACU Dill Anethum graveolens Apiaceae I N N Deadly angelica Angelica venenosa Apiaceae N N N Overlooked pussytoe Antennaria neglecta Asteraceae N N UPL Plantain-leaved pussytoe Antennaria plantaginifolia Asteraceae N N N Corn chamomile Anthemis arvensis Asteraceae I N N Mayweed Anthemis cotula Asteraceae I N FACU- Snapdragon Antirrhinum majus Plantaginaceae I N N Ground-nut Apios americana Fabaceae N N FACW Puttyroot Aplectrum hyemale Orchidaceae N PR FAC Pink dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium Apocynaceae N N N Wild columbine Aquilegia canadensis Ranunculaceae N N FAC Columbine Aquilegia vulgaris Ranunculaceae I N N Mouse-ear cress Arabidopsis thaliana Brassicaceae I N N Sicklepod Arabis canadensis Brassicaceae N N N Towercress Arabis glabra Brassicaceae N N N Hairy rockcress Arabis hirsuta var. adpressipilis Brassicaceae N TU/PE FACU Hairy rockcress Arabis hirsuta var. pycnocarpa Brassicaceae N TU/PE FACU Smooth rockcress Arabis laevigata var. laevigata Brassicaceae N N N Lyre-leaved rockcress Arabis lyrata Brassicaceae N N FACU Missouri rockcress Arabis missouriensis Brassicaceae N PE N Spreading rockcress Arabis patens Brassicaceae N N/PT N Bristly sarsaparilla Aralia hispida Araliaceae N N N

252 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Wild sarsaparilla Aralia nudicaulis Araliaceae N N FACU Spikenard Aralia racemosa Araliaceae N N N Common burdock Arctium minus Asteraceae I N FACU- Wooly burdock Arctium tomentosum Asteraceae I N N Thyme-leaved sandwort Arenaria serpyllifolia ssp. leptoclados Caryophyllaceae I N FAC Green-dragon Arisaema dracontium Araceae N N FACW Small jack-in-the-pulpit Arisaema triphyllum ssp. pusillum Araceae N N FACW- Jack-in-the-pulpit Arisaema triphyllum ssp. triphyllum Araceae N N FACW- Virginia snakeroot Aristolochia serpentaria Aristolochiaceae N N UPL Horseradish Armoracia rusticana Brassicaceae I N N Sweet wormwood Artemisia annua Asteraceae I N FACU Common mugwort Artemisia vulgaris Asteraceae I N N Poke milkweed Asclepias exaltata Apocynaceae N N FACU Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata ssp. incarnata Apocynaceae N N OBL Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata ssp. pulchra Apocynaceae N N OBL Purple milkweed Asclepias purpurascens Apocynaceae N N FACU Four-leaved milkweed Asclepias quadrifolia Apocynaceae N N N Red milkweed Asclepias rubra Apocynaceae N PX OBL Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca Apocynaceae N N FACU- Butterfl y-weed Asclepias tuberosa Apocynaceae N N N White milkweed Asclepias variegata Apocynaceae N TU/PE FACU Whorled milkweed Asclepias verticillata Apocynaceae N N N Green milkweed Asclepias viridifl ora Apocynaceae N N N Garden asparagus Asparagus offi cinalis Asparagaceae I N FACU Ebony spleenwort Asplenium platyneuron Polypodiaceae N N FACU Seashore orach Atriplex littoralis Amaranthaceae N N N Spreading orach Atriplex patula Amaranthaceae N N FACW Halberd-leaved orach Atriplex prostrata Amaranthaceae N N N Yellow false-foxglove Aureolaria fl ava var. fl ava Orobanchaceae N N N Cut-leaf false-foxglove Aureolaria pedicularia Orobanchaceae N N N Downy false-foxglove Aureolaria virginica Orobanchaceae N N N Blue false-indigo Baptisia australis Fabaceae N N/TU N Wild indigo Baptisia tinctoria Fabaceae N N N Early wintercress Barbarea verna Brassicaceae I N N Screwstem Bartonia paniculata Gentianaceae N N/TU OBL Bartonia Bartonia virginica Gentianaceae N N FACW Blackberry-lily Belamcanda chinensis Iridaceae I N N English daisy Bellis perennis Asteraceae I N N Hoary alyssum Berteroa incana Brassicaceae I N N Spanish needles Bidens bipinnata Asteraceae N N N Bur-marigold Bidens cernua Asteraceae N N OBL Beggar-ticks Bidens connata Asteraceae N N FACW+ Beggar-ticks Bidens frondosa Asteraceae N N FACW Showy bur-marigold Bidens laevis Asteraceae N N/TU OBL Tickseed-sunfl ower Bidens polylepis Asteraceae I N FACW Beggar-ticks Bidens vulgata Asteraceae N N N False nettle Boehmeria cylindrica var. cylindrica Urticaceae N N FACW+ False nettle Boehmeria cylindrica var. drummondiana Urticaceae N N FACW+

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 253 Brown mustard Brassica juncea Brassicaceae I N N Black mustard Brassica nigra Brassicaceae I N N False boneset Brickellia eupatorioides Asteraceae N N N Bastard alkanet Buglossoides arvense Boraginaceae I N N Hare’s ear Bupleurum rotundifolium Apiaceae I N N Grass-pink Calopogon tuberosus Orchidaceae N N FACW+ Japanese bindweed Calystegia pubescens Convolvulaceae I N N Hedge bindweed Calystegia sepium Convolvulaceae N N FAC- Small-fruited false-fl ax Camelina microcarpa Brassicaceae I N N Tall bellfl ower Campanula americana Campanulaceae N N FAC Marsh bellfl ower Campanula aparinoides Campanulaceae N N OBL Creeping bellfl ower Campanula rapunculoides Campanulaceae I N N Hemp Cannabis sativa Cannabaceae I N N Shepherd’s-purse Capsella bursa-pastoris Brassicaceae I N FACU Toothwort Cardamine angustata Brassicaceae N N FACU Bittercress Cardamine bulbosa Brassicaceae N N OBL Toothwort Cardamine concatenata Brassicaceae N N FACU Hairy bittercress Cardamine hirsuta Brassicaceae I N FACU Bittercress Cardamine impatiens Brassicaceae I N N Small-fl owered bittercress Cardamine parvifl ora var. arenicola Brassicaceae N N FACU Pennsylvania bittercress Cardamine pensylvanica Brassicaceae N N OBL Thistle Carduus acanthoides Asteraceae I N N Nodding thistle Carduus nutans Asteraceae I N N Caraway Carum carvi Apiaceae I N N Indian paintbrush Castilleja coccinea Orobanchaceae N TU/PT FAC Blue cohosh Caulophyllum thalictroides Berberidaceae N N N Celosia Celosia argentea Amaranthaceae I N N Bachelor’s button Centaurea cyanus Asteraceae I N N Brown knapweed Centaurea jacea Asteraceae I N N Black knapweed Centaurea nigra Asteraceae I N N Knapweed Centaurea nigrescens Asteraceae I N N Lesser centuary Centaurium pulchellum Gentianaceae I N N Common mouse-ear chickweed Cerastium fontanum ssp. triviale Caryophyllaceae I N FACU- Mouse-ear chickweed Cerastium glomeratum Caryophyllaceae I N UPL Nodding chickweed Cerastium nutans Caryophyllaceae N N FAC Snow-in-summer Cerastium tomentosum Caryophyllaceae I N N Dwarf snapdragon Chaenorrhinum minus Plantaginaceae I N N Slender chervil Chaerophyllum procumbens Apiaceae N N FACW Partridge-pea Chamaecrista fasciculata Fabaceae N N FACU Wild sensitive-plant Chamaecrista nictitans Fabaceae N N FACU- Devil’s-bit Chamaelirium luteum Melanthiaceae N N FAC Greater celandine Chelidonium majus Papaveraceae I N UPL Turtlehead Chelone glabra Plantaginaceae N N OBL Lamb’s quarters Chenopodium album var. album Amaranthaceae I N FACU+ Lamb’s quarters Chenopodium album var. missouriense Amaranthaceae N N N Goosefoot Chenopodium berlandieri Amaranthaceae I N N Oak-leaved goosefoot Chenopodium glaucum Amaranthaceae I N FACW- Nettle-leaved goosefoot Chenopodium murale Amaranthaceae I N N

254 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Maple-leaved goosefoot Chenopodium simplex Amaranthaceae N N N Woodland goosefoot Chenopodium standleyanum Amaranthaceae N N N Pipsissewa Chimaphila maculata Ericaceae N N N Skeleton-weed Chondrilla juncea Asteraceae I N N Golden aster Chrysopsis mariana Asteraceae N PT/PE UPL Golden saxifrage Chrysosplenium americanum Saxifragaceae N N OBL Blue chicory Cichorium intybus Asteraceae I N N Beaver-poison Cicuta maculata var. maculata Apiaceae N N OBL Tall thistle Cirsium altissimum Asteraceae N N N Field thistle Cirsium discolor Asteraceae N N UPL Swamp thistle Cirsium muticum Asteraceae N N OBL Pasture thistle Cirsium pumilum Asteraceae N N N Bull-thistle Cirsium vulgare Asteraceae I N FACU- Spring-beauty Claytonia virginica Portulacaceae N N FAC Purple clematis Clematis occidentalis Ranunculaceae N N N Sweet autumn clematis Clematis ternifl ora Ranunculaceae I N FACU- Virgin’s-bower Clematis virginiana Ranunculaceae N N FAC Spider-fl ower Cleome hasslerana Cleomaceae I N N Wild basil Clinopodium vulgare Lamiaceae I N N Horse balm Collinsonia canadensis Lamiaceae N N FAC+ Collomia Collomia linearis Polemoniaceae I N N Bastard toadfl ax Comandra umbellata Santalaceae N N FACU- Asiatic dayfl ower Commelina communis var. communis Commelinaceae I N FAC- Asiatic dayfl ower Commelina communis var. ludens Commelinaceae I N FAC- Poison-hemlock Conium maculatum Apiaceae I N FACW Squaw-root Conopholis americana Orobanchaceae N N N Hare’s-ear mustard Conringia orientalis Brassicaceae I N N Garden larkspur Consolida ajacis Ranunculaceae I N N Lily-of-the-valley Convallaria majalis Ruscaceae I N N Field bindweed Convolvulus arvensis Convolvulaceae I N N Horseweed Conyza canadensis var. canadensis Asteraceae N N UPL Spotted coralroot Corallorhiza maculata Orchidaceae N N FACU Autumn coralroot Corallorhiza odontorhiza Orchidaceae N N N Wister’s coralroot Corallorhiza wisteriana Orchidaceae N TU/PE FAC Longstalk tickseed Coreopsis lanceolata Asteraceae I N FACU Plains tickseed Coreopsis tinctoria Asteraceae I N FAC- Tall tickseed Coreopsis tripteris Asteraceae N N FAC Crown-vetch Coronilla varia Fabaceae I N N Wartcress Coronopus didymus Brassicaceae I N N Yellow fumewort Corydalis fl avula Papaveraceae N N FACU Rock harlequin Corydalis sempervirens Papaveraceae N N N Cosmos Cosmos bipinnatus Asteraceae I N N Orange cosmos Cosmos sulphureus Asteraceae I N N Hawk’s-beard Crepis capillaris Asteraceae I N N Hawk’s-beard Crepis tectorum Asteraceae I N N Rattlebox Crotalaria sagittalis Fabaceae N N N Hogwort Croton capitatus Euphorbiaceae N N N Honewort Cryptotaenia canadensis Apiaceae N N FAC

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 255 Pumpkin Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae I N N Common dittany Cunila origanoides Lamiaceae N N N Blue waxweed Cuphea viscosissima Lythraceae N N FAC- Dodder Cuscuta campestris Convolvulaceae N N/TU N Dodder Cuscuta compacta Convolvulaceae N N/TU N Clover dodder Cuscuta epithymum Convolvulaceae I N N Common dodder Cuscuta gronovii var. gronovii Convolvulaceae N N N Field dodder Cuscuta pentagona Convolvulaceae N N/TU N Hound’s-tongue Cynoglossum offi cinale Boraginaceae I N N Wild comfrey Cynoglossum virginianum Boraginaceae N N N Pink lady’s-slipper Cypripedium acaule Orchidaceae N N FACU- Downy thorn-apple Datura meteloides Solanaceae I N N Jimsonweed Datura stramonium Solanaceae I N N Queen Anne’s-lace Daucus carota Apiaceae I N N Showy tick-trefoil Desmodium canadense Fabaceae N N FAC Hoary tick-trefoil Desmodium canescens Fabaceae N N N Tick-clover Desmodium ciliare Fabaceae N N N Tick-clover Desmodium cuspidatum Fabaceae N N N Sticky tick-clover Desmodium glutinosum Fabaceae N N N Smooth tick-clover Desmodium laevigatum Fabaceae N N/TU N Maryland tick-clover Desmodium marilandicum Fabaceae N N N Naked-fl owered tick-trefoil Desmodium nudifl orum Fabaceae N N N Tick-trefoil Desmodium obtusum Fabaceae N N/TU N Tick-trefoil Desmodium paniculatum Fabaceae N N UPL Tick-trefoil Desmodium perplexum Fabaceae N N N Round-leaved tick-trefoil Desmodium rotundifolium Fabaceae N N N Deptford pink Dianthus armeria Caryophyllaceae I N N Sweet-william Dianthus barbatus Caryophyllaceae I N N Squirrel-corn Dicentra canadensis Papaveraceae N N N Dutchman’s-breeches Dicentra cucullaria Papaveraceae N N N Rough buttonweed Diodia teres Rubiaceae N N N Chinese yam Dioscorea batatas Dioscoreaceae I N N Wild yam Dioscorea villosa Dioscoreaceae N N FAC+ Fuller’s teasel Dipsacus sativus Dipsacaceae I N N Teasel Dipsacus sylvestris Dipsacaceae I N N Shooting-star Dodecatheon meadia Primulaceae N PE FACU Flat-topped white aster Doellingeria infi rma Asteraceae N N N Whitlow-grass Draba verna Brassicaceae I N N Dragonhead Dracocephalum parvifl orum Lamiaceae N TU FACU- Indian strawberry Duchesnea indica Rosaceae I N FACU- Purple conefl ower Echinacea purpurea Asteraceae I N N Prickly cucumber Echinocystis lobata Cucurbitaceae N N FAC Viper’s bugloss Echium vulgare Boraginaceae I N N Yerba-de-tajo Eclipta prostrata Asteraceae N N FAC Waterpod Ellisia nyctelea Boraginaceae N PT FACU Elsholtzia Elsholtzia ciliata Lamiaceae I N N Beechdrops Epifagus virginiana Orobanchaceae N N N Fireweed Epilobium angustifolium Onagraceae N N FAC

256 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Willow-herb Epilobium ciliatum Onagraceae N N FAC- Purple-leaved willow-herb Epilobium coloratum Onagraceae N N FACW+ Willow-herb Epilobium leptophyllum Onagraceae N N OBL Downy willow-herb Epilobium strictum Onagraceae N PE/PR OBL Daisy fl eabane Erigeron annuus Asteraceae N N FACU Daisy fl eabane Erigeron philadelphicus Asteraceae N N FACU Robin’s-plantain Erigeron pulchellus Asteraceae N N FACU Daisy fl eabane Erigeron strigosus var. strigosus Asteraceae N N FACU+ Red-stem fi laree Erodium cicutarium Geraniaceae I N N Treacle-mustard Erysimum cheiranthoides Brassicaceae I N FAC Treacle-mustard Erysimum repandum Brassicaceae I N N Yellow trout-lily Erythronium americanum Liliaceae N N N California poppy Eschscholzia californica Papaveraceae I N N White-bracted eupatorium Eupatorium album Asteraceae N PX N Hyssop-leaved eupatorium Eupatorium hyssopifolium Asteraceae N N N Boneset Eupatorium perfoliatum Asteraceae N N FACW+ Ragged eupatorium Eupatorium pilosum Asteraceae N N FACW Round-leaved eupatorium Eupatorium rotundifolium var. rotundifolium Asteraceae N TU FAC- Late eupatorium Eupatorium serotinum Asteraceae I N FAC- Upland eupatorium Eupatorium sessilifolium Asteraceae N N N Flowering spurge Euphorbia corollata Euphorbiaceae N N N Cypress spurge Euphorbia cyparissias Euphorbiaceae I N N Leafy spurge Euphorbia esula Euphorbiaceae I N N Caper spurge Euphorbia lathyris Euphorbiaceae I N N Snow-on-the-mountain Euphorbia marginata Euphorbiaceae I N UPL White wood aster Eurybia divaricata Asteraceae N N N Bigleaf aster Eurybia macrophylla Asteraceae N N N Schreber’s aster Eurybia schreberi Asteraceae N N N Buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum Polygonaceae I N N False-mermaid Floerkea proserpinacoides Limnanthaceae N N FAC Sow-teat strawberry Fragaria vesca ssp. americana Rosaceae N N N Sow-teat strawberry Fragaria vesca ssp. vesca Rosaceae I N N Cottonweed Froelichia gracilis Amaranthaceae I N N Showy orchis Galearis spectabilis Orchidaceae N N N Goat’s-rue Galega offi cinalis Fabaceae I N N Quickweed Galinsoga quadriradiata Asteraceae I N N Bedstraw Galium aparine Rubiaceae N N FACU Rough bedstraw Galium asprellum Rubiaceae N N OBL Northern bedstraw Galium boreale Rubiaceae N N FACU Wild licorice Galium circaezans var. circaezans Rubiaceae N N UPL Wild licorice Galium circaezans var. hypomalacum Rubiaceae N N UPL Wild licorice Galium lanceolatum Rubiaceae N N N White bedstraw Galium mollugo Rubiaceae I N N Cleavers Galium obtusum Rubiaceae N N FACW+ Bedstraw Galium pilosum Rubiaceae N N N Bedstraw Galium tinctorium Rubiaceae N N OBL Sweet-scented bedstraw Galium trifl orum Rubiaceae N N FACU Our-lady’s bedstraw Galium verum var. verum Rubiaceae I N N

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 257 Yellow bedstraw Galium verum var. wirtgenii Rubiaceae I N N Gaura Gaura biennis Onagraceae N N FACU Meadow closed gentian Gentiana clausa Gentianaceae N N FACW Soapwort gentian Gentiana saponaria Gentianaceae N TU/PE FACW Striped gentian Gentiana villosa Gentianaceae N TU/PE N Eastern fringed gentian Gentianopsis crinita Gentianaceae N N OBL Wild geranium Geranium carolinianum Geraniaceae N N N Wood geranium Geranium maculatum Geraniaceae N N FACU Dove’s-foot cranesbill Geranium molle Geraniaceae I N N Herb-robert Geranium robertianum Geraniaceae N N N Siberian cranesbill Geranium sibiricum Geraniaceae I N N Spring avens Geum vernum Rosaceae N N FACU Cream-colored avens Geum virginianum Rosaceae N N FAC- Gill-over-the-ground Glechoma hederacea Lamiaceae I N FACU Low cudweed Gnaphalium uliginosum Asteraceae N N FAC Downy rattlesnake-plantain Goodyera pubescens Orchidaceae N N FACU- Hedge hyssop Gratiola neglecta Plantaginaceae N N OBL Beggar’s-lice Hackelia virginiana Boraginaceae N N FACU American pennyroyal Hedeoma pulegioides Lamiaceae N N N Sneezeweed Helenium amarum Asteraceae I N FACU- Common sneezeweed Helenium autumnale Asteraceae N N FACW+ Southern sneezeweed Helenium fl exuosum Asteraceae I N FAC- Frostweed Helianthemum canadense Cistaceae N N N Frostweed Helianthemum propinquum Cistaceae N N/TU N Common sunfl ower Helianthus annuus Asteraceae I N FAC- Thin-leaved sunfl ower Helianthus decapetalus Asteraceae N N FACU Rough sunfl ower Helianthus divaricatus Asteraceae N N N Swamp sunfl ower Helianthus giganteus Asteraceae N N FACW Sawtooth sunfl ower Helianthus grosseserratus Asteraceae I N FACW Showy sunfl ower Helianthus laetifl orus Asteraceae I N N Ashy sunfl ower Helianthus mollis Asteraceae I N N Rough-leaved sunfl ower Helianthus strumosus Asteraceae N N N Jerusalem artichoke Helianthus tuberosus Asteraceae I N FAC Ox-eye Heliopsis helianthoides Asteraceae N N N Orange day-lily Hemerocallis fulva Hemerocallidaceae I N UPL Yellow day-lily Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus Hemerocallidaceae I N N Cow-parsnip Heracleum lanatum Apiaceae N N FACU- Dame’s-rocket Hesperis matronalis Brassicaceae I N N Alum-root Heuchera americana Saxifragaceae N N N Halberd-leaved rose-mallow Hibiscus laevis Malvaceae N N OBL Rose-mallow Hibiscus moscheutos Malvaceae N N OBL Flower-of-the-hour Hibiscus trionum Malvaceae I N N Orange hawkweed Hieracium aurantiacum Asteraceae I N N Hawkweed Hieracium fl agellare Asteraceae I N N Hawkweed Hieracium gronovii Asteraceae N N UPL European hawkweed Hieracium lachenalii Asteraceae I N N Wall hawkweed Hieracium murorum Asteraceae I N N Hawkweed Hieracium paniculatum Asteraceae N N N

258 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Mouse-ear hawkweed Hieracium pilosella Asteraceae I N N King-devil Hieracium piloselloides Asteraceae I N N Hawkweed Hieracium sabaudum Asteraceae I N N Hawkweed Hieracium scabrum Asteraceae N N N Rattlesnake-weed Hieracium venosum Asteraceae N N N Blue plantain-lily Hosta ventricosa Agavaceae I N N Bluets Houstonia caerulea Rubiaceae N N FACU Japanese hops Humulus japonicus Cannabaceae I N FACU Green-violet Hybanthus concolor Violaceae N N FACU- Goldenseal Hydrastis canadensis Ranunculaceae N N N Marsh pennywort Hydrocotyle americana Araliaceae N N OBL Lawn pennywort Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Araliaceae I N N Virginia waterleaf Hydrophyllum virginianum Boraginaceae N N FAC Canadian St.John’s-wort Hypericum canadense Hypericaceae N N FACW St.John’s-wort Hypericum dissimulatum Hypericaceae N N FACW Pale St. John’s-wort Hypericum ellipticum Hypericaceae N N OBL Orange-grass Hypericum gentianoides Hypericaceae N N UPL Dwarf St. John’s-wort Hypericum mutilum Hypericaceae N N FACW St. John’s-wort Hypericum perforatum Hypericaceae I N N Spotted St. John’s-wort Hypericum punctatum Hypericaceae N N FAC- Cat’s-ear Hypochoeris radicata Asteraceae I N N Yellow star-grass Hypoxis hirsuta Hypoxidaceae N N FAC Candytuft Iberis umbellata Brassicaceae I N N Garden balsam Impatiens balsamina Balsaminaceae I N N Jewelweed Impatiens capensis Balsaminaceae N N FACW Pale jewelweed Impatiens pallida Balsaminaceae N N FACW Elecampane Inula helenium Asteraceae I N N Stiff-leaved aster Ionactis linariifolius Asteraceae N N N Red morning-glory Ipomoea coccinea Convolvulaceae I N FACU Ivy-leaved morning-glory Ipomoea hederacea Convolvulaceae I N FACU Man-of-the-earth Ipomoea pandurata Convolvulaceae N N FACU Common morning-glory Ipomoea purpurea Convolvulaceae I N UPL Cypress-vine Ipomoea quamoclit Convolvulaceae I N UPL Bearded iris Iris germanica Iridaceae I N N Slender blue fl ag Iris prismatica Iridaceae N PE OBL Small whorled-pogonia Isotria medeoloides Orchidaceae N PE FACU Whorled-pogonia Isotria verticillata Orchidaceae N N FACU Creeping lettuce Ixeris stolonifera Asteraceae I N N Twinleaf Jeffersonia diphylla Berberidaceae N N N Toad rush Juncus bufonius Juncaceae N N FACW Cancerwort Kickxia elatine Plantaginaceae I N FAC Belvedere Kochia scoparia Amaranthaceae I N UPL Dwarf dandelion Krigia bifl ora Asteraceae N N FACW Dwarf dandelion Krigia virginica Asteraceae N N UPL Korean-lespedeza Kummerowia stipulacea Fabaceae I N FACU Japanese clover Kummerowia striata Fabaceae I N FACU Blue lettuce Lactuca biennis Asteraceae N N FACU Woodland lettuce Lactuca fl oridana var. fl oridana Asteraceae N N FACU-

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 259 Woodland lettuce Lactuca fl oridana var. villosa Asteraceae N N FACU- Prickly lettuce Lactuca serriola Asteraceae I N FAC- Henbit Lamium amplexicaule Lamiaceae I N N Purple dead-nettle Lamium purpureum Lamiaceae I N N Wood-nettle Laportea canadensis Urticaceae N N FAC Beggar’s-lice Lappula squarrosa Boraginaceae I N N Nipplewort Lapsana communis Asteraceae I N N Perennial sweetpea Lathyrus latifolius Fabaceae I N N Thyme-leaved pinweed Lechea minor Cistaceae N N/TU N Pinweed Lechea pulchella Cistaceae N N N Pinweed Lechea racemulosa Cistaceae N N N Pinweed Lechea villosa Cistaceae N N N Common motherwort Leonurus cardiaca Lamiaceae I N N Motherwort Leonurus marrubiastrum Lamiaceae I N N Fieldcress Lepidium campestre Brassicaceae I N N Wild pepper-grass Lepidium densifl orum Brassicaceae I N FAC Poor-man’s-pepper Lepidium virginicum Brassicaceae N N FACU- Round-headed bush-clover Lespedeza capitata Fabaceae N N FACU- Bush-clover Lespedeza cuneata Fabaceae I N N Bush-clover Lespedeza hirta Fabaceae N N N Nuttall’s bush-clover Lespedeza hirta x intermedia Fabaceae N N N Bush-clover Lespedeza intermedia Fabaceae N N N Trailing bush-clover Lespedeza procumbens Fabaceae N N N Creeping bush-clover Lespedeza repens Fabaceae N N N Slender bush-clover Lespedeza violacea Fabaceae N N N Slender bush-clover Lespedeza virginica Fabaceae N N N Canada lily Lilium canadense ssp. canadense Liliaceae N N FAC+ Canada lily Lilium canadense ssp. editorum Liliaceae N N FAC+ Wood lily Lilium philadelphicum Liliaceae N N FACU+ Turk’s-cap lily Lilium superbum Liliaceae N N FACW+ Old-fi eld toadfl ax Linaria canadensis Plantaginaceae N N N Butter-and-eggs Linaria vulgaris Plantaginaceae I N N False pimpernel Lindernia dubia var. anagallidea Plantaginaceae N N OBL False pimpernel Lindernia dubia var. dubia Plantaginaceae N N OBL Sandplain wild fl ax Linum intercursum Linaceae N PE N Yellow fl ax Linum medium var. texanum Linaceae N N FACU Ridged yellow fl ax Linum striatum Linaceae N N FACW Common fl ax Linum usitatissimum Linaceae I N N Slender yellow fl ax Linum virginianum Linaceae N N FACU Lily-leaved twayblade Liparis liliifolia Orchidaceae N N FACU- Yellow twayblade Liparis loeselii Orchidaceae N N FACW Cardinal-fl ower Lobelia cardinalis Campanulaceae N N FACW+ Indian-tobacco Lobelia infl ata Campanulaceae N N FACU Great blue lobelia Lobelia siphilitica Campanulaceae N N FACW+ Spiked lobelia Lobelia spicata var. spicata Campanulaceae N N FAC- Sweet alyssum Lobularia maritima Brassicaceae I N N Bird’s-foot trefoil Lotus corniculatus Fabaceae I N FACU- False loosestrife Ludwigia alternifolia Onagraceae N N FACW+

260 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Water-primrose Ludwigia hexapetala Onagraceae I N OBL Primrose-willow Ludwigia peploides ssp. glabrescens Onagraceae N N OBL Honesty Lunaria annua Brassicaceae I N N Water-horehound Lycopus americanus Lamiaceae N N OBL European water-horehound Lycopus europaeus Lamiaceae I N OBL Gypsy-wort Lycopus rubellus Lamiaceae N PE OBL Bugleweed Lycopus unifl orus Lamiaceae N N OBL Bugleweed Lycopus virginicus Lamiaceae N N OBL Fringed loosestrife Lysimachia ciliata Myrsinaceae N N FACW Lance-leaved loosestrife Lysimachia hybrida Myrsinaceae N N/PT OBL Creeping-charlie Lysimachia nummularia Myrsinaceae I N FACW- Whorled loosestrife Lysimachia quadrifolia Myrsinaceae N N FACU- Swamp-candles Lysimachia terrestris Myrsinaceae N N OBL Garden loosestrife Lysimachia vulgaris Myrsinaceae I N FAC+ Winged loosestrife Lythrum alatum Lythraceae N TU/PE FACW+ Hyssop loosestrife Lythrum hyssopifolia Lythraceae I N OBL Purple loosestrife Lythrum salicaria Lythraceae I N FACW+ Plume-poppy Macleaya cordata Papaveraceae I N N Canada mayfl ower Maianthemum canadense Ruscaceae N N FAC- Green adder’s-mouth Malaxis unifolia Orchidaceae N N FAC Musk mallow Malva moschata Malvaceae I N UPL Cheeses Malva neglecta Malvaceae I N N Anglepod Matelea obliqua Apocynaceae N PE N Wild camomile Matricaria chamomilla Asteraceae I N N Mazus Mazus miquelii Phrymaceae I N N Japanese mazus Mazus pumilus Phrymaceae I N FACU- Indian cucumber-root Medeola virginiana Liliaceae N N N Black medic Medicago lupulina Fabaceae I N UPL Alfalfa Medicago sativa Fabaceae I N N Cow-wheat Melampyrum lineare var. americanum Orobanchaceae I N FACU White sweet-clover Melilotus alba Fabaceae I N FACU Yellow sweet-clover Melilotus offi cinalis Fabaceae I N FACU- Lemon-balm Melissa offi cinalis Lamiaceae I N N Field mint Mentha arvensis Lamiaceae N N FACW Horse mint Mentha longifolia Lamiaceae I N FACU Spearmint Mentha spicata Lamiaceae I N FACW Red mint Mentha x gentilis Lamiaceae I N FACW Virginia bluebell Mertensia virginica Boraginaceae N N FACW Climbing hempweed Mikania scandens Asteraceae N N FACW+ Winged monkey-fl ower Mimulus alatus Phrymaceae N N OBL Muskfl ower Mimulus moschatus Phrymaceae N N OBL Allegheny monkey-fl ower Mimulus ringens Phrymaceae N N OBL Rock sandwort Minuartia michauxii Caryophyllaceae N N N Four-o’clock Mirabilis jalapa Nyctaginaceae I N N Heart-leaved umbrellawort Mirabilis nyctaginea Nyctaginaceae I N FACU- Partridge-berry Mitchella repens Rubiaceae N N FACU Bishop’s-cap Mitella diphylla Saxifragaceae N N FACU Blunt-leaved sandwort Moehringia laterifl ora Caryophyllaceae N N FAC

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 261 Carpetweed Mollugo verticillata Molluginaceae I N FAC Bee-balm Monarda clinopodia Lamiaceae N N N Bee-balm Monarda didyma Lamiaceae N N FAC+ Bee-balm Monarda media Lamiaceae N N N Pinesap Monotropa hypopithys Ericaceae N N N Indian-pipe Monotropa unifl ora Ericaceae N N FACU- Grape-hyacinth Muscari botryoides Hyacinthaceae I N N Yellow and blue scorpion-grass Myosotis discolor Boraginaceae I N UPL Wild forget-me-not Myosotis laxa Boraginaceae N N OBL Forget-me-not Myosotis scorpioides Boraginaceae I N OBL Forget-me-not Myosotis stricta Boraginaceae I N N Garden forget-me-not Myosotis sylvatica Boraginaceae I N UPL Spring forget-me-not Myosotis verna Boraginaceae N N FAC- Giant chickweed Myosoton aquaticum Caryophyllaceae I N FACW Poet’s narcissus Narcissus poeticus Alliaceae I N N Catnip Nepeta cataria Lamiaceae I N FACU Pennywort Obolaria virginica Gentianaceae N N N Wood aster Oclemena acuminata Asteraceae N N N Evening-primrose Oenothera biennis Onagraceae N N FACU- Sundrops Oenothera fruticosa ssp. fruticosa Onagraceae N N FAC Sundrops Oenothera fruticosa ssp. glauca Onagraceae N N FAC Cut-leaved evening-primrose Oenothera laciniata Onagraceae N N FACU- Evening-primrose Oenothera nutans Onagraceae N N N Evening-primrose Oenothera oakesiana Onagraceae N N/TU FACU- Sundrops Oenothera perennis Onagraceae N N FAC- Sundrops Oenothera pilosella Onagraceae N TU/N FAC Scotch thistle Onopordum acanthium Asteraceae I N N Eastern prickly-pear cactus Opuntia humifusa Cactaceae N PR N Star-of-Bethlehem Ornithogalum umbellatum Hyacinthaceae I N FACU Broom-rape Orobanche unifl ora Orobanchaceae N N FACU One-sided shinleaf Orthilia secunda Ericaceae N N FAC Sweet-cicely Osmorhiza claytonii Apiaceae N N FACU- Anise root Osmorhiza longistylis Apiaceae N N FACU Creeping yellow wood-sorrel Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae I N FACU Southern yellow wood-sorrel Oxalis dillenii ssp. fi lipes Oxalidaceae N N N Common yellow wood-sorrel Oxalis stricta Oxalidaceae N N UPL Violet wood-sorrel Oxalis violacea Oxalidaceae N N N Cowbane Oxypolis rigidior Apiaceae N TU/PT OBL Allegheny-spurge Pachysandra procumbens Buxaceae I N N Japanese pachysandra Pachysandra terminalis Buxaceae I N N Ginseng Panax quinquefolius Araliaceae N PV N Corn poppy Papaver rhoeas Papaveraceae I N N Opium poppy Papaver somniferum Papaveraceae I N N Pellitory Parietaria pensylvanica Urticaceae N N N Grass-of-parnassus Parnassia glauca Parnassiaceae N PE OBL Forked chickweed Paronychia canadensis Caryophyllaceae N N N Whitlow-wort Paronychia fastigiata var. fastigiata Caryophyllaceae N N N American fever-few Parthenium integrifolium Asteraceae N TU/PX N

262 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Wild parsnip Pastinaca sativa Apiaceae I N N Forest lousewort Pedicularis canadensis Orobanchaceae N N FACU Swamp lousewort Pedicularis lanceolata Orobanchaceae N N/PE FACW Beard-tongue Penstemon calycosus Plantaginaceae I N UPL Tall white beard-tongue Penstemon digitalis Plantaginaceae N N FAC Northeastern beard-tongue Penstemon hirsutus Plantaginaceae N N N Eastern white beard-tongue Penstemon pallidus Plantaginaceae I N FACU Ditch stonecrop Penthorum sedoides Penthoraceae N N OBL Perilla Perilla frutescens Lamiaceae I N FACU+ Saxifrage pink Petrorhagia saxifraga Caryophyllaceae I N N Petunia Petunia x hybrida Solanaceae I N N Miami-mist Phacelia purshii Boraginaceae N N N Wild bean Phaseolus polystachios Fabaceae N N/TU N Wild blue phlox Phlox divaricata ssp. divaricata Polemoniaceae N N FACU Blue phlox Phlox divaricata ssp. laphamii Polemoniaceae I N N Summer phlox Phlox paniculata Polemoniaceae N N FACU Downy phlox Phlox pilosa Polemoniaceae N TU/PE FACU Moss-pink Phlox subulata ssp. subulata Polemoniaceae N N N Lopseed Phryma leptostachya Phrymaceae N N FACU- Fog-fruit Phyla lanceolata Verbenaceae N TU/N OBL Chinese-lantern Physalis alkekengi Solanaceae I N N Clammy ground-cherry Physalis heterophylla Solanaceae N N N Hairy ground-cherry Physalis pubescens var. integrifolia Solanaceae N N FACU- Ground-cherry Physalis subglabrata Solanaceae N N N Virginia ground-cherry Physalis virginiana Solanaceae N TU/PE N False dragonhead Physostegia virginiana Lamiaceae N N FAC+ Pokeweed Phytolacca americana Phytolaccaceae N N FACU+ Ox-tongue Picris hieracioides Asteraceae I N N Clearweed Pilea pumila Urticaceae N N FACW Burnet-saxifrage Pimpinella saxifraga Apiaceae I N N Pinellia Pinellia ternata Araceae I N N Bristly plantain Plantago aristata Plantaginaceae I N N English plantain Plantago lanceolata Plantaginaceae I N UPL Broad-leaved plantain Plantago major Plantaginaceae I N FACU Rugel’s plantain Plantago rugelii Plantaginaceae N N FACU Dwarf plantain Plantago virginica Plantaginaceae N N UPL Clubspur orchid Platanthera clavellata Orchidaceae N N FACW+ Crested fringed-orchid Platanthera cristata Orchidaceae N PX FACW+ Tubercled rein-orchid Platanthera ﬂ ava var. herbiola Orchidaceae N N FACW Large purple fringed-orchid Platanthera grandiﬂ ora Orchidaceae N N FACW Ragged fringed-orchid Platanthera lacera Orchidaceae N N FACW Mayapple Podophyllum peltatum Berberidaceae N N N Rose pogonia Pogonia ophioglossoides Orchidaceae N N OBL Spreading Jacob’s-ladder Polemonium reptans Polemoniaceae N N FACU Cross-leaved milkwort Polygala cruciata Polygalaceae N PE FACW+ Bird-on-the-wing Polygala paucifolia Polygalaceae N N FACU Field milkwort Polygala sanguinea Polygalaceae N N FACU Whorled milkwort Polygala verticillata var. ambigua Polygalaceae N N UPL

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 263 Whorled milkwort Polygala verticillata var. isocycla Polygalaceae N N UPL Whorled milkwort Polygala verticillata var. verticillata Polygalaceae N N UPL Solomon’s-seal Polygonatum bifl orum var. bifl orum Ruscaceae N N FACU Solomon’s-seal Polygonatum bifl orum var. commutatum Ruscaceae N N FACU Solomon’s-seal Polygonatum pubescens Ruscaceae N N N Jointweed Polygonella articulata Polygonaceae N TU/PE N Knotweed Polygonum aviculare Polygonaceae I N FACU Erect knotweed Polygonum erectum Polygonaceae N N FACU Slender knotweed Polygonum tenue Polygonaceae N N N Moss-rose Portulaca grandifl ora Portulacaceae I N N Purslane Portulaca oleracea Portulacaceae N N FAC Cinquefoil Potentilla canadensis Rosaceae N N N Strawberry-weed Potentilla norvegica ssp. monspeliensis Rosaceae N N FACU Sulfur cinquefoil Potentilla recta Rosaceae I N N Old-fi eld cinquefoil Potentilla simplex Rosaceae N N FACU- Rattlesnake-root Prenanthes alba Asteraceae N N FACU Rattlesnake-root Prenanthes altissima Asteraceae N N FACU- Lion’s-foot Prenanthes serpentaria Asteraceae N N/TU N Gall-of-the-earth Prenanthes trifoliolata Asteraceae N N N Heal-all Prunella laciniata Lamiaceae I N N Heal-all Prunella vulgaris ssp. lanceolata Lamiaceae N N FACU+ Heal-all Prunella vulgaris ssp. vulgaris Lamiaceae I N FACU+ Mountain-mint Pycnanthemum clinopodioides Lamiaceae N N/TU N Mountain-mint Pycnanthemum incanum Lamiaceae N N N Mountain-mint Pycnanthemum muticum Lamiaceae N N FACW Mountain-mint Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Lamiaceae N N FACW Pycnanthemum verticillatum var. verticil- Mountain-mint Lamiaceae N N FAC latum Mountain-mint Pycnanthemum virginianum Lamiaceae N N FAC Wild lily-of-the-valley Pyrola americana Ericaceae N N FAC Wintergreen Pyrola chlorantha Ericaceae N N/TU UPL Shinleaf Pyrola elliptica Ericaceae N N UPL Common meadow buttercup Ranunculus acris Ranunculaceae I N FAC+ Water-plantain spearwort Ranunculus ambigens Ranunculaceae N N/TU OBL Bulbous buttercup Ranunculus bulbosus Ranunculaceae I N UPL Early buttercup Ranunculus fascicularis Ranunculaceae N PE FACU Lesser celandine Ranunculus fi caria Ranunculaceae I N N Small-fl owered crowfoot Ranunculus micranthus Ranunculaceae N N FACU Hooked crowfoot Ranunculus recurvatus Ranunculaceae N N FAC+ Creeping buttercup Ranunculus repens Ranunculaceae I N FAC Celery-leaved crowfoot Ranunculus sceleratus Ranunculaceae I N OBL Wild radish Raphanus raphanistrum Brassicaceae I N N Garden radish Raphanus sativus Brassicaceae I N N Meadow-beauty Rhexia virginica Melastomaceae N N OBL Field yellowcress Rorippa austriaca Brassicaceae I N FAC- Creeping yellowcress Rorippa sylvestris Brassicaceae I N FACW Tooth cup Rotala ramosior Lythraceae N PR OBL Eastern conefl ower Rudbeckia fulgida var. fulgida Asteraceae N N/TU FAC

264 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Black-eyed-susan Rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrima Asteraceae N N FACU- Garden sorrel Rumex acetosa Polygonaceae I N FACU Sheep sorrel Rumex acetosella Polygonaceae I N UPL Tall dock Rumex altissimus Polygonaceae N N FACW- Curly dock Rumex crispus Polygonaceae I N FACU Bitter dock Rumex obtusifolius Polygonaceae I N FACU- Common marsh-pink Sabatia angularis Gentianaceae N N FAC+ Pearlwort Sagina decumbens Caryophyllaceae N N N Japanese pearlwort Sagina japonica Caryophyllaceae I N N Bird’s-eye Sagina procumbens Caryophyllaceae N N FACW- Russian-thistle Salsola tragus Amaranthaceae I N FACU Lyre-leaved sage Salvia lyrata Lamiaceae N N UPL Woodland sage Salvia nemorosa Lamiaceae I N N Meadow sage Salvia pratensis Lamiaceae I N N Lance-leaved sage Salvia refl exa Lamiaceae N N N Sage Salvia verticillata Lamiaceae I N N Water pimpernel Samolus parvifl orus Theophrastaceae N TU/PE OBL Bloodroot Sanguinaria canadensis Papaveraceae N N UPL American burnet Sanguisorba canadensis Rosaceae N N FACW+ Black snake root Sanicula marilandica Apiaceae N N UPL Yellow-fl owered sanicle Sanicula odorata Apiaceae N N FACU Large-fruited sanicle Sanicula trifoliata Apiaceae N N N Bouncing-bet Saponaria offi cinalis Caryophyllaceae I N FACU- Pitcher-plant Sarracenia purpurea Sarraceniaceae N N OBL Swamp saxifrage Saxifraga pensylvanica Saxifragaceae N N OBL Early saxifrage Saxifraga virginiensis Saxifragaceae N N FAC- Knawel Scleranthus annuus Caryophyllaceae I N FACU- Lanceleaf fi gwort Scrophularia lanceolata Scrophulariaceae N N FACU+ Eastern fi gwort Scrophularia marilandica Scrophulariaceae N N FACU- Hairy skullcap Scutellaria elliptica var. elliptica Lamiaceae N N N Hyssop skullcup Scutellaria integrifolia Lamiaceae N N FACW Mad-dog skullcap Scutellaria laterifl ora Lamiaceae N N FACW+ Small skullcap Scutellaria leonardii Lamiaceae N N N Skullcap Scutellaria nervosa Lamiaceae N N FAC Love-entangle Sedum acre Crassulaceae I N OBL Orange stonecrop Sedum kamtschaticum ssp. ellacombianum Crassulaceae I N N Orpine Sedum sarmentosum Crassulaceae I N N Orpine Sedum spurium Crassulaceae I N N Garden orpine Sedum telephium Crassulaceae I N N Meadow spikemoss Selaginella apoda Selaginellaceae N N FACW Rock spikemoss Selaginella rupestris Selaginellaceae N N N Common groundsel Senecio vulgaris Asteraceae I N FACU Northern wild senna Senna hebecarpa Fabaceae N N FAC White-topped aster Sericocarpus asteroides Asteraceae N N N Narrow-leaved white-topped aster Sericocarpus linifolius Asteraceae N PE N Sesame Sesamum indicum Pedaliaceae I N N Field-madder Sherardia arvensis Rubiaceae I N N Bur cucumber Sicyos angulatus Cucurbitaceae N N FACU

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 265 Prickly sida Sida spinosa Malvaceae I N UPL Sleepy catchfl y Silene antirrhina Caryophyllaceae N N N Garden catchfl y Silene armeria Caryophyllaceae I N N Wild pink Silene caroliniana ssp. pensylvanica Caryophyllaceae N N N Forked catchfl y Silene dichotoma Caryophyllaceae I N N White campion Silene latifolia Caryophyllaceae I N N Night-fl owering catchfl y Silene noctifl ora Caryophyllaceae I N N Starry campion Silene stellata Caryophyllaceae N N N Bladder campion Silene vulgaris Caryophyllaceae I N N Cup-plant Silphium perfoliatum Asteraceae I N FACU Charlock Sinapis arvensis Brassicaceae I N N Tumble-mustard Sisymbrium altissimum Brassicaceae I N FACU- Blue-eyed-grass Sisyrinchium angustifolium Iridaceae N N FACW- Eastern blue-eyed-grass Sisyrinchium atlanticum Iridaceae N PE FACW Blue-eyed-grass Sisyrinchium mucronatum Iridaceae N N FAC+ Carrion-fl ower Smilax herbacea Smilacaceae N N FAC Carrion-fl ower Smilax pulverulenta Smilacaceae N N FACU Horse-nettle Solanum carolinense Solanaceae N N UPL Black nightshade Solanum nigrum Solanaceae I N N Buffalo-bur Solanum rostratum Solanaceae I N N Late goldenrod Solidago altissima Asteraceae N N FACU Forest goldenrod Solidago arguta var. arguta Asteraceae N N N Silver-rod Solidago bicolor Asteraceae N N N Canada goldenrod Solidago canadensis var. canadensis Asteraceae N N FACU Canada goldenrod Solidago canadensis var. hargeri Asteraceae N N FACU Zigzag goldenrod Solidago fl exicaulis Asteraceae N N FACU Smooth goldenrod Solidago gigantea var. gigantea Asteraceae N N FACW Smooth goldenrod Solidago gigantea var. serotina Asteraceae N N FACW Early goldenrod Solidago juncea Asteraceae N N N Gray goldenrod Solidago nemoralis Asteraceae N N N Downy goldenrod Solidago puberula Asteraceae N N FACU- Stiff goldenrod Solidago rigida Asteraceae N TU/PE UPL Seaside goldenrod Solidago sempervirens Asteraceae I N FACW Ragged goldenrod Solidago squarrosa Asteraceae N N N Elm-leaved goldenrod Solidago ulmifolia var. ulmifolia Asteraceae N N N Field sow-thistle Sonchus arvensis ssp. uliginosus Asteraceae I N UPL Spiny-leaved sow-thistle Sonchus asper Asteraceae I N FAC Common sow-thistle Sonchus oleraceus Asteraceae I N UPL Sand-spurrey Spergularia media Caryophyllaceae I N FACW Nodding ladies’-tresses Spiranthes cernua Orchidaceae N N FACW Southern slender ladies’-tresses Spiranthes lacera var. gracilis Orchidaceae N N FACU- Shining ladies’-tresses Spiranthes lucida Orchidaceae N N/TU FACW Yellow nodding ladies’-tresses Spiranthes ochroleuca Orchidaceae N N FACW Hooded ladies’-tresses Spiranthes romanzoffi ana Orchidaceae N PE OBL Slender ladies’-tresses Spiranthes tuberosa Orchidaceae N TU/PX FACU- Spring ladies’-tresses Spiranthes vernalis Orchidaceae N PE FAC Creeping hedge-nettle Stachys tenuifolia Lamiaceae N N FACW+ Bog chickweed Stellaria alsine Caryophyllaceae I N OBL

266 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Lesser stitchwort Stellaria graminea Caryophyllaceae I N FACU- Long-leaved stitchwort Stellaria longifolia Caryophyllaceae N N FACW Common chickweed Stellaria media Caryophyllaceae I N N Great chickweed Stellaria pubera Caryophyllaceae N N N Wild bean Strophostyles helvola Fabaceae N N FACU Pencil-fl ower Stylosanthes bifl ora Fabaceae N TU/PE N Bushy aster Symphyotrichum dumosum Asteraceae N TU FAC Smooth blue aster Symphyotrichum laeve var. concinnum Asteraceae N N N Smooth blue aster Symphyotrichum laeve var. laeve Asteraceae N N N Symphyotrichum lanceolatum ssp. lanceola- Panicled aster Asteraceae N N N tum var. lanceolatum Calico aster Symphyotrichum laterifl orum Asteraceae N N FACW- Smooth heart-leaved aster Symphyotrichum lowrieanum Asteraceae N N N New England aster Symphyotrichum novae-angliae Asteraceae N N FAC New York aster Symphyotrichum novi-belgii var. novi-belgii Asteraceae N PT FACW+ Late purple aster Symphyotrichum phlogifolium Asteraceae N N N Heath aster Symphyotrichum pilosum var. pilosum Asteraceae N N UPL Heath aster Symphyotrichum pilosum var. pringlei Asteraceae N N UPL Zig-zag aster Symphyotrichum prenanthoides Asteraceae N N FAC Small white aster Symphyotrichum racemosum Asteraceae N N FAC Clasping heart-leaved aster Symphyotrichum undulatum Asteraceae N N N Aster Symphyotrichum urophyllum Asteraceae N N N Comfrey Symphytum offi cinale Boraginaceae I N N Skunk cabbage Symplocarpus foetidus Araceae N N OBL Yellow pimpernel Taenidia integerrima Apiaceae N N N Common tansy Tanacetum vulgare Asteraceae I N N Common dandelion Taraxacum offi cinale Asteraceae I N FACU- Goat’s-rue Tephrosia virginiana Fabaceae N N N Wild germander Teucrium canadense var. virginicum Lamiaceae N N FACW Early meadow-rue Thalictrum dioicum Ranunculaceae N N FAC Tall meadow-rue Thalictrum pubescens Ranunculaceae N N FACW+ Purple meadow-rue Thalictrum revolutum Ranunculaceae N N UPL Rue anemone Thalictrum thalictroides Ranunculaceae N N FACU- Meadow-parsnip Thaspium barbinode Apiaceae N N UPL Meadow-parsnip Thaspium trifoliatum var. trifoliatum Apiaceae N N N Garlic pennycress Thlaspi alliaceum Brassicaceae I N N Field pennycress Thlaspi arvense Brassicaceae I N N Pennycress Thlaspi perfoliatum Brassicaceae I N N Creeping thyme Thymus pulegioides Lamiaceae I N N Spiderwort Tradescantia ohiensis Commelinaceae N N FAC Spiderwort Tradescantia virginiana Commelinaceae N N FACU Yellow goatsbreard Tragopogon dubius Asteraceae I N N Oyster-plant Tragopogon porrifolius Asteraceae I N N Meadow salsify Tragopogon pratensis Asteraceae I N N Marsh St. John’s-wort Triadenum virginicum Hypericaceae N N OBL Caltrop Tribulus terrestris Zygophyllaceae I N N False pennyroyal Trichostema brachiatum Lamiaceae N N N Blue-curls Trichostema dichotomum Lamiaceae N N N

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 267 Star-fl ower Trientalis borealis Myrsinaceae N N FAC Rabbit’s-foot clover Trifolium arvense Fabaceae I N N Large yellow hop-clover Trifolium aureum Fabaceae I N N Low hop-clover Trifolium campestre Fabaceae I N N Little hop-clover Trifolium dubium Fabaceae I N UPL Alsike clover Trifolium hybridum Fabaceae I N FACU- Crimson clover Trifolium incarnatum Fabaceae I N N Red clover Trifolium pratense Fabaceae I N FACU- Buffalo clover Trifolium refl exum Fabaceae N PX N White clover Trifolium repens Fabaceae I N FACU- Nodding trillium Trillium cernuum var. cernuum Melanthiaceae N N/TU FACW Nodding trillium Trillium cernuum var. macranthum Melanthiaceae N N/TU FACW Huger’s trillium Trillium cuneatum Melanthiaceae N N N Purple trillium Trillium erectum var. album Melanthiaceae N N FACU- Purple trillium Trillium erectum var. erectum Melanthiaceae N N FACU- Large-fl owered trillium Trillium grandifl orum Melanthiaceae N N N Venus’s looking-glass Triodanis perfoliata var. perfoliata Campanulaceae N N FAC Horse-gentian Triosteum angustifolium Caprifoliaceae N TU/PE FAC+ Horse-gentian Triosteum perfoliatum Caprifoliaceae N N N Nodding pogonia Triphora trianthophora Orchidaceae N PE UPL Dutch-lily Tulipa sylvestris Liliaceae I N N Coltsfoot Tussilago farfara Asteraceae I N FACU Great nettle Urtica dioica ssp. dioica Urticaceae I N FACU Great nettle Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis Urticaceae N N FACU Dog nettle Urtica urens Urticaceae I N N Bellwort Uvularia perfoliata Colchicaceae N N FACU Bellwort Uvularia sessilifolia Colchicaceae N N FACU- Cow-cockle Vaccaria hispanica Caryophyllaceae I N N Corn-salad Valerianella locusta Valerianaceae I N N Corn-salad Valerianella umbilicata Valerianaceae N N FAC False hellebore Veratrum viride Melanthiaceae N N FACW+ Moth mullein Verbascum blattaria Scrophulariaceae I N UPL Mullein Verbascum phlomoides Scrophulariaceae I N N Common mullein Verbascum thapsus Scrophulariaceae I N N Blue vervain Verbena hastata Verbenaceae N N FACW+ Hoary vervain Verbena stricta Verbenaceae I N N White vervain Verbena urticifolia var. leiocarpa Verbenaceae N N FACU White vervain Verbena urticifolia var. urticifolia Verbenaceae N N FACU Appalachian ironweed Vernonia glauca Asteraceae N PE N New York ironweed Vernonia noveboracensis Asteraceae N N FACW+ American brooklime Veronica americana Plantaginaceae N N OBL Brook-pimpernel Veronica anagallis-aquatica Plantaginaceae I N OBL Corn speedwell Veronica arvensis Plantaginaceae I N N Bird’s-eye Veronica chamaedrys Plantaginaceae I N UPL Creeping speedwell Veronica fi liformis Plantaginaceae I N N Ivy-leaved speedwell Veronica hederifolia Plantaginaceae I N N Speedwell Veronica longifolia Plantaginaceae I N N Common speedwell Veronica offi cinalis Plantaginaceae N N FACU-

268 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Neckweed Veronica peregrina ssp. peregrina Plantaginaceae N N FACU- Bird’s-eye speedwell Veronica persica Plantaginaceae I N N Marsh speedwell Veronica scutellata Plantaginaceae N N OBL Thyme-leaved speedwell Veronica serpyllifolia Plantaginaceae I N FAC+ Culver’s-root Veronicastrum virginicum Plantaginaceae N N FACU Purple vetch Vicia americana Fabaceae N N N Canada pea Vicia cracca Fabaceae I N N Vetch Vicia hirsuta Fabaceae I N N Common vetch Vicia sativa ssp. nigra Fabaceae I N FACU- Common vetch Vicia sativa ssp. sativa Fabaceae I N FACU- Slender vetch Vicia tetrasperma Fabaceae I N N Hairy vetch Vicia villosa ssp. varia Fabaceae I N N Hairy vetch Vicia villosa ssp. villosa Fabaceae I N N Common periwinkle Vinca minor Apocynaceae I N N Black swallow-wort Vincetoxicum nigrum Apocynaceae I N N LeConte’s violet Viola affi nis Violaceae N N FACW Sweet white violet Viola blanda Violaceae N N FACW Blue marsh violet Viola cucullata Violaceae N N FACW+ Southern wood violet Viola hirsutula Violaceae N N N American dog violet Viola labradorica Violaceae N N FACW Sweet white violet Viola macloskeyi ssp. pallens Violaceae N N OBL Early blue violet Viola palmata Violaceae N N N Birdfoot violet Viola pedata Violaceae N N N Primrose violet Viola primulifolia Violaceae N N FAC+ Downy yellow violet Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula Violaceae N N N Long-spurred violet Viola rostrata Violaceae N N FACU Round-leaved violet Viola rotundifolia Violaceae N N FAC+ Ovate-leaved violet Viola sagittata var. ovata Violaceae N N FACW Arrow-leaved violet Viola sagittata var. sagittata Violaceae N N FACW Striped violet Viola striata Violaceae N N FACW Johnny-jump-up Viola tricolor Violaceae I N N Barren strawberry Waldsteinia fragarioides Rosaceae N N N Yellow-eyed-grass Xyris torta Xyridaceae N N/PT OBL Adam’s needle Yucca fl accida Agavaceae I N N Golden-alexander Zizia aptera Apiaceae N N FAC Golden-alexander Zizia aurea Apiaceae N N FAC Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines White fi r Abies concolor Pinaceae I N N Fiveleaf aralia Acanthopanax sieboldianus Araliaceae I N N Hedge maple Acer campestre Sapindaceae I N N Amur maple Acer ginnala Sapindaceae I N N Box-elder Acer negundo Sapindaceae N N FAC+ Black maple Acer nigrum Sapindaceae N N FACU Japanese maple Acer palmatum Sapindaceae I N N Norway maple Acer platanoides Sapindaceae I N UPL Sycamore maple Acer pseudoplatanus Sapindaceae I N N Silver maple Acer saccharinum Sapindaceae N N FACW Mountain maple Acer spicatum Sapindaceae N N FACU-

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 269 Ohio buckeye Aesculus glabra Sapindaceae N N FACU+ Horse-chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum Sapindaceae I N N Bottlebrush buckeye Aesculus parvifl ora Sapindaceae I N N Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima Simaroubaceae I N FACU- Akebia fi ve-leaf Akebia quinata Lardizabalaceae I N N Black alder Alnus glutinosa Betulaceae I N FACW- Smooth alder Alnus serrulata Betulaceae N N OBL Shadbush Amelanchier arborea Rosaceae N N FAC- Shadbush Amelanchier canadensis Rosaceae N N/TU FAC Smooth serviceberry Amelanchier laevis Rosaceae N N N Coastal juneberry Amelanchier obovalis Rosaceae N TU/PE FACU Low juneberry Amelanchier stolonifera Rosaceae N N FACU False-indigo Amorpha fruticosa Fabaceae N N FACW Porcelain-berry Ampelopsis brevipedunculata Vitaceae I N N Japanese angelica-tree Aralia elata Araliaceae I N N Hercules’-club Aralia spinosa Araliaceae N N FAC Pawpaw Asimina triloba Annonaceae N N FACU+ Japanese barberry Berberis thunbergii Berberidaceae I N N European barberry Berberis vulgaris Berberidaceae I N N Black birch Betula lenta Betulaceae N N FACU River birch Betula nigra Betulaceae N N FACW Gray birch Betula populifolia Betulaceae N N FAC European white birch Betula pubescens Betulaceae I N FAC+ Paper-mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Moraceae I N N Butterfl y-bush Buddleja davidii Scrophulariaceae I N N Trumpet-vine Campsis radicans Bignoniaceae N N FAC Hornbeam Carpinus caroliniana Betulaceae N N FAC Bitternut hickory Carya cordiformis Juglandaceae N N FACU+ Pignut hickory Carya glabra Juglandaceae N N FACU- Shellbark hickory Carya laciniosa Juglandaceae N N FAC Shagbark hickory Carya ovata Juglandaceae N N FACU Mockernut hickory Carya tomentosa Juglandaceae N N FACU American chestnut Castanea dentata Fagaceae N N N Catalpa Catalpa bignonioides Bignoniaceae I N UPL New Jersey tea Ceanothus americanus Rhamnaceae N N N Oriental bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus Celastraceae I N UPL American bittersweet Celastrus scandens Celastraceae N N FACU- Buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis Rubiaceae N N OBL Redbud Cercis canadensis Fabaceae N N N Fringe-tree Chionanthus virginicus Oleaceae N N/PT FAC+ Sweet-fern Comptonia peregrina Myricaceae N N N Alternate-leaved dogwood Cornus alternifolia Cornaceae N N N Silky dogwood, kinnikinik Cornus amomum ssp. amomum Cornaceae N N FACW Flowering dogwood Cornus fl orida Cornaceae N N FACU- Gray dogwood Cornus racemosa Cornaceae N N FAC- Round-leaved dogwood Cornus rugosa Cornaceae N N N Red-osier dogwood Cornus sericea Cornaceae N N FACW+ American fi lbert Corylus americana Betulaceae N N FACU-

270 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Beaked hazelnut Corylus cornuta Betulaceae N N FACU- Pear hawthorn Crataegus calpodendron Rosaceae N N N Red-fruited hawthorn Crataegus coccinea Rosaceae N N N Cockspur hawthorn Crataegus crus-galli Rosaceae N N FACU Biltmore hawthorn Crataegus intricata Rosaceae N N N Washington hawthorn Crataegus phaenopyrum Rosaceae I N FAC Frosted hawthorn Crataegus pruinosa Rosaceae N N N Dotted hawthorn Crataegus punctata Rosaceae N N N One-fruited hawthorn Crataegus uniﬂ ora Rosaceae N N N Scotch-broom Cytisus scoparius Fabaceae I N N Deutzia Deutzia scabra Hydrangeaceae I N N Bush-honeysuckle Diervilla lonicera Caprifoliaceae N N N Persimmon Diospyros virginiana Ebenaceae N N FAC- Autumn-olive Elaeagnus umbellata Elaeagnaceae I N N Trailing-arbutus Epigaea repens Ericaceae N N N Winged euonymous Euonymus alatus Celastraceae I N N Hearts-a-bursting Euonymus americanus Celastraceae N N FAC Burning-bush Euonymus atropurpureus Celastraceae N N FACU European spindletree Euonymus europaeus Celastraceae I N N Wintercreeper Euonymus fortunei Celastraceae I N N American beech Fagus grandifolia Fagaceae N N FACU Forsythia Forsythia suspensa Oleaceae I N N White ash Fraxinus americana var. americana Oleaceae N N FACU Biltmore ash Fraxinus americana var. biltmoreana Oleaceae N N FACU Black ash Fraxinus nigra Oleaceae N N FACW Red ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica Oleaceae N N FACW Teaberry Gaultheria procumbens Ericaceae N N FACU Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata Ericaceae N N FACU Dwarf huckleberry Gaylussacia dumosa Ericaceae N PE FAC Dangleberry Gaylussacia frondosa Ericaceae N N FAC Honey-locust Gleditsia triacanthos Fabaceae N N FAC- Carolina silverbell Halesia carolina Styracaceae I N N Witch-hazel Hamamelis virginiana Hamamelidaceae N N FACU+ English ivy Hedera helix Araliaceae I N N Rose-of-sharon Hibiscus syriacus Malvaceae I N N Sevenbark Hydrangea arborescens Hydrangeaceae N N FACU Shrubby St. John’s-wort Hypericum proliﬁ cum Hypericaceae N N FACU St. Andrew’s-cross Hypericum stragulum Hypericaceae N N/TU N American holly Ilex opaca Aquifoliaceae N PT FACU Winterberry Ilex verticillata Aquifoliaceae N N FACW+ Butternut Juglans cinerea Juglandaceae N N FACU+ Black walnut Juglans nigra Juglandaceae N N FACU Common juniper Juniperus communis Cupressaceae N N/TU N Eastern red-cedar Juniperus virginiana Cupressaceae N N FACU Sheep laurel Kalmia angustifolia Ericaceae N N FAC Mountain laurel Kalmia latifolia Ericaceae N N FACU Golden rain-tree Koelreuteria paniculata Sapindaceae I N N Fetter-bush Leucothoe racemosa Ericaceae N TU/PT FACW

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 271 Mountain dog-laurel Leucothoe walteri Ericaceae I N N Amur privet Ligustrum amurense Oleaceae I N N Obtuse-leaved privet Ligustrum obtusifolium Oleaceae I N N California privet Ligustrum ovalifolium Oleaceae I N N Common privet Ligustrum vulgare Oleaceae I N FACU Spicebush Lindera benzoin Lauraceae N N FACW- Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciﬂ ua Altingiaceae N N FAC Tuliptree Liriodendron tulipifera Magnoliaceae N N FACU Mountain honeysuckle Lonicera dioica var. dioica Caprifoliaceae N N FACU Fragrant honeysuckle Lonicera fragrantissima Caprifoliaceae I N N Amur honeysuckle Lonicera maackii Caprifoliaceae I N N Morrow’s honeysuckle Lonicera morrowii Caprifoliaceae I N N Trumpet honeysuckle Lonicera sempervirens Caprifoliaceae N N FACU Honeysuckle Lonicera standishii Caprifoliaceae I N N Tartarian honeysuckle Lonicera tatarica Caprifoliaceae I N FACU Matrimony-vine Lycium barbarum Solanaceae I N N Chinese matrimory-vine Lycium chinense Solanaceae I N N Maleberry Lyonia ligustrina Ericaceae N N FACW Staggerbush Lyonia mariana Ericaceae N PE FAC- Osage-orange Maclura pomifera Moraceae I N UPL Umbrella-tree Magnolia tripetala Magnoliaceae N PT/PR FACU Sweet-bay magnolia Magnolia virginiana Magnoliaceae N PT FACW+ Apple Malus pumila Rosaceae I N N Moonseed Menispermum canadense Menispermaceae N N FACU White mulberry Morus alba Moraceae I N UPL Red mulberry Morus rubra Moraceae N N FACU Bayberry Myrica pensylvanica Myricaceae N N FAC Sourgum Nyssa sylvatica Nyssaceae N N FAC Hop-hornbeam Ostrya virginiana Betulaceae N N FACU- Virginia-creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia Vitaceae N N FACU Boston ivy Parthenocissus tricuspidata Vitaceae I N N Empress-tree Paulownia tomentosa Paulowniaceae I N N Japanese corktree Phellodendron japonicum Rutaceae I N N Corktree Phellodendron lavallei Rutaceae I N N Mock-orange Philadelphus coronarius Hydrangeaceae I N N Mock-orange Philadelphus inodorus var. grandiﬂ orus Hydrangeaceae I N N Photinia Photinia villosa Rosaceae I N N Ninebark Physocarpus opulifolius Rosaceae N N FACW- Short-leaf pine Pinus echinata Pinaceae N N/TU N Pitch pine Pinus rigida Pinaceae N N FACU Eastern white pine Pinus strobus Pinaceae N N FACU Virginia pine Pinus virginiana Pinaceae N N N Sycamore Platanus occidentalis Platanaceae N N FACW- Hardy orange Poncirus trifoliata Rutaceae I N N White poplar Populus alba Salicaceae I N N Balsam poplar Populus balsamifera Salicaceae N PE FACW Eastern cottonwood Populus deltoides Salicaceae N N FACU- Bigtooth aspen Populus grandidentata Salicaceae N N FACU-

272 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Black poplar Populus nigra Salicaceae I N N Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides Salicaceae N N N Wild plum Prunus americana Rosaceae N N FACU- Sweet cherry Prunus avium Rosaceae I N N Pie cherry Prunus cerasus Rosaceae I N N Beach plum Prunus maritima Rosaceae N PE N European bird cherry Prunus padus Rosaceae I N N Pin cherry Prunus pensylvanica Rosaceae N N FACU- Peach Prunus persica Rosaceae I N N Sand cherry Prunus pumila var. susquehanae Rosaceae N N/PT N Wild black cherry Prunus serotina Rosaceae N N FACU Choke cherry Prunus virginiana Rosaceae N N FACU Hoptree Ptelea trifoliata Rutaceae N PT FAC Kudzu Pueraria lobata Fabaceae I N N Callery pear Pyrus calleryana Rosaceae I N N Pear Pyrus communis Rosaceae I N N White oak Quercus alba Fagaceae N N FACU Saul oak Quercus alba x montana Fagaceae N N N Swamp white oak Quercus bicolor Fagaceae N N FACW+ Scarlet oak Quercus coccinea Fagaceae N N N Southern red oak Quercus falcata Fagaceae N PE FACU- Scrub oak Quercus ilicifolia Fagaceae N N N Shingle oak Quercus imbricaria Fagaceae N N FAC Bur oak Quercus macrocarpa Fagaceae N N FAC- Blackjack oak Quercus marilandica Fagaceae N N N Chestnut oak Quercus montana Fagaceae N N FACW Yellow oak Quercus muhlenbergii Fagaceae N N UPL Pin oak Quercus palustris Fagaceae N N FACW Bartram oak Quercus phellos x rubra Fagaceae N N N Dwarf chestnut oak Quercus prinoides Fagaceae N N N English oak Quercus robur Fagaceae I N N Northern red oak Quercus rubra Fagaceae N N FACU- Post oak Quercus stellata Fagaceae N N UPL Black oak Quercus velutina Fagaceae N N N Buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica Rhamnaceae I N N Buckthorn Rhamnus davurica Rhamnaceae I N N Flame azalea Rhododendron calendulaceum Ericaceae N PX N Rosebay Rhododendron maximum Ericaceae N N FAC Pinxter-ﬂ ower Rhododendron periclymenoides Ericaceae N N FAC Swamp azalea Rhododendron viscosum Ericaceae N N FACW+ Jetbead Rhodotypos scandens Rosaceae I N N Shining sumac Rhus copallina var. latifolia Anacardiaceae N N N Smooth sumac Rhus glabra Anacardiaceae N N N Staghorn sumac Rhus typhina Anacardiaceae N N N Wild black currant Ribes americanum Grossulariaceae N N FACW Northern wild gooseberry Ribes hirtellum Grossulariaceae N N FAC Buffalo currant Ribes odoratum Grossulariaceae I N N Garden red currant Ribes rubrum Grossulariaceae I N N

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 273 Bristly locust Robinia hispida Fabaceae I N N Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia Fabaceae N N FACU- Dog rose Rosa canina Rosaceae I N N Pasture rose Rosa carolina Rosaceae N N UPL Cinnamon rose Rosa cinnamomea Rosaceae I N N Sweetbrier Rosa eglanteria Rosaceae I N N French rose Rosa gallica Rosaceae I N N Multifl ora rose Rosa multifl ora Rosaceae I N FACU Swamp rose Rosa palustris Rosaceae N N OBL Rugosa rose Rosa rugosa Rosaceae I N FACU- Prairie rose Rosa setigera Rosaceae I N/TU FACU Wild rose Rosa virginiana Rosaceae N TU FAC Memorial rose Rosa wichuraiana Rosaceae I N N Common blackberry Rubus allegheniensis Rosaceae N N FACU- Southern dewberry Rubus enslenii Rosaceae N N FACU Prickly dewberry Rubus fl agellaris Rosaceae N N FACU Swamp dewberry Rubus hispidus Rosaceae N N FACW Red raspberry Rubus idaeus var. strigosus Rosaceae N N FAC- Cut-leaved blackberry Rubus laciniatus Rosaceae I N UPL Black-cap Rubus occidentalis Rosaceae N N N Purple-fl owering raspberry Rubus odoratus Rosaceae N N N Blackberry Rubus pensilvanicus Rosaceae N N N Wineberry Rubus phoenicolasius Rosaceae I N N Dwarf blackberry Rubus pubescens Rosaceae N N FACW Dewberry Rubus recurvicaulis Rosaceae N N FACU Bristly blackberry Rubus setosus Rosaceae N TU FACW Long-beaked willow Salix bebbiana Salicaceae N N FACW Goat willow Salix caprea Salicaceae I N N Gray willow Salix cinerea Salicaceae I N N Pussy willow Salix discolor Salicaceae N N FACW Diamond willow Salix eriocephala Salicaceae N N FACW+ Crack willow Salix fragilis Salicaceae I N FAC+ Upland willow Salix humilis var. humilis Salicaceae N N FACU Dwarf upland willow Salix humilis var. tristis Salicaceae N N FACU Shining willow Salix lucida ssp. lucida Salicaceae N N FACW Black willow Salix nigra Salicaceae N N FACW+ Bay-leaved willow Salix pentandra Salicaceae I N N Basket willow Salix purpurea Salicaceae I N N Silky willow Salix sericea Salicaceae N N OBL American elder Sambucus canadensis Adoxaceae N N FACW Sassafras Sassafras albidum Lauraceae N N FACU- Catbrier Smilax glauca Smilacaceae N N FACU Bristly greenbrier Smilax hispida Smilacaceae N N N Catbrier Smilax rotundifolia Smilacaceae N N FAC Trailing nightshade Solanum dulcamara var. dulcamara Solanaceae I N FAC Meadow-sweet Spiraea alba Rosaceae N N FACW+ Japanese spiraea Spiraea japonica Rosaceae I N FACU- Meadow-sweet Spiraea latifolia Rosaceae N N FAC+

274 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Bladdernut Staphylea trifolia Staphyleaceae N N FAC Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus var. albus Caprifoliaceae N N FACU- Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus Caprifoliaceae I N FACU- Coralberry Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Caprifoliaceae N N UPL Sapphire-berry Symplocos paniculata Symplocaceae I N N Common lilac Syringa vulgaris Oleaceae I N N Canadian yew Taxus canadensis Taxaceae N N FAC Basswood Tilia americana var. americana Malvaceae N N FACU Poison-ivy Toxicodendron radicans Anacardiaceae N N FAC Poison sumac Toxicodendron vernix Anacardiaceae N N OBL Canada hemlock Tsuga canadensis Pinaceae N N FACU American elm Ulmus americana Ulmaceae N N FACW- Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae I N N Red elm Ulmus rubra Ulmaceae N N FAC- Low sweet blueberry Vaccinium angustifolium Ericaceae N N FACU- Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum Ericaceae N N FACW- Cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon Ericaceae N N OBL Lowbush blueberry Vaccinium pallidum Ericaceae N N N Deerberry Vaccinium stamineum Ericaceae N N FACU- Maple-leaved viburnum Viburnum acerifolium Adoxaceae N N N Witherod Viburnum cassinoides Adoxaceae N N FACW Southern arrow-wood Viburnum dentatum Adoxaceae N N FAC Linden viburnum Viburnum dilatatum Adoxaceae I N N Nannyberry Viburnum lentago Adoxaceae N N FAC Possum-haw Viburnum nudum Adoxaceae N PE OBL Guelder-rose Viburnum opulus Adoxaceae I N N Doubleﬁ le viburnum Viburnum plicatum Adoxaceae I N N Black-haw Viburnum prunifolium Adoxaceae N N FACU Downy arrow-wood Viburnum raﬁ nesquianum Adoxaceae N N N Northern arrow-wood Viburnum recognitum Adoxaceae N N FACW- Tea viburnum Viburnum setigerum Adoxaceae I N N Siebold viburnum Viburnum sieboldii Adoxaceae I N N Highbush-cranberry Viburnum trilobum Adoxaceae N TU/PR FACW Summer grape Vitis aestivalis Vitaceae N N FACU Fox grape Vitis labrusca Vitaceae N N FACU Frost grape Vitis riparia Vitaceae N N FACW Frost grape Vitis vulpina Vitaceae N N FAC Chinese wisteria Wisteria sinensis Fabaceae I N N Prickly-ash Zanthoxylum americanum Rutaceae N N FACU

* OBL = obligate wetland species FACW = facultative wetland species FAC = facultative species FACU = facultative upland species UPL = upland species

FAC+ species are considered wetter than FAC species. FAC- species are considered drier than FAC species.

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 275 APPENDIX 1.C Species Proﬁ les of Reptiles and Amphibians of Montgomery County and Management Recommendations (Prepared by Marlin Corn, Herpetological Consultant) Montgomery County is home to a great diversity of reptiles and amphibians. The list of species resulting from this inventory should not be considered conclusive, but rather a glimpse into the realm of Montgomery County’s herpetofauna. Since the study was focused on the thirteen designated conservation landscapes within the county, much of the county was not investigated. Indeed, much of the territory within the designated landscapes was not investigated, as many areas were inaccessible. While large portions of Montgomery County are heavily urbanized, there are many locations outside of the designated landscapes containing suitable habitat for undetected species. There are recent, reliable records for at least two species in Montgomery County that were not detected during the course of this inventory. There are older records for a number of species undetected during this study that may possibly still exist in the county. Many species listed in this inventory were not found in all of the landscapes, and it is almost certain that many exist in landscapes other than where they were detected. Furthermore, other professionals and amateur enthusiasts may have recent data that might increase the list of species detected during this study. The sharing and consolidation of existing data would be valuable to the conservation efforts of Montgomery County’s reptiles and amphibians. Future surveys are recommended to ‘ﬁ ll the gaps’ that are still open in the understanding of species distribution within the county. Continued monitoring of known populations of species of special concern is also recommended.

Species Accounts Salamanders Spotted Salamander, Ambystoma maculatum 88 observations. Egg masses were observed at three locations where no adults were seen. Adult salamanders and egg masses were observed at several sites within the Unami Creek/Ridge Valley Creek Landscape, and egg masses were observed during daylight surveys in vernal pools in the Skippack Creek and Pennypack Creek Landscapes. Dependent on seasonal, ﬁ shless pools for breeding, efforts to locate such habitat may yield additional populations.

Red-spotted Newt, Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens 21 observations. Valley Forge NH Park was the only location in which this species was detected during the course of this inventory. Twenty of these specimens were adults found in wetlands adjacent to the desilting basins of the Walnut Hill region of the park. One specimen was a terrestrial eft phase, found under a log in the same area. Historical records (1935-1942) are on ﬁ le at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History for the Sumneytown area, and one site in the Abing- ton region. Red-spotted newts are on the list of reptiles and amphibians of Evansburg State Park,

276 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 provided by the park superintendent (although he does not know who compiled the list), but none were detected during this inventory. A fairly common species throughout the commonwealth, further searching may possibly yield additional populations in Montgomery County.

Redback Salamander, Plethodon cinereus 431 observations. This diminutive woodland salamander is likely the most common salamander, if not the most common vertebrate animal, in Pennsylvania. It was found in most of the thirteen landscapes, primarily in wooded areas. Further, properly timed investigations would likely show it to be present in all landscapes.

Northern Slimy Salamander, Plethodon glutinosus Two observations. Only two specimens found, one on Mount Joy in Valley Forge National Historical Park, and one on the summit of Spring Mountain. The fi ndings of this study suggest that the slimy salamander is not a common species in Montgomery County, but further concentrated investigations would likely turn up more specimens in more landscapes, as it is a secretive species. Historical fi ndings in the Sumneytown region are on record at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. In the scientifi c community there have been recent concerns about the impact of invasive earthworms on woodland salamanders, which is food for thought. Evidence of invasive earthworms was observed at most sites visited.

Northern Dusky Salamander, Desmognathus fuscus fuscus 33 observations. Found in the Mill Hill/Deep Creek, Swamp Creek, Stone Hill, and Middle Schuylkill Landscapes. All were found under rocks adjacent to small streams and creeks. Further investigations of small streams would likely reveal additional populations within these landscapes, and at least some of the other landscapes where they were not observed during this study. The Carnegie Museum of Natural History holds records for the Lower Schuylkill Landscape, as well as the Jenkintown area. I have a record from recent years for the Pennypack Creek Land- scape, which is reﬂ ected in the range map of the Pennsylvania Herpetological Atlas Project.

Northern Red Salamander, Pseudotriton ruber ruber Three observations. Observed only three times, twice under rocks in small woodland streams and once under a log near a woodland stream, northern red salamanders are likely far more common in Montgomery County than this inventory would suggest. They were observed in the Unami Creek/Ridge Valley Creek, Upper Perkiomen/Greenlane Reservoir and Middle Schuylkill Landscapes during this project. Typically found under rocks along and in cold water streams, further efforts concentrated on this type of habitat would likely yield many more specimens in additional landscapes.

Northern 2-lined Salamander, Eurycea bislineata 166 observations. This species was detected in all landscapes except two: the Middle Perkiomen and the Upper Schuylkill Landscapes. Most specimens observed were adults found under rocks adjacent to small streams, and several larval specimens were observed swimming within some of the streams. One of the most common salamanders in the state of Pennsylvania, it is likely present in small waterways of all landscapes.

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 277 Longtail Salamander, Eurycea longicauda longicauda 15 observations. Longtail salamanders were observed in the Unami Creek/Ridge Valley Creek, Swamp Creek and Middle Schuylkill Landscapes. I also recall fi nding a longtail salamander in a tributary of the Wissahickon Creek in the late 1990s while training volunteers of the Wis- sahickon Valley Watershed Association on herpetological survey techniques. Judith Gratz, on staff at the WVWA reported fi nding it on their preserve in recent years. Typically associated with water, it is interesting to note that several observations were in terrestrial habitat. One specimen was found under debris at the ruins of an old house at Whites Mill, approximately 25 meters from Ridge Valley Creek. Another was found under a small diabase boulder, perched atop a pile of similar sized rocks that someone had previously piled in the forest. This location was at least 50 meters from the nearest water source. Most specimens observed in Valley Forge NH Park were found under rocks on the bank of the Valley Creek, but three specimens were observed along the trail above the creek; two under a large fl at rock. The third, the most unusual observation, was of a large specimen that ran downhill from a talus slide at least 30 meters from the creek, out onto the trail. Scanning the area with binoculars, a long tail shrew was seen moving in and out of the talus.

Frogs and Toads American Toad, Bufo americanus 108 observations of adults, hundreds of newly metamorphosed specimens, and thousands of tadpoles. Observations were made in all but the Stone Hill Landscape. Undoubtedly they exist in that landscape as well, as this is one of the most cosmopolitan of amphibians. Eggs and tadpoles were observed in numerous locations, most notably in the Unami and Swamp Creeks where the shallows were teeming with thousands, possibly hundreds of thousands of tadpoles in late spring. Hundreds of newly emerged toadlets were observed along the banks of Swamp Creek on June 6, 2007.

Fowlers Toad, Bufo woodhousii fowleri Eight adult observations, scores of newly metamorphosed specimens. Fowler’s toads were observed on three different dates, only within the fl oodplain of the Schuylkill River in the Lin- fi eld area. Six adult specimens were found under boards, at least 200 meters from the river. Two were found actively moving through vegetation closer to the river on an overcast day. Scores of newly emerged toadlets were observed on the bank of the river, mid-day of June 12, 2007. There are records for Valley Forge NH Park, which straddles the Schuylkill River, and the range map for this species in the fi nal report of the Pennsylvania Herpetological Atlas Project shows a record which appears to be on the lower Perkiomen. A historical record exists for Prospect- ville. Other populations likely exist but may possibly be restricted to the Schuylkill River and the lower reaches of its larger tributaries, as Fowler’s toads are generally found in environments containing loose, sandy soils which are usually associated with this type of habitat.

Spring Peeper, Pseudacris crucifer crucifer 1065+ observations of adults and over 1000 tadpoles. The bulk of spring peeper observations were auditory estimates of choruses, and observations of tadpoles, particularly in the wetlands of the Pennypack watershed. They were observed in the Mill Hill/Deep Creek, Unami Creek/Ridge

278 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Valley Creek, Middle Perkiomen Creek, Skippack Creek, Middle Schuylkill, and Pennypack Creek Landscapes. Further investigations of wetlands at the appropriate time of year would likely reveal more populations in at least some of the other landscapes.

Gray Treefrog, Hyla versicolor 49 observations. Gray treefrogs were detected in only three designated landscapes: Middle Schuylkill, Central Perkiomen and Unami Creek/Ridge Valley Creek. All were detected during calling amphibian monitoring surveys. Two populations were found in different areas of Valley Forge NH Park. A population was detected in Berks County, just north of the Upper Perkiomen/ Green Lane Reservoir Landscape. The Pennsylvania Herpetological Atlas Project range map shows a record for the Pennypack Creek Landscape, but none were detected there by this study. Additional calling amphibian monitoring surveys, on moist nights in the months of May and June, would likely turn up more populations of gray tree frogs within Montgomery County.

Wood Frog, Rana sylvatica 137 observations of adults and numerous egg masses. Most observations of wood frogs and their egg masses were made in the Unami Creek/Ridge Valley Creek and Mill Hill/Deep Creek Land- scapes. One specimen was encountered moving through forest adjacent to Green Lane reservoir, and wood frog egg masses were observed in a man-made pond at the Natural Lands Trust Meng Preserve in the Stone Hill Landscape. As with Ambystomid salamanders, wood frogs are dependent on ﬁ shless pools for breeding, and locating additional sites with this type of habitat would likely yield more populations. There are recent records for Valley Forge NH Park, and the Penn- sylvania Herpetological Atlas Project shows a record in the southeastern region of Montgomery County, but none was detected in that region during the course of this inventory.

Pickerel Frog, Rana palustris 156 observations. Pickerel frogs were observed in eight of the 13 landscapes during these surveys, sometimes seeming ubiquitous. They were not observed in the Spring Mountain, Stone Hills, Middle Perkiomen Creek, Skippack Creek or Wissahickon Creek Landscapes. They were most often found moving through the wet vegetation of forests and wetlands, but also in a variety of aquatic situations. Further investigations would likely turn up specimens in at least some of these landscapes.

Green Frog, Rana clamitans melanota 415 observations. One of the most common frogs in Pennsylvania, unsurprising, the green frog was found in all landscapes. Specimens of many shades of green were observed from late March through early October (latest seasonal survey date was October 9, 2006) in most aquatic habitats visited, including larger creeks and rivers, where it could be found in quieter backwater areas. Smaller specimens frequently were encountered under rocks in smaller streams.

Bullfrog, Rana catesbieana 109 observations. Bullfrogs were encountered in a variety of aquatic situations, but most often along the banks of ponds and lakes. They were observed in all landscapes except Spring Moun- tain, Skippack Creek, Middle Perkiomen Creek and Lower Schuylkill. Further investigations

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 279 would likely reveal bullfrogs in the aquatic habitats of these landscapes as well. It is interesting to note that the majority of bullfrog observations were made in the more urbanized regions of the county. It is possible that the bullfrog is more common in Montgomery County now than in the past, as it has been widely introduced to new locations throughout the state. The Carnegie Museum of Natural History has no historical records for this species in Montgomery County.

Snakes Northern Water Snake, Nerodia sipedon sipedon 47 observations. The most commonly observed snake during the course of this inventory, most were observed, appropriately enough, in association with water. Many were found under rocks adjacent to creeks and streams, and many were observed basking on branches or debris over- hanging water, or on the banks. At least two were observed more than 50 meters from the nearest water. Observed in ten of the 13 landscapes, northern water snakes would likely turn up in the remaining three landscapes upon further investigations of their waterways.

Northern Brown Snake, Storeria dekayi One observation. Detected only in the Upper Perkiomen/Green Lane Reservoir Landscape, this species proved elusive during the course of this inventory. Numerous specimens have been reported from Valley Forge NH Park, and the range map in the ﬁ nal results of the Pennsylvania Herpetological Atlas Project also documents it in the Middle Schuylkill Landscape as well as the Pennypack Creek Landscape. Jennica Nobre, on staff at the Pennypack Ecological Restoration Trust claims to have found it in that landscape in recent years. Intensive searches, particularly where cover objects are abundant, could possibly yield more specimens in other landscapes.

Eastern Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis 36 observations. Garter snakes were found in all landscapes except the Upper Schuylkill, and the Wissahickon Creek, although it almost undoubtedly resides in those as well. A large percentage of observed garter snakes were found under cover objects and many were seen actively moving about in a variety of habitats. Three specimens were found dead, and two were identiﬁ ed by shed skins.

Northern Ringneck Snake, Diadophis punctatus edwardsii 14 observations. Found in all but four landscapes; Stone Hills, Middle Perkiomen Creek, Up- per Schuylkill, and the Wissahickon Creek Corridor (Should we mention that Ann, Tim, and I found one on the prison property, as this is in the Middle Perk Landscape area?). Intense searching of rocky areas in these four regions might well turn up specimens of this relatively common, but secretive species. The fact that one specimen (incidentally the tiniest specimen) was found in the most urbanized setting that was surveyed (under a rock next to a junk yard in the Lower Schuylkill Landscape, near Philadelphia) suggests that the northern Ringneck snake is a very adaptable species.

Northern Black Racer, Coluber constrictor constrictor

280 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 10 observations. Found in the Unami Creek/Ridge Valley Creek, Spring Mountain, Skippack Creek, Middle Schuylkill and Wissahickon Creek Corridor Landscapes. All but two specimens, which were found under cover objects, where observed out in the open basking or actively moving. All specimens were found in relatively open habitat. Quick and alert, racers are difﬁ cult to approach and even more difﬁ cult to capture. They are likely to be present in additional landscapes in Montgomery County.

Black Rat Snake, Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta Two observations. One observation came from a shed skin found in a woodpile in the Unami Creek/Upper Ridge Valley Creek Landscape, and a live specimen was captured moving along the edge of a mixed hardwood and red-cedar forest, adjacent to a power line swath, in the Upper Perkiomen/Green Lane Reservoir Landscape. Although I have heard of sightings in various parts of Montgomery County over the years, the only documented records I came across were specimens reported in Valley Forge NH Park in 1985, and another record from the Upper Perkiomen region. Black rat snakes may occur in other parts of Montgomery County, but apparently are far from widespread.

Eastern Milksnake, Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum Two observations. One adult was found under a cover board along a power line swath in the Un- ami Creek/Ridge Valley Creek Landscape. A juvenile specimen was found in the Swamp Creek Landscape. A very secretive species, it was frustrating not to ﬁ nd more specimens. Milksnakes are likely present in many of the thirteen designated landscapes, particularly where old farm buildings exist, as they are predators of the rodents these buildings tend to attract.

Copperhead, Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen No copperheads were observed in Montgomery County during this inventory. Tiebout et. al. reported a DOR specimen dead on the road at the base of Mount Joy, in Montgomery County in their 2003 study. This is the only population in Montgomery County that has been conﬁ rmed in recent years. There are numerous historical records (1932-1962) from the Unami Creek drainage, conﬁ rmed by voucher specimens in the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. No specimens were observed in that area despite intensive searching.

Turtles Common Snapping Turtle, Chelydra serpentina 23 observations. The common snapping turtle was observed in seven of the 13 landscapes, but it is likely present in all, as it is a habitat generalist and often moves from one body of water to another. Two large specimens were observed nesting, and another was seen walking along the power line swath at Mill Hill Woods Preserve in the Mill Hill/Deep Creek Landscape. All other specimens were observed in aquatic situations. At least two were seen basking on ﬂ oating logs and most of the others were either ﬂ oating at the surface or actively moving underwater. One large dead specimen was observed on a bank of Swamp Creek.

Common Musk Turtle, Sternotherus odoratus

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 281 13 observations. Observed in Middle Schuylkill, Middle Perkiomen Creek, Swamp Creek, and Unami Creek/Ridge Valley Creek Landscapes. Further investigations of waterways in the other designated landscapes in Montgomery County would likely turn up additional specimens. Since this turtle was observed in the Schuylkill River, it is quite possible for it to exist in any of this river’s tributaries. All specimens were observed either basking, or actively foraging in shallow water.

Eastern Box Turtle, Terrapene carolina carolina 24 observations. Observed in the Mill Hill/Deep Creek, Unami Creek/Ridge Valley Creek, Up- per Perkiomen/Green Lane Reservoir, Spring Mountain, Swamp Creek, Stone Hill and Middle Perkiomen Creek Landscapes, it appears that box turtles are still faring well in the less developed northern half on the county. None were observed in the southern half, although sixteen observations were reported in Valley Forge NH Park during a 2003 inventory. Jennica Nobre of the Pennypack Ecological Restoration Trust reported ﬁ nding a box turtle on that preserve in recent years. Judith Gratz of the Wissahickon Valley Watershed Association reported seeing a specimen several years ago on their preserve. Since the southern half of the county has more roads and more people, it has likely suffered greater impact from collecting and road mortality there than in the north. These are considered to be two of the leading causes for an overall decline in the northeast in recent years.

Bog Turtle, Glyptemys muhlenbergii (formerly Clemmys muhlenbergii) No bog turtles were observed during the course of this inventory. It is possible other populations exist in yet to be documented locations. Suitable habitat was found at several locations, although most were small tracts of marginal habitat. One site investigated in the northern end of the county was the most promising; approximately ten acres of open wetland with vegetation, soil and hydrology consistent with bog turtle habitat.

Spotted Turtle, Clemmys guttata Two observations. Only two spotted turtles were found during the course of this inventory, in a large wet meadow in the northern end of the county. No other records for spotted turtles in Montgomery County were found. Efforts to locate and survey other sites with suitable habitat might possibly yield additional populations within the county. Considered a species of special concern in Pennsylvania, protection of this, and any other newly discovered populations should be vigilant.

Wood Turtle, Glyptemys insculpta Three observations. A mating pair of wood turtles was observed in a grassy meadow and another specimen was found in a tall-grass meadow in the Upper Perkiomen/Green Lane Reservoir Landscape. A wood turtle was observed basking on debris in the Schuylkill River, near Lower Pottsgrove, in 2002. A local enthusiast, Bill Moses, provided a photograph of a wood turtle that he took in Valley Forge NH Park recently. It is possible that these two turtles may have been wanderers, using the Schuylkill River as a travel corridor. It is possible that wood turtles exist in other landscapes in Montgomery County, however they are believed to have suffered serious decline throughout the commonwealth in recent years. For that reason they are currently consid-

282 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 ered a species of special concern.

Common Map Turtle, Graptemys geographica 10 observations. One small map turtle was found dead on a road adjacent the Schuylkill River. It was not a casualty of an automobile, but appeared to have become trapped; unable to climb the high curbs once on the road, and likely died of dehydration. All other specimens were observed basking on the river. The Schuylkill River is likely the only place map turtles naturally exist in Montgomery County, as it provides the only habitat that they are typically found in; lakes or rivers larger than 50 meters wide. In past years I have observed this species on the Schuylkill River as far north as Lower Pottsgrove.

Painted Turtle, Chrysemys picta 308+ observations. Easily the most common turtle to be observed during this inventory, except in the Spring Mountain and Upper Schuylkill Landscapes. Further investigations of waterways would undoubtedly reveal them in these landscapes as well. The painted turtles in the Delaware drainage, of which the Schuylkill is part, have been demonstrated to be intergrades of the midland and eastern subspecies, so no efforts to determine subspecies were made during this inventory. The frequency of sightings during this inventory support the belief that the painted turtle is the most common species in the commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

Red-eared Slider, Trachemys scripta elegans 42 observations. Observed in the Unami Creek/Ridge Valley Creek, Upper Perkiomen/Green Lane Reservoir, Stone Hill, Middle Perkiomen Creek, Middle Schuylkill and Pennypack Creek Landscapes. It is likely that they are present in more, if not all of the landscapes. All specimens were observed either in ponds or in the Schuylkill River, except one large specimen seen basking on a rock in the middle of the Perkiomen Creek. In the large pond of the Saratoga Creek in the Sanatoga Memorial Park, red-eared sliders greatly out-numbered painted turtles. In the Betzwood bridge area of the Schuylkill River, more red-eared sliders were observed than painted turtles on two different dates. Several hatchlings were captured in that area as well, strongly sug- gesting that this species is breeding there.

Redbelly Turtle, Pseudemys rubriventris 21 observations. The redbelly turtle is listed as a threatened species in the state of Pennsylva- nia. Most observations were made in the Schuylkill River and Green Lane Reservoir. Obser- vations were also made in the Perkiomen and Skippack Creeks. One large female was found out wandering a mowed grassy area in the Deep Creek region of Green Lane Reservoir, during the nesting season. As there are records for redbelly turtles in the Schuylkill River at least as far north as Lower Pottsgrove, it is likely they could be found in the lower reaches of any of the Schuylkill’s tributaries.

Spiny Softshell Turtle, Trionyx spiniferus spiniferus Two observations. One softshell turtle was observed surface basking on the Schuylkill River in Valley Forge NH Park. Another turtle was seen basking on the bank of the Schuylkill in the Norristown area. The closest previously documented softshell turtles occur in the Neshaminy

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 283 Creek of Bucks County. They have also been observed in the Delaware River, and two lakes in southern Bucks County in recent years. According to Hulse, et. al., 2002, these turtles are likely the result of human intervention since they don’t occur outside the Ohio/Allegheny drainage systems.

Management Recommendations At least thirty-ﬁ ve species of reptiles and amphibians are present in Montgomery County. One species, the bog turtle, Glyptemys muhlenbergii, is federally listed as threatened, and in Penn- sylvania, it is listed as endangered. The redbelly turtle, Pseudemys rubriventris is listed as threatened in our state. As many as seven others are species of special concern because they are believed to be in serious decline in our state; eastern box turtle, Terrapene carolina carolina, wood turtle, Glyptemys insculpta, spotted turtle, Clemmys guttata, Fowler’s toad, Bufo woodhousii fowleri and copperhead, Aksitrodon contortrix mokasen have all been conﬁ rmed as a result of this study. In addition, there are records for queen snake, Regina septemvittata in recent years. While all of the other species listed in this report are regarded more or less as common in Penn- sylvania, reptiles and amphibians in general are sensitive to ecological disturbances. Below are some suggestions for the protection of Montgomery County’s herpetofauna.

Preserving and Protecting Habitat The best way to protect species is to preserve and protect the land on which they are found. Montgomery County still has some vast areas of scenic open space, particularly in the north, thanks to the efforts of conservation organizations, concerned citizens, landowners and governmental entities. Yet when visiting any of these protected areas, one does not need to travel far to ﬁ nd a new housing, commercial or industrial development in progress. There may be unknown populations of rare herpetological species on private landholdings, which could be imperiled by the sale and development of that land. Known populations on protected parcels may be affected by the development of neighboring properties by resultant degradation of water quality, lowering water tables, and increased road building. Many herpetological species are seasonal wanderers, and may travel on and off protected land at different times of the year. New developments may destroy habitat that is critical to these seasonal movements, and increased road building subjects wandering species to increased peril. Some of the most sensitive species are dependent on wetlands and waterways for part, or all of the year. The protection of waterways and remaining wetlands, including seasonal pools, should be paramount. The protection of lands buffering these areas is also vital to the well being of wetland herpetological species.

Protecting and Improving Water Quality Most amphibians depend on an aquatic habitat for at least part, if not all of their life cycles. Due to the thin, moist skin through which cutaneous respiration occurs, they are extremely sensitive to changes in water pH and purity. Certain reptiles depend on aquatic habitat as well, and while they may not be as physiologically at risk as amphibians from degraded water quality, some of their prey species are. For example, queen snakes are dietary specialists, feeding almost exclu- sively on soft-shelled crawﬁ sh, which are dependent on unpolluted streams. Continued protection and improvement of the water quality of Montgomery County’s lakes, rivers and streams is

284 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 important to the conservation of its herpetofauna.

Controlling Invasive Species Non-native, invasive species of plants were observed on virtually every site visited during this inventory. Invasive plant species are known to degrade habitat, reduce biodiversity, and ultimate- ly affect native species in a given landscape. There has been a great deal of education on this topic, as well as eradication efforts by many governmental, conservation and educational entities. Continued education and eradication efforts are strongly recommended. Non-native, invasive earthworms were observed in all landscapes and on most sites. This species is believed to impact forest ecology by devouring leaf litter far more quickly than it normally takes to decompose. There is a concern that this may be affecting woodland salamander populations in the northeast by eliminating the cover and food source of their prey species, as well as eliminating cover for the salamanders themselves. Studies by various academic insti- tutions in the northeastern U.S. are being conducted on ways to control this invasive species. Close monitoring of these studies by land management entities is recommended for possible future control measures. Red-eared sliders, Trachemys scripta elegans, an introduced species of turtle, was observed at a number of sites; it was one of the most commonly observed turtle species in the section of the Schuylkill River that runs through Valley Forge National Historical Park. Red-eared sliders are believed by some to be aggressive competitors of other turtle species for available basking sites, which are often sparse in a given area. This may be particularly problematic for the state-threatened redbelly turtle. Trapping and removal of this species wherever it is found in the county is recommended. The installation of basking platforms where redbelly turtles are known to occur may help alleviate the competition for basking sites by red-eared sliders.

Enforcement of Laws Prohibiting the Collection of Species Many species of reptiles and amphibians have suffered serious population declines in Penn- sylvania. As a result, new regulations regarding the collection of many species recently have been instituted. The enforcement of these regulations by law enforcement offi cers and park personnel, as well as vigilance on the part of land-owners and citizens will help the long-term survival prospects of these species. PA Code Chapter 45 Conservation of Pennsylvania Wild Plants, Sections 45.31 through 45.33 states that “A person, other than the landowner, a person having a bona fi de property interest in the affected land or Bureau of Forestry personnel in the performance of their offi cial duties, may not disturb, pick, take, possess, destroy, mutilate, remove, collect or transplant plants classifi ed as Pennsylvania Endangered, Pennsylvania Threat- ened, (or) Pennsylvania Vulnerable.”

Redbelly Turtle Management The redbelly turtle, Pseudemys rubriventris, listed as a threatened species in Pennsylvania, is present in several landscapes in Montgomery County. Most observations were made on the Schuylkill River and in the Green Lane Reservoir, with additional observations in the Perkiomen and Skippack Creeks. Because it occurs in the Schuylkill, it has the potential to show up in any of the tributaries of this river. Red-eared sliders, an introduced species, were often observed in

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 285 close proximity to redbelly turtles. This may constitute a threat to the redbelly, as these two species compete for the same ecological niche. The potential for this problem could be reduced by the trapping and removal of red-eared sliders and the installation of artiﬁ cial basking platforms to reduce competition for basking habitat. Mowed lawns are frequently used by female redbelly turtles for nesting habitat. The continued mowing of areas adjacent to known redbelly populations may be advisable, as established populations may be dependent on them for reproduction.

Queen Snake Management Queen snakes recently have been documented in sections of the Valley Creek in Valley Forge NH Park, and Brandon Ruhe claims to have observed them along the upper Perkiomen Creek. This species has apparently declined in Pennsylvania, and they are rare at best in Montgomery Coun- ty. Dependent on soft-shelled crawﬁ sh as their primary food source, any compromise of water quality of these streams may have serious consequences for this species. Ample cover objects adjacent to the streams queen snakes inhabit are also critical to their success. For that reason it may be advisable to evaluate and monitor the stream banks that queen snakes are known to inhabit for cover habitat, and possibly install additional cover objects in those areas.

Bog Turtle and Spotted Turtle Management A few populations of bog turtles have been recently documented in Montgomery County, and one population of spotted turtles was conﬁ rmed during the course of this inventory. Bog turtles are listed as endangered in Pennsylvania, and spotted turtles have declined signiﬁ cantly. Thus it would be prudent to protect these populations as much as possible. The wetland the spotted turtles reside in is currently protected, but all of the land surrounding this area may not be. Future development of those areas might impact the wetland at some point in the future. A farm lies adjacent the wetland, and the possible use of fertilizers and pesticides could easily affect the site. Maintaining secrecy as to the location of this site is advisable to thwart potential poaching. Continued monitoring of the known populations of bog turtles and spotted turtles is advisable.

Wood Turtle and Box Turtle Management Both wood turtle and box turtle populations have declined in Pennsylvania. Over-collecting, loss of habitat, and habitat fragmentation are believed to be the primary reasons for these declines. Strict enforcement of no-collecting policies by public parks is advisable. Maintaining secrecy of known population sites is advisable to reduce the potential for poaching. Possibly the most important consideration is the avoidance of habitat fragmentation and road-building in areas where populations of these turtles exist.

Reducing Road Kills Several DOR specimens of reptiles and amphibians (and many other animals) were observed during the course of this survey, including two box turtles. Proactive measures to reduce the road mortality of turtles and other animals might include reducing the speed limit in areas of known populations, the installation of culverts under roads at sites that turtles are frequently observed crossing (generally where roads traverse wetlands), and education of the general public.

286 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007