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Tetracycline: Classification, Structure Activity Relationship and Mechanism of Action As a Theranostic Agent for Infectious Lesions-A Mini Review

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Tetracycline: Classification, Structure Activity Relationship and Mechanism of Action As a Theranostic Agent for Infectious Lesions-A Mini Review ISSN: 2574-1241 Volume 5- Issue 4: 2018 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2018.07.001475 Syed Faheem Askari Rizvi. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res Mini Review Open Access Tetracycline: Classification, Structure Activity Relationship and Mechanism of Action as a Theranostic Agent for Infectious Lesions-A Mini Review Saleha Tariq, Syed Faheem Askari Rizvi* and Ummar Anwar Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad- 38000, Pakistan Received: July 11, 2018; Published: July 25, 2018 *Corresponding author: Syed Faheem Askari Rizvi, Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad- 38000, Pakistan, Abstract Various antibiotics are synthesized and used against infectious diseases to mimic the death rate. The tetracyclines are a broad spectrum antibiotics discoveredInfectious as natural diseases products are a major with exclusive cause of biological threat throughout and chemical the propertiesworld which against may bothhave gram-positive/negative concern with microorganisms, bacteria. specificallyMany of members bacteria. of this family also possess some non-antibacterial properties such as anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant and inhibition of lipase. Various studies dragreveals the structure attention activity toward relationship labeling of tetracycline of the tetracycline with radioisotopes family, which for shows imaging the of bioactivity, infectious strengthlesions. For and labeling selectivity purposes, to biological optimization target, specificallyconditions, characterization,depends upon modification in-vivo and of in-vitro lower and studies upper are peripheral essential zonesparameters of tetracycline to be studied. skeleton. In clinical The broad practice, spectrum tetracycline antibacterial and threeactivities of its of analogs tetracyclines were Graphical Abstract. labeled with technetium-99m ( Tc-99m) used as diagnostic agents for renal and myocardial abnormalities as well as for inflammatory disorders Graphical Abstract Keywords: Tetracyclines; Antibacterial; Anti-Inflammatory; Immune-suppressant; Structure Activity Relationship Introduction The attention of worldwide scientists in search of antibiotic Infection is a complex mechanism caused by the entrance of drugs was diverted after the announcement of Alexander Fleming’s living microbes (bacteria, fungi and viruses) and other factors such discovery regarding penicillin. Various families of antibiotics as traumatism, physical and chemical agents which cause infection. have been discovered up till now and categorized based on their Large number of infectious diseases causes worldwide death, so mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. early stage diagnosis may help to reduce morbidity and mortality. Some antibiotics have bactericidal activities to attack on the bacterial cell wall and bacterial cell membrane such as penicillins, root cause of infectious disorders. In spite of having many advanced Diagnosis of infectious disease involves the identification of the vancomycin, isoniazid and cephalosporins polymyxins, while some techniques to identify and treat infectious lesions, the world is antibiotics do their work by inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis such facing a great threat of infectious diseases which is deleterious. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research (BJSTR) 5787 Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research Volume 7- Issue 2: 2018 as actinomycin, nucleotide analogs or hold up the essential bacterial developing countries with limited health care budgets and have a enzymes like rifamycins, lipiamycins, quinolones and sulfonamides. immunosuppression, inhibition of lipase and collagenase activity number of non-antibacterial effects, including anti-inflammatory, and wound healing [5-7]. Target specificity is another way of classification, according spectrum and broad spectrum. Narrow spectrum antibiotics target In this article our focus is on the class of tetracycline to which antibiotics are classified into two main groups, narrow which behaves as typical and atypical antibiotics. The typical whereas broad spectrum antibiotics act against a wide range of tetracyclines such as tetracyclines, doxycyclines, minocyclines and specific type of bacteria such as gram positive/negative bacteria, disease causing bacteria such as ampicillin, which is used to prevent chlortetracyclines are bacteriostatic antibiotics which inhibit the and treat number of bacterial infections including respiratory synthesis of protein by binding with ribosomal subunits. Other and urinary tract infections, meningitis, salmonella infection and tetracyclines have atypical mechanism which works as bactericidal endocarditis [1]. Government sponsored research and development by killing bacteria. These are very toxic for both prokaryotes and program to promote the growth of antibiotic’s research. In order eukaryotes. Atypical tetracyclines disrupt cell membrane; inhibit to contribute toward this research in mid of 1940s a 71 years old all cellular processes and macromolecules synthesis pathways. Benjamin Minge Duggar head of the soil engineering department Furthermore both typical and atypical tetracyclines have pharmacological effects against eukaryotic cells across multiple cell types [8]. identified tetracycline as a therapeutic substance produced by soil as a fermentation product of golden colored soil bacterium named microorganisms. At early stages, tetracycline was first originated In the late 1940s and early 1950s, tetracyclines were recognized Streptomyces aureofacians [2]. This discovery led to many natural because of their broad spectrum antibacterial activity and became and semi-synthetic derivatives that expanded the spectrum of activity. Tetracycline is a class of antibiotics biologically effective and discovered antibiotic was aureomycin (chlortetracycline) named in commercially available for the treatment and prevention of growth commercialized with clinical success. In this class, the first reference to its yellow color and golden colored streptomyces strain of gram positive/negative bacteria and intercellular chlamydiae, from which it is extracted [9]. Within a short time another antibiotic mycoplasmas and rickettsiae. It has bactericidal (destroy the terramycin (oxytetracycline) was discovered by Alexander Finlay bacteria) or bacteriostatic (hinder the reproduction and growth and colleagues in 1950 [10]. This medicine gained remarkable of bacteria) potential, extensively used as antibiotics for human success in the treatment of broad spectrum of infectious diseases. and veterinary use [3]. They possess exclusive biological and chemical characteristics to work equally against prokaryotes and eukaryotes bacteria by interacting with different cellular targets After some modification in the structure of aureomycin, a new favorable pharmacological activity; was subsequently named, and receptors [4]. They are very vibrant molecules because of their compound of higher potency, with a better solubility profile and drugs led to the discovery of other members of this family (Figure is one of the cheapest classes of antibiotics, abundantly used in tetracycline [9]. In short, modifications in the structure of these use in the field of neurology, oncology and virology [2]. Tetracycline 1). Figure 1: Structure-Activity-Relationship of Tetracyclines. Shaded: Contact region of 30S rRNA. In blue polygonal: same anthracycline region [32]. doxycycline [12]. One bioengineered strain by Lederle scientist approach, modifying the C-ring of oxytetracycline to afford chemical formed a new member of tetracycline called demeclocycline [13] Pfizer chemists, led by Robert Blackwood, chose a disjunctive stability, where halogenations and C6-dehydration yielded the which possess unique C6 and C7 bioactive functional groups. antibiotic methacycline [11]. It was further used as starting Another analog possessing a C7-dimethylamine group was material by Charlie Stephens to produce an analog with remarkable found to exhibit far greater antibacterial and pharmacological activity against a large range of bacteria called minocycline [9]. antibiotic activity, stability and pharmacological efficacy; Cite this article: Saleha T, Syed Faheem A R, Ummar A as a Theranostic Agent for Infectious Lesions-A Mini Review. Biomed J Sci&Tech Res 7(2)- 2018. BJSTR. MS.ID.001475. DOI: 10.26717/ 5788 BJSTR.2018.07.001475. Tetracycline: Classification, Structure Activity Relationship and Mechanism of Action Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research Volume 7- Issue 2: 2018 Furthermore, a C4 dimethylamino group with its natural 4S isomer is required for optimal antibacterial activity [14]. Wyeth launched a family that spread their inherent potential as mammalian In 1983 another scientific front evolved from tetracycline program to chemically modify the minocycline scaffold, producing therapeutics. Minocycline possess inherent and extremely potent C9-amino derivative possessing amide functionality with a glycine subunit attached, generating hundreds of new analogs for assay and actions i.e inhibition collagenase activity in gram free rats, and use anti-inflammatory activity that was independent of its antibacterial evaluation and naming the series the glycylcline [15]. Many of the to treat osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in animal models compounds were active against gram-positive/negative bacteria. [18]. One compound, doxycycline, was found to be a potent inhibitor of degradation Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzyme both in- studies and were
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