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Library Technology R E P O R T S Expert Guides to Library Systems and Services Mobile Learning Trends: Accessibility, Ecosystems, Content Creation Nicole Hennig alatechsource.org American Library Association About the Author Library Technology Nicole Hennig is an independent user experience profes- sional, helping librarians and educators effectively use REPORTS mobile technologies. She is the author of several books and technical reports, including Apps for Librarians: ALA TechSource purchases fund advocacy, awareness, and Using the Best Mobile Technology to Educate, Create, accreditation programs for library professionals worldwide. and Engage and Best Apps for Academics (http://nicole Volume 52, Number 3 hennig.com/books). Mobile Learning Trends: Her online courses—Apps for Librarians and Educa- Accessibility, Ecosystems, Content Creation tors, Organize Your Life with Mobile Apps, and The Book ISBN: 978-0-8389-5971-8 as iPad App (http://nicolehennig.com/courses)—have enabled librarians from all types of institutions to effec- American Library Association tively implement mobile technologies in their programs 50 East Huron St. Chicago, IL 60611-2795 USA and services. Her e-mail newsletter, Mobile Apps News alatechsource.org (http://nicolehennig.com/mobile-apps-news), helps librar- 800-545-2433, ext. 4299 ians stay current with mobile technologies. 312-944-6780 312-280-5275 (fax) Nicole worked for the MIT Libraries for fourteen years as head of user experience and web manager. She is the Advertising Representative winner of several awards, including the MIT Excellence Patrick Hogan Award for Innovative Solutions. For more information, see [email protected] 312-280-3240 her website: nicolehennig.com. Editor Patrick Hogan Abstract [email protected] 312-280-3240 The widespread adoption of mobile computing is a Copy Editor good thing for librarians who care about access for all. Judith Lauber Mobile devices make use of “natural user interfaces,” Production and those interfaces are making computing easier Tim Clifford and Alison Elms for people of all ages and abilities. Mobile learning is headed in a direction that is empowering for learn- Cover Design ers of all abilities. Library Technology Reports (vol. 52, Alejandra Diaz no. 3), “Mobile Learning Trends: Accessibility, Ecosys- tems, Content Creation,” focuses on three trends: • natural user interfaces and accessibility • multi-device ecosystems Library Technology Reports (ISSN 0024-2586) is published eight times a • content creation with mobile devices year (January, March, April, June, July, September, October, and Decem- ber) by American Library Association, 50 E. Huron St., Chicago, IL 60611. It includes ideas for how libraries can use this infor- It is managed by ALA TechSource, a unit of the publishing department of mation to empower their users and resources for ALA. Periodical postage paid at Chicago, Illinois, and at additional mail- ing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Library Technology learning more about these topics. Reports, 50 E. Huron St., Chicago, IL 60611. Trademarked names appear in the text of this journal. Rather than identify or insert a trademark symbol at the appearance of each name, the authors Acknowledgments and the American Library Association state that the names are used for editorial purposes exclusively, to the ultimate benefit of the owners of the trademarks. There is absolutely no intention of infringement on the rights I’d like to thank all of the students who’ve participated of the trademark owners. in my online courses, Apps for Librarians and Educators, Organize Your Life with Mobile Apps, and The Book as iPad App. Your feedback and enthusiasm for these topics helped me continually improve the courses and inspired me to write this report. alatechsource.org Copyright © 2016 Nicole Hennig All Rights Reserved. Contents Chapter 1—Natural User Interfaces and Accessibility 5 Natural User Interfaces Are Making Computing Easier for All Ages and Abilities 5 Putting the Human before the Computer: The Move from GUI to NUI 5 Types of NUIs 6 Why Everyone Should Pay Attention to Matters of Disability 6 Examples of NUIs 9 Summary 16 Notes 16 Chapter 2—Multi-Device Ecosystems 18 Cloud Services and the Internet of Things 18 Three Ways That Devices Can Work Together 19 Examples 20 Summary 24 Notes 24 Chapter 3—Content Creation with Mobile Devices 25 Libraries Facilitating Creation 25 Active Creation as the Best Way to Learn 25 Mobile Devices for Content Creation 25 Types of Content Creation 26 Examples of Creating with Mobile Apps 26 Summary 29 Notes 30 Chapter 4—Opportunities for Libraries and Further Resources 31 Create Guides, Online and in Print, That Recommend the Best Mobile Technologies 31 Offer Workshops on How to Use These Technologies 31 Provide Devices That People Can Use Together with Their Own Smartphones or Tablets, Such as Large Screens, Smart TV Systems, or Amazon Echo 32 Support Training for Your Staff in These New Technologies 32 Keeping in Touch 32 Questions to Consider 32 Continue Your Learning 33 Notes 37 Get Your Library Technology Reports Online! Subscribers to ALA TechSource’s Library Technology Reports can read digital versions, in PDF and HTML for- mats, at http://journals.ala.org/ltr. Subscribers also have access to an archive of past issues. After an embargo period of twelve months, Library Technology Reports are available open access. The archive goes back to 2001. Subscriptions alatechsource.org/subscribe Chapter 1 Natural User Interfaces and Accessibility he widespread adoption of mobile computing is a computers using actions related to everyday behavior, good thing for librarians who care about access such as touch, gestures, speech, and conversation.1 T for all. That’s because mobile devices make use The goal is to make it easy for humans to understand of natural user interfaces, and those interfaces are and use computers without having to learn compli- making computing easier for people of all ages and cated or abstract ways of doing things. Designers of abilities, as you’ll see in this report. these interfaces aim to create experiences that feel This trend, combined with the move toward multi- just as natural to a novice as to an expert user—and device ecosystems and the emphasis on students as for expert users it can feel like an extension of their creators with mobile apps, means that mobile learning body. is headed in a direction that is empowering for learn- ers of all abilities. There are other trends in mobile learning, but this Putting the Human before report focuses on these three: the Computer: The Move from GUI to NUI • natural user interfaces and accessibility • multi-device ecosystems NUIs are a new branch in the evolution of human- • content creation with mobile devices computer interaction, after GUIs (graphic user inter- faces). GUIs were designed to make computing easier That’s because there are synergies between these to learn than command-line interfaces, where you had trends that offer opportunities for those who care to remember specific commands and type them. By about access for all. We’ll also discuss opportunities using the metaphor of a desktop, with a trash can, ReportsLibrary Technology for libraries and librarians and suggest resources for menus, and so on, users no longer needed to memo- continuing your learning. rize commands. You could just look under each menu Many notes and links are included throughout the to find the command you needed. Now with NUIs, it’s report, so it’s recommended that you sit down with possible to move away from abstract metaphors and your computer or mobile device and prepare to follow toward interactions that feel more natural. links to view interesting photos and videos related to Some examples of natural user interfaces are the topics within. touchscreens, speech recognition, and voice com- I enjoyed gathering the research for this report, mands. There is also camera input, which allows the and I think you will find it inspiring to read about how device to recognize objects in the real world, and aug- alatechsource.org mobile computing is making life easier for so many mented reality, using the camera in a way that shows people of all ages and abilities. additional information superimposed on your view of the real world. Experts agree that NUIs won’t entirely replace Natural User Interfaces Are GUIs. Instead, they are opening up a new niche of Making Computing Easier computing that is accessible to a wider audience. 2016 April for All Ages and Abilities GUIs will continue to exist for those applications and devices where they work best.2 NUI stands for natural user interface. Natural user Mobile devices are using many kinds of natural interfaces are those where humans interact with user interfaces, and that’s good news for learners. In 5 Mobile Learning Trends: Accessibility, Ecosystems, Content Creation Nicole Hennig this section, we’ll look at several examples of how 3D Touch these interfaces work and how they make comput- www.apple.com/iphone-6s/3d-touch ing easier for all ages and abilities. And in the final chapter of this report we’ll discuss some opportunities Amazon Echo for librarians to help their communities by serving as www.amazon.com/Amazon-SK705DI-Echo/dp/ expert advisors about these mobile technologies. B00X4WHP5E The Dash smart earphones Types of NUIs https://store.bragi.com The NUIs we’ll discuss can be grouped into the follow- Scanbot ing categories: https://scanbot.io/en Touch, including the following: Layar • Touchscreens and multi-touch gestures, such as https://www.layar.com/mobile-download those used on smartphones and tablets. • Haptic interfaces, such as the Apple Watch’s abil- ity to tap your wrist as a way to notify you. • Force Touch and 3D Touch. These are Apple’s tech- Why Everyone Should Pay nologies used in the Apple Watch, the trackpad on Attention to Matters of Disability newer models of Apple’s MacBook, and the latest models of iPhones (6s and 6s Plus).