n GUIDEBOOK SERIES n Volume31 fl EPITHERMAL MINERALIZATION OF THE r1 WESTERN CARPATHIANS

[) Edited by Ferenc Molnar, Jaroslav Lexa & Jeffrey W. Hedenquist rJ []

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·l' J- Guidebook Prepared for the Society of Economic Geologists . LJ Field Conference - 4-13 September 1999

~J Series Editor: Tommy B. Thompson SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS . ; I L-.. J (l. IL Contents n Preface fl F. Molnar, J. Lexa, and J. W. Hedenquist ...... v

Itinerary F. Molnar and J. Lexa ...... vi

Road Log n F. Molnar, J. Lexa, and I. Gatter...... 1

[] Epithermal Gold Deposits: I. Hydrothermal Activity and Processes, and II. Characteristics and Genesis of Epithermal Deposits J. W. Hedenquist and A. Arribas, Jr...... 13 [] Outline of the Alpine Geology and Metallogeny of the Carpatho-Pannonian Region J. Lexa ...... 65

Epithermal Mineralization of the Mtns., Northeast : Shallow Levels of Low-Sulfidation Type Systems [] F. Molnar, T. Zelenka, E. Matyas, z. Pecskay, B. Bajnoczi, J. Kiss, and I. Horvath ...... 109 [] High- and Low-Sulfidation Epithermal Mineralization of the Matra Mountains, Northeast Hungary I. Gatter, F. Molnar, J. Foldessy, T. Zelenka, J. Kiss, and G. Szebenyi...... 155

[] The Central Neogene Volcanic Field: A Review V. Konecn:y, J. Lexa, and V. Hojstrieova ...... 181 fl J Metallogeny of the Central Slovakia Volcanic Field J. Lexa ...... 197

High-Sulfidation Epithermal Gold Deposit at Klokoc-Podpolom J. Stohl, E. ~kova, and J. Lexa...... 203

!f J ~ .. The Banska Stiavnica Ore District: Relationship between Metallogenetic Processes and the Geological Evolution of a Stratovolcano J. Lexa, J. Stohl, and V. Koneeny ...... 213

Mineralizations at the Rozalia Mine, Hodrusa J. Lexa, P. Kodera, J. Prcuch, J. Saly, and M. Vesely ...... 229

Post-Caldera Epithermal Veins of the Stiavnica Stratovolcano J. Lexa ...... 249

The Sobo~ High-Sulfidation System J. Lexa, J. Stohl, and E. ~kovtl...... 259

Low-Sulfidation Epithermal Gold Deposit at Kremnica J. Lexa and B. Bartalskj ...... 265 f l •L..J

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n Preface

fl During medieval times, approximately 80 percent of the gold production of Europe originated from the Au-Ag-base metal deposits of the Carpathians. Between the 12th and 15th centuries the annual [] production in the Hungarian Kingdom reached 2500 kg gold and 10,000 kg silver. Most of this production came from the Te-rich Au-Ag deposits of the 'Gold Quadrangle' in the Apuseni Mtns., located in . In addition, a considerable part of the production originated from Banska Stiavnica f) (in the past known as Selemecbanya or Schemnitz) and Kremnica (Kormoobanya, Kremnitz) in central Slovakia, and many other deposits (e.g. several mining districts in the Oas-Gutai Mtns., Tokaj Mtns., n Borzsony Mtns. etc.). All of these deposits are spatially and temporally re,ated to the Tertiary (Neogene) volcanic units of the Carpathians. r.·J The economic wealth that originated from these mines enriched the Kings, giving rise to rich l mining cities whose splendor still lasts, and also supported the development of mining technologies. The famous treatise on medieval mining methods by Agricola is based on his experience from these mining districts. In the year 1627, Gaspar Weindl used for the ftrst time in mining history gun powder for underground blasting at Banska Stiavnica. Highly sophisticated water pumping and drainage as well as air [] circulation systems were developed to enable extraction of metals from the deeper parts of veins. The ftrst Mining School of Europe ('Bergschule') was established in Banska Stiavnica in the year 1735, and in the year 1770 became an important Mining Academy ('Bergakademie'). lr] The Society of Economic Geologists-sponsored fteld trip into the Tertiary volcanic areas of the Western Carpathians focuses on three regions: the Tokaj Mtns. and the Matra Mtns. in northeastern [] Hungary and the Central Slovakia Volcanic Field in Southern Slovakia. The introductory chapter of this guidebook summarizes our present knowledge of the characteristics and origin of epithermal gold deposits. The fteld program described in the following chapters was organised with the intention that r.Jl. various erosional levels of these epithermal systems are introduced in the fteld. Thus, shallow acidic steam-heated zones, sedimentary accummulations in hot-spring fed basins as well as base-metal poor LJ veins with adularia-sericite alteration will be examined in the Tokaj Mtns. Base-metal poor swarms of quartz veins with typicallow-sulftdation epithermal textures will be seen in the Kremnica deposit. Deeper tr base-metal rich veins as well as gold-rich quartz veins in subvolcanic rocks will be visited in the low­ i J sulftdation deposits of the Banska Stiavnica mining district. A high-sulftdation epithermal deposit will be examined in the Recsk-Lah6ca area of the Matra Mtns., where the epithermal mineralization is located if IL J above a world class porphyry Cu deposit. The Recsk-Lah6ca unit of the Matra Mtns. is older (Paleogene) than the other areas to be visited, and originally it was not part of the Neogene volcanic belt of the u Carpathians. High-sulftdation epithermal mineralization also occur in the Miocene volcanic areas, and as a typical example a newly explored deposit at Klokoc, Slovakia will be visited. The organizers of the fteld trip and the authors of chapters hope that this guidebook will be ~ J L useful for geologists and students during their travel in these areas, and in addition will provide a widely available summary and update about the metallogeny of the Tertiary volcanic rocks of the Western LJ Carpathians. Lj Ferenc Molnar, Jaroslav Lexa and Jeffrey W. Hedenquist, organizers and editors

; l L_J v Itinerary F. Molnar and J. Lexa 1

DATE TIME PROGRAM ' 1

Saturday, 4th September 8.00- 18.00 Arrival to Budapest Registration and accommodation at the Peregrinus Guesthouse, El>tvl>s L. Univ. 18.00- 20.00 Introduction and ice-breaker at the Professor's Club El>tvl>s L. Univ. ' ]

Sunday, 5th September Epithermal systems: our present understanding Short course at the Department ofMineralogy, ) J6zsefSzab6 Lecture Hall, Eotvos L. Univ, Budapest 9.00- 10.00 J.W. Hedenquist: Hydrothermal systems, their characteristics and processes related to mineralization 10.00- 10.30 Coffee break, Mineral Collection Museum 10.30- 12.30 J.W. Hedenquist: ] Low-sulfidation (LS) epithermal systems, their characteristics and exploration 12.30- 14.30 Lunch ' J 14.30- 16.30 A. Arribas, Jr.: High-sulfidation (HS) epithermal systems, their characteristics and exploration ] 16.30- 18.00 Coffee and free discussion Mineral Collection Museum 18.00 Dinner Night at the Peregrinus Guesthouse

Monday, 6th September 8.00 - 12.00 Travel to Hotel Bodrog, Sarospatak, Tokaj Mtns. 12.00- 14.00 Lunch at the Hotel Bodrog Lecture series in the Red Tower ofthe Rakoczi Castle, Sarospatak 14.00- 15.00 J. Lexa: Structure of volcanoes and subvolcanic intrusive complexes 15.00- 15.30 Coffee break 15.30- 16.30 J. Lexa: Geology and Tertiary evolution of the Carpathians with special reference to .J - metallogeny 16.30- 17.30 F. Molnar: Geology and epithermal systems of the Tokaj Mtns., Hungary 17.30- 18.30 Tour in the Rak6czi Castle (optional) 18.30 - 21.00 Conference dinner at Renaissance Kitchen of the Rak6czi Castle Night at the Hotel Bodrog

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vi n n DATE TIME PROGRAM

rJ Tuesday, 7th September Field trip in the Tokaj Mtns. 8.00-9.00 Travel to Mad, steam-heated alteration zones 9.00- 10.30 Kiraly Hill quarry fl 10.30- 12.00 Bombo1y Hill quarry 12.00- 14.00 Lunch in the Yellow Vine House 14.00- 15.30 Lacustrine siliceous deposits west of Mad f1 15.30- 16.15 Travel to Regec 16.15 - 17.00 Hydrothermal eruption center at Regec 17.00- 18.00 Travel to Sarospatak [] 19.00 - 21.00 Wine-tasting party with cold dinner at the Rak6czi Cellar, Sarospatak [] Night at the Hotel Bodrog Wednesday, 8th September Field trip in the Tokaj Mtns. and travel to the Matra Mtns., 8.00-9.00 Botk6 Quarry at Sarospatak, Tokaj Mtns., massive F3 silicification in a steam-heated zone 9.00- 10.00 Travel to Telkibanya, adularia-sericite alteration zones [] 10.00- 12.00 Underground visit to a medieval adit and surface observations at the Telkibanya ore deposit 12.30- 14.00 Lunch at Telkibanya r1 14.00- 19.00 Travel to the Matra Mtns. with a short sightseeing break in Eger 19.30-21.00 Dinner at the Hotel Narad, Matraszentimre Night at the Hotel Narad

Thursday, 9th September Field trip in the Matra Mtns. rL J 8.00- 9.00 Morning lecture at the Hotel Narad I. Gatter: The Recsk Cu-porphyry and related epithermal l.c.~- ] deposits in the northeastern Matra Mtns. and LS-type mineralization of the western Matra Mtns.

ff J. 9.00- 10.00 Travel to Recsk t 10.00- 11.00 Drillcore logging at Recsk 11.00 - 12.30 Argillic alteration zone on the Lah6ca Hill 12.30- 14.00 Lunch at ParadftlrdO 14.00- 15.00 Visit to the abandoned Etelka open pit 15.00- 16.00 Sandorret quarry, breccia-dike 16.00- 17.00 Travel to Matraszentimre u 17.00- 18.00 Outcrop of an LS-type vein in the western Matra Mtns. 18.00. 18.30 Travel to the Hotel Narad LJ 19.00- 20.00 Evening lecture J.Lexa: ( J The Central Slovakian Volcanic Field L 20.00 - 21.00- Dinner Night at the Hotel Narad

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vii Friday, lOth September Travel to Slovakia and field programme in the Klokoc area, Slovakia l 8.00- 11.30 Travelto Slovakia 11.30 - 12.30 Lunchtime lecture at the Hotel Detva J Stohl: The Klokoc HS-type epithermal deposit 12.30- 13.30 Lunch at the Hotel Detva 13.30 - 14.00 Travel to Klokoc 14.00- 15.30 Vuggy silica, breccia, advanced argillic alteration at the Klokoc quarry 15.30- 17.00 Travel to Banslcy Studnec (next to Banska l Stiavnica), accommodation 17.00-18.30 Evening lecture J. Lexa - M. Vesely: l Mineralizations of the Stiavnica stratovolcano central zone and Rozalia Mine 18.30- 19.30 Dinner 19.30- 22.00 Optional visit to "Salamander" in Banska Stiavnica (Miner's day historical celebration) ] Saturday, 11th September Underground and field programme in the central zone of

the Stiavnica Startovolcano, Slovakia, in two groups: r ] 7.00- 11.30 Underground visit of the Rozalia mine; disseminated base metal mineralization, base metal epithermal vein, LS- type high-grade veins ' J at subvolcanic level 11.30 - 13.00 Lunch in Hodrusa 13.00- 15.30 Underground visit of the All Saints Medieval ' l Mine - precious metal LS epithermal veins 15.30- 17.30 Open pit on the LS-type Spitaler vein 17.30- 18.30 Travel to the accommodation in Bansky Studnec 19.00- 20.00 Dinner Night at the Mining Hotel, Bansky Studnec

Sunday, 12th September Field programme around Banskil Stiavnica and Kremnica 8.00- 10.00 HS-type hydrothermal system in the Sobov quarry, Banska Stiavnica 10.00- 12.00 Travel to Kremnicka with a stop above K.remnicka 12.00 - 14.00 Lunch at K.remnicka with a short sightseeing trip 14.00- 16.00 The Kremnicka open pit: LS-type veins 16.00- 16.30 Travel to Stara K.remnicka 16.30- 17.30 Lacustrine siliceous deposits at Stara Kremnicka 17.30- 18.30 Travel to Banska Stiavnica 19.00- 23.00 Concluding discussion and closing dinner at the Mining House Accommodation in the Mining Hotel Bansky Studnec

Monday, 13th September 9.00- 12.00 Tavel to Budapest, accommodation at the Peregrinus Guesthouse, Eotvos L. Univ., Budapest

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