A Study on the Diversity of Marine Fungi Along the South East Coast of Tamilnadu a Statistical Analysis

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(2): xx-xx

ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 2 (2015) pp. 559-574 http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article A Study on the Diversity of Marine Fungi along the South East Coast of Tamilnadu A Statistical Analysis

L.Prince 1* and P.Samuel2

1Department of Microbiology, PRIST University (East Campus), Thanjavur, TN, India 2Department of Biotechnology, Bharath college of Science and Management, Thanjavur, TN, India *Corresponding author

A B S T R A C T

In the present study investigated the mycodiversity of the four spots K e y w o r d s [Adirampattinam (SS1), Mallipattinam (SS2), Rajamadam (SS3) and Memesal (SS4)] along the south east coast of Tamilnadu. The marine sediments were Mycodiversity, collected by hand-pushing plastic core tubes. The sediments were processed Marine sediment, carefully and subjected to microbiological analysis. The study revealed that the Hand-pushing season greatly influence the mycodiversity. The microbiological analysis results plastic core tubes, were subjected to statistical analysis; it includes correlation analysis, Shannon Correlation, diversity indices and ANOVA analysis. Statistical approach revealed that the Shannon distribution of fungi not only influenced by season but also by sampling spots. diversity, Thus we conclude through this research that among the four sampling spots, ANOVA Adirampattinam was found as the spot for maximum mycodiversity and therefore this spot could be considered as spot for the isolation of potential fungi.

Introduction

In terms of sheer volume, the marine to almost 29 empire state buildings (each environment represents a major portion of 1,250 feet or 381 meters in height) stacked the biosphere and contains 97% of the earth on top on one another. The pressure in the water. Much of this is in the deep sea at a marine environment increases depth greater than 1,000 meters, approximately 1atm / 10 meters in depth and representing 75% of the oceans volume. The pressure are in the vicinity of 1,000 atm at ocean has been called a high pressure the greatest ocean depths (Jones and Hyde, - refrigerator , with most of the volume below 1988). 100 meters at a constant 3oC temperature. The ocean at its greatest depth is slightly Many marine invertebrates produce natural more than 11,000 meters deep or equivalent compounds that affect the growth,

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(2): xx-xx metabolism, reproduction, and survival of metabolites including antitumor, other types of organism. Hence, they are antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and considered to be bioactive. These include enzyme inhibitors compounds. Overall potentially effective therapeutic agents with research on marine derived fungi has led to antiviral, antibacterial and antitumor discovery of some 272 new natural products properties produced by invertebrates from until 2002 and another s 240 new structures the classes Porifera, Nidaria, Mollusca, from 2002 until 2004, this providing Echinodermata, Bryozoa and Urochordata. evidence that marine derived fungi have a Close relations between marine invertebrate potential to be a rich source of species and microorganisms, including pharmaceutical leads. symbiotic associations and interactions during larval settlement, have been Microorganisms adapted to life in an characterized and this provides insights to extreme environment. Most of them are able the regulation of host symbiotic microbial to deal with moderate concentrations of salts community interactions. Many of the dissolved in water surrounding them compounds isolated from marine organisms, obviously all marine organisms can entire, such as sponges, may be produced by and very often require the salacity of the associated microbes. Previous studies have ocean, which is remarkably constant around also suggested that some bioactive the world and is close to 3.5% of total salts compounds isolated from marine organisms (El-Kady, 1986). These are two major types have been shown to exhibit anticancer, of biologically important environments in antimicrobial, antifungal or anti- which the salt factor will interact with inflammatory and other pharmacological microbial populations, soil and water which activities (Natori et al., 1994.). account for 70% of the earth s surface. In the oceans, fungi live as saprophytes, Marine fungi comprise of an estimated 1500 parasites and symbionts on various matrices species, excluding these that from lichens. such as sea, sand, logs, water, soil bubbles This number is low compared to the number as well as algal and other marine organisms. of described and estimated terrestrial fungi Microbial infections of the skin and cover 250,000. So far, less than 500 underlying tissues are among the most filamentous higher marine fungi have been frequent conditions encountered in acute described and only 79 are associated with ambulatory care. Marine fungi have proved algae as parasites or symbiosis and 18 with to be a rich source of new biologically animal hosts. A number of interesting natural products (Mansuma et al., 2001.). compounds, such as cytoglobosins and halovirs had been isolated from marine Fungi were among the first microorganisms fungi. Hence we consider that there are to be investigates scientifically, making numerous marine fungi containing further mycology, the study of fungi, one of the first remarkable structures as well as bioactive microbiological sciences. They are all compounds (Kohlmeyer and Volkmann eukaryotic, non photosynthetic organisms, Kohlmeyer, 2003). usually enclosed by cell walls that are composed of chitin, a polysaccharides of N- Recently among the marine microorganisms, acetylglucosamine subunits (unlike plant marine derived fungi have been recognized cells, which have cells wall of cellulose, a as one of the last barely tapped resources for polysaccharide composed of glucose new biologically active secondary subunits) many fungi are familiar to all of us

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(2): xx-xx molds that grow on bread, fruit, and cheese; monsoon, which is prevailing in the study mildew in damp textiles; yeast used in area. Sediment samples were collected by baking and brewing; mushrooms and hand-pushing plastic core tubes (7 cm toadstools. Some fungi produce antibiotics diameter) as far as possible into the that we used therapeutically, against many sediment. The sediment cores retrieved in bacterial infections. Among the fungi are the field were sliced on arrival at the lab at organisms that extract a wide range of 1-cm depth intervals for the first 15 cm, 2- degradation enzymes that attack visually any cm depth intervals from 15 25 cm, and then organic material. Such degradative activities every 5 cm for the deeper sections of the make fungi essential participants in cores. The sediments were kept cool in recycling natural wastes in our environment, icebox during the transportation to the decomposes in the biogeochemical cycle. laboratory according to Al-Shiwafi et al. (2005) and Jung et al. (2005). They were Marine fungi have proved to be a rich source then ground manually to a fine powder in an of new biologically natural products. alumina mortar; it is passed through a 2-mm Because of their particular living conditions, mesh screen and stored in polyethylene bags salinity, nutrition, higher pressure, based on method used by for further temperature variations, competition with physico-chemical analysis. bacteria, viruses and other fungi, they may have developed specific secondary Analysis of diversity indices and ANOVA metabolic pathways compared with terrestrial fungi (Liberra and Lindequist, Diversity indices like the species richness, 1995). species diversity, dominance index of the sampling spots were assessed were assessed Hence an attempt has been made to isolate by PRIMER v5 and SPSS V16. marine derived fungi and assess their diversity through statistical approach. Analysis of Mycoflora

Materials and Methods Dilution plating technique described by (Warcup, 1950) was used to isolate the fungi Collection of samples from soils. After incubation, Sediment samples were diluted (1:1,000, 1:10,000 and The sediment samples were collected 1:100,000) in sterilized sea water followed randomly four times in a month in morning, by 200 µL inoculation in Petri dishes afternoon and evening session from four containing PDA culture medium. The different sampling stations namely inoculated plates were incubated in a dust Adirampattinam(SS1), Rajamadam (SS2), free cupboard at the room temperature Mallipattinam (SS3) and Memesal (SS4). (26±2°C) for 7 days. The samples were collected from different locations seasonally for a period of January, After the incubation the development of April, July and October 2009. Dividing a fungal colonies were observed. The fungal calendar year into four seasons viz., cultures were then transferred; subcultured Postmonsoon (January March), Summer and pure cultures were maintained. The (April June), Premonsoon (July semi-permanent slides were prepared using September) and Monsoon (October lacto phenol cotton blue staining method December), based on the north east (Dring, 1976).

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Identification Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was carried out for fungi population in all the seasons of The slides were observed under microscope all the sampling stations. In (400X) and identified with the help of keys Adirampattinam, maximum fugal diversity given by (Barghoorn and Linder, 1944; was observed during the monsoon 2.09 ± Johnson and Sparrow, 1961; Barnett and 2.01 and least was observed during Hunter, 1972; Anisworth et al., 1973a; Postmonsoon 1.156 ± 0.944. Anisworth et al., 1973b; Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer, 1979; Kohlmeyer and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was carried Kohlmeyer, 1991) and following the out for fungi population in all the seasons of taxonomic arrangement proposed in the 6th all the sampling stations. In Mallipattinam, edition of Ainsworth and Bisby s Dictionary maximum fugal diversity was observed of the Fungi (Anisworth, 1971.). during the monsoon 2.33 ± 2.14 and least was observed during Postmonsoon 1.736 ± Results and Discussion 1.59.

Analysis of Mycoflora Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was carried out for fungi population in all the seasons of Totally 58 species of fungi (Table: 1) were all the sampling stations. In Rajamadam, isolated during the course period of maximum fugal diversity was observed research. Among the isolated species, during the Summer 2.12 ± 1.65 and least Ascomycota encounter 48 species followed was observed during Postmonsoon 1.345 ± by Mitosporic fungi 5 species, 1.56. Mucoromycotina and Anamorphic fungi each 2 species and Hyphomycetes 1 species, In Mallipattinam, post monsoon season was respectively (Table 2). Study on diversity found to show maximum fungal diversity. In índices analysis revealed among the four the station Rajamadam, summer season sampling spots, SS1 Adirampattinam maximum fungal diversity, In Memesal, showed high species diversity and species premonsoon season was found to show richness during the monsoon season and maximum fungal diversity and In least was observed in SS4 Memesal. The Adirampattinam, monsoon season was study also led to the conclusion that human found to show maximum fungal diversity. interference might be one of the reasons for All the results were 3 replicates and the non-uniformity of mycodiversity along the significant was at 5% level (Table 3; Fig. 1) coastal ecosystem. .

Analysis of Variance Among 58 species isolated, only 10 (Table: 4) species were found to be common to all Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was carried stations on all seasons. The physico- out for fungi population in all the seasons of chemical parameters recorded during the all the sampling stations. In Memesal, present study was not adversely affected the maximum fugal diversity was observed distribution of fungi in the marine sediment. during the Premonsoon 2.07 ± 1.66 and least pH and organic carbon (Table: 5) are the was observed during Postmonsoon 1.499 ± major factors affecting the diversity of 1.33. marine fungi.

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The species richness and diversity of fungi The genus Aspergillus was constituted by at four sampling stations were determined the maximum of 14 species (Table: 1) using Shannon, Dominance index, Species followed by the genus Penicillium was 5 richness and Eveness indices. The Shannon species. index was found to be maximum at SS1 (3.2196) and minimum at SS4 (2.5685). The As in the present study the trend of species Dominance index was found to be maximum composition with bulk number of at SS1 (0.0772) and minimum at SS4 Aspergillus species are reported from (0.0792) during monsoon season. The mangrove sediments of Cochin (Kerala) by Species richness was highest at SS1 and Prabhakaran and Gupta (1990) coastal and least at SS4 (6.1339 and 3.9172) and the Brackish sediments by Subramanian and evenness index was highest at SS1 (0.9162) Raghu-Kumar (1974) and sand dune of and least at SS4 (0.9022) (Table 6). Tamil Nadu coast by Madhanraj et al. (2010). This could be inferred as that the Among 58 species of fungi isolated, the fungal species isolated are bulk from the Adirampattinam (SS1) was represented by genus Aspergillus which are highly adapted 35 species followed by Rajamadam (SS2) to the varying soil characteristics observed and Mallipattinam (SS3) each by 29 species in the study areas. Evidently, the tolerance and Memesal (SS4) by 27 species. From and adaptive mechanism of Aspergillus to these, it was evident that maximum fungi varying marine environmental diversity was in Adirampattinam (SS1) and characteristics are reported by Pawar and minimum in Memesal (SS4) (Table 2). Thirumalachar, (1966), Subramanian and Distribution of filamentous fungi in the Raghu-Kumar (1974) and Nadimuthu present study has shown a higher diversity. (1998). Of the 58 isolates belonged to 37 genera comprising 48% Ascomycota, 2% Among 58 species isolated, only 10 (Table: Mucoromycotina, 2% Anamorphic fungi, 4) species were found to be common to all 1% Hyphomycetes and 5% Mitosporic fungi stations on all seasons. The physico- (Table 2).However, the present study chemical parameters recorded during the matches the findings of several investigators present study was not adversely affected the who found Ascomycetes fungi as the major distribution of fungi in the marine sediment. contributor to the filamentous higher marine pH and organic carbon (Table: 5) are the fungi (Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer, 1979; major factors affecting the diversity of Hyde et al., 2000; Sridhar and Prasannarai, marine fungi as is well illustrated by the data 2001). of Booth and Kenkel, (1986). The ocean of the world is varied greatly in intertidal The mycodiversity recorded in the present amplitude and salinity of the waters, all study (number of species) was narrow. The eatures that can dramatically affect fungal minimum of 1 species (Table: 1) were biodiversity. Species richness and diversity recorded in the marine sediment collected of fungi in all the four sampling stations during post monsoon, summer, Premonsoon during the four seasons is in conformity with and monsoon season in 2009. The maximum the studies of Maria and Sridhar (2002). of 15 species (Table: 1) and 14 species (Table: 1) were recorded in the marine Ecological studies of marine fungi have sediment collected during Premonsoon and mainly focused on those sporulating on the monsoon season in 2009.Among four station incubated substratum. This may lead to an

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(2): xx-xx underestimated diversity, because the fungi characters. The mycoflora of the oceans has are present only as mycelium and not been studied in enough detail to identify sporulation may be inhibited by the presence marine-isolated fungi as specific halophiles, of other fungi (Tan et al., 1995.).The needs salt-adapted species, or non-marine fungi for the diversity and development of new capable of survival in sea water. Large classes of antimicrobial compounds are numbers of fungi have been isolated from increasing, due to trends in antibiotic the sea (Johnson and Sparrow, 1961). resistance among different strains of fungi and other microorganism. Which are causing However, these are only a few of the factors serious problems in the containment of that have an effect on the occurrence and infectious diseases (Bhadury et al., 2006). distribution of marine fungi. Others include Improvement of microbial strains for over- dissolved organic nutrients, hydrogen ion production of industrial products has been concentration, osmotic effects, oxygen the hallmark of all commercial fermentation availability, pollutants, abundance of process (Parekh et al., 2000) especially for propagules in the water, ability to impact on marine fungi and mangrove fungi, from to and attach to suitable substrata, which the bioactive compounds isolated, are hydrostatic pressure, substrate specificity, often available in minute amounts only. temperature and tidal amplitude and perhaps even light (Booth and Kenkel, 1986). According to Atalla, et al. (2011), reported that the marine algal associated Penicillium Lack of coastal vegetation, higher amount of brevicompactum produced 11 clear bioactive human activities and also oil pillage from compounds and all the compounds were the motorized vessels used for fishing found to have antibacterial and antifungal activities as well as washout from the activity. There are plethora of compounds catamaran might be the possible reason for are being extracted from marine microbial the lower species richness and diversity of flora and fauna, to highlight this, Ira these above stations with the noted abiotic Bhatnagar and Se-Kwon Kim (2010), wrote factors existing in the coastal environment. a review on the excellence of marine The presence in soil of micro-organisms microbial bioactive compounds. capable of killing non indigenous fungi by lysing their cell walls is well documented Petit et al. (2004) found that a marine strain (Mitchell and Alexander, 1963). of Penicillium waksmanii produce griseofulvin. Filamentous fungi, the ANOVA analysis revealed that there is principle commercial sources of xylanolytic significant difference exist between enzymes, have many industrial uses, such as distributions of fungus with sampling in paper manufacturing, animal feed, bread- stations on all seasons. The study gives the making, juice and wine industries and CD value 1.856 which was found to be xylitol production (Raghukumar et al., 2004; lower than the observations made by Polizeli et al., 2005). Prasannarai and Sridhar (2003). The present study correlates with the findings of In the present study, it seemed that the field Prasannarai and Sridhar (2003) in the aspect of marine mycology is necessary to that the distribution of fungi is high in case investigate diversity of fungi in the marine of number of colonies obtained from ecosystem before we can understand their sediment samples during the monsoon ecological significance and their distinct season.

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Table.1 Season wise distribution of marine derived fungi along the South East Coast

S.NO NAME OF SS1 SS2 SS3 SS4 THE FUNGI PM SUM PRM MON PM SUM PRM MON PM SUM PRM MON PM SUM PRM MON 1. Acremonium sp + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2. Penicillium + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + luteum 3. Aspergillus + + + + + + + + + - + + + - - + awamori 4. Aspergillus + + + + - - - - + - + + - - - - sulphureus 5. Aspergillus + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + flavus 6. Aspergillus + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - sydowii 7. Aspergillus + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - niger 8. Rhizopus + - + + ------nigricans 9. Geotrichum + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + candidum 10. Penicillium + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + granulatum 11. Aspergillus + + + + + + + + - - - - + + + + nidulans 12. Penicillium + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + expansum 13. Aspergillus + + + + ------fumigatus 14. Absidia glauca + + + + - - - - + + + + - - - - 15. Massarina + - + + - - + + ------japonica 565

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16. Alternaria + + + + ------tenuis 17. Aspergillus + - + + ------terreus 18. Acrophilophora - - - - + - - - + - + + - + + + fusipspra 19. Trichocladium + + + + ------acrasporum 20. Aspergillus ------+ + + + - - - - glaucus 21. Aspergillus ------+ + + - - - - granulosus 22. Aspergillus ------+ - + + - - - - ustus 23. Aspergillus ------+ - + + - - - - versicolor 24. Aspergillus ------+ + - + - - - - clavatus 25. Aureobasidium - - - - + + + + - - - - + + + + pullulans 26. Alternaria + - + + ------geophila 27. Chaetomium ------+ - + + + - + + spp 28. Chrysosporium - - - - + + - + - - - - - + + + Spp 29. Cladosporium + + + + - - - + + + - + + + + + spp 30. Verticillium spp. + + + + + + - + ------31. Cunninghamella + - + + ------+ + + + spp. 32. Curvularia spp ------+ - + + + - + + 566

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33. Verticillium + + + + + + + + ------serrae 34. Aspergillus ------+ + + + - - - - oryzae 35. Phoma ------+ + + - + + - - - - glomerata 36. Penicillium + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + notatum 37. Penicillium + + + + + + + + - + + + - - - - chrysogenum 38. Trichoderma + + + + ------spp 39. Alternaria + - - + ------alternate 40. Varicosporina ------+ ------ramulosa 41. Clavatospora - - + + ------+ + - - - - bulbosa 42. Ascochyta sp ------+ - + + 43. Cumulospora + + + + - - + ------marina 44. Dendryphiella - - - + + ------salina 45. Periconia - - - - + - - + ------prolific 46. Verruculina - - + + + ------enalia 47. Salsuginea - - - + - - - - - + + + + - - + ramicola 48. Savoryella ------+ + + + - + - - paucispora 49. Savoryella + - - + - - - - + + + + - + - + 567

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lignicola 50. Pleospora ------+ + - + + - - - - pelagic 51. Marinosphaera ------+ ------mangrovei 52. Lignincola ------+ - + tropica 53. Leptosphaeria ------+ - - + australiensis 54. Halosarpheia - - - - + - + + ------ratnagiriensis 55. Aniptodera ------+ ------+ + chesapeakensis 56. Algialus grandis - - - - + ------+ + + + 57. Massarina - + + + ------+ + - + bipolaris 58. Halorosellinia ------+ ------+ oceanicum PM postmonsoon, SUM summer, PRM premonsoon and MON monsoon SS1 AdirampattinaM, SS2 Rajamadam, SS3 Mallipattinam and SS4 Memesal.

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Table.2 List of taxonomic group of fungi and its individual contribution Taxonomical group Individual S.NO of fungi contribution 1 Ascomycota 48 2 Mucoromycotina 2 3 Mitosporic fungi 5 4 Anamorphic fungi 2 5 Hyphomycetes 1

Table.3 Comparison between distributions of fungi with all stations Area Post monsoon Summer Pre monsoon Mon soon MEMESAL 1.499 ± 1.33 1.915 ± 1.49 2.07 ± 1.66* 2.015 ±1.92 ADIRAMPATTINAM 1.156 ± 0.944 1.81 ± 1.55 1.851 ± 1.73 2.09 ± 2.01 MALLIPATTINAM 1.736 ± 1.59* 2.096 ± 1.62 1.85 ± 1.76 2.33 ± 2.14* RAJAMADAM 1.345 ± 1.56 2.12 ± 1.65* 1.77 ± 1.75 1.720 ± 1.96 CD (P<0.05) 1.856 Values are mean ± SD

Fig.1 Comparison between distributions of fungal species with all stations

2.5

y 1.5 t i s n e d n

a 1 e M

0.5

0 Post monsoon Summer Pre monsoon Mon soon Stations MEMESAL ADIRAMPATTINAM MALLIPATTINAM RAJAMADAM

Table.4 List of fungi recorded from all stations S.NO NAME OF THE FUNGI 1 Penicillium expansum 2 Geotrichum candidum 3 Aspergillus flavus 4 Penicillium granulatum 5 Penicillium leuteum 6 Acremonium Spp 7 Aspergillus niger 8 Aspergillus sydowii 9 Cladosporium Spp 10 Chrysosporium Spp

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Table.5 Physico chemical parameter of the marine sediment

NAME OF THE STATION AND SEASON NAME OF THE ADIRAMPATTINAM RAJAMADAM MALLIPATTINAM MEMESAL 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 S.NO PHYSICOCHEMICAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 PARAMETER 2 2 2 2 9 T 9 9 T 9 9 T 9 9 T 9 R R R R N L N L N L N L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C C C C P P P P A 0 U 0 A 0 U 0 A 0 U 0 A 0 U 0 J A 2 J O 2 J A 2 J O 2 J A 2 J O 2 J A 2 J O 2

7.41 7.69 7.12 7.56 7.51 7.77 7.32 7.69 7.49 7.54 7.39 7.26 7.30 7.27 7.41 7.34 1 pH

Electrical conductivity 2 (dsm1) 0.41 0.58 0.42 0.56 0.52 0.35 0.30 0.29 0.54 0.32 0.32 0.36 0.32 0.42 0.29 0.42

3 Organic carbon (%) 0.26 0.28 0.22 0.27 0.20 0.22 0.16 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.23 0.17 0.22 0.17 0.19 0.20

4 Organic matter (%) 0.52 0.52 0.34 0.54 0.50 0.48 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.40 0.25 0.38 0.40 0.38 0.29 0.36 Cat ion exchange 5 capacity (C. mole 12.33 11.30 11.10 12.30 14.15 13.40 13.11 14.50 13.06 14.50 12.15 11.40 11.25 12.40 11.39 12.10 proton+ / kg)

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Table.6 Analysis of biodiversity indices of marine derived fungi

ALL SEASONS PRE POSTMONSOON SUMMER MONSOON POOLED MONSOON TOGETHER S S S S S S S S S S X X X X X X X X X X E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E N N N N N

Name of the D D D D D D D D D D H H H H H N N N N N E E E E E N N N N N Sampling Station I I I I I I C I C I C I C I C C C C C C I I I I I S S S S S N N N N N R R R R R N N N N N S S S S S O O O O O E E E E E A A A A A S S S S S E E E E E N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N I I I I I X X I I I I I N N N N N N N N N N E E C C C C C M M M M M E E E E E A A A A A E E E E E D D O O O O O V V V V V H H H H H P P P P P N N S D I S E S D I S E S D S E S D S E S D S E

ADIRAMPATTIN 6 5 7 4 2 4 6 9 7 0 2 6 3 1 9 2 6 3 6 9 9 2 9 7 3 0 8 9 8 8

AM 3 6 1 0 3 7 8 6 4 0 8 6 1 6 3 3 3 2 9 2 0 5 3 1 7 7 3 8 1 5 6 1 2 4 1 1 1 5 1 8 ...... 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 8 3 . 5 . 2 . 4 . 3 . 5 . 3 . 6 . 3 . 5 . 4 8 5 5 0 7 8 7 3 6

RAJAMADAM 8 4 1 0 1 0 3 8 9 3 2 9 8 2 0 8 4 5 1 7 5 3 6 4 7 3 0 2 9 6 7 8 3 2 7 9 0 4 9 3 5 9 9 5 1 3 9 2 2 1 9 4 6 9 9 1 5 0 5 4 ...... 0 8 1 8 1 8 0 8 1 7 2 . 3 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 4 . 2 . 4 .

MALLIPATTINA 5 6 8 5 7 0 8 9 2 8 2 5 2 7 1 4 1 2 6 5 9 8 0 0 8 4 7 1 4 3

M 0 4 5 1 7 1 9 5 8 9 8 5 4 7 5 3 2 9 2 9 9 6 7 0 4 0 6 5 8 6 1 7 9 6 5 7 9 6 4 6 ...... 0 9 1 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 2 . 4 . 2 . 3 . 2 . 5 . 2 . 5 . 2 . 4 . 1 4 4 3 5 2 1 6 9 6

MEMESAL 1 4 2 7 6 9 6 2 8 6 7 3 9 2 2 2 7 1 0 9 7 7 2 1 5 5 9 2 6 4 1 2 1 9 0 5 8 2 4 5 6 8 2 9 6 8 2 0 5 9 9 7 8 7 5 6 7 8 4 4 ...... 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 8 0 8 2 . 4 . 2 . 4 . 2 . 3 . 2 . 5 . 2 . 4 .

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The present study correlates with the report mangrove and from shore to shore and of Sundari et al. (1996), that the woody sometimes over a narrow range. Therefore it substrata accumulated on the tropical could be concluded that there is no beaches undergo severe desiccation, which uniformity in the diversity of marine fungi might influence the fungal assemblage and and their distribution pattern in different diversity. Intertidal sediment samples geographical regions. exposed for a considerable duration to physico-chemical changes in each season Acknowledgement since they were sampled about two months after the initiation of each season. Increase We wish to express our sincere thanks to in percent colonization of fungi and total The Hon Ble SECRETARY and The number of fungi was seen in August Respected PRINCIPAL for their kind samples. Similar result was given by permission to carry out the research work in Prasannarai and Sridhar (2003) from woody our laboratory and my colleagues for substrates. Possibly the environmental extended their support for the successful factors at intertidal habitats of south east completion of the project. coast of Tamilnadu during the monsoon might be favorable for the growth of fungi. References The lowest as well as narrow range of temperature (25º 30ºC) recorded during Aleem, A.A., 1980. Distribution and monsoon season must be ideal for fungal ecology of marine fungi in Sierra colonization and growth on sediments. In Leone (Tropical West Africa). addition, sediment on beaches gets wet Botanica Marina 23: 679-688. continuously during monsoon period. Al-Shiwafi, N., Rushdi, A. I. & Ba-Issa, A. (2005): Trace Metals in Surface The present investigation also correlates Seawaters and Sediments from with Sundari et al. (1996) and Aleem Various Habitats of the Red Sea (1980). In summary, the assemblage and Coast of Yemen. Environmental frequency of occurrence and diversity of Geology. 48, 590-598. marine fungi were highest on sediment Anisworth, G.C., 1971. Anisworth and sampled during monsoon period in south Bisby s Dictionary of the Fungi, east coast of Tamilnadu. In addition to many sixth ed. Commonwealth factors which influence the occurrence and Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, function of marine fungi on intertidal England. sediments, our study indicated that the Anisworth, G.C., Sparrow, F.K., Sussman, activity of marine fungi also dependent on A.S., (1973a). A Taxonomic Review the period of sampling. With Keys: Ascomycetes and Fungi imperfecti. In: The Fungi, an In conclusion, in the present investigation a Advanced Treatise, vol. IVA. number of factors that can affect the Academic Press, New York, 621 pp. diversity of fungi in the marine Anisworth, G.C., Sparrow, F.K., Sussman, environment. No single factor can account A.S., (1973b). A Taxonomic Review for the diversity we observe, the marine with Keys: Basidiomycetes and environment being a complex ecosystem Lower Fungi. In: The Fungi, an with great variation in many parameters Advanced Treatise, vol. IVB. from ocean to ocean, from mangrove to Academic Press, New York, 504 pp.

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