Socioeconomic Conditions in an Oil-Producing Region of ENTRIX presents Ecuadorian census data for socioeconomic conditions in an oil-producing region of the Amazon (outlined in black) currently operated by Petroecuador. This mapping approach places conditions in the oil-producing regions in the context of national and regional variation in socioeconomic conditions. The analysis is based on a 2007 study by Teodoro Bustamante and Cristina Jarrín, of the Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales Sede Ecuador (FLASCO) wherein socioeconomic conditions in this oil-producing region were compared to national averages. The four cantons in this region include La Joya de los Sachas and Orellana in Orellana Province, and Shushufundi and Lago Agrio in Sucumbios Province.

Following the approach used by Bustamante and Jarrin, an index was created for six socioeconomic topics: education, health, poverty, employment, cancer, and infrastructure and housing. Each index value is set to 1.0 for the national average, and a value for each canton (similar to a county in the United States) is created by dividing the canton- level data by the national average data. Hence, canton index values less than 1.0 represent lower, or poorer socioeconomic conditions than the nation as a whole, and values greater than 1.0 represent better conditions. Mapping the indices shows that most cantons have an index value less than 1.0, and therefore have lower socioeconomic conditions than national average measures. This is because the national average is often determined by conditions in a few cantons with large populations. For each map, a histogram is also provided that shows the number of cantons with socioeconomic condition indices in each index range. To enable easy comparison of national average conditions to conditions in the oil-production cantons, the national average value (1.0) is shown in green, while the index range containing the average index value for the four cantons in the oil-producing region is colored in red.

References: Bustamante and Jarrín, 2007, “Social Indicators and Petroleum in the Amazon,” Pages 21 – 72 in Behind the Curtain of Smoke: Social dynamics and Petroleum in Ecuador, Teodoro Bustamante editor.

SIISE (Integrated System of Social Indicators of Ecuador). 2007. Sistema Integrado de Indicadores Sociales del Ecuador, CD-ROM, Version 4.5, , Ecuador, Social Front Technical Secratariat (Secretaría Técnica del Frente Social).

Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos de Ecuador (INEC), www.inec.gov.ec.

Galápagos Galápagos

Poverty by Canton Education by Canton Comparison to National Average

0 50 100 Comparison to National Average Kilometers 0 50 100 Galápagos Kilometers

Health by Canton Comparison to National Average 0 50 100 Kilometers

SANTO DOMINGO QUITO DE LOS COLORADOS ^ SANTO DOMINGO QUITO DE LOS COLORADOS ^

PORTOVIEJO SANTO DOMINGO QUITO DE LOS COLORADOS ^ PORTOVIEJO AMBATO AMBATO

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CUENCA CUENCA GUAYAQUIL Oil Block Currently Operated by Petroecuador Oil Block Currently Operated by Petroecuador MACHALA Primary Concession Area Cantons Primary Concession Area Cantons Canton Boundary Canton Boundary Better Conditions Better Conditions CUENCA > 1.0 > 1.0 Worse Conditions Worse Conditions Oil Block Currently Operated by Petroecuador 0.95 to 1.0 0.8 to 1.0 MACHALA Primary Concession Area Cantons 0.90 to < 0.95 0.7 to < 0.8 0.80 to < 0.90 0.6 to < 0.7 Canton Boundary < 0.80 < 0.6 Better Conditions (>1.0 represents better than national average.) (>1.0 represents better than national average.) > 1.0 Worse Conditions 0 25 50 100 Kilometers 0.90 to 1.0 0 25 50 100 ² ² Kilometers 0.85 to < 0.90 0.80 to < 0.85 < .80

(>1.0 represents better than national average.) Distribution of Cantons by Educational Index Distribution of Cantons by Poverty Index 40 45 Oil Cantons 0 25 50 100 35 ² Kilometers Oil Cantons Oil Cantons National Average 40 National Average National Average 30 Other Cantons 35 Other Cantons Other Cantons 30 25 s n s o n

t 25 o t n

n Distribution of Cantons by Health Index

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# 15 Oil Cantons 50 10 National Average 10

s Other Cantons 5 n 40 5 o t 0 0 n a 30 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1

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Education index f Poverty index o ( WorsWeo rtsoe t oB Beetttter ) 20 ( WoWrsoers et oto BBeetttetrer ) #

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Education by Canton illustrates how each canton compares to the national average in 0 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Poverty by Canton depicts the poverty index among cantons throughout Ecuador. education. The most striking feature from the map is that most of the cantons that Health index Similar to the other social indices, the cantons with the best poverty indices (lowest fare better in education than the national average are urban cantons including one of Worse to Better ( Worse to Better ) poverty level) tend to be the urban cantons. There is wide variation in poverty levels the country’s seven major cities. In the oil-producing region currently operated by throughout Ecuador: the index of individual cantons ranges from 0.354 to 1.116. The Petroecuador, the education index is generally higher than other non-urban areas, poverty index for the four oil-producing cantons in the study area ranges from 0.87 to including other Amazon cantons. The four cantons in the oil-producing region all Health by Canton shows how each canton compares to the national average in terms 0.93, which places them at about the 50th percentile for the country. Compared to have an education index greater than 0.70, which ranks them in the top 55th of health. Most of the national variation is due to only one statistic, the five types of other cantons in the eastern Amazon, the study area cantons generally have lower percentile. health personnel per 10,000 inhabitants. As measured by the health index, two of the oil-producing cantons have better health indicators than the national average, poverty level as measured by the index, with the other Amazon cantons tending to while the other two are approximately equal to the national average. have the nation’s highest poverty levels.

Galápagos Galápagos Employment by Canton Comparison to National Average Infrastructure and Housing by Canton Comparison to National Average

0 50 100 0 50 100 Kilometers Kilometers

SANTO DOMINGO QUITO DE LOS COLORADOS ^

SANTO DOMINGO QUITO SANTO DOMINGO QUITO DE LOS COLORADOS ^ DE LOS COLORADOS ^ AMBATO

PORTOVIEJO PORTOVIEJO

AMBATO AMBATO

GUAYAQUIL

GUAYAQUIL GUAYAQUIL CUENCA Cancer Rates by Canton Comparison to Amazon Region Average

CUENCA CUENCA Oil Block Currently Operated by Petroecuador Oil Block Currently Operated by Petroecuador Oil Block Currently Operated by Petroecuador MACHALA Primary Concession Area Cantons MACHALA Primary Concession Area Cantons Primary Concession Area Cantons Canton Boundary Canton Boundary Canton Boundary Better Conditions Better Conditions Better Conditions > 1.10 > 2.0 > 1.0 1.0 to < 1.10 1.0 to < 2.0 Worse Conditions Worse Conditions Worse Conditions 0.85 to 1.0 0.95 to < 1.0 0.70 to <1.0 0.75 to < 0.85 0.90 to < 0.95 < 0.70 0.65 to < 0.75 < 0.90 (>1.0 represents better than the Amazon region average.) < 0.65

(>1.0 represents better than national average.) ² (>1.0 represents better than national average.) 0 25 50 100 Kilometers ² 0 25 50 100 ² Kilometers 0 25 50 100 Kilometers

Distribution of Amazonian Cantons by the Regional Cancer Mortality Index Regional average = 1.00 Distribution of Cantons by Employment Index 9 (no individual cantons Oil canton Distribution of Cantons by 60 fall w ithin this range) average = 1.17 Oil Cantons 8 National Average Infrastructure/housing Index 50 Oil Cantons 7 Other Cantons National Average 35 6 s 40 Other Cantons s 30 Oil Cantons n n

o 5 o t National Average t n 25 a n s c

Other Cantons a 4 n 30 f o c o

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# 10 10 1 5 0 0 < 0.25 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 > 4 0 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Cancer mortality index 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Employment index ( WorseW o rtsoe t oB Beettterr ) ( WorWsoers e too B eBtteer tter ) Infrastructure/housing index Cancer by Canton portrays cancer mortality rates in the Amazon region of Ecuador. Because data ( WorsWeo r s et oto BBetetetrter ) Employment by Canton shows how the employment rate varies by canton. The employment were only available for the Amazon, an Amazon region average is used to index the other canton rate in the census statistics was calculated as the number of employed people divided by the rates and is set at the index value of 1.0. Analogous to the other indicators, poorer conditions (e.g. Housing by Canton shows how each canton compares to the nation in terms of total number of people who are 14 years of age or older (legal working age). In contrast to higher cancer rates) are represented by an indicator less than 1.0. The four cantons in the oil- infrastructure and housing. Most of the oil-producing cantons in the study area have the other maps, the Employment by Canton map contains two colors that represent cantons producing study area have index values ranging from 0.86 to 1.6, with an average of 1.17 - slightly indices in the range of 0.65 to 0.75 relative to the nation, which is similar to other with indices greater than one, since more than half the cantons have higher employment better than the regional average. Because of the fewer number of cantons in this map, no cantons rural areas in Ecuador. There is wide variation throughout the nation, and even rates than the nation. The range in employment rate by canton varies from 0.77 to 1.31. actually have an index value in the range 1.0 and 1.25, and so the green bar is replaced with a green within the Amazon region regarding the level of infrastructure and housing. However, Employment rate exhibits different regional patterns than the other social indices. The dotted line to show the regional average. Similarly, a dotted red line shows where the average study with the exception of Pastaza canton, the oil-producing cantons have higher levels of cantons with major cities tend to have employment rates below the national average, while area index value falls. Noticeable in this histogram is that there are many more cantons with index infrastructure and housing quality than other eastern Amazon cantons. the cantons in the Amazon tend to have the highest employment rates. The oil-producing values exceeding 3 and 4. This may be due to lower cancer rates in some cantons, or it may be due cantons in the study area fall in the top 65th percentile of employment rates. to poor reporting in some of the most remote cantons.