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Peripheral Venous Hypertension After the Creation of Arteriovenous Fistula for Haemodialysis

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Peripheral Venous Hypertension After the Creation of Arteriovenous Fistula for Haemodialysis Biomed. Papers 148(1), 85–87 (2004) 85 © P. Bachleda, Z. Kojecký, P. Utíkal, P. Dráč, J. Herman, J. Zdražil PERIPHERAL VENOUS HYPERTENSION AFTER THE CREATION OF ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA FOR HAEMODIALYSIS Petr Bachledaa, Zdeněk Kojeckýa, Petr Utíkala, Petr Dráča, Jiří Hermana, Josef Zadražilb a 2nd Clinic of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Teaching Hospital, I. P. Pavlova 6, 775 20, Olomouc, Czech Republic b 3rd Clinic of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Teaching Hospital, I. P. Pavlova 6, 775 20 Olomouc Received: April 5, 2004; Accepted: June 11, 2004 Key words: Arteriovenous fi stula for haemodialysis/Peripheral venous hypertension The function of an arteriovenous (av) fi stula for haemodialysis may be complicated by manifestation of peripheral venous hypertension, which results from the arterial blood fl ow through the venous system into the periphery of the upper extremity. Its development is most typically caused by a proximal forearm av-fi stula, as, in addition to the desir- able arterialisation of the subcutaneous venous system of the arm, arterialisation of the venous system of the forearm and the hand may occur and possibly promote the development of venous hypertension, which may in the extreme result in gangrene of the fi ngers. Awareness of these problems as well as of the necessity of their surgical solution is essential for doctors dealing with haemodialysis. INTRODUCTION sion. Complications occur not only in the event of an obstruction in the venous system of the arm, with the Proper creation of a well-functioning arteriovenous fi s- blood fl ow seeking for easier passageways and with distal tula for haemodialysis is vital for the future life of patients fl ow being developed after the valves are altered, but also involved in chronic haemodialysis program. Europe gener- in the case of normal fl ow in the subcutaneous venous ally prefers autologous subcutaneous fi stula. A number of system of the arm with simultaneous fi lling of the forearm complications may occur after its creation, with venous venous system. hypertension being one of them5. This is caused by a ste- Peripheral venous hypertension is manifested by fi n- nosis or occlusion aff ecting the central venous system ger and hand oedema, their limited motility, with the ad- (central venous hypertension) or the so-called peripheral vanced stages being characterised by livid swollen fi ngers form of venous hypertension occurs, resulting from blood and even the development of venous gangrene. fl ow into the peripheral venous branch of the fi stula1, 2. In most cases, therapy is of surgical nature. Peripheral venous hypertension is now less frequent than in the 1970s and 1980s, when it occurred as a complication connected with the radiocephalic side- OBSERVATION to-side fi stula and was caused by a technical mistake in the construction of anastomosis, resulting in stenosis or Our clinic’s experience with the creation of av-fi stulas thrombosis of the central discharge branch of the fi stula for haemodialysis dates back to 1968. In terms of av-fi stula and infl ow of blood into the peripheral venous branch of surgery, we share the catchment area of the Teaching Hos- the fi stula. This complication was more frequent as a de- pital Olomouc Transplantation Centre, i.e. a population layed complication, characterised by the development of of 1 million. Every year we insert app. 100 fi stulas and a typical stenosis of the central vein app. 2–3 cm after the deal with about 150 av-fi stula related complications. We anastomosis due to haemodynamic factors. This results prefer autologous av-fi stulas, and in the case of venous in a reversed blood fl ow, alteration of venous valves and system insuffi ciency we construct the fi stulas with GORE fi lling of the veins of the periphery of the upper extrem- ePTFE prostheses. ity1. This type of fi stula is now used only rarely, and an The average age of the patients involved in regular end-to-side fi stula is preferred. Only central fl ow is thus haemodialytic treatment is increasing. The patients are allowed, and the occurrence of complications has been polymorbid and their arterial and venous systems are considerably reduced. not suitable for the creation of a typical radiocephalic This complication is currently encountered after the end-to-side av-fi stula. For the creation of the av-fi stula we creation of a proximal forearm av-fi stula. The fi stula is use the proximal forearm, where we arterialise the sub- created according to Gracz or one of its modifi cations3, 4. cutaneous venous system according to Gracz by means This causes possible arterialisation of the subcutaneous of a connecting vein to the deep venous system3. In unfa- forearm venous system, manifested by venous hyperten- 86 P. Bachleda, Z. Kojecký, P. Utíkal, P. Dráč, J. Herman, J. Zdražil Fig. 1. Hand with manifestations of venous hypertension Fig. 2. Angiography Fig. 3. Ligature of the arterialised subcutaneous vein Fig. 4. Postoperative fi nding Peripheral venous hypertension after the creation of arteriovenous fi stula for haemodialysis 87 vourable anatomical situations we use a modifi cation of In terms of diff erential diagnosis, it is necessary to this method4. distinguish another complication of the av-fi stula for In the 15-year observation period, a total of 574 proxi- haemodialysis, which induces a similar picture (with- mal forearm fi stulas were constructed between 1989 and out the oedema) – a hyperfunctional fi stula. This is not 2003. Arterialisation of the subcutaneous venous system caused by hypertension in the venous system, but by limb of the forearm was observed in 32 patients, with only ischemia due to the hyperfunction of the fi stula and insuf- 18 patients showing symptoms of venous hypertension. fi cient fi lling of the arterial system distal to the fi stula6. Hand oedema was observed in 10 cases. 8 patients showed The clinical fi ndings of the complication start with fi nger oedema and limited motility in various stages in- oedema of one or more fi ngers (the thumb is often af- cluding venous gangrene. fected). The oedema may aff ect the whole hand and fore- Although the clinical fi ndings were typical and verifi ed arm. The more developed stages are manifested by livid by means of auscultation and palpation, most patients coloration of the fi ngers, dermonecrosis and even venous manifesting the advanced stages underwent angiography gangrene of the fi ngers. and/or, after other methods had become available, colour Additional examination is easy, given the awareness of duplex sonography. The treatment was always of a surgical the problems. Physical examination, palpation and auscul- nature, employing a ligature of the arterialised veins lead- tation will indicate the direction of blood fl ow. The fi nal ing into the hand. diagnosis will be established by means of colour duplex Visual documentation: female patient after the crea- sonography and some form of angiography. tion of a proximal forearm av-fi stula according to Gracz, Treatment is of a surgical nature and requires targeted with developed venous hypertension manifested prima- ligature of arterialised veins leading into the hand. If arte- rily on the thumb. Damage to the central venous outfl ow rialisation of the deep venous system is identifi ed as the system may be ruled out. The patient has not been yet cause, the fi stula must be cancelled. Only mild forms of dialysed, and angiography shows no obstructions in the the complications, mostly demonstrated by oedema, may central discharge. be treated by positioning of the limb and employment of bandages. DISCUSSION REFERENCES A major part of the literature focuses on central ve- nous hypertension7, 8. Problems connected with peripheral 1. Kindhäuser V, Kottmann F. (1979) Die operative Korrektur der venous hypertension are neglected in the published works, venösen Insuffi zienz nach arterio-venöser Fistel zur Hämodialyse. Chirurg 50, 359–363. and patients with its manifestation often undergo non- 2. Nghiem DD. (1987) Angioaccess by reverse brachiocephalic fi stula. 1, 2, 9, 10 surgical symptomatic therapy . Am J Surg 153, 574–575. The development and manifestation of peripheral 3. Gracz KC, Ing TS, Soung LS. (1977) Proximal forearm fi stula for venous hypertension depend on the anatomy of the sub- maintenance hemodialysis. Kidney Int, 71–4. cutaneous venous system as well as the type of surgery. 4. Utíkal P, Bachleda P. (1996) Naše zkušenosti se zakládáním arte- riovenózních spojek v loketní jamce. Rozhl Chir 75, 83–87. When inserting a proximal forearm av-fi stula it is neces- 5. Haimov M, Baez A, Neff M, Slifkin R. (1975) Complication od sary to use for the anastomosis the so-called perforating arteriovenous fi stulas for hemodialysis. Arch Surg 110, 708–712. vein connecting the subcutaneous and deep venous sys- 6. Bachleda P, Zadražil J.(1993) Die Ischämie der oberen Extremi- tems3, 4. Its employment represents two advantages: the tät als Komplikation einer AV-Fistel zur Hämodialyse. Acta Univ forearm subcutaneous venous system itself is not used Palacki Olomuc 135, 93–94. 7. Kojecký Z, Utikal P, Sekanina Z, Köcher M, Buriánkova E. (2002) for the anastomosis and, at the same time, the connection Venous hypertension following average arterio-venous fi stula for with the deep venous system is broken. If a subcutaneous haemodialysis. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc 146, vein is used for the anastomosis, it is necessary to fi nd and 77–79. ligate the perforating vein, as it is the most frequent pas- 8. Landwehr P, Lackner K, Gotz R. (1990) Dilatation und ballon- sageway through which the deep venous system is fi lled, expandierbare Stents zur Therapie zentralvenöser Stenosen bei Dialysepatienten. Fortschr Roentgenstr 153, 239–245.
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