DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 376 042 SE 054 742

AUTHOR Sessoms, James D. TITLE Carolina Baywatch. Singletary State Park: An Environmental Education Learning Experience Designed for Grades 6-8. INSTITUTION State Dept. of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, Raleigh. Div. of Parks and Recreation. PUB DATE Apr 94 NOTE 50p.; For related guides, see SE 054 736-744 and SE 054 746. AVAILABLE FROMNorth Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation, P.O. Box 27687, Raleigh, NC 27611-7687. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Instructional Materials (For Learner)(051) Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (For Teacher) (052)

EDRS PRICE MF01/13CO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Data Collection; Ecological Factors; *Ecology; Environmental Education; Grade 6; Grade 7; Grade 8; *Habitats; Intermediate Grades; Junior High Schools; *Parks; Science Activities; Science Education; Science Equipment; Temperature; *Water Quality IDENTIFIERS Aquatic Life; *Aquatic Organisms; Environmental Awareness; Hands On Experience; Leaves (Trees); Metamorphosis; North Carolina State Parks System; *Stewardship; Water Quality Analysis; Watersheds

ABSTRACT This activity guide, developed to provide hands-on environmental education activities geared to State Park in North Carolina, is targeted for grades 6,7, and 8 and meets curriculum objectives of the standard course of study established by the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction. Three types of activities are included: pre-visit, on-site, and post-visit. The on-site activity is conducted at the park, while pre- and post-visit activities are designed for the classroom. In these activities students will have the opportunity to learn water quality testing methods, visit a bay lake and perform actual tests, and discover and test water sources at school. Major concepts included are: water quality, data collection, pH, water testing, animal adaptations, and geomorphology of a Carolina bay lake. Includes a vocabulary list, scheduling worksheet, parental permission form, North Carolina Parks and Recreation program evaluation, and information about Singletary Lake State Park. (MKR)

*********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document. *********************************************************************** U S. DEPARTMENT "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCETHIS 011.c e of Educattonl OF EDUCATION MATERIAL HAS BEEN Research and GRANTED BY EDUCATIONAL Improvement RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERICI YThis document haS been ,e13,0dUCe6 .-ece,ed Iron, as orvnattng the person ororganization Minor -changes are been made to reproductro, auabb, ,mprove

Points Of se TO THE EDUCATIONAL meat do not n.or OormOnS stated .0 thisciccu RESOURCES cessably represent INFORMATION CENTER OEFII posa Or potter' olbcta (ERIC)."

3

BEST COPY AVAILABLE e State Park Experience -7-----

d- 4.!, 1' r lI ; - ".."...."6 "Pure water is the best ofgifts that man to man can bring."

Unknown. attributed to Lord Neavis.

"The noblest of the elements is water."

Pinbar Funding for this publication was generously provided by C P&L

6 ii This Environmental Education Learning Experience was developed by

James D. Sessoms Lead Interpretation and Education Ranger Singletary Lake State Park

N.C. Division of Parks and Recreation Department of Environment,ArA Health and Natural Resources Jame. B. Hunt. Jr. Jonathan B. Howes Governor [DEHNR Secretary Other Contributors ...

Park volunteers,

Wade Lowery:

The N.C. Department of Public Instruction:

The N.C. Division of Water Resources:

The N.C. Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resoulk....ts:

and the many individuals and agencies who assisted in the review of this publication.

500 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of SI,750 or $3.50 per copy

® Printedon recycled paper. 4-94

iv a 1. Introduction Introduction to the North Carolina State Parks System 1.1 Introduction to Singletary Lake State Park Introduction to the Activity Packet for Singletary Lake State Park 1 .5 Introduction to the Water Cycle 1.6 Introduction to 1.7

2. Activity Summary

3. Pre-Visit Activity #1 Water Quality Testing Procedures 3.1

4. On-Site Activity Wet, Wild and Natural 4.1

5, Post-Visit Activity "1 How's Your Water'? 5.1

6. Vocabulary 6.1

7. References 7.1

8. Appendix Sources of Information on Water Resources 8.1

9. Forms 9.1

10. Notes 10. 1

3 Introduction to the North Carolina State Parks System

n reserving and protecting The North Carolina State As on'-. of North Carolina's r North Carolina's natural Parks System has now been principal conservation agen- resources is actually a rela- established for more than'three cies, the Division of Parks and tively new idea. The seeds of quarters of a century. What Recreation is responsible for the conservation movement started out as one small plot of the more than I 25,000 acres were planted early in the 20th public land has grown into 59 that make up our state parks century when citizens were properties across the state, in- system. The Division man- alerted to the devastation of cluding parks, recreation areas, ages these resources for the Mount Mitchell. Logging trails, rivers, and natural safe enjoyment of the public was destroying a well-known and protects and preserves landmark - the highest peak them as a part of the heritage east of the Mississippi. As we will pass on to generations the magnificent forests of to come. this mile-high peak fell to An important component the lumbermen's axe, alarmed of our stewardship of these citizens began to voice lands is education. Through their objections. Gover- our interpretation and environ- nor Locke Craig joined mental education services, them in their efforts to the Division of Parks and save Mount Mitchell. Recreation strives to offer Together they convinced enlightening programs which the legislature to pass a bill lead to an understanding and establishing Mount Mitchell areas. This vast network of appreciation of our natural as the first state park of North land boasts some of the most resources. The goal of our Carolina. That was in 1915. beautiful scenery in the world environmental education and offers endless recreation program is to generate an opportunities. But our state awareness in all individuals parks system offers much morewhich cultivates responsible than scenery and recreation. stewardship of the earth. Our lands and waters contain unique and valuable archaeo- logical, geological and biologi- cal resources that are important parts of our natural heritage.

For more information contact:

N.C. Division of Parks and Recreation P.O. Box 27687 Raleigh, NC 27611-7687 919/ 733-4181 10

Singletary Lake State Park. NC' I. April 1994 Introduction to Singletary Lake State Park

Singletary Lake State Park is comprised of 649 acres of Prograni Options: is located in Bladen County on land and a 572 acre natural Singletary Lake State Park Highway 53, ten miles south- lake. Singletary Lake State is an excellent place to teach east of Elizabethtown and six Park offers your group ample ecology, environmental issues, miles east of White Lake. opportunity for nature study biology, conservation and Singletary Lake was named and recreation in what is truly earth science, as well as a fun for Richard Singletary, who, in "nature's classroom." place to enjoy recreational 1729, received a grant of land In 1936, the National Park activities. The area is rich with in Bladen County. Singletary Service began development natural resources and provides Lake is one of five bay lakes of two recreation demonstra- a wonderful outdoor class- in the county. Bay lakes are tion projects in the state; one room to have a close encoun- shallow, ranging from eight of these was Singletary Lake. ter with a Carolina bay. to nearly 12 feet in depth. The purpose of the project was Programs at Singletary Though not the largest of the to buy submarginal farmland Lake are geared to different Bladen County Lakes, Single- and convert it to better use grade levels and provide a tary Lake is the deepest, hav- through federally-financed fun and exciting way to learn ing a maximum depth of 11.8 work programs. Such use about the world of nature. feet and a shoreline of almost included recreation, education Topics include birds, mam- four miles. Singletary is not and conservation of natural mals, spiders, animal tracks, fed by streams or springs, but resources. night hikes, reptiles and am- depends upon rainfall and run- Singletary Lake State Park phibians, seed dispersal, and off from the surrounding land. opened in the summer of the different habitats found The park is home to rare 1939 and was used by the within the park. Many of our plants like the Venus flytrap Boy Scouts, 4-H clubs and programs can be adapted to and white wicky. as well as similar organizations. These meet special needs. endangered animals like the same groups continue to use Our specially developed. red-cockaded woodpecker. the park today. curriculum-based Environ- Developed primarily for orga- mental Education Learning nized group camping, the park

1,1

Yellow perch

Singletary Lake State Park, NC 1.2 April 1994 Experiences are available by Before the Trip group. This wil! 6e necessary reservation only (see the sec- 1. Complete the pre-visit for the on-site activity. tion on how to schedule a trip). activity in the Environmental 6. The group coordinator Groups are encouraged to Education Learning Experi- is responsible for obtaining visit the park during all sea- ence packet. a consent form from each par- sons of the year for hikes, 2. Visit the park without the ticipant, including a listing of exploration, nature study and participants prior to the group any health considerations and other activities. Group leaders trip. This will allow you to medical needs. An example may choose to design and con- become familiar with facilities of this form is on page 9.2. duct their own activities or use and park staff and to identify 7. If the group plans to have the Environmental Education any potential problems. lunch in the park, please let the Learning Experience activities. 3. The group coordinator park staff know ahead of time Park staff will be glad to assist should discuss park rules and so an area can be reserved. you with your programming behavior expectations with 8.If you will be late or need needs. Every effort will be adult leaders and participants. to cancel your trip, please made to accommodate persons Safety should be stressed. notifY the park as far ahead as with disabilities. To make possible. arrangements, please contact 4. Activities that take place the park office at least two outdoors will possibly expose While at the Park students to harsh sun and weeks before your visit. Please obey the following insects. Be prepared by bring- Groups are welcome to rules: ing drinking water, sunscreen, visit the park for self-guided and insect repellent. Encour- 1. To help you get the most expeditions. We do, however, age everyone to wear appro- out of the experience and require that you let us know priate, comfortable clothing increase your chance of in advance when you plan to and walking shoes. observing wildlife, be as quiet visit. as possible while in the park. 5. The group should be di- Scheduling a Trip vided into three smaller groups 2. On hikes, walk behind the 1. To make a reservation, con- with adults assigned to each leader at all times. tact the park at least two weeks 3. All plants and animals in advance. within the park are protected. 2. Complete the Scheduling Breaking plants and harming Worksheet, located on page animals is prohibited in all 9.1, and return it to the park as state parks. This allows future soon as possible. visitors the same opportunity to enjoy our natural resources. 3. Research activity permits may be required for sampling 4. Picnic in designated picnic activities. If your group plans areas only. Help keep the park to collect any plant, animal or clean and natural; do not litter. mineral within the park. please 5. In case of accident or contact the park office at least emergency, contact park staff 30 days in advance to obtain a immediately. permit application. 6. On-site testing of Singletary Lake will be done on the pier. No horse play will be allowed. illustration by Ruth T. Brunstetter

Singletary Lake State Park, NC 1.12 April 1994 Following the Trip Park Information: Other Facilities in the 1. Complete the post-visit Singletary Lake State Park Area: activity in the Environmental Rt. 1, Box 63 Education Learning Experi- Kelly, NC 28448 Rt. 2, Box 945 ence packet. Tel: (910) 669-2928 Elizabethtown, NC 28337 2. Build upon the field ex- Hours of Operation: Tel: (910) 588-4550 perience and encourage Bladen Lakes Educational Year round, 8:00 am 5:00 pm participants to seek answers State Forest to questions and problems Rt. 2, Box 942-A encountered at the park. Elizabethtown, NC 28337 3. Relate the experience Tel: (910) 588-4161 to classroom activities and Moores Creek Natl. Battlefield curriculum through reports, Highway 210 projects, demonstrations, PO. Box 69 displays and presentations. Currie, NC 28435 Ask park staff for additional Tel: (910) 283-5591 follow-up ideas. State Park 4. Give tests or evaluations, Rt. 1, Box 147 if appropriate, to determine Lake Waccamaw, NC 28450 if students have gained the Tel: (910) 646-4748 desired information from the experience. 5. File a written evaluation of the experience with the park. A sample evaluation form is available on page 9.3.

Illustration Ruth T. Brunstetter 13 Sinletary Lake State Park, NC 1.4 April 1994 Introduction to the Activity Packet for Singletary Lake State Park.

The Environmental Educa- park visit to prepare students The Environmental Educa- tion Learning Experience, for theon-site activity, giving tion Learning Experience, Carolina BayWatch, was de- them the necessary back- Carolina BayWatch, will veloped to provide hands-on ground and vocabulary. We expose the student to the fol- environmental education ac- eneourage you to use the lowing major concepts: tivities for the classroom and post -yisit activity to reinforce Water quality the outdoor setting of Single,' ;conctpts, skills and vocabu- Data collection tary Lake State Park. This larylearned in the pre-visit pH activity packet, designed for '- and on-site activities. These Water testing grades 6, 7 and 8, meets .estab- Activities may be performed Animal adaptations lished curriculum objectives independently or in a series Geomorphology of a of the North Carolina Depart- to build upon the students' Carolina bay lake ment of Public Instruction. It newly gained knowledge and Vocabulary words used includes three types of activi, experiences. In these activi- throughout this Environmental ties: ties, students will have the Education Learning Experi- opportunity to learn water 1) pre-visit activity ence appear in bold type the quality testing methods, visit 2) on-site activity first time they are used in a bay lake and perform actual 3) post-visit activity,' each activity. Definitions may tests, and discover and test The on-site activity will be be found in the back of the water sources at school. conducted agile paik, while activity packet. A list of the pre-visit and post -visit activi- reference materials used in ties are designed for the class- developing the activities fol- room. The prvisit activity lows the vocabulary list. should be done prior to the This document was designed to be reproduced, in part or entirety, for use in North Caro- lina classrooms. If you wish to photocopy or adapt it for other uses, please credit the N.C. Division of Parks and Recreation.

14 Singletary Lake State Park, NC 1.5 April 1994 PRECIPITATION ..

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. . :RAIN HAIL. SNOW

HUNIUS AND LII I ER TOPSOIL

SUBSOIL

RUN OFT WATER ENTERS AND MOVES DOWNWARD IN SOIL PARENT SOIL MATERIAL

SPRING Rock OCEAN GROUND WATER

Evaporation The changing of water into vapor through their leaves. All living things water vapor. are connected through the water cycle." Groundwater Water found below the (from "Water Wonders".Protect Learning Tree) surface of the Earth. The water cycle shows us that the Earth's Hydrologic cycle {Water cycle)Process water can be found in many different places. involving the circulation and distribution of Atmosphere 0.001% the water on Earth. Water held in the air as water vapor. InfiltrationThe process by which water Surface Water 0.019% seeps into the soil. found in lakes, rivers and reservoirs. PrecipitationForms of condensed water vapor that are heavy enough to fall to the Subsurface Water 0.630% Fresh water found beneath the ground, Earth's surface, such as rain, snow, sleet, hail usually brought up by pumps. and fog. Glaciers & Ice Caps 2.150% 'The water cycle is the system by which Fresh water frozen into ice, found in Earth's fixed amount of water is collected, the Arctic and Antarctic oceans. purified and distributed from the environment Oceans 97.200% to living things and back to the environment. Large bodies of salt water, such as the Plants play a large part in the cycle by absorb- Atlantic and Pacific, that cover about ing water with their roots and transpiring it as 71% of the Earth. IJ Singletary Lake State ?ark, NC 1.6 April 1994 Introduction to Carolina B.Y s

What is a Carolina bay? not contain open water during While sharing many simi- On the Atlantic Coastal the majority of the year. The larities, Carolina bays also can Plain, from to New name of these natural basins differ in a number of ways. Jersey, there were once over originated from the fact that For example, the interior of 500,000 bays. At one time, there is a high concentration Bushy Lake, despite its name, Bladen County contained someof them in the Carolinas and doesn't contain open water, 1,200 bays covering almost 20 an abundance of three species but is dominated by pocosin square miles. Many of these, of associated vegetation: the vegetation growing on thick however, have been destroyed red bay, sweet bay and loblolly deposits of peat. On the other to make way for agriculture bay. hand, Cotton Head Bay, near and other uses. In general, Carolina bays were discov- Jones Lake State Park, is pri- bays are shallow, elliptical de- ered in the early 1930's, when marily bay forest. Given the pressions in the earth that are aerial photographs were being large number of Carolina bays, oriented in a southeastnorth- used to lay out farms. Their only a very small percentage west direction. The size may similar shape, orientation and presently have open water. range from less than 1 acre to the presence of an elevated It is likely that all bays 9,000 acres. The term bay sand ridge on the southeast were once bodies of water can be confusing because it rim were obvious from the air that over thousands of years does not refer to a body of and brought the Carolina bays became peat-filled bogs. To- water. Most Carolina bays do to the immediate and on-going day, Singletary Lake is only 56 attention of scientists. percent as large as its original

- size, evidence of the filling BayForest process.

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Sandy Bottom _ ma. Exposed Alt Beach

Se,, Built-up v. Sand Rim Eroded Shoreline

Singletary Lake State Park, NC 4r3 April 1994 . +..%-,o: - ..< Peat Singletary Lake Sand Layer Geomorphology Hard-pan Clay

Bladen County contains an however, is different from the While there is no general ac- unusually high number of bay other water-filled Carolina ceptance of any one theory, the lakes. Jones, Bay Tree. White, bays. Its outlet stream exits theoriented lake theory is best and of course, Singletary lakes lake through the northwest rim supported by scientific evi- are the most widely known. where most of the peat soils dence. Bay lakes depend on rainfalloccur. Thus, the dark-stained, The meteor impact theory. to maintain the water level. acidic water flows away from, one of the more popular. This results in a great deal of rather than into, the lake. The was proposed by Melton and fluctuation from season to lake is therefore clear and less Shreiver in 1934 and was later season. During periods of acidic. revised by Prouty in 1952. It !ow water, pond cypress can Few geological phenomena suggests the Carolina bays become established on the are more mysterious to scien- were formed by a swarm of exposed lake floor. In open tists than the origin of Carolina meteors that crashed into the water, the root system of ma- bays. Many theories have earth at a low angle from the ture cypress trees traps floatingbeen proposed to explain their northwest. Air shock waves, vegetation. Over time, this occurrence. These theories generated by meteor impacts. allows the thick bay vegetation have generated much debate created the shallow, elliptical to creep further out into the among the scientific commu- depressions in the loose, lake. nity, but none has gained uni- unconsolidated sands of the Slow movement of rainwa- versal acceptance. Some of coastal plain. While fascinat- ter through the peat soil of the these theories include: ing, this theory is not well- hay forest dissolves chemicals, meteor impact. supported scientifically. No such as tannic acid, produced dissolution of limestone meteorite materials have been by the decaying vegetation. and streamlining of bays by found in the bays and a sub- These chemicals are respon- the flow of groundwater. bottom profile of the bay lakes sible for the tea-colored water dissolution by artesian does not show the degree of found in most bay lakes. This springs and streamlining of disturbance a meteor impact natural acidity is a determining bays by wind and current should make. factor in what types Of fish and action, Recent research seems to aquatic plants can live in this the activity of giant pre- indicate that the hays were environment. White Lake, historic fish spawning, and formed during the last Ice the oriented lake theory. Age when strong winds blew

1

Singletary Lake State Park. NC 1.8 April 1994 across ponds in what was then while wet during the fall to for farmland or tree planta- a sandy, barren land-scape. spring months, dry up during tions, even though farming Lake currents, generated by the summer and therefore do yields are poor without treat- strong prevailing winds, erodednot support fish. These fish- ing the land with heavy the shallow lakes and ponds free bays are ideal habitat for amounts of limestone to neu- into ellipses. In the area of the many frogs and salamanders tralize the acidity of the soil. Carolinas, prevailing winds whose larvae and eggs would These land uses have caused from the north- northeast cre- otherwise be are preyed on by the loss of valuable habitat for ated the southeast-northwest fish. Nearly 50 reptile and some of the state's rarest plants orientation of the Carolina amphibian species use North and animals. hays. As the climate changed Carolina's bays, including the The Turkey Oak Natural and warming began after the rare tiger salamander. Other Area at Singletary Lake State Wisconsin Ice Age, precipita- rare species include the Venus Park encompasses one of the tion was reduced and vegeta- fly-trap, white wicky (a coastal state's finest examples of an tion began to overtake the plain relative of mountain undisturbed bay lake commu- bays. This is the oriented lake laurel) and the black bear. nity. Guided hikes in this area theory. Since European settlement, are available by contacting the Geologists have determined over half of all Carolina bays park office. from studying pollen grains have been logged and drained that not all Carolina hays were formed at the same time. Ages range from 20,000 to 40,000 years, with Singletary Lake being one of the oldest ever recorded. Carolina bays are ideal habi- tat for a number of rare plants and animals. Some small hays,

Venus flytrap 13

Sing let:uyl,ake State Park, NC 1.9 April 1994 Activity Summary

The following outline provides a brief summary of each activity, the major concepts intro- duced and the objectives met by completion of the activity. I. Pre-Visit Activity #1 Water Quality Testing Procedures (page 3.1.1) Instruct students in the use of various pieces of water testing equipment such as: litmus paper for pH testing; thermometer; calibrated depth marker and a Secchi disk for measuring water clarity. The use of these tools will be demonstrated. Major Concepts: Water quality Scientific testing procedures Bay lake ecology Data collection Objectives: Identify three factors that influence water quality in Carolina bay lakes and learn methods to monitor and test for them. Name the two natural acids that affect the pH of Carolina bay lakes. Discuss the two zones relating to the amount of sunlight penetration and explain which area is most productive and why. List two natural influences that affect productivity in a Carolina bay lake. Explain how the amount of light penetration dictates the type of aquatic life present. State the environmental temperature range that must be maintained for the survival of most aquatic life. Convert temperature readings from the Fahrenheit scale to the Celsius scale and from Celsius to Fahrenheit. Explain reasons for temperature changes relating to water depth.

14C . .1L . - 7.+L. Bay Forest _=Agiall.161111111 7 W. 711: eTlk.r....2.7 Srt-'t Sand Rim *Y7s

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.4.7 Sandy Bottom Exposed - Beach s.... Builtup Sand Rim ...12 Eroded Shoreline 18 Singletary Lake State Park, NC 2.1 April 1994 H. On-Site Activity #1 Wet, Wild and Natural (page4.1.1) In this hands-on activity, students will perform various water quality tests to determine the pH, temperature and water clarity of Singletary Lake. Major Concepts: Water quality pH , pH range best suited for aquatic life Clarity Temperature ranges Reading a calibrated scale Bay lake geomorphology Objectives: Work as a scientific testing group to gather data on the water quality of a Carolina bay lake. Use litmus paper to measure pH. Use a Secchi disk to measure clarity. Measure temperature. Determine temperature ranges that best support aquatic life. Learn the average depth of most Carolina bay lakes. Present and explain the data collected in the water quality tests. Based on the pH of Singletary Lake and Lake Waccamaw, explain the difference in aquatic life of the two lakes. III. Post-Visit Activity *1 How's Your Water ? (page5.1.1) The class will discover the pH values of water sources located in and around their school and home, and determine typical plants and animals that could live in these habitats. Major Concepts: pH pH range best suited for aquatic life Water quality Objectives: Use litmus paper to measure pH. Predict habitat suitability for select fish.

Singletary Lake State Park, NC 2.2 April 1994 1

S a

State the environmental Curriculum Objectives: Materials: Grade 6 Provided by par'litmus paper, temperature range that must Communication Skills: study "pH Ranges 'In at Support be maintained for the sur- skills using environmental Aquatic Life" poster, clear liq- vival.of most aquatic life. sources, listening, reading, uids (one acid, one base), glass Convert temperature read- vocabulary and viewing containers (vials), Secchi disk, comprehension "Bay Lake Geomorphology" ings from the Fahrenheit Science: how science helps poster, mercury thermometers, scale to the Celsius scale us thermometer poster and from Celsius to Fahren- Social Studies: gather, orga- Provided by educator: orange heit. nize and analyze information juice, antacids (i.e., RolaidsTM Explain reasons for tem- Turns Tm ), tap water, very dark Grade 7 colored water or tea, small bag perature changes relating Communication Skills: study of potting soil or other dirt, to water depth. skills using environmental aquarium or other rectangular, sources, listening, reading, transparent container Educator's Information: vocabulary and viewing Per student: Student's Informa- comprehension tion sheets In this activity, the students Science: characteristics of will learn three ways to plants and animals, plant and test water quality, and the animal communities, natural Major Concepts: instruments and procedures phenomena Water quality Social Studies: know the im- to be used during the on-site Scientific testing procedures portance of natural resources, activities at Singletary Lake. Data collection gather, organize and analyze Review the testing and back- information Bay lake ecology ground information provided Grade 8 Objectives: and be sure that the students Communication Skills: study Identify three factors that have read this material before skills using environmental influence water quality in you begin the classroom sources, listening, reading, Carolina bay lakes and discussion. vocabulary and viewing comprehension learn methods to monitor Science: ecology, geomor- and test for them. phology, landform processes Name the two natural Social Studies: North Caro- acids that affect the pH of lina geography, gather, orga- Carolina bay lakes. nize and analyze information Discuss the two zones Location: Classroom relating to the amount of sunlight penetration and Group Size: explain which area is most 30 students or less productive and why. Estimated Time: List the two natural influ- 45 minutes to 1 hour ences which affect produc- tivity in a Carolina bay lake. Appropriate Season: Any Explain how the amount of light penetration dictates the type of aquatic life present. 21

Singletary Lake State Park, NC 3.1.1 April 1994 Instructions: That Support Aquatic Lite" look the same and have totally Review with the students the (provided by the park). opposite pH values. Also, information contained in the 3. Discuss the method of pH at this time, ask the students Introduction to Carolina Bays testing that will be used at if and how pH may affect using the "Bay Lake Geomor- Singletary Lake. Students will humans in our daily life. Use phology" poster. use litmus paper, a specially examples such as pH-balanced shampoos, acidic or spicy pH Testing treated paper which changes color when it is moistened by foods that cause indigestion, 1. Review the Student's Infor- a sample solution. such as pizza, tacos, spaghetti mation on pH. Discuss what and orange juice (citric acid). The type of litmus paper the term pH means and how it Also mention substances that we will use covers the pH's is measured on the pH scale. can be taken to neutralize of solutions in the ranges of I To reinforce the concept of the indigestion, like RolaidsTM, to 12 and has a different shade pH scale, use an example such TumsTM or Alka SeltzerTM of color corresponding with as a lake with a pH value of 5, As humans, we are also living each pH. which is 10 times more acidic organisms and cannot tolerate than a lake with a pH of 6: a A testing square in the cen- drastic changes in pH. In later pH of 4 would be 100 times ter of the paper will turn to the activities, students will have an more acidic than a pH of 6. shade of the pH value when opportunity to test themselves. placed in the testing solution. 2. Explain how just a small Household items will be Inform the students the pH difference in pH values can tested at the park and compared testing station will be on the drastically affect the types of to the water of Singletary Lake, Singletary Lake pier and no aquatic life found in the lake but as a preview you may horseplay will be tolerated. and which balancing mecha- want to test orange juice and On the pier, a small bucket nisms affect the pH of an RolaidsTM or baking soda to with an attached string will be aquatic system. Photosynthe- show how an antacid works. lowered over the side to get a sis, productivity, clarity, rain- water sample. Group membersSolids such as RolaidsTM must fall and light are all factors be dissolved in water before will pour some of the water in which can influence the pH of testing. If the water used to a small specimen jar and then a . At Singletary dissolve the solids is acidic, dip their litmus paper in the Lake, as in the other Carolina then the pH of the RoliadsTM water and record the value. bay lakes, the most important will not test as basic as it factor affecting pH is tannic 4. In the classroom, test two would if water with a neutral acid, which leaches into the clear liquids, one base and one pH had been used. lake from the surrounding bay acid. These will be provided Clarity Testing bog following rainfall. Dis- by the park. This test will play the poster of "pH Ranges show that two substances can 1. Review the Student's Information on clarity. Briefly

ACID RANGE NEUTRAL BASE RANGE discuss why the clarity of a pH body of water is important in 0 7 determining the existence and types of aquatic life which may be present. If the students have read the provided information, they should be able to describe the importance of sunlight in LARGELY H' photosynthesis of plants, even 22 for underwater plants. Singletary Lake State Park, NC 3.1.2 2. Make sure the students cans can work if aquariums arein the bottom being stirred up. realize that the tea-coloring not available). One should be Soon after adding this material, of Singletary Lake is the most filled with clear, tap water and check the clarity again, using important factor affecting clar- one with very dark tea-colored the Secchi disk. What prob- ity, but in other water sources water, like that of Singletary lems would a fish encounter turbidity is a major concern. Lake. in such muddied conditions? Turbidity is soil, algae or 5. Have a student lower the Temperature Testing: Secchi disk into the clear water other particles or pollutants 1. Review the Student's Infor- and then into the tea-colored settling to the bottom through mation on temperature. the lake water. These particles water. Explain to them that may be stirred up by wind, this is the same procedure 2. Discuss with students the waves or human activity in the they will he using at Singletaryreason temperature is mea- lake itself or may run off into Lake. Be aware sured (because of the role it the lake from nearby farms, that the disk may plays in determining the construction sites or parking still be visible in amount of dissolved oxygen lots. Fortunately, Singlet' y present in water). Cooler Lake is surrounded by water has the capability to Bladen Lakes State hold more dissolved oxygen Forest, so runoff and than warmer water. Explain pollution is not as that this is one reason many large a concern as in species of fish are found in bodies of water where deeper waters during the sum- there is more activity around mer. Warm water also causes the lake. Most Carolina bays the tea-colored water because a rise in the metabolic rate lack an overland input of light can penetrate through the of fishes and therefore an water (i.e. river or streams) shallow water in the container. increased need for oxygen. which means that water is Show the students that the disk Remind the students that sea- not being stirred up or made is less visible in the darker sonal temperature changes turbid. From a standpoint of water than the clear water. have the greatest effect on the water temperature. but the productivity, this means that 6. Ask the students what mixing of water by wind will nutrients essential for the affects the darker water would also cause the temperature growth of aquatic plants are have on aquatic life found in and presence of oxygen to scarce, because they are not the water. Could they tell what fluctuate. flowing into the lakes. type of life a body of water 3. For the classroom activity, might contain just by its water 3. Pass the thermometer show the Secchi disk that is clarity? (Answer: No, because around for the class to see. described in the Student's there are so many more factors While the thermometer should Information and remind the such as pH, temperature and remain in its plastic case today, students of the Italian admiral nutrient concentration that are it will be removed from it who invented it by lowering just as important as clarity.) to get accurate readings at Singletary Lake. Inform stu- an ordinary dinner plate into 7. Stir soil and organic mate- dents that this is a mercury the water from his boat. rial into the clear water. This thermometer, like those used 4. In order to demonstrate will demonstrate how the to measure human body tem- the concept of clarity in the clarity of water can become perature. The readings taken classroom, start with two large turbid from the introduction at the lake will he on the aquariums (buckets or trash of material, or from sediments Fahrenheit scale that we use 23 Singletary Lake State Park. NC 3.1.3 April IQ94 in the . This scalea Fahrenheit temperature to Example (°F = 98.6°) is named for Gabriel Daniel Celsius or vice versa. Please = (98.6'32) 5 + 9 Fahrenheit (1686-1736), the explain these formulas to your "C = (66.6' x 5) + 9 same man who perfected a class and have them do the way of purifying mercury so sample problems at the end of = 333°+ 9 that it could he used in this the section. = 37" type of instrument. Fahrenheit to Celsius Celsius to Fahrenheit 4. Make the students aware = ( °F- 32) 5 + 9 `F. {(9 x `C)+5}4- 32 that on the Fahrenheit scale, 32° F is the freezing point and 1. Replace the °F in the 1. Replace the 'C in the 212° F is the boiling point. formula with the Fahrenheit formula with the Celsius To illustrate the scale in use, temperature. temperature. the educator may use the ther- 2. Subtract 32 from the 2. Multiply the Celsius tem- mometer to take a few of the Fahrenheit temperature. perature by 9. students' temperatures. They 3. Multiply the result by five. 3. Divide that result by 5. should read around 98.6' F. 4. Divide that result by nine. 4. Add 32. Use the thermometer poster to 5. This is the temperature in 5. This is the temperature in compare the Fahrenheit and Fahrenheit. Celsius scales. Example CC = 100°) 5. Most of the world uses the 'F. {(9 x 100")+ 5} + 32 Celsius scale to measure tem- 'F = (900' + 5) + 32 perature. The Celsius scale, °F = 180' + 32 like the rest of the metric sys- tem, is based on tens, with 98.6° F "F = 212° F 37° 0' C for its freezing point and Normal Body Have students convert the 100° C for the boiling or steam Temperature following temperatures to point. Using the following for- Fahrenheit or Celsius: mulas, you can easily convert 32° F 70`F = (21- C) 0'C Water Freezes C = (54. F) 57' C =(135' F) 129' F = (54 C) 204° C =(399° F)

24

Singletary Lake State Park. NC 3.1.4 April 1994 pH I6nges That Support Aquatic Life Bacteria 1 Acidic 2 3 4 5 6 Neutral 7 8 9 10 11 12 Basic 13 14 (Yellow-eyedPlants grass, NNNN't4\%ttlKt4NNNNStxtgttl ChainMaidencane)Yellow pickerel, perch Catfish, \4i Mussels,Bass, Crappie Snails, Clams caddisflies)(mayflies,Largest Variety stoneflies, of Animals 25 26 L 1' pH productivity, turbulence or times a year by the North The term pH means (p)owerclarity, rainfall and light are Carolina Division of Environ- of (H)ydrogen ion activity. all balancing mechanisms that mental Management to ensure Scientists use the pH scale to help keep a pH range constant. that the pH range and other show levels of acidity in soil The pH of rainfall is naturally water quality factors remain and water. At one end of the acidic, normally registering within the appropriate range scale, a pH of 0 is extremely around 5 to 5.5, but may be for aquatic life and human acidic, having more hydrogen "buffered" or neutralized whenenjoyment. ions (H+). A pH of 14 is very it comes in contact with many Clarity basic, or alkaline, with more types of soils. The energy source of a lake nydroxide ions (OH-). A sub- The soils of Carolina bays, or pond ecosystem is the same stance with equal numbers of such as Singletary Lake, con- for our entire planet sunlight. hydrogen (H+) and hydroxide tain large amounts of peat, The intensity or degree of (OH-) ions is neutral and partially decayed plant mate- solar penetration in an aquatic carries a value of 7 on the pH rial, which is naturally acidic. system decreases with depth scale. Pure water has a value Therefore, when rain falls due to the absorptive character- of 7, being neither acidic nor on a Carolina bay peat bog istics of water, micro-organ- basic. and leaches or runs off into the isms living in the water and

ACID RANGE NEUTRAL BASE RANGE other suspended or dissolved pH materials. Clarity is a measure 0 7 of the clearness or visibility of water. Color and water chem- FEW OH istry have the biggest effect on the clarity and, therefore, the biology and productivity of the Carolina bay lakes.

LARGELY H' The clarity of a lake or pond is important because it pH is measured on a loga- lake, it is tea-colored and rithmic scale with each num- acidic, as you will discover allows sunlight to penetrate and allow photosynthetic activ- ber representing a factor of ten. during your on-site testing. ity. In this area, called the Therefore, a pH reading of 5 This natural acid is called photic or photosynthetic zone, is 10 times more acidic than a tannic acid and is not harmful reading of 6. to humans or to the aquatic green plants and phytoplankton plants and animals which have thrive. These organisms con- The level of acidity is very adapted to live here. Peat, as tain chlorophyll, which uses important in ponds and lakes it decomposes, releases carbon energy from sunlight, along because it affects what aquatic dioxide (C01) which also with water and carbon dioxide, life can live there. Different makes the pH of water de- to make food that plants need animals can tolerate varying crease when it forms a weak in order to grow. The decom- ranges of pH. Any changes in carbonic acid. position zone is located near the pH ranges can be harmful the bottom of the lake, where The water quality of Single- to the aquatic life. (See the "pH very little or no sunlight can tary Lake and other Carolina Ranges That Support Aquatic reach. In this area, oxygen bays lakes is monitored several Life" poster) Factors such as given off from photosynthesis 27 Singletary Lake State Park, NC 3.1.6 April 1994 is used in the breakdown of or- ganic material. In the Carolina bays, however, the rate of de- composition is quite slow, due to high acidity and a limited supply of oxygen. Because of the slow rate of decomposi- tion, scientists have been able to study pollen grains, pre- served for thousands of years in the peat at the bottom of these lakes. This information enables researchers to under- stand more about what the en- vironment was like when the Carolina bays were formed. Singletary, Salters and Jones lakes are classic examples of these natural basins and associ- ated ecosystems. Like mosi Carolina bays, these lakes receive almost no overland inputs of water, relying instead on rainfall and groundwater of a boat Deeper lakes go through a leaching from the surrounding until it disappeared from view. process called stratification. bay-forest bog. These bogs areHe took a reading of the depth, This transition occurs in the the cause of the characteristic raised the plate until it reap- spring, when increased periods tea-colored water of Carolina peared and then took the mean of sunlight begin to heat the bays. Bogs normally form of the two readings to obtain surface of the lake. The first where little water flows out of the clarity. The Secchi disk few feet of water may be sev- a watershed. As plants die, you will use is 20mm in diam- eral degrees warmer than the their leaves, stems, roots and eter and is divided into sectionsdeep water, which is receiving other parts fall into the water. of black and white, and no, less solar radiation. These partially decay, formingyou can't eat lunch on it. peat. The peat is rich in tannic Because the warmer water acid which, after rainfall, is re- Depth is less dense, it will float on top of the cooler water. In leased like tea from a tea hag. The Carolina bay lakes. the summertime, the lake will while different in such aspects In order to test the clarity be much like a layer cake. as clarity and pH, have a num- of the water of Singletary The top layer, which scientists ber of common characteristics. Lake you will be using a call the epilimnion, consists One of these similarities is simple device called a Seechi of warmer water that is con- depth. These shallow depres- (pronounced Seckey) disk. tinuously mixed and has a sions average only around nine This measuring device was fairly uniform temperature. feet indepth and therefore have invented by an Italian admiral. The bottom layer, called the different characteristics from Pietro Angelo Secchi ( 1818- hypolimnion, is colder, darker, deeper lakes, such as Jordan 1879), who lowered an ordi- denser and, under certain nary dinner plate over the side Lake in the Piedmont region.

Singletary Lake State Park, NC 3.1.7 2 April 1994 into the lake, normally with a width the length of the lake. The northwest shores of Epilimnion Carolina bay lakes have no terraces, and depths in this area may reach 5 feet at the water's edge. There is little 10 Metalimnion or no wind influence on this side of the lake, which allows vegetation such as bay trees and cypresses to become more established around these mar- gins of the lake. While reduc- Hypolimnion ing the wind and wave action. 20 this also permits sediments to accumulate and new plants to establish themselves. Thus, 25 peat is produced gradually from dead organic matter and the bay forest slowly grows 30 into the lake. This process 0 10 15 20 25 30 slowly reduces the size of the Temperature ( °C) lake. Singletary Lake, for ex- ample, is presently only about conditions, contains little oxy- allow sunlight to penetrate 56 percent of its original size. gen. These two layers are to the lake bottom and allow Ultimately, bay lakes will he separated by a zone of transi- aquatic plant life to photosyn- reduced to moist bogs. Bushy tion called the metalimnion, thesize. However, you will Lake, a state natural area in also known as the thermocline, recall from the clarity test, southern Cumberland County, where the temperature and the tea-coloring of the lake ab- is a good example of a Caro- oxygen levels vary by depth. sorbs much of the light before lina bay lake in the advanced In comparison, Carolina it reaches bottom. As a result, bay-bog stage. bay lakes are normally under aquatic plant life is sparse in Temperature 14 feet (4.2 m) in depth. most Carolina bay lakes. Most bay lakes only average Generally, the deepest water Most creatures living in between 8 and 9 feet (2.4 to is in the southeast end of Caro- aquatic environments are 2.7 in) in maximum depth. lina bay lakes. In our state cold-blooded, such as fish. Such a shallow depth means parks, visitor access and recre- Because of the close relation- that nearly the entire water col-ational opportunities are usu- ship between body tempera- umn can be mixed by constant ally located on this side of the ture and environmental winds and have a uniform tem-lake. Within 50 feet of the temperature, most aquatic life perature like the epilimnion of southeast shore, there is an is maintained within a narrow a deeper lake. Imagine a shal- initial drop of 1.1 to 2.0 feet in range of temperatures, from low saucer or dish and you can all of the lakes. This is a result about 32° F to 122° F (0" C to picture the bottom of a Caro- of wind and wave action. A 50° C). Few organisms, with lina bay lake. Ideally, the lack shallow wave-built terrace is the exception of some types of of depth of these lakes should usually several hundred feet bacteria, can live very long at 23 Singletary Lake State Park. NC 3.1.8 April 1994 temperatures above or below these limits. This sensitivity 9,000' to the temperature is a result of the effect temperature has upon enzymes, the proteins that control the rates of life- \ Peat Sand Layer supporting reactions. When Singletary Lake Hard-pan Clay an organism's temperature Geomorphology decreases, the rates of such reactions decrease. In high shallow pond or lake such as Depending on the species temperatures, the complex Singletary Lake, the water of fish, maximum tempera- enzyme molecules become temperature varies with air tures from 75° F to 92° F unstable and reactions will temperature. (24° C to 33° C) may result in cease. Oxygen, which is necessary thermal death. This is a result The heat-holding capacity for the survival of nearly all of the failure of one or more of water is great. It absorbs plants and animals, is quite of the vital processes: respira- and releases heat much more soluble in water, but the tion, circulation or nervous slowly than does air. For this amount dissolved in fresh response. At Singletary Lake, reason, plants and animals of water is much lower than in such high water temperatures most ponds and lakes are not the atmosphere. Oxygen have been recorded, usually usually subjected to sudden from air is absorbed slowly, around late July to early variations in temperature. In a but the process is accelerated August, and occasionally fish when wind, waves and cur- have been found dead along rents disturb the water's sur- the shore. On July 10, 1992, a face. Moving water usually temperature 90° F (32° C) was contains more oxygen because recorded at a depth of 3.5 feet. it is constantly being stirred up Temperature is easily re- and comes into more contact corded with a thermometer, with air than does still water. thanks to its invention by Temperature enters the equa- Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit 98.6° F tion of dissolved oxygen 37° C (1686-1736). He perfected a Normal Body because cold water has the method of purifying mercury, Temperature ability to hold more oxygen and figured out that it would than warm water. Water at expand or contract uniformly 32° F higher temperatures can ha ,e with changes in temperature. C a harmful effect, because it has The mercury thermometer is Water Freezes less dissolved oxygen avail- probably the most widely used able while at the same time it tool for measuring temperature raises the metabolic rate of today, and Fahrenheit's name fish and therefore their need lives on in the form of the tem- for oxygen. perature scale that we still use in the United States.

Singletary Lake State Park. NC 3.1.9 April 1994 A

Objectives: Curriculum Objectives: Location: Grade 6 Singletary Lake State Park Work as a scientific testing Communication Skills: group to gather data on the listening, reading, vocabulary Group Size: water quality of a Carolina and viewing comprehension 30 or less; minimum of 1 bay lake. Guidance: competency and leader per 10 students Use litmus paper to measure skill for interacting with others Estimated Time: pH. Healthful Living: recreational Approximately 60 minutes Use a Secchi disk to mea- safety sure clarity. Mathematics: solve problems Appropriate Season: Measure temperature. in temperature and measure- Far ly spring to late fall ment Determine temperature Science: ecology Materials: ranges that best support Social Studies: gather, orga- Provided by the educator: aquatic life. nize and analyze information, Per student: "Carolina Present and explain the draw conclusions Bay Watch" worksheet, pencil data collected in the water Provided by park: litmus paper, Grade 7 small plastic bucket, small quality tests. Communication Skills: lis- glass specimen jars, pH testing Based on the pH of tening, reading, vocabulary meter, Secchi disk, mercury Singletary Lake and Lake and viewing comprehension thermometer, calibrated depth Waccamaw, explain the Guidance: being responsible marker difference in aquatic life of in a group Healthful Living: recreational the two lakes. safety Mathematics: solve problems Major Concepts: in measurement and tempera- Water quality ture pH Science: characteristics of pH range best suited for plants and animals, earth aquatic life science, natural phenomena Social Studies: know the Clarity importance of natural Temperature ranges resources, gather, organize Reading a calibrated and analyze information, scale draw conclusions Bay lake geomorphology Grade 8 Communication Skills: lis- tening, rear... g, vocabulary and viewi .omprehension Healthful Living: recreational safety Mathematics: solve problems in measurement and tempera- ture Science: ecology, geomor- phology, landform processes Social Studies: North Carolina geography

Singletary Lake State Park, NC April 1994 Educator's Information: Instructions: the case, being careful not to hold the bulb end, as this may 'This activity takes place Part A 1 on and around the pier at pH Testing: affect the test accuracy. 3. The student will lower the Singletary Lake, so it is very 1. The pH testing will be at thermometer into the water at important to emphasize safety station #1. When the group the station until it reaches the before and during the visit to has arrived at the station, the bottom. The thermometer the park. Horseplay and mis- station leader or a group mem- should be left in the water for conduct will not be allowed. ber will lower a bucket into the at least two minutes. A member of the park staff or water and bring up a sample an educator will be the station of water. 4. After the allotted time, the leader at each testing site. student should pull the ther- 2. Have one student stick the mometer to the surface and 1. Prior to the park visit, the litmus paper into the water quickly take the reading, in students should be divided into while the others observe what order to get an accurate read- three groups. color the testing block turns. ing not influenced by air tem- 2. A park staff person will Students should remember perature. Each student should meet the bus in the main park- from the pre-visit activities record this reading_ on his or ing area. Students will take that the shade the test block her worksheet. part in a brief introduction to turns will correspond with the the park and learn important shade of the correct pH value. 5. Follow the station leader information concerning the Each student should record to station #3 near the start of location of testing stations on the pH value on his or her the pier, to test the temperature the pier. Each group will take worksheet. in shallow water. This water should be slightly warmer turns visiting each of the water 3. Return the water sample because of more thorough quality testing stations. When to the lake. Please be good heating from solar penetration. a group completes a water park stewards and place used quality test, they should wait litmus paper in the nearest The same procedure should be used as in the previous tem- quietly until the word is given trash can. to move to the next station. perature test and everyone 3. Distribute the materials, Part B should record this temperature testing equipment and data Temperature Testing: on his or her worksheet. sheets to the students and 1. In this part students will 6. Next, leave the thermo- answer any questions concern- record the temperature of meter out of its case for a ing the day's events. Singletary Lake at two loca- few minutes and record the tions on the pier. The first site air temperature, once again is at station #2, located near remembering not to hold onto the end of the pier. After test- the bulb. ing the temperature in this location, students will move down the pier to station #3, to test the temperature in shal- lower water. 2. Students should remember to keep the thermometer in the plastic case before the test begins. Have one student remove the thermometer from :3

Singletary Lake State Park, NC 4.1.2 April 1994 Part C Part D 4. Another poster will show Clarity Testing: Testing Summary: pH ranges that support aquatic 1. The clarity testing will be 1. Once every group has life in Singletary Lake in rela- done near the end of the pier visited each of the stations and tion to ranges that support life at station "t4 where the water recorded data on the water at Lake Waccamaw. How is it is deeper. Students should get quality tests, they will be led possible that more life may be a fairly accurate reading here to the interpretive building. present in Lake Waccamaw although it, too, is a Carolina since the Secchi disk will 2. Here, students will present bay lake? disappear before striking the their findings for all of the bottom. water quality tests and see if 5. At this time students will 2. The station leader or a they correspond with expected test a few items from everyday group member will slowly results and those recorded by life. Bleach, lemon juice and lower the disk into the water other groups. tap water are among items to be tested in order to define as the students carefully watch 3. Group members will be the limits or boundaries of the the disk to determine when it asked to come forward and pH scale. Ask students to fades from view in the tea- record their group's readings compare the pH of Singletary colored water. on a poster in front of the rest Lake water to these other sub- 3. The disk should then be of the class. Also on this stances. Based on pH, which raised slightly until it can just poster will be pictures of of the fluids would be more barely be seen again, almost actual fish and aquatic plants likely to support aquatic life? to the point of no longer being commonly found in Carolina visible. This is the mark or bay lakes. reading which should be re- corded on the worksheet. The Secchi disk is on a calibrated line, marked in inches. The leader will assist the students in reading the measurement.

33

Singletary Lake State Park. NC 4.1.3 April 1994 Carolina. BayWatch Worksheet

Lake or Water Source Date Student's Name Time pH TESTING pH of pH Scale Acid Base 0 1 234 10 11 12 13 14 S M N w M S T 0 E E E 0 R D A U A D R 0 K T K E 0 N R R R N G A A A T L T E E pH is recorded on a logarithmic scale. Each number represents a change by a factor of 10. For example, water with a pH of 3 is 100 times more acidic than water with a pH of 5. How many times more acidic is the water of Singletary Lake than Lake Waccamaw (pH= 7)? answer:

TEMPERATURE TESTING Station #2 (deep) °F Station # 3 (shallow) °FAir °F In what way does today's air temperature compare to the water temperatures? Which of the three is warmer? Why?

CLARITY TESTING inches If one inch equals 2.5 centimeters, what is the clarity depth reading of Singletary Lake in centimeters? cm

General Observations: Are any signs of animal life present? If so, what?

Are any signs of plant life present? If so, what?

Singletary Lake State Park, NC 4.1.4 34 April 1994 Post-Visit Activity #1 How's Your Water?

Curriculum Objectives: Estimated Time: the school or home. In prepa- Grade 6 As much time as deemed nec- ration for this testing, you may Communication Skills: study essary want to briefly refresh the skills using environmental students on the use of litmus sources, listening, reading, Appropriate Season: Any paper. It may also be neces- vocabulary and viewing comprehension Materials: sary for you to designate Healthful Living: environ- Provided by park: litmus paper certain areas as "off-limits" mental health, how people Provided by educator: pencils, to testing for safety purposes. affect the environment, "How's Your Water?" data recreational and home safety sheet, "Flashy Fish" fact sheets Examples of items,or Science: how science helps us are-as that could be tested may Social Studies: gather, orga- include mud puddles, a local nize and analyze information, Major Concepts: creek, pond, road-side ditch, draw conclusions pH classroom aquarium, drinking pH range best suited for fountain or even the student's Grade 7 aquatic life Communication Skills: study own saliva. By recording the skills using environmental Water quality pH values, students will be sources, listening, reading, Objectives: able to determine if the "Flashy vocabulary and viewing Fish" could live in the water comprehension Use litmus paper to mea- Healthful Living: home, sure pH. they tested. school and recreational safety Predict habitat suitability This activity could be done Science: characteristics of for select fish. solely on the school grounds plants and animals, organiza- tion and variety of living Educator's Information: or as a take-home project to things, interaction of people include water sources around and the environment -1uring their visit to their homes. If students Social Studies: know the LlSingletary Lake State are allowed to test at importance of natural Park, students learned about home, they should be resources, gather, organize and analyze information, the term pH and how it is an reminded to stay away draw conclusions important aspect of measuring from dangerous or the quality of a water source. potentially hazard- Grade 8 As students discovered, pH ous areas and also Communication Skills: study plays a very important part in not to trespass skills using environmental sources, listening, reading, determining the type and on private vocabulary and viewing amount of aquatic life that property. comprehension may live in Singletary Lake Healthful Living: home, and the other Carolina bay school and recreational safety lakes. By gathering pH read- ings, we can tell the acidity of Location: a liquid, whether it is a mud Classroom, school property, home puddle or a 572 acre lake. In this activity, students will Group Size: be testing the pH of different 30 students or less, class size water sources in and around 3i

Singletary Lake State Park, NC 5.1.1 April 1994 Instructions: 5. Were there any signs of 1. Once the testing areas have pollution at the test site? If so, been defined, pass out the what was the probable cause? "How's Your Water?" data 6. Draw the pH scale on the sheet and briefly review it withboard. Have the students the class. Instruct the students share the pH results of their to be sure to record the testing test sites and note these on location, the type or use of the board below the pH scale. the water source and the pH Above the scale, mark what of the water source. You may they recorded as the pH of find it necessary to set a time Singletary Lake and Lake limit for testing around the Waccamaw. school grounds. 7. Hand out the "Flashy Fish" 2. After the testing has been fact sheets. Have the class completed, gather the class read the biological sketch for U back together to discuss their each species. From these char- findings. acteristics students should 3. Start by asking the class if determine which fish species they discovered any water could live in the water sources source that was new to them. they tested. Is it permanent or temporary? What is the origin of the water? 4. Did any of the students observe anything alive in or near the water source they tested? If it was a natural habitat, have the student(s) describe the plant or animal life, if any.

33

Singletary Lake State Park, NC 5.1.2 April 1994 . How's Your Water? Data. Sheet Find a water source and test it with a strip of litmus paper. Record your observationson this sheet for use in the second part of this activity. (Use the back of this sheet toanswer the questions if additional space is needed.) Test Site Location Source of / or use of Water pH 1. water fountain hallway drinking

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

4 Does thetest site have water permanently or on a temporary basis'? 1. permanently 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 4 Is thewater clear, moderately clear or turbid/muddy'? 1. clear 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 4 Listany living things in or near the water test site: 1. p_eople 2. 3. 4.

,. 6. 7. 8. 4 Listany sign(s) of pollution at your test site:

4 Any additionalcomments or observations:

i Which (if any) Flashy Fish could live in thewater at the test site(s)?

37 Singletary Lake State Park, NC 5.1.3 April 1994 DISTRIBUTION MIcRor'rERIis SALMOIDES The largemouth bass is native to the eastern rr he largemouth bass is the largest and prob- United States and is presently found in nearly ably the most important game fish within every lake and reservoir in North Carolina. the sunfish family. It is a well-known fish that Warm rivers and streams also provide good is usually only confused with its closest rela- largemouth habitat. This species is usually tives, the smallmouth and spotted bass. As absent, however, from the extremely acid its name indicates, the upper jawbone of the waters of the southeastern part of the state. largemouth extends farther back than the jaw- pH TOLERANCE bone on the smallmouth. A more reliable indicator is the number of rows of scales on Largemouth bass, like all fish, and humans the cheek of the largemouth. The number of for that matter, have a blood pH of 7.4. While rows of scales is always less than 12 for a the air that we humans breathe does not have largemouth. The largemouth is black to deep a pH, this value is all-important to the aquatic bronze-green in color on the dorsal (top) side, environment of fish. Even slight changes or blending through lighter green on the sides to variations in pH may affect fishs' hemoglobin a white belly. and their ability to take oxygen out of the wa- ter. If the pH of the water is adequate, fish are NATURAL HISTORY able to acquire all the oxygen they need, even Largemouth bass spawn under a wide vari- from oxygen-starved water. If the pH value of ety of water conditions. Most spawning takes the water is too high or too low, a sufficient place in the spring when water temperatures oxygen supply might not be derived, even in are between 62° to 68° F (17° - 20° C). As oxygen-rich waters. many as 26,000 eggs may be deposited in the Largemouth bass prefer and are most active nest by one or more females. After fertilization, in a pH range from 7 to 8.5. Largemouth bass the male bass guards the nest from predators are not commonly found in water below and circulates water over the eggs through the 6 or above 9 on the pH scale. movement of its fins. Young largemouth hatch in 7 to 10 days and feed on plankton and insect SIZE RANGE larvae while remaining schooled together. The average size of the largemouth bass ranges Once the young bass reach about 2 inches from 4.7" to 28" or 12 to 70 cm. they will eat almost anything they can swallow.

. -.V;;;.0.teC.

Mrebn, 4, n'td11,prr-nru,n 33 Singletary Lake State Park, NC 5.1.4 April 1994 BLACKBANDED SUNFISH DISTRIBUTION Etym.:ACANTHUS CHA ETODON This species is found in the Atlantic coastal The "angelfish" of native fishes, black- plain from the Pine Barrens south- banded sunfish have a series of four to six ward to northern Florida. In North Carolina, intense black vertical bands crossing a round, it is more common in blackwater streams in silver body. The fins are clear except for the the southeastern section of the state. leading spines of the dorsal fin which may be pHTOLERANCE black and orange. Of all the native fish, the blackbanded sunfish NAIURALHISTORY probably has the greatest tolerance for existing The blackbanded sunfish prefers to spawn in waters with a low pH (acidic). The species in a sandy. heavily vegetated lake or on a river is routinely found in blackwater lakes and bottom with slow moving water. Most spawn- streams where the pH is in the low 4's. This ing takes place in early spring as the water fish has even been found living in waters temperature starts to rise. The male defends the where the pH was an exceptionally low 3.5. shallow nesting depression, even against fish Si ai RANGE larger than himself. He also fans the nest to insure the developing eggs receive oxygenated The average size of the blackbanded sunfish water. ranges from 1.2" to 2.4" or 3 to 6 cm.

irti..:-77:ftStomoms.,

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33

Singletary Lake State Park, NC 5.1.5 April 1994 FLASHY FISH FACT SHEET

SHEEPSHEAD ['UPPISH DismaitrrioN CYPRINODON VARIEGATIW It occurs from Massachusetts to South he sheepshead pupfish can be identified America along the Atlantic coast. Tby the enlarged scale (the humeral) just HABnAr behind the gill cover. Also, under a magnify- This fish is commonly found in coastal ing lens you can waters with low salinity. Most typically it is see the presence found in tidal pools or marsh channels with of three projec- sand bottoms and well-developed shorelines tions on each of marsh grasses. It can also occur in full tooth. Its body is strength seawater. It is rarely found in freshwa- short and thick ter mainly because of competition with other with dark "Y "- fish. primarily sunfish. marks on its silvery flanks. The male has a brilliant irides- pH TmERANcE cent blue line running from the dorsal fin to This species can exist in waters with a pH up the snout. to 9. HIsTOR \' SIZE RANGE Members of this fish genus appear to have The average size of the sheepshead puptish originated from marine environments. They ranges from 1.6" to 2" or 4 to 5 cm. have the ability to exist in either freshwater or saltwater. Their pituitary glands control their body's ability to adjust to changes in water salinity (salt content) that would be fatal to most other fish.

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Singletary Lake State Park. NC ,5.I.6 April 1994 Acid Having a pH less than 7; the chemical Celsius A temperature scale that registers the state of water or other substance in which the freezing point of water as 0 degrees and the hydrogen (H+) ions exceed the hydroxyl (OH-) boiling point as 100 degrees, under normal ions. For example, a car's battery acid has a atmospheric pressure; named for its inventor, pH of I. See pH scale. Anders Celsius (1701-1744). Adaptation - A change in the structure or Clarity The distance that sunlight is able to activity of an organism that produces a better penetrate into a body of water. adjustment to its environment, thus enhancing Decomposition The rotting or breaking apart its ability to survive and reproduce. into basic components. Decomposition makes Alkaline See Base. nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorous, available for use by other organisms. Ammonia A colorless, strong smelling gas composed of nitrogen and hydrogen. It has a Dissolved Oxygen (DO) - The amount of pH of 12. oxygen gas molecules dissolved in water. Fish and other aquatic animals depend on DO for Aquatic Life A plant or animal growing or respiration. living in or upon water. Ecosystem - Plants, animals and their physical Base Having a pH greater than 7; the chemi- surroundings which interact with environmen- cal state of water or other substance in which tal conditions, such as temperature and rainfall, the hydroxyl (OH-) ions exceed the hydrogen forming an interdependent system. (H+) ions. Environment - All the living and non-living Biology - The science that deals with the conditions, factors and influences which origin, history, physical characteristics, life surround a plant or an animal. processes and habits of plants and animals. Epilimnion The uppermost, warmest, well- Carolina Bay Elliptical or oval depressions mixed layer of a lake during summertime in the surface of the coastal plain of the south- thermal stratification. The epilimnion extends eastern United States from northern to from the surface to the metalimnion (thermo- southern Georgia. They generally run parallel cline). to each other in a northwest to southeast orientation. Most are filled with wet, organic soils and are Forest ------71.7 overgrown with - type vegetation. In the Sand Rim past, nearly all contained lakes. A few open-water NaA bay lakes remain. Jones, XlA Scattered Salters, Singletary, White Cypress and Waccamaw are all examples of Carolina bays in Sandy C: Bottom Exposed the lake form. . Send Eroded Shoreline 41

Singletary Lake State Park. NC 6.1 April 1994 Fahrenheit - Denoting a thermometric scale Metric - A measuring system based on units of in which water freezes at 32° F and boils at 10; the fundamental unit of length is the meter, 212° F. Named for Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit equivalent to 39.37 inches. (1686-1736), the inventor of the thermometer. Organism A plant or animal; any living Geomorphology A science that deals with thing. the land and soil features of the earth. Groundwater - Water beneath the Earth's surface between saturated soil and rock, that supplies wells and springs. Habitat The environmental conditions of the area where a plant or animal naturally grows or '' lives. See Environment. pH A measure of the power of the hydrogen Hypolimnion - Lower, cooler layer of a lake ion (H+) activity in a substance. during summer thermal stratification. pH Scale - A range of 0 to 14 used to measure Larva (larvae, plural) The immature form the degree of acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of of an animal that changes structurally when a substance. A pH of 7 is neutral. See Acid it becomes an adult, usually by complex and Base. metamorphosis. Photosynthesis The chemical process Limno logy The scientific study of the carried on by green plants in which the cells physical. chemical, geological and biological that contain chlorophyll use light as energy to factors that affect aquatic productivity and produce glucose (a plant food) from carbon water quality in freshwater ecosystems, lakes, dioxide and viater; oxygen is released as a reservoirs, rivers and streams. by-product. Litmus A blue, amorphous powder derived Plankton Collective term for the mostly from certain lichens that changes to red with microscopic plants and animals that float or increasing acidity and to blue with increasing drill in oceans and freshwaters. These plants alkalinity. and animals are a very important food source Litmus Paper Specially treated paper used as in aquatic environments. an acid-base indicator. Pocosin - A type of wetland which is domi- Logarithmic ScaleIn relation to pH, each nated by dense stands of broad leaf evergreen unit of pH on the scale represents a factor of shrubs or low hay trees. ten. A lower pH number is more acidic, while Precipitation -Water droplets or ice particles a higher pH number is more alkaline. For condensed from atmospheric vapor and heavy example, a pH of 5 is ten times more acidic enough to fall to the ground. than a pH of 6. which is ten times more acidic than a pH of 7. Conversely. a pH of 7 is ten Secchi Disk - Typically a black times more alkaline than 6, which is ten times and white disk, generally 20 cm more alkaline than 5. in diameter, used to measure water clarity. Named Metalimnion Layer of greatest temperature for its originator, change in a stratified body of water; presents Italian admiral a harrier to mixing.. See Thermoclinc. Pietro Angelo Secchi (1818-1878). A r) Sii0etary Lake Slate Park. NC 6.2 April 1994 Species A biological classification of organ- Turbidity - Cloudiness in water caused by isms. All organisms of a single distinct kind particles suspended in the water. that have a high degree of similarity and can Water The colorless, transparent liquid mate and produce fertile offspring. occurring on the earth's surface as rivers, lakes, Stratification A division of an aquatic or oceans, etc. Chemically, a compound of terrestrial community into distinguishable hydrogen and oxygen. layers on the basis of temperature, moisture, Water cycle - The process involving the light, vegetative structure and other such circulation and distribution of the water on factors creating zones for different plant and Earth. animal types. Watershed The total land area that drains Tannic Acid - Any of a group of pale-yellow to directly or indirectly into a particular stream, light-brown, shapeless, substances in the form river, lake, pond, etc. of powder, flakes or a spongy mass widely distributed in plants. Tannins normally occur in Wetland A low lying area, such as a swamp, the roots, hark, leaves and fruit of many plants. marsh or pocosin, whose soils are waterlogged Tannins are responsible for the tea-color and for at least part of the year. low pH.of Jones Lake. Thermometer An instrument for measuring temperature.

43 Singletary Lake Stine Park. tiC 6.3 April 1994 111

Balcom, Nancy C. (ed.). 1991. "Mainstream," Montgomery County Public Schools. 1972. "Habitat Hunt," "Where the Water Falls" and "Activities for Studying Ponds," Environmen- "Little Limnologists" activities. Virginia:5 State. tal Education Series, Bulletin No. 247 D. For Parks: Your Backyard Classroom, Chesapeake more information contact Montgomery County edition. For more information contact the Public Schools, 850 Hungerford Drive, Virginia Department of Conservation and Rockville, MD 28050. Recreation, Division of State Parks, 203 National Aquarium in Baltimore. 1987. Governor St., Suite 306, Richmond, VA 23219. "In Hot Water?" Living in Water: Aquatic Brown. Walker R.. and Norman D. Anderson. Science Curriculum for Grades 4-6. For more 1971. Earth Science A Search for Under- information contact the National Aquarium standing. Philadelphia. PA: Lippencott Co. in Baltimore, Pier 3, 501 East Pratt St., Baltimore, MD 21202. Caduto. Michael J.1985. Pond and Brook, A Guide to Nature Studs in Freshwater Environ- National Wildlife Federation. 1983. Acid Rain ments. Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice Hall. Inc. A Teachers Guide. For more information contact National Wildlife Federation, 1400 Dean, Jim 1978. "The Year the Floods Came,- 16th St. NW, Washington. DC 20036-2266. Wild* in North Carolina, February. For more information contact NC Wildlife Resources National Wildlife Federation. 1987. "We Care Commission. 512 N. Salisbury St., Raleigh. NC About Clean Air," National Wildlife Week 27604-1188. Educators Guide, March 15-21. For more information contact National Wildlife Federa- Earley. Lawrence.1990. "Taking a River's tion. 1400 16th St. NW, Washington, DC Pulse,- Wildlife in North Carolina. August. 20036-2266. For more information contact NC Wildlife Resources Commission, 512 N. Salisbury St., National Wildlife Federation. 1990. Pollu- Raleigh, NC 27604-1188. tion: Problems and Solutions, Ranger Rick's Nature Scope. For more information contact Everhart, Jerry (project director). 1986. National Wildlife Federation, 1400 16th St. Project MOST For more information contact NW, Washington, DC 20036-2266. Pitt County Schools. 1717 West 5th St., Greenville, NC 27834. National Wildlife Federation. 1990. "Earth Day Every Day You Can Make a Differ- Izaak Walton League of America. "Save Our ence", Educators Guide. For more informa- Streams." For more information contact Izaak tion contact National Wildlife Federation, 1400 Walton League of America, 1401 Wilson Blvd., 16th St. NW. Washington. DC 20036. Level B. Arlington, VA 22209. . North Carolina Division of Water Resources. Montgomery County Public Schools.1972. 1991. "pH What Does It Mean?" "Activities for Studying Streams,- T.,nviron- Streaniwatch News, Issue #13, Feb. For more mental Education Series, Bulletin No. 247 A. information contact North Carolina Depart- For more information contact Montgomery ment of Environment Health and Natural County Public Schools, 850 Hungerford Drive, Resources, PO Box 27687, Raleigh, NC Rockville, MD 28050. 27611.

44 Singletary !Ake State Park. NC 7.1 April 1994 North Carolina Division of Water Resources. United States Dept. of Agriculture. July 1986. 1991. "Sediment: It's Only Dirt, Right?" Teaching Soil and Water Conservation, A Streamwatch News, Issue #15, Nov. For Classroom and Field Guide. For more infor- more information contact North Carolina mation contact Soil Conservation Service, Department of Environment, Health and United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources. PO Box 27687, Raleigh, 4405 Bland Road, Raleigh, NC 27609. NC 27611. United States Department of Agriculture. North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commis- 1989. Key to The Major Invertebrate Species sion, Dec. 1989. "Josh and the Fish Kills," of Stream Zones. Soil Conservation Service North Carolina WILD Notebook. For more Publication SCS-TP-161 Water Quality information contact Division of Conservation Indicators Guide. For more information and Education.512 N. Salisbury St., Raleigh, contact United States Department of Agricul- NC 27604-1188. ture, 4405 Bland Road, Raleigh, NC 27609. Slattery, Britt E. 1991. "Wet'n'Wild" activity. Western Regional Environmental Education WOW!: The Wonders of Wetlands: an Council. 1987. Aquatic Project Wild. Educator's Guide. For more information For more information contact the Wildlife contact Environmental Concern, Inc., Resources Commission, 512 North Salisbury P.O. Box P, St. Michaels, MD 21663. St., Raleigh, NC 27604-1148. Swan, Malcolm D. 1983. Tips and Tricks in Willoughby, L. G. 1976. Freshwater Biology Outdoor Education Approaches to Providing New York, NY: Pica Press. Children vvith Educational Experiences in the Winbome, Ferne B. 1989. A Guide to Outdoors. Danville, IL: The Interstate Printers Streamwalking. For more information contact & Publishers, Inc. the Division of Water Resources, 512 North Taylor, Mark. 1989. Streamwatching With Salisbury Street, Raleigh, NC 27604-1148. Kids, An Outing Leader's Guide. Reprinted by North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commis- sion. For more information contact the Wildlife Resources commission, 512 North Salisbury Street, Raleigh, NC 27604-1148.

Illustration by Ruth T. Brunstetter

Singletary Lake State Park. NC 7.2 April 1994 N.C. Division of Soil & Water Conservation Acid Rain Foundation 512 N. Salisbury St. 1410 Varsity Dr. Raleigh, NC 27611 Raleigh, NC 27606-2010 (919) 733-2302 (919) 828-9443

Amiy Corps of Engineers National Wildlife Federation P.O. Box 1890 1412 16th St. NW Wilmington, NC 28402 Washington, DC 20036-2266 (919) 251-4748 1-800-432-6564

UNC Sea Grant Environmental Resource Project N.C. State University UNC Institute for Env. Studies Box 8605 311 Pittsboro St. Raleigh, NC 27695-8605 Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7410 (919) 737-2454 (919) 966-2358

N.C. Wildlife Federation National Aquarium in Baltimore PO Box 10626 Education Dept. Raleigh, NC 27605 Pier 3, 501 E. Pratt St. (919) 833-1923 Baltimore, MD 21202

N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission N.C. Aquariums Education Curators: Division of Conservation Education 512 N. Salisbury St. Roanoke Island Raleigh, NC 27606 Manteo, NC 27954 (919) 733-7123 (919) 473-3493

The Acid Rain Foundation Pine Knoll Shores 1630 Blackhawk Hills Atlantic Beach, NC 28512 St. Paul, MN 55122 (919) 247-4003

Acid Deposition Program Ft. Fisher N.C. State University KureBeach, NC 28449 1509 Varsity Dr. (919) 458-8257 Raleigh, NC 27611 (919) 515-4260 Stream Watch Stream Watch Coordinator N.C. Division of Environmental Management N.C. Division of Water Resources 512 Salisbury St. P.O. Box 27687 Raleigh, NC 27611 Raleigh, NC 27611 (919) 733-7015 (919) 733-4064 46

Singletary Lake Site Park. NC 8. April 1994 U.S. Dept. of Argriculture Greenpeace USA Forest Service 1436 U St. NW Woodsy Owl Campaign Washington, DC 20009 P.O. Box 1963 Washington, DC 20013 National Fisheries Institute 2000 M St. NW, Suite 580 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Washington, DC 20036 75 Spring St. SW Atlanta, GA 30303 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Educators Progress Service US Dept. of Commerce 214 Center St. Room 5807 Randolph, WI 53956 Washington, DC 20230

U.S. Forest Service The Nature Conservancy P.O. Box 2750 1815 N. Lynn St., Suite 800 Asheville, NC 28802 Arlington, VA 22209 (704) 257-4202 Oceanic Society Environmental Protection Agency 1536 16th St. NW Public Information Center Washington, DC 20036 (pm 211 B) 401 M St., SW Sierra Club Washington, DC 20460 408 C St. NW Washington, DC 20005 Center for Marine Conservation 1725 DeSales St. Worldwatch Institute Washington, DC 20036 1776 Massachusetts Ave. NW Washington, DC 20036 Environmental Defense Fund 1616 P St. NW, Suite 150 World Wildlife Fund Washington, DC 20036 1250 24th St. NW Washington, DC 20037

4

Singletary Lake State Park. NC 8.2 April 1994 SCHEDULES1G WORKSHEET

For office use only: Date request received Request received by

1) Name of group (school)

2)Contact person name phone (work) (home)

address 3) Day/date/time of requested program

4) Program desired and program length

5) Meeting place

6)Time of arrival at park Time of departure from park

7)Number of students Age range (grade) (Note: A maximum of 30 participants is recommended.)

8) Number of chaperones (Note: One adult for every 10 students is recommended.)

9)Areas of special emphasis

10) Special considerations of group (e.g. allergies, health concerns, physicallimitations)

11) Have you or your group participated in park programs before? If yes, pleaseindicate previous programs attended:

I2) Are parental permiss;on forms required? If yes, please use the Parental Permission form on page 9.2.

1, ,have read the entire Environmental Educa- tion Learning Experience and understand and agree to all theconditions within it.

Return to: Singletary Lake State Park Route 1, Box 63 Kelly, NC 28448 48

Singketary Lake State Park. N(' 9.1 April 1994 PARENTAL PERMISSION FORM

Dear Parent:

Your child will soon be involved in an exciting learning adventure an environmental education experience at Singletary Lake State Park. Studies have shown that such "hands-on" learning programs improve children's attitudes and performance in a broad range of school subjects.

In order to make your child's visit to "nature's classroom" as safe as possiblewe ask that you provide the following information and sign at the bottom. Please note that insects, poison ivy and other potential risks are a natural part of any outdoor setting. We advise that children bring appropriate clothing (long pants, rain gear, sturdy shoes) for their planned activities.

Child's name

Does your child:

Have an allergy to bee stings or insect bites? If so, please have them bring their medication and stress that they,or the group leader, be able to administer it.

Have other allergies?

Have any other health problems we should be aware of?.

In case of an emergency, I give permission formy child to be treated by the attending physician.I understand that I would be notifiedas soon as possible.

Parent's signature date

Parent's name Home phone (please print) Work phone

Family Physician's name phone

Alternate Emergency Contact

Name phone

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Singl:etary Lake State Park. NC 9.2 April 1994 NORTH CAROLINA PARKS & RECREATION PROGRAM EVALUATION

Please take a few moments to evaluate the program(s) you received. This will help us improve our service to you in the future.

1. Program title(s) Date Program leader(s)

2. What part of the program(s) did you find the most interesting and useful?

3. What part(s) did you find the least interesting and useful?

4. What can we do to improve the program(s)?

5. General comments

LEADERS OF SCHOOL GROUPS AND OTHER ORGANIZED YOUTH GROUPS PLEASE ANSWER THESE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS: 6. Group (school) name

7. Did the program(s) meet the stated objectives or curriculum needs? If not, why?

Please return the completed form to park staff. Thank you.

Singletary Lake State Park Route I,Box 63 Kelly, NC 28448

50 Singketary Lake State Park, NC 9.3 April 1994