DOCSLIB.ORG

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of Modified Chloroplasts In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of Modified Chloroplasts In HORTSCIENCE 35(1):99–103. 2000. In this study, we examine and discuss the ultrastructural changes in chloroplasts of broc- coli florets during senescence, as observed Scanning Electron Microscopic Study with TEM, SEM with freeze fracture, and light of Modified Chloroplasts in Senescing microscopy. Broccoli Florets Materials and Methods Fresh, green broccoli heads were obtained Hirofumi Terai1 and Alley E. Watada from the Wholesale Distribution Center, Jessup, Md. A series of florets was excised Horticultural Crops Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research from the head and allowed to senesce to the Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, following stages for analysis: non-yellow = no Beltsville, MD 20705-2350 yellow florets; slight-yellow = lighter green and slight yellow florets visible; half-yellow = Charles A. Murphy and William P. Wergin green and yellow florets present in about equal Nematology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural amounts; full-yellow = most of the florets light Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350 yellow; dark-yellow = all florets dark yellow. For analysis by light microscopy, the heads Additional index words. broccoli, ultrastructure, chloroplast, SEM, TEM, freeze-fracture were placed in a perforated polyethylene bag at 20 °C. Florets were detached daily from a Abstract. Structural changes in chloroplasts of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L., Italica single head to obtain successive stages of group) florets during senescence were examined using light microscopy, scanning electron senescence, and immersed in a 2% warm agar microscopy (SEM) with freeze-fracture technique, and transmission electron microscopy solution in a petri dish. The agar containing the (TEM) to better understand the process of chloroplast degradation, particularly at the florets was allowed to gel in a refrigerator and advanced stage of senescence. Light microscopy revealed that chloroplasts, which initially sliced into 5-µm-thick sections. For SEM and were intact and green, became obscure in shape, and their color faded during senescence. TEM observations, short-stemmed branchlets Small, colored particles appeared in cells as the florets approached the final stage of weighing ≈30 g were excised from a head, senescence and became full- to dark-yellow in color. Scanning electron microscopy showed placed individually in 100-mL beakers con- that stroma thylakoids in the chloroplast initially were parallel to each other and grana taining sufficient water to cover the base of the thylakoids were tightly stacked. As senescence advanced, the grana thylakoids degener- stem, and stored at 1 °C. One beaker contain- ated and formed globules. The globules became larger by aggregation as senescence ing the branchlets was transferred daily from 1 progressed, and the large globules, called “thylakoid plexus,” formed numerous vesicles. to 20 °C for 6 d to obtain florets of different The vesicles ultimately were expelled into the cytosol, and the light microscope revealed stages of senescence. The sepals were re- many colored particles in the senescent cells. These results indicate that the degradation moved from the florets and prepared for ex- of chloroplasts in broccoli florets progresses systematically, with the final product being amination by electron microscopy. colored particles, which are visible in yellow broccoli sepal cells. For observation of freeze-fractured speci- mens, sepals of florets were fixed in 2% (w/v) Structural changes in chloroplasts have and leaves of morning glory [Ipomoea nil (L.) OsO4 in phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.4) for 2 been studied with both scanning electron mi- Roth] (Toyama, 1980). h. Following fixation, one set of specimens croscopy (SEM) (Blackmore et al., 1984; Gepstein (1988) postulated the following was rinsed with the phosphate buffer and de- Kulandaivelu and Gnanam, 1985; Larsson et sequential changes in senescing chloroplasts: hydrated through a gradient series of ethanol al., 1977; Mohapatra and Johnson, 1976; 1) stroma thylakoids lost integrity; 2) chloro- (50% to 70%). Next, the specimens were fro- Tuquet and Newman, 1980) and transmission plasts increased in volume, and in some plants, zen in liquid nitrogen and fractured with a electron microscopy (TEM). Plant materials the number of osmiophilic granules increased; scalpel. The fractured specimens were rehy- studied with TEM have included senescing 3) grana thylakoids swelled, then gradually drated back to phosphate buffer through a leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) disintegrated; and 4) the chloroplast envelope gradient series of ethanol from 70% to 50%. A (Hurkman, 1979), Phaseolus (Barton, 1966; retained its integrity as the tissue entered near second set of specimens fixed with OsO4 was Ronning et al., 1991), spinach (Spinacia the final stage of senescence. These postula- dehydrated with a gradient series of solutions oleracea L.) (Mine et al., 1992), and Betula tions were based on observations made by of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (25% to 50%) (Dodge, 1970), ripening fruit of Capsicum Gepstein and others on chloroplasts at various and fractured with DMSO instead of ethanol (Spurr and Harris, 1968) and mango stages of senescence, but not at the final stage. to minimize the formation of ice crystals, (Mangifera indica L.) (Parikh et al., 1990), A better and complete understanding of which would cause mechanical disruption of both developing and senescing fruit of normal ultrastructural changes in chloroplasts is ob- the tissues. However, DMSO residue inter- and mutant tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum tained by two-dimensional analysis with TEM feres with extraction of the proteinaceous Mill.) (Simpson et al., 1976), and ethylene- and by three-dimensional analysis with SEM matrix of plastids, which restricts accurate treated fruit of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus using a freeze-fracture technique. Barnes and observation and evaluation of the fine struc- reticulata Blanco) (Shimokawa et al., 1978) Blackmore (1984) used SEM with freeze- tural features of the thylakoid membranes. fracture technique to examine the contents of Thus, micrographs from both procedures were Received for publication 24 Sept. 1998. Accepted for chloroplasts but concentrated on specific stage used for analysis and interpretation of data. publication 5 May 1999. Use of company or product rather than following sequential changes dur- The specimens fractured with ethanol or name by the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture does not imply ing senescence. DMSO series were transferred to 0.1% OsO4 approval or recommendation of the product to the We were interested in the effects of various for 8 d. The OsO4 solution was replaced daily exclusion of others which also may be suitable. The postharvest treatments on maintenance of green with a fresh supply. Next, specimens were cost of publishing this paper was defrayed in part by color in broccoli florets, but needed to know treated in sequence with 1% OsO4 for 1 h, 1% the payment of page charges. Under postal regula- the ultrastructural changes of chloroplasts dur- tannic acid for 2 h, and with a second solution tions, this paper therefore must be hereby marked advertisement solely to indicate this fact. ing senescence to seek effective treatments. of 1% OsO4 for 1 h and dehydrated through a 1To whom reprint requests should be addressed. To our knowledge, no one has reported on the gradient series of ethanol (50% to 100%). To Present address: Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe Uni- ultrastructural changes of chloroplasts in these minimize tissue distortion that is associated versity, Rokkodai-cho Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, tissues. Fruit or leaf blades were used in the with air drying, the samples were placed in an Japan. E-mail address: [email protected] studies cited above. Autosamdri-810 critical point drying appara- HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 35(1), FEBRUARY 2000 99 POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY & TECHNOLOGY tus (Tousimis Research Corp., Rockville, Md.). the 6 d at 20 °C. Examination by light micros- in the stroma and many of the globules fused In this dryer, the ethanol was replaced with copy indicated that the chloroplasts were green together. Globules are products of the disorga- liquid carbon dioxide that was subsequently and intact at the non-yellow stage (Fig. 1a), nized thylakoid membranes, which contain raised to its critical point (31 °C and 7.3 × 106 less visible at the slight-yellow stage (Fig. 1b), lipids and carotenoids (Barton, 1966; Matile, Pa) where the fluid and vapor phases are and indistinct at the half-yellow stage because 1992). Although Thomson (1966) found that indistinguishable. Next, the dryer was vented they were masked with pigments (Fig. 1c). At there was an increase in size and number of to room pressure, and the samples were re- the full- to dark-yellow stage, small green or large globules in flavedo of ‘Valencia’ or- moved and mounted on aluminum stubs that yellow-to-brown particles were seen dispersed anges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck], Dodge were sputter-coated with Au/Pd and then in- in the cells (Fig. 1d). With SEM, chloroplasts (1970) found that size, but not the number, serted into a Hitachi S-570 SEM (Hitachi were recognizable at the non-yellow stage increased during the autumnal senescence of Scientific Instruments, Mountain View, Ca- (Fig. 2a), the slight-yellow stage (Fig. 2b), and Betula leaves. We found that the globules lif.) for observation. the half-yellow stage (Fig. 2c–f), when con- gathered and then fused together
Load more

Recommended publications
  • History Department Botany
    THE HISTORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY 1889-1989 UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA SHERI L. BARTLETT I - ._-------------------- THE HISTORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY 1889-1989 UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA SHERI L. BARTLETT TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface 1-11 Chapter One: 1889-1916 1-18 Chapter Two: 1917-1935 19-38 Chapter Three: 1936-1954 39-58 Chapter Four: 1955-1973 59-75 Epilogue 76-82 Appendix 83-92 Bibliography 93-94 -------------------------------------- Preface (formerly the College of Science, Literature and the Arts), the College of Agriculture, or The history that follows is the result some other area. Eventually these questions of months ofresearch into the lives and work were resolved in 1965 when the Department of the Botany Department's faculty members joined the newly established College of and administrators. The one-hundred year Biological Sciences (CBS). In 1988, The overview focuses on the Department as a Department of Botany was renamed the whole, and the decisions that Department Department of Plant Biology, and Irwin leaders made to move the field of botany at Rubenstein from the Department of Genetics the University of Minnesota forward in a and Cell Biology became Plant Biology's dynamic and purposeful manner. However, new head. The Department now has this is not an effort to prove that the administrative ties to both the College of Department's history was linear, moving Biological Sciences and the College of forward in a pre-determined, organized Agriculture. fashion at every moment. Rather I have I have tried to recognize the attempted to demonstrate the complexities of accomplishments and individuality of the the personalities and situations that shaped Botany Department's faculty while striving to the growth ofthe Department and made it the describe the Department as one entity.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Cellular Signaling and Systems Biology with Precision: a Perspective from Ultrastructure and Organelle Studies In
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Current Opinion in ScienceDirect Systems Biology Understanding cellular signaling and systems biology with precision: A perspective from ultrastructure and organelle studies in the Drosophila midgut Chiwei Xu1, Maria Ericsson2 and Norbert Perrimon1,3 Abstract [1,2]. Interactions between these cell types are critical One of the aims of systems biology is to model and discover to maintaining tissue integrity and gut function. For properties of cells, tissues and organisms functioning as a example, ISCs proliferation and differentiation are system. In recent years, studies in the adult Drosophila gut have controlled by a complex network integrating autocrine provided a wealth of information on the cell types and their and paracrine signals [3,4]; hormones derived from EEs functions, and the signaling pathways involved in the complex regulate EC physiology; and EC-derived factors signal to interactions between proliferating and differentiated cells in the ISCs following gut damage. context of homeostasis and pathology. Here, we document and discuss how high-resolution ultrastructure studies of organelle Despite the body of knowledge about signaling in the gut, morphology have much to contribute to our understanding of how we are still far from understanding how different signals the gut functions as an integrated system. are processed and integrated inside the cell to orchestrate a particular cellular function. As much of the cell is Addresses organized in membrane-bound or membrane-free organ- 1
    [Show full text]
  • Ultrastructure of Secretory and Senescence Phase in Colleters of Bathysa Gymnocarpa and B
    Revista Brasil. Bot., V.33, n.3, p.425-436, jul.-set. 2010 Ultrastructure of secretory and senescence phase in colleters of Bathysa gymnocarpa and B. stipulata (Rubiaceae)1 EMILIO DE CASTRO MIGUEL2, DENISE ESPELLET KLEIN2,3, MARCO ANTONIO DE OLIVEIRA4 and MAURA DA CUNHA2,5 (received: December 11, 2008; accepted: June 10, 2010) ABSTRACT – (Ultrastructure of secretory and senescence phase in colleters of Bathysa gymnocarpa and B. stipulata (Rubiaceae)). Colleters are secretory structures formed by a parenchymatic axis with vascular bundles, bound by a layer of secretory palisade-like epidermis. Some studies regarding the structure of colleters have focused on secretory cells structure, but not distinguished the secretory and senescent phases. Generally, in mucilage-secreting cells such as colleters, the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are involved in secretion production and transport. In these study, colleters structure of Bathysa gymnocarpa K. Schum. and B. stipulata (Vell.) C. Presl. (Rubiaceae) were determined in two phases: a secretory phase and a senescence one. Samples were collected and processed by usual light and electron microscopy techniques. Studied colleters are constituted by an epidermal palisade layer and a central axis formed by parenchymatic cells with rare vascular traces. During the secretory phase, epidermal cells presented a dense cytoplasm, small vacuoles, enhanced rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and a Golgi apparatus close to large vesicles. During the senescence phase epidermal cells presented a disorganized membrane system. No intact organelles or vesicles were observed. The outer cell wall exhibited similar layers to that observed during the secretory phase. The senescent phase is easily defined by the morphology of the colleters, but not well defined at subcellular level.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ultrastructure of Pathogenic Bacteria Under Different Ecological Conditions
    The Ultrastructure of Pathogenic Bacteria under Different Ecological Conditions The Ultrastructure of Pathogenic Bacteria under Different Ecological Conditions By Larisa Mikhailovna Somova The Ultrastructure of Pathogenic Bacteria under Different Ecological Conditions By Larisa Mikhailovna Somova This book first published 2020 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2020 by Larisa Mikhailovna Somova All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-4562-8 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-4562-5 This book is dedicated to George Pavlovich Somov (1917–2009) The outstanding Russian epidemiologist and microbiologist, and founder of the Scientific School of Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology in Vladivostok (Russia) “A life is good only when it is a continuous movement forward from the adolescence to the grave” TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword .................................................................................................... ix Preface ....................................................................................................... xii Acknowledgements ..................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Ultrastructure of a Typical Bacterial Cell the Bacterial Cell
    A.Kavitha Assistant professor Department of Botany RBVRR Womens college The Ultrastructure Of A Typical Bacterial Cell The Bacterial Cell This is a diagram of a typical bacterial cell, displaying all of it’s organelle. The Bacterial Cell This is what a bacterial cell looks like under an electron microscope. Bacteria come in a wide variety of shapes Perhaps the most elemental structural property of bacteria is their morphology (shape). Typical examples include: coccus (spherical) bacillus (rod-like) spiral(DNA-like) filamentous (elongated) Cell shape is generally characteristic of a given bacterial species, but can vary depending on growth conditions. Some bacteria have complex life cycles involving the production of stalks and appendages (e.g. Caulobacter) and some produce elaborate structures bearing reproductive spores (e.g. Myxococcus, Streptomyces). Bacteria generally form distinctive cell morphologies when examined by light microscopy and distinct colony morphologies when grown on Petri plates. Perhaps the most obvious structural characteristic of bacteria is (with some exceptions) their small size. For example, Escherichia coli cells, an "average" sized bacterium, are about 2 µm (micrometres) long and 0.5 µm in diameter, with a cell volume of 0.6–0.7 μm3.[1] This corresponds to a wet mass of about 1 picogram (pg), assuming that the cell consists mostly of water. The dry mass of a single cell can be estimated as 23% of the wet mass, amounting to 0.2 pg. About half of the dry mass of a bacterial cell consists of carbon, and also about half of it can be attributed to proteins. Therefore, a typical fully grown 1-liter culture of Escherichia coli (at an optical density of 1.0, corresponding to c.
    [Show full text]
  • Sample Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Support Film on TEM Grids Sectioning with Ultramicrotome Positi
    Sample preparation for Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) TEM is a microscopy technique whereby a beam of electrons is transmitted through an ultrathin specimen, interacting with the specimen as it passes through it. An image is formed from the electrons transmitted through the specimen, magnified and focused by an objective lens and appears on an imaging screen, a fluorescent screen in most TEMs, plus a monitor, or on a layer of imaging plate, or to be detected by a sensor such as a CCD camera. Biological materials contain large quantities of water. To be able to view it in the electron microscopy, the first stage in preparing is the fixation, one of the most important and most critical stages. We need to fixed it in a way that the ultrastructure of the cells or tissues remain as close to the living material as possible. The sample is then dehydrated through an acetone or ethanol series, passed through a “transition solvent” such as propylene oxide and then infiltrated and embedded in a liquid resin such as epoxy and LR White resin. After embedding the resin block is then thin sectioned by a process known as ultramicrotomy, sections of 50 ‐ 70 nm thickness are collected on metal mesh 'grids' and stained with electron dense stains before observation in the TEM. Sectioning the sample allows us to look at cross‐sections through samples to view internal (ultra)structure. Many modifications to the basic protocol can be applied to achieve many different goals, immunogold labeling for example; the in situ localization of specific tissue constituents using antibody and colloidal gold marker systems.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 the Structure and Ultrastructure of the Cell Gunther Neuhaus Institut Fu¨R Zellbiologie, Freiburg, Germany
    2 The Structure and Ultrastructure of the Cell Gunther Neuhaus Institut fu¨r Zellbiologie, Freiburg, Germany 2.1 Cell Biology . .........................40 2.2.7.6 Isolating Secondary Walls . 107 2.1.1 Light Microscopy . 43 2.2.8 Mitochondria . 109 2.1.2 Electron Microscopy . 45 2.2.8.1 Shape Dynamics and Reproduction . 110 2.2.8.2 Membranes and Compartmentalization in 2.2 The Plant Cell . .........................46 Mitochondria . 112 2.2.1 Overview . 46 2.2.9 Plastids . 113 2.2.2 The Cytoplasm . 50 2.2.9.1 Form and Ultrastructure of 2.2.2.1 The Cytoskeleton . 51 Chloroplasts . 114 2.2.2.2 Motor Proteins and Cellular Kinetic 2.2.9.2 Other Plastid Types, Starches . 116 Processes . 55 2.2.2.3 Flagella and Centrioles . 57 2.3 Cell Structure in Prokaryotes ............. 119 2.2.3 The Cell Nucleus . 59 2.3.1 Reproduction and Genetic Apparatus . 122 2.2.3.1 Chromatin . 60 2.3.2 Bacterial Flagella . 124 2.2.3.2 Chromosomes and Karyotype . 63 2.3.3 Wall Structures . 125 2.2.3.3 Nucleoli and Preribosomes . 64 2.2.3.4 Nuclear Matrix and Nuclear Membrane . 65 2.4 The Endosymbiotic Theory and the 2.2.3.5 Mitosis and the Cell Cycle . 66 Hydrogen Hypothesis . ............. 125 2.2.3.6 Cell Division . 73 2.4.1 Endocytobiosis . 126 2.2.3.7 Meiosis . 73 2.4.2 Origin of Plastids and Mitochondria by 2.2.3.8 Crossing-Over . 79 Symbiogenesis . 127 2.2.3.9 Syngamy . 79 2.2.4 Ribosomes .
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Freezing on the Ultrastructure of the Spermatozoon of Some Domestic Animals
    EFFECT OF FREEZING ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE SPERMATOZOON OF SOME DOMESTIC ANIMALS P. HEALEY Wellcome Institute of Comparative Physiology, Zoological Society of London (Received 2^th January 1968) Summary. Spermatozoa of bull, ram, boar, stallion and chinchilla were examined in the electron microscope before and after freezing of samples of semen in liquid nitrogen. The results showed that the ultra- structure of bull spermatozoa was almost identical before and after treatment, but ram and chinchilla spermatozoa showed consistent damage to the outer membrane and acrosome complex. In the ram, damage ranged from slight swelling of the acrosome to total removal of the cytoplasmic regions and most chinchilla spermatozoa were grossly affected. The spermatozoa of boar presented special difficulties at the fixation stage but gross damage to the acrosome was seen. There appear- ed to be minimal damage to the stallion spermatozoa, although only one sample of this species was examined. INTRODUCTION Following the observations on fowl semen by Polge, Smith & Parkes (1949) of the protective action of glycerol against the deleterious effect of freezing, numerous attempts have been made to preserve the spermatozoa of mammals and light microscope observations on cold damage to spermatozoa are well known (Buttle, Hancock & Purser, 1965) especially in the large domestic mammals. Among these species, successful preservation, as measured by a high conception rate following artificial insemination, has been obtained in the cow in which the use of frozen semen has become standard agricultural practice. The techniques currently used for the freezing of bull semen are similar to those described by Polge & Jakobsen (1959) and Stewart (1961).
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in the Ultrastructure of Staphylococcus Aureus Treated with Cationic Peptides and Chlorhexidine
    microorganisms Article Changes in the Ultrastructure of Staphylococcus aureus Treated with Cationic Peptides and Chlorhexidine Alina Grigor’eva, Alevtina Bardasheva, Anastasiya Tupitsyna, Nariman Amirkhanov , Nina Tikunova, Dmitrii Pyshnyi and Elena Ryabchikova * Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Lavrent’ev av. 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (A.T.); [email protected] (N.A.); [email protected] (N.T.); [email protected] (D.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-383-363-51-63 Received: 11 November 2020; Accepted: 11 December 2020; Published: 14 December 2020 Abstract: Antimicrobial peptides, including synthetic ones, are becoming increasingly important as a promising tool to fight multidrug-resistant bacteria. We examined the effect of cationic peptides H2N-Arg9-Phe2-C(O)NH2 and H2N-(Lys-Phe-Phe)3-Lys-C(O)NH2 on Staphylococcus aureus, which remains one of the most harmful pathogens. Antiseptic chlorhexidine served as reference preparation. We studied viability of S. aureus and examined its ultrastructure under treatment with 100 µM of R9F2 or (KFF)3K peptides or chlorhexidine using transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections. Bacterial cells were sampled as kinetic series starting from 1 min up to 4 h of treatment with preparations. Both peptides caused clearly visible damage of bacteria cell membrane within 1 min. Incubation of S. aureus with R9F2 or (KFF)3K peptides led to cell wall thinning, loss of cytoplasm structure, formation of mesosome-derived multimembrane structures and “decorated fibers” derived from DNA chains.
    [Show full text]
  • International Consensus Guideline for Reporting Transmission Electron Microscopy Results in the Diagnosis of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (BEAT PCD TEM Criteria)
    Early View Original article International consensus guideline for reporting transmission electron microscopy results in the diagnosis of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (BEAT PCD TEM Criteria) Amelia Shoemark, Mieke Boon, Christoph Brochhausen, Zuzanna Bukowy-Bieryllo, Maria Margherita De Santi, Patricia Goggin, Paul Griffin, Richard G. Hegele, Robert A. Hirst, Margaret W. Leigh, Alison Lupton, Karen MacKenney, Heymut Omran, Jean-Claude Pache, Andreia Pinto, Finn P. Reinholt, Josep Schroeder, Panayotis Yiallouros, Estelle Escudier Please cite this article as: Shoemark A, Boon M, Brochhausen C, et al. International consensus guideline for reporting transmission electron microscopy results in the diagnosis of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (BEAT PCD TEM Criteria). Eur Respir J 2020; in press (https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00725-2019). This manuscript has recently been accepted for publication in the European Respiratory Journal. It is published here in its accepted form prior to copyediting and typesetting by our production team. After these production processes are complete and the authors have approved the resulting proofs, the article will move to the latest issue of the ERJ online. Copyright ©ERS 2020 International consensus guideline for reporting transmission electron microscopy results in the diagnosis of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (BEAT PCD TEM Criteria) Amelia Shoemark1,2, Mieke Boon3, Christoph Brochhausen4, Zuzanna Bukowy-Bieryllo5, Maria Margherita De Santi6, Patricia Goggin7, Paul Griffin1,8, Richard G Hegele9, Robert A. Hirst10, Margaret W Leigh11, Alison Lupton12, Karen MacKenney13, Heymut Omran14, Jean-Claude Pache15, Andreia Pinto16, Finn P Reinholt17, Josep Schroeder4, Panayotis Yiallouros18, Estelle Escudier19 *These authors represent a larger guideline development group acknowledged below. 1. Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK 2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ultrastructure of the Nuclear Division of Basidiobolus Ranarum Eidam Nai-Chau Sun Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1970 The ultrastructure of the nuclear division of Basidiobolus ranarum Eidam Nai-Chau Sun Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Genetics Commons Recommended Citation Sun, Nai-Chau, "The ultrastructure of the nuclear division of Basidiobolus ranarum Eidam " (1970). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 4203. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/4203 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 70-18,912 SUN, Nal-Chau, 1936- THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEAR DIVISION OF BASIDIOBOLUS RANARUM EIDAM. lowa State University, Ph.D., 1970 Biology-Genetics University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan .%T TTA #-» «• TM-i-i-iiT **T/Tnr4TiTT ii/rr»T\ TVAOTTV AO DTTPTTXrPn THE ULTRASTRUCTUBE OP THE NUCLEAR DIVISION OP BASIDIOBOLUS RANARUM EIDAM by Nai-Chau Sun A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OP PHILOSOPHY Major Subject: Cell Biology . and Genetics Approve^ Signature was redacted for privacy. In^i fîgcf^geTHafg î MaMajor j oi Work Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of r Nork Signature was redacted for privacy. Cell Biology Program Signature was redacted for privacy. Head Department of Genetics Signature was redacted for privacy.
    [Show full text]
  • Biology and Diversity of Viruses, Bacteria and Fungi (Paper Code: Bot 501)
    BIOLOGY AND DIVERSITY OF VIRUSES, BACTERIA AND FUNGI (PAPER CODE: BOT 501) By Dr. Kirtika Padalia Department of Botany Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani E-mail: [email protected] OBJECTIVES The main objective of the present lecture is to cover all the topics of 5 unites under Block -1 in Paper code BOT 501 and to make them easy to understand and interesting for our students/learners. BLOCK – I : VIRUSES Unit –1 : General Characters and Classification of Viruses Unit –2 : Chemistry and Ultrastructureof Viruses Unit –3 : Isolation and Purification of Viruses Unit –4 : Replication and Transmission of Viruses Unit –5 : General Account of Plant, Animal and Human Viral Disease CONTENT ❑ Introduction of viruses ❑ Origin of viruses ❑ History of viruses ❑ Classification ❑ Ultrastructureof viruses ❑ Chemical composition viruses ❑ Isolation and purification of viruses ❑ Replication of viruses ❑ Transmission of viruses ❑ General account of plant, animal and human viral diseases ❑ Key points ❑ Terminology ❑ Assessment Questions ❑ Bibliography WHAT ARE THE VIRUSES ??? ❖ Viruses are simple and acellular infectious agents. Or ❖ Viruses are infectious agents having both the characteristics of living and nonliving. Or ❖ Viruses are microscopic obligate cellular parasites, generally much smaller than bacteria. They lack the capacity to thrive and reproduce outside of a host body. Or ❖ Viruses are infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host. Or ❖ Viruses are the large group of submicroscopic infectious agents that are usually regarded as nonliving extremely complex molecules, that typically contain a protein coat surrounding an RNA or DNA core of genetic material but no semipermeable membrane, that are capable of growth and multiplication only in living cells, and that cause various important diseases in humans, animals, and plants.
    [Show full text]