6672 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 17 them successfully is going to require CONFIRMATIONS requested, a concurrent resolution of the House of the following title: great patience, great forbearance, and Executive nominations confirmed by great determination. Let all of us-all the Senate May 17 (legislative day of H. Con. Res. 197.· Concurrent resolution senators, on both sides of the aisle­ May 13), 1954: favoring the granting of the status of work together, in helping the United permanent residence to certain aliens. States work with other countries. COLLECTOR OF CUSTOMS The message also announced that the Gustav F. Doscher, Jr., of South Carolina, to be collector of customs for customs col­ Senate had passed bills of the following titles, in which the concurrence of the RECESS lection district No. 16, with headquarters at Charleston, S. C. House is requested: The PRESIDING OFFICER. What is PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE S. 1303. An act to provide for the expedi­ the pleasure of the Senate? tious naturalization of former citizens of the Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, un­ The following candidates for appointment who have lost United States in the Regular Corps of tlle Public Health citizenship by voting in a political election der the order previously entered, I now Service, effective date of acceptance: move that the Senate stand in recess or plebiscite held in occupied Japan; J. D. Leggett to be surgeon. S. 2802. An act to further encourage the until tomorrow, at 12 o'clock noon. Earl S. Schaefer to be assistant scientist. distribution of fishery products, and for The motion was agreed to; and " got these explanations from the Washing­ of Postmaster General Summerfield's ton office: CONGRESS OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATIONS, unfortunate remarks and repetition of Washington, D. C., May 3, 1954. The Department of Agriculture asked that The Honorable CLIFFORD R. HoPE, the hearing which the State committee Republican campaign distortions and held-or started to hold-for the Callaway falsehoods at the Indiana Republican Chairman, House Agriculture Committee, County committee, be closed to the public Editorial Association's gathering last House oj Representatives, week, thinking people are prompted to Washington, D. C. and the press because, (1) the issues were DEAR CONGRESSMAN HOPE: I regret that administrative in nature, and (2) because ask, "Was Mr. summerfield placed in earlier commitments made it impossible for an open hearing might be subjected to the President's Cabinet because of his me to appear before your committee on demonstrations. assumed knowledge of foreign affairs? either April 29 or 30 or May 4. I am writing Now we have some more questions for the Or was he placed there on his own ap­ you this statement of the position of the Department of Agriculture: praisal of his business experience? Or CIO regarding the many bills before you Since when has the Department become perhaps simply as a reward to a politi­ relating to the distribution of so-called sur­ endowed with power to flout the Constitu­ cal huckster who applied the blackjack plus foods and fibers within the United tion by the label administrative in nature? States of America and abroad. I hope you And, since when has the Department be­ to General Motors car dealers to raise will bring it to the attention of other mem­ come endowed with power to decide when Republican campaign funds in Michi­ bers of your committee and make it part of or where a demonstration may or may not gan?" the record of your hearings. be held in Boone County, 1! they mean that At any rate, he apparently feels his While we are not equipped and prepared a few of our Callaway County neighbors political importance is such he can dis­ to make choices and recommendations in might journey over to Columbia to speak a regard White House signals for the team. detail for or against the bills dealing with word for the men whom they elected to If the administration is serious in its the disposition of surplus foods and fibers office and who have been summarily kicked plea for a bipartisan foreign policy, then to hungry people here and in other coun­ out of office, apparently for such derelictions tries, we do want to make some statements as permitting a newspaper photographer to Mr. Summerfield, by his Indiana speech, regarding principle, policy, and method. take their pictures? for sheer stupidity, certainly earns the Positive action in this field at the earliest We have pollee, sheriff's officers, and the title of "Wrong Man of the Week." possible date is of vital importance in terms highway patrol which we are sure could Perhaps he feels he can juggle history of human welfare here and abroad and of afford Chairman Murray C. Colbert and his as he does Post Office Department book­ the security of the free world. colleagues--even his Washington attorneys­ keeping methods to make something Foods are grown to be eaten and fibers are proper protection from any invading Cal­ that is not, seem to be. At any rate, the grown to be worn and used. lawegians. mere fact he is a former Republican Na­ As CIO representatives stated to your We don't really believe Mr. Colbert, his committee in hearings held across the coun­ aides, or his bosses are afraid of a Callaway tional Committee chairman should not try last fall and winter, we wholeheartedly delegation. We'd guess that they are afraid give him the privilege to bypass the Sec­ support the ba-sic principle you enunciated to let the people know the details of this retary of State and the White House. last August, that (a) abundant production latest bungle in personnel. Perhaps there are too many past Na­ of foods and fibers must be continued and But we read on in this Washington dis­ tional Republican Committee chairmen (b) in order that farmers and their families patch. We learn that the testimony in this in the Cabinet. will not be penalized for producing abun­ star chamber hearing is being recorded. dance, provision for maintaining farm in­ Thus, we have a new and modern touch to come must be continued. the methods of old King John. But, we are PARITY PRICES In this connection, we again find it neces­ assured that the public will be fully informed sary to denounce the reckless and dangerous of the State committee's decision. Should Mr. JOHNSON of Wisconsin. Mr. irresponsib111ty of Secretary of Agriculture we sing huzzas about that, just like the peo­ Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to ad­ Benson who persists in asserting over and ple of Germany used to shout themselves dress the House for 1 minute and to re­ over again that city people are opposed to into hysterics when the late Mr. Hitler and vise and extend my remarks. firm farm price supports and that, 1! such the later Mr. Mussolini came out on their The SPEAKER. Is there objection to supports are not reduced, nonfarm people respective balconies to fUlly inform the will rise up in rebelllon and destroy all meas­ people of their decisions? the request of the gentleman from ures for protecting farm income. This ts We don't know what the three Callaway Wisconsin? argument by incitement and threat, not by committeemen did, good or evil, to bring There was no objection. logic. about their downfall in the eyes of Mr. Col­ Mr. JOHNSON of Wisconsin. Mr. We know that farmers are a vital group bert. We do know, however, that neither Speaker, Secretary of Agriculture Ezra of customers for the products of American Mr. Colbert and his superiors-in Washington Taft Benson has again been rebuked by mines, mills, shops, and factories. When have any right to set themselves above the farmers get fair prices, have money to buy Walter P. Reuther, president of the CIO, and do not fear the future, markets, indus­ Constitution of the United States. They for continuing his efforts to recruit con­ have done a stupid thing and they are trial production, and employment are good. making themselves and the Department of sumer opposition to firm price supports We know only too well that the present Agriculture look more stupid by the day. at 90 percent of parity. economic recession, resulting in widespread The methods of dictators are no more wel­ Speaking for millions of members of hardship in thousands of industrlal com­ come in Little Dixie when they come from unions affiliated with the CIO, . Mr. munities, is the sequel to a depression on Montgomery City or Washington than they Reuther again goes on record in support America's farms which started 18 months are when they come from Red Moscow or of firm price supports, expressing the ago. than they were when they came from Nazi opinion that a cost of 35 cents per capita We know that the farm programs of the Berlin or Fascist Rome. We want none of it. past 20 years have helped farmers, helped per year is cheap insurance against a workers, helped our economy, helped collapse of farm prices and the farm strengthen our Nation and our security. SPECIAL ORDER GRANTED market for manufactured goods and We remember that food did help win the services. war and write the peace. Had more foods Mr. PATMAN asked and was given This clear statement of the inter­ and fibers been used earlier, in larger quanti­ permission to address the House today locked welfare of farms and wage earn­ ties and with more skill, a better peace would and tomorrow, for 15 minutes, following have been written before now. ers, each of whom produce the things We do not resent, we do not object to, the legislative program and any special the other consumes, is contained in Mr. the continued use of fl.rm price supports, orders heretofore entered, to revise and Reuther's letter of May 3 addressed to particularly if, as we assume, such use would extend his remarks and include extra­ the chairman of the House Committee on be part of a sensible overall farm program neous matter. Agriculture endorsing proposals, under in which farmers themselves would partici­ certain standards and safeguards, of so­ pate on the basis of democratic representa­ tion and voice in the formulation of poli­ MR. SUMMERFIELD: WRONG MAN called surplus foods and fibers to people cies and methods. who need them here at home and abroad. OF THE WEEK We do not think that a cost of 35 cents I ask unanimous consent that this im­ per capita per year for the maintenance Mr. PRICE. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan­ portant statement of friendship and co­ of farm income and a relatively high degree imous. consent to address the House for operation between industrial wage earn­ of economic health among farm people is too 1 minute and tO revise and extend my · ers and farmers be printed along with high an insurance pt"emium to pay. remarks. · - these remarks. Addressing ourselves to the b1lls before you, we are prepared to support plans and The SPEAKER. Is there objection to The SPEAKER. Is there. objection to the appropriation of funds for the distribu­ the request of the gentleman from the request of the gentleman from Wis­ tion of so-called surplus foods and fibers to Dlinois? consin? schoolchildren, to the aged, to dependents There was no objection. 'I'bere was no objection. and to the unemployed by Yi_ays and meana 6676 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 17 that will feed the hungry and clothe the 111- Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, the program. For example, this morning clad without being perverted into substi­ gentleman from Dlinois [Mr. PRICE] has comes a letter complaining because three tutes for, instead of supplements to, cash called the attention of the House to an farmers entitled to allocation of acreage p ayments and other provisions already made for the growing of corn are denied for these groups in our population. important matter, a speech recently Ideally, we would prefer that every Amer­ made by Postmaster General Summer­ acreage. They do not get it. Why? Be­ ican family receive enough cash income, in field. When a member of the President's cause the man in the Agricultural De­ and as a part of the dynamic productive Cabinet makes speeches, it seems to me partment here i'n Washington, and the process, to buy adequate amounts of food he should have in mind that those other departments are the same, has and fibers out of wages, salaries, cash prices, speeches should be conducive to the in­ been kind enough to keep on those Demo­ and profits paid to industrial workers, farm­ terests of our country and to bringing crats who have been maladministering ers, professional persons, storekeepers, and about unity. Even a juvenile moron this program for the last 15 years. That ot her businessmen. That is why we are for is what is the matter. higher minimum wages, why we are ad­ would not have made the statement that vocating more nearly adequate old-age and the Democratic Party is responsible for We have a post-office inspector over survivors insurance payments, more nearly the situation that exists at the present there. Here they had an embezzler down adequate unemployment compensation pay­ time in Indochina. Coming from a at Three Rivers, and believe it or not, a ments, a tax program to strengthen mass member of the Cabinet, such a charge is county Democratic committee wrote me purchasing power, and freer collective bar­ not conducive to unity in this country. asking me to help them get rid of him, gaining so that wages can keep in healthy Such utterances bring about further dis­ but he stayed on the job 3 years. It took balance with continually accelerating tech­ a general election and a new administra­ nological development. unity. But we recognize that in the year 1954, We Democrats have been very hesitant tion to oust him, even though his guilt in the present political and economic climate, in our criticism and we have been very was acknowledged. such a desirable balance in the distribution tolerant because, above everything else, Then in another county in the district of our vast industrial and agricultural pro­ no matter how black the situation might for a period of 4 years or more we had duction is not going to be achieved. Sub­ be, we have to consider the national in­ complaint after complaint about another stantially all of the American people are terest of our country. Whether we are postmaster. The inspectors always gave not going to have all the money they need Republicans or Democrats, we are him a white-washing. Then, not so long to buy adequate amounts of food and fibers ago, I sent out one of my own office force. produced on American farms. Therefore, Americans first. the devices proposed in much of the legis­ I think it would be well for all of us He came back with the result. They were lation before you seems feasible, and on to do a little thinking, to stop, look, and placed before one of the hi'gher officials that basis we are prepared to endorse and listen, before making false and in­ here and that postmaster, after a delay support such steps at this time. temperate utterances impugning the of at least 4 years, was ousted. The Congress of Industrial Organizations motives of either one of the political The gentleman from Massachusetts supported the Marshall plan, the shipment parties. Certainly when a member of [Mr. McCORMACK] complains bitterly of of wheat to India, and, subsequently, to an able speech made by the Postmaster Pakistan, believing that all these expendi­ the Cabinet makes such a statement he tures were investments in international co­ is subject to justifiable criticism. General at French Lick, Ind. As I recall, operation for the strengthening of the free It further seems to me that, since he that was a rather factual statement, giv­ world against the threat of Communist im­ is a member of the Cabinet, the Presi­ ing some information about past admin­ perialism. It is perhaps worthwhile to recall dent of the United States would be justi­ istrations, and naturally, the gentleman that if we had used our so-called surplus fied in cautioning or directing him to be from Massachusetts was not able to ex­ foods and fibers more liberally immediately press approval. after the end of World War II we would carefu1 in the future. As a matter of fact, he ought to admonish him for the The administration appointed some have helped to keep millions of persons and very capable, aggressive gentlemen to top much territory on the free side of the Iron speech he made, because it is not for the Curtain that now runs in a great arc from best inte:rests of our country. positi'ons in the Government. However the Baltic to the Black Sea and across Tibet they are handicapped by a multitude of to the China Sea. subordinates, some of them trained in Above safe reserves to meet drought and DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE the Truman-Pendergast school, some of other crop failure here at home, we should them advocates of socialism. It is unfair be able to work out ways to move remaining Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. to ask Republicans in even 2 years, so-called surpluses to those hungry and ill­ Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to ad­ through the aid of a few top officials, to clothed millions who comprise a major part dress the House for 1 minute and to re­ clean house where the housekeepers still of the uncommitted millions for whom the vise and extend my remarks. think and act as did those who originally free world and the orbit of Communist im­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to perialism are contending. I believe that this brought corruption to the household. can be done by using methods developed since the request of the gentleman from Just as unfortunate is the fact that the war by Lord Boyd Orr, former Director Michigan? every time an incompetent or one guilty General of the United Nations Food and There was no objection. of misfeasance or maladministration is Agricultural Organization, and others. Cer­ Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. removed a horrified cry goes up from tainly this must be done without dumping Speaker, it is too bad that Republicans those who chide Republicans of being that will create new distress in attempting do any thinking at all. Of course, it is to alleviate existing hunger and other needs. inacti've. The products of America's farms are, in­ worse yet that they do any talking. If deed, an arsenal of constructive weapons of we would follow the advice of our col­ CONSENI' CALENDAR peace. Offering hope to the poor and league from Massachusetts [Mr. McCoR­ wretched peoples of many parts of the globe, MACK], we would just go back and sit The SPEAKER. This is Consent they are weapons of peace far more power­ down and have him and the Washington Calendar day. The Clerk will call the ful than atomic and hydrogen bombs. Post and perhaps a few other left-wing first bill on the Consent Calendar. Certainly we should be prepared to give papers tell us every day just what to full priority to using these weapons of peace think and what to do when we come over in the struggle against poverty and distress. TAX REFUNDS ON CIGARETTES Sincerely yours, to the House to legislate. That seems to LOST IN FLOODS OF 1951 be what he is getting at. It is just unfor­ WALTER P. REUTHER, The Clerk called the bill

~. 1 l 0 I_. 6678 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 17

State and under his immediate jurisdiction, time, and passed, and a motion to reco~­ lie lands in the vicinity of Waimea, coun­ custody, or control as may be necessary for sider was laid on the table. . ty of Hawaii, in the Territory of Hawaii. the establishment, maintenance, or control There being no objection, the Clerk­ by such State of roads, streets, highways, read the bill, as follows: and other rights-of-way. Any such grant or TO APPROVE ACT NO. 27, 1951 retrocession of concurrent jurisdiction shall SESSION LAWS OF HAWAli Be it enacted, etc., That the Commissioner take effect upon the acceptance thereof by of Public Lands of the Territory of Hawaii, the State concerned." The Clerk called the bill f tion as follows: 6030 feet, the chord azimuth and distance States, the District of Columbia, or any being, State or Territory of the United States, which "SEc. 4A. In addition to the powers granted conviction has become final; or by the preceding sections of this act, the 14. 274° 29' 34" 75.20 feet; (2) any person who, unless he furnishes authority is hereby authorized to reconstruct 15. 4o 51' 78.20 feet along Grant 10307 to satisfactory evidence that he is cured, has and to improve such bridge and its approach­ Wm. S. Lindsey, et. al.; ever been a user of or addicted to the use es and approach facilities. In fixing the rates 16. 274° 51' 213.60 feet along same; of a narcotic drug; and; of toll to be charged for the use of such 17. 184° 51' 84.65 feet along same; Thence (b) take action, based on a hearing before bridge, the cost of any such reconstruction along the South side of the Kamuela­ a Coast Guard examiner, under hearing pro­ or improvement and the cost of acquiring Mahukona Road, Federal Aid Project No. cedures prescribed by the Administrative the right of access to such approaches and E-11-A on a curve to the left with a radius Procedure Act, as amended (U. S. C., title 5, approach facilities, including reasonable in­ of 6030 feet, the chord azimuth and distance sees. 1001-1011), to revoke the seaman's terest and financing costs and the financing being, document of- costs and expenses incident to the refund­ 18. 270° 37' 39" 310.95 feet; ing of the oustanding bridge revenue bonds (1) any person who, subsequent to the 19. 269° 09' 562.60 feet along the South of the authority, shall be deemed to be a effective date of this Act and within ten side of the Kamuela-Makukona Road, Fed­ years prior to the institution of the action, part of the cost of such bridge and its approaches." eral Aid Project No. E-11-A; has been convicted in a court of record of a 20. 359° 09' 350.00 feet along Grant 11059, violation of the narcotic drug laws of the The bill was ordered to be read a third Apana 1 to A. W. Carter, Trustee; United States, the District of Columbia, or 21. 260° 09' 894.40 feet along same; any State or Territory of the United States, time, was read the third time, and the revocation to be subject to the convic­ passed, and a motion to reconsider was 22. 179 o 09' 282.10 feet along same; tion's becoming final; or laid on the table. 23. 280° 27' 228.40 feet along the South (2) any person who, unless he furnishes side of the Kamuela-Mahukona Road, Fed­ satisfactory evidence that he is cured, has eral Aid Project No. E-11-A; Thence still been, subsequent to the effective date of this PERMITTING EXCHANGE OF CER­ along the South side of the Kamuela­ act, a user of or addicted to the use of a TAIN PUBLIC LANDS IN VICINITY Mahukona Road, Federal Aid Project No. narcotic drug. E-11-A on a curve to the right with a radius OF WAIMEA, COUNTY OF HAWAII of 970 feet, the chord azimuth and distance The bill was ordered to be engrossed The Clerk called the bill .(__,. - ..:. by various means to help Japan get non­ proviso in the trade-agreements exten­ we may fail in all. discriminatory treatment for its exports sion bill would give the President au­ to southeast Asia, the British Common­ thority to reduce rates which existed on Briefly I should like to mention a few January 1, 1945, by 50 percent. of the important provisions of this bill: wealth, and the continent of Europe. A big step in this direction was taken last The proviso might have been written H. R. 8860 would provide for the ex­ to restrict the President's authority to tension, until June 30, 1957, of the Presi­ year when the contracting parties to the agreement permitted Japan to associate negotiate with Japan only on a bilateral dent's authority to negotiate trade basis, but such a proposal would not agreements. This three-year extension with the group and allowed her to share will provide the stability that American some of the rights of a contracting have been advisable either from the business and foreign producers both party. United States point of view or the point earnestly seek in the uncertain business In this and other ways a new general of view of Japan. of foreign trade. agreement on tariffs and trade, if prop­ The United States wishes to see in­ Another important provision of H. R. erly written, can aid in developing a creased market opportunities for Japan, 8860 gives authority to the President to system of international trade which will but it wishes to see them spread around negotiate with foreign governments on bolster the strength of the free world the world, not concentrated solely in the such matters as most-favored-nation and minimize economic and political United States. Therefore, it was neces­ treatment, nondiscrimination, quanti­ stress among free nations. sary for the proviso to provide some way tative import and export restrictions, The third important feature of the to negotiate on a multilateral basis, in­ and other similar impediments to trade trade agreements bill is the authority it cluding Japan, the United States, and which are widely used abroad. Ameri­ would give the President to reduce tar­ other important nations of the free world can agriculture, industry, mining, and iffs on a gradual and selective basis. as well. The special provision for J:;tpan commerce need the kind of guaranty in First, the President if he believes it is is written with just that contingency in foreign markets which rules of this sort for the national interest could through mind. can provide. Taritr concessions are not negotiation reduce tariffs by 15 percent The authority provided for the Presi­ enough for them to have access to from the present rate; second, if an item dent could, of course, only be exercised foreign markets; they also need agree­ is not being imported or is being im­ subject to the perH point, escape clause, ments that these other devices, so com­ ported in negligible quantities only he and other safeguarding provisions of monly used abroad, will be curbed. could cut its tariff to half the rate exist­ the act. This provision is particularly im­ ing on January 1, 1945; third, those tar­ NECESSITY FOR PROVISO portant because of the prospective re­ iffs with very high ad valorem rates With an ar·able-land area less than vision of the General Agreement on could be reduced to a 50 percent rate or that of California, Japan must support Tariffs and Trade, which is the principal a rate equivalent thereto. a population of over 80 million. Under agreement through which guaranties of But these reductions could only be these circumstances, Japan must engage this sort can be obtained. As the Presi­ made at a rate of no more than one­ in international trade to live. She must dent expressed it, we need "to provide a third of the maximum authorized, in any export to buy her vital imports. simpler, stronger instrument contribut­ one year. There are three major market areas ing more effectively to the development The bill also provides that any reduc­ to which Japan can look for expanded of a workable system of world trade." tion in tariffs must be subject to a peril­ trade-the Soviet bloc, the United States,. The special provisions enumerated point finding. or other free nations. The United States above generally cover what has cus­ This authority to reduce is modest. It is in a position to influence the degree tomarily been included in trade agree­ is an absolute minimum if we are to be of access offered to Japanese goods in the ments. I would like to note that the able to obtain reciprocal concessions last two market areas. It is necessary bill I have introduced expressly provides from foreign countries to which we wish that the United States use its infiuence that such terms in trade agreements to sell our products. to secure this access if Japan is to be shall not be inconsistent with existing It gives our domestic industry, agri­ kept on the side of the free world. legislation of the United States. culture and labor the assurance. of sta­ Since Japan must import most of its bility over the next 3 years which these raw materials and about one-quarter of GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE important segments of our economy de­ its food, it needs to have access to world Now I would like to speak briefiy sire. me.rkets and be able to compete for them about the . general agreement--popu­ The trade-agreements program con­ on equal terms. This is not true at pres­ larly known as the GATT. The GATT tains various other safeguards. The ent, and Japan's imports dangerously has been in existence for 6 years. The President, before entering into any outweigh its exports. In 1952 the ad­ 35 countries which subscribe to it in- trade-agreement negotiation obtains the verse trade b~ce reached $759 million. 1954 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ...=HOUSE 6687 Japan's trade deficit in 1953 is estimated cessions in an agreement in which they obtain needed materials at the lowest to be $1,135,000,000, larger by far than were at the same time receiving conces­ cost, by permitting each to achieve top any previous year. sions from a variety of other countries, efficiency from large-scale production. Japan's trade with the United States including the United States. Only a and thus help raise the standard of liv­ is also sharply out of balance. Her multilateral negotiation could bring ing of all countries of the free world. deficit in 1952 was $539 million. Almost about this result and no multilateral Third, if we fail to provide leadership one-third of all Japan's imports come negotiation of this sort could be success­ in the free world in the trade field, we from the United States, and we bought ful without added authority in the hands would effectively undermine our efforts about one-sixth of Japan's total exports. of the United States negotiators. to halt the fiow of strategic materials to In 1952 Japan was our largest customer DANGERS OF INACTION the Soviet bloc. Western Europe, Japan, for cotton, rice, barley, and soybeans, and and other areas of the free world must our second most important buyer of What are the dangers to this country if we fail to move in the direction urged find new markets for their production. A wheat. restrictive trade policy by us might crush It is imperative to the security of the by the President? One, it would play directly into the our allies between our tariff curtain and United States that Japan stay on the the Iron Curtain. side of the free world and we would like hands of the Kremlin, whose policy is to create weakness and disunity in the free The fourth danger which would arise to avoid subsidy by the United States from our failure to implement the Pres­ taxpayer. Therefore, the problem comes world. Those who would pass off lightly the part that United States trade policy ident's program is that we would lose down to this. Japan can remain on the plays in our overall foreign policy should important markets and weaken our own side of the free world only if adequate economy. If we do not give other peo­ trade possibilities are available to her. read the article that shortly before his death Stalin wrote in the Russian maga­ ples of the world the opportunity to Obviously we do not want Japan to zine Bolshevik: earn dollars how can we expect them to become heavily dependent upon the pay for our goods. Import barriers that Soviet bloc for trade outlets. But we The most important result of the Second deny our customers a chance to earn do not want to open our markets to an World War and its economic consequences must be considered the disintegration of a dollars means lost markets for Ameri­ indiscriminate fiow of cheaply made, united, all-embracing world market. These can exporters, and less employment for competitive Japanese goods. We can circumstances determine further the deep­ American workers and farmers. a void this by making third markets more ening of the general crisis of the capitalist In the postwar period, from 1946 available. The Japanese provision in system. through 1953, our taxpayers gave for­ the bill will permit us to do this. eign countries more than $34 billion The United States is anxious that At present the Kremlin still sees the to help them buy our goods. With a Japan gain sufficient economic strength crisis in terms of an inevitable trade con­ reduction of that foreign aid. which to assume responsibility for her own fiict between the nations of the free made possible a large part of United defense. This strength is not easy to world. States shipments abroad of agricultural achieve. Japan is under terrific pres­ Malenkov has been even more explicit: and manufactured products, exports sure from an expanding population. American imperialism is acting today, not dropped sharply. Unless we increase Without a corresponding increase in eco­ only as an international exploiter and en­ our imports and permit other countries slaver of nations, but also as a force that is nomic activity, levels of living will drop disrupting the economies of the other cap­ to earn the dollars needed to maintain in Japan, thus making it more suscep­ italist countries • • • boosting their ex­ their purchases of American products, tible to the spread of Communist subver­ ports through the most unscrupulous dump­ we can expect a further decrease in our sion within its borders. Increased trade ing while at the same time closing their exports with resulting ill effects on em­ would provide the economic foundation home markets to foreign goods. The eco­ ployment and business activity in the upon which Japan could build her own nomic policy pursued by American imperial­ United States. defense effort. ists is bound to aggravate the antagonism In the situation in which the United Another reason for giving the Presi­ between the United States and other capital­ States finds itself we really have three dent special tariff-reducing authority in ist countries. choices in our trade policy. One, we the case of Japan is that the United Representatives from the Soviet bloc can cut exports and accept the resulting States has never engaged in trade agree­ in the U. N. are constantly pounding at unemployment among workers depend­ ment negotiations with her. that theme and urging countries of the ent on our export trade; two, we can It has been the aim of the United free world to look to the Soviet bloc for continue to meet the trade deficit with States Government to obtain full Japa­ markets. money from the Public Treasury-the nese accession to the General Agreement Secondly, another danger which would taxpayer's pockets; or we can face the on Tariffs and Trade. The Japanese result from our failure to encourage the economic facts of life and recognize that proviso will facilitate multilateral tariff free world to reduce barriers to trade is the only way we can receive payment for negotiations within the General Agree­ the opportunity it would give the Soviet goods is in the form of imports of goods ment on Tariffs and Trade and with bloc to close the gap between production and services. Japan-which is still not a full contract­ in the bloc and the free world. I firmly believe that H. R. 8860 would ing party to the GATT-which will A major part of Europe and Asia is help expand international trade on an bring about the full accession of Japan combined under the iron control of the equitable and profitable basis which to the general agreement. The acces­ Soviet Union. The Soviet bloc, with its would be beneficial to our dynamic sion of Japan to the GAl'T will mean potential resources and the potentially economy. that trade between Japan and the GATT huge internal market, can maximize its In trade matters there are always two countries, which include most of the production without much international sides-debtors and creditors, buyers and countries of the free world, will be con­ trade. Conceivably, by dictation from sellers. We must s_tudy our problems ducted on a basis of nondiscrimination. the Kremlin every part of the Soviet bloc from both points of view. It will mean that Japan has been ac­ could be directed to produce the things Traditionally we have looked at the cepted by the countries of the free world for which it is best suited. problem from the point of view of a. as a full trading partner. The remainder of Europe, the Far East, debtor nation. Now that we are the A final reason why the Japanese pro­ and the Western Hemisphere, on the creditor nation in the world it is time viso is essential is that it would enable other hand, are fragmentized into over we looked at this subject from our new the United States to press for additional 50 individual countries, each with its own perspective. markets in third countries for Japanese economic structure, each lacking some Since 1918 we have been selling more goods. The United States objective of raw materials and resources, plants, and abroad than we have been buying, in.. having other nations reduce tariffs in key skills found only in other countries. finitely more, about $80 billion more. To favor of Japan could be more easily Each is separated from the others by a large extent our loans and aid pro­ achieved if those reductions were sub­ currency and trade barriers that impede grams made up the difference. Our tax­ merged in a larger tariff negotiation. A the fiow of trade among these various payers bore the main burden. strong fear of Japanese importations free countries. But now that other countries are able exists in Canada, the United Kingdom. To cooperate in the effort to lower bar­ to sell us their goods the taxpayer wants France, and Belgium. These govern­ riers to trade would help strengthen the relief. He deserves it. Let other na­ ments might, however, grant these con- free world by permitting each country to tions pay for what they buy by selling 6688 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE May 17 their products here. No other alterna­ seventh of our soybeans, one-fifth of our of production. Africa and the Middle tive makes sense. lard, and over one-half of our tallow. East will undoubtedly follow. It is an elementary fact, but one fre­ Exports were also important for barley, This industrialization will mean that quently ignored, that we cannot sell our raisins, prunes, and many other farm people in those areas will become an goods if we do not buy the products of products. enormous potential export market for others. What those who oppose imports Even those branches of American agri­ American machinery, equipment and in­ are, in effect, suggesting is that farmers culture that have little or no direct inter­ dustrial products generally. Authority and workers in our export industries, est in foreign markets are harmed by re­ to negotiate trade agreements on a re­ such as the farm-implement industry, strictive trade barriers here and abroad, ciprocal basis with these areas, combined­ the machinery industry, the chemical in­ because such barriers force other farm­ with other programs recommended by dustry, the electrical industry, be thrown ers, when they lose export markets for the President, will open up exciting new out of work since foreign countries will their customary crops, to turn to such vistas for American exports. not be able to pay for our goods. The things as dairy farming or beef cattle. In summary, we all gain from in­ problem is made more serious by the fact Third. Our mineral producers also creased international trade: First, as that it is our low-cost industries, the have a large stake in the export market. taxpayers, because more imports help ones with the greatest possibility for ex­ In 1953, 9.1 percent of our anthracite reduce the need for aid; second, as con­ pansion and thus for increased employ­ coal and 7.5 percent of our bituminous sumers, because it makes it possible for ment, and the ones most important to a coal was shipped abroad. We exported us to purchase these foreign-made goods modern defense, that would be most hit 23.3 percent of our lubricating oil and that we need; third, as producers, be­ by such a shortsighted policy. 23.8 percent of our sulfur. cause imports help foreigners earn the .ADVANTAGES OF THE TRADE-AGREEMENTS PROGRAM Fourth. Our manufacturing industries dollars they need to buy more American I have detailed some of the dangers also rely heavily on our export markets. goods; fourth, as investors, because in­ that would attend our failure to adopt We exported 11 percent of our machine creased dollars earnings by foreigners the President's program. Now let me tools in 1952, 32 percent of our rolling selling to the United States means a bet­ enumerate some of the advantages, in mill machinery, 13 percent of our agri­ ter chance for profitable American in­ addition to the overriding one of national cultural machinery, 22 percent of our vestments abroad; and, fifth, as Ameri­ security, which would accrue to the tractors,· 20.2 percent of our combines, can citizens, because increased interna­ United States from the adoption of the and 13 percent of our motor trucks and tional trade creates a stronger free program which the President has out­ coaches. Other manufacturing indus­ world. lined and of which H. R. 8860 is an in­ tries which have a large stake in exports Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. Mr. Speaker, tegral part. are producers of storage batteries, house­ I ask unanimous consent to extend my First. By the reciprocal reduction of hold appliances, office machinery, oil­ remarks at this point in the RECORD. barriers to trade our farms, our mines, field machinery, textile machinery, sew­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to and our manufacturing plants would ing machines, printing machinery, and the request of the gentleman from New gain access to foreign markets. The re­ chemicals. Jersey? sulting expansion of trade will help the Fifth. Labor's stake in our export There was no objection. countries of the free world to return to trade is also great. This is recognized Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. Mr. Speak­ convertibility of their currencies. If they by the leaders of both our major labor er, first of all I would like to congratulate can earn enough dollars to pay for the unions, the A. F. of L. and the CIO. As my good friend from New Jersey [Mr. goods they need and they can be assured the President has pointed out, over 4 KEAN] on the detailed and forthright by the policies which we adopt that their million American workers and their fam­ statement which he has made in support trade future is secure enough so that ilies depend on international trade for of his bill, H. R. 8860. We in New Jer­ they can drop the various types of con­ their employment. American labor by sey are proud of the fine job which trols they have employed to ration their and large costs less than any in the Mr. KEAN is doing as a member of the low dollar reserves, considerably greater world. In most industries United States Ways and Means Committee. We are markets will open up for American prod­ manufacturers can pay high wages and proud, too, of his unfailingly conscien­ ucts. The President stated in his mes­ still sell their products competitively tious and sound approach to the many sage of March 30 that unless we are pre­ with the products of other countries be­ complex problems which we face here pared to adopt programs which will ex­ cause of our high productivity, which in Washington. pand international trade and increase results not only from our abundant I should like to associate myself in investments abroad ''our friends abroad physical resources but also because of the strong support of this bill, H. R. 8860, may be discouraged in their efforts to skills, the temperament, and the adap­ and with the statement which the gen­ establish a free market for their cur­ tiveness of our workers. Labor-saving tleman from New Jersey has just made. rencies." devices, large-scale operations, mass pro­ It is a realistic, comprehensive and ac­ Second. The stake of agriculture in duction and standardization, and selling curate estimate of the importance of a our trade policy is very great. The value skills and mass distribution all contrib­ sound economic policy for the United of agricultural exports since 1945 has ute to this effectiveness. States. been equal to about one-eighth of our The dollar gap itself is proof that the Reasonable men can, and do, differ on cash farm income. The volume has ac­ United States, as a whole, has little to the best course to follow with respect to counted for commodities produced on fear from foreign competition. Our trade policy. And yet it is generally ac­ over 40 million acres, about one-tenth of labor leaders realize that if a tariff cepted that early agreement on our our cropland. Our agricultural exports policy could be adopted which would at­ future economic policy is essential. have declined sharply from the record tempt to equalize cost of production that Certainly the problem is urgent. The $4 billion reached in 1951-52. But they it would result in the termination of al­ problem also is one which transcends are still large. Our exports in 1952-53 most all international trade and the low­ partisan considerations. Bipartisanship totaled $2.8 billion, off 30 percent from ering of the American standard of living. in our foreign economic policy is equally the previous year. Contributing to the Sixth. A forward-looking trade policy as important as bipartisanship in our sharp decline was the reduction in is also called for in the interest of our overall foreign policy. As the gentleman United States aid which at its peak in economic relations with the underde­ from New Jersey [Mr. KEANJ has just 1948-49 provided funds to pay for about veloped areas of the world. It is quite pointed out, our economic policy is in­ two-thirds of our agricultural exports. apparent that we are on the threshold of deed a most important factor in our total These figures on the total value and a period of enormous change in world foreign policy. It cannot safely be sep­ quantity of our agricultural exports production and world trade. The 600 arated from any political and military somewhat obscure the very high degree million people of southeast Asia, once a decisions which we may make. of dependence of certain of our farm negligible factor in any calculation or The reorientation of our national eco­ commodities on export outlets. In 1953, world trade, are now groping for means nomic policy, therefore, is of great im­ for example, we exported over one-half to expand their production. The 170 portance if the United States is to pro­ of our rice crop, one-quarter of our million people of Latin America and the vide effective and reliable world leader­ wheat crop, over one-fifth of our cotton 15 million people of Canada are already ship. If collective security has any and tobacco crops, and almost one- in the midst of a spectacular expansion meaning-and we know it has-we must 1954 CONGRESSIONAL ~ECORD- HOUSE 6689 seek to develop and maintain allies who signed to help it meet the changes in . Large rail, motor, and air troop move­ are strong politically, militarily and eco­ warfare which may be brought about by ments. nomically. In the past we have sought x·ecent scientific advances in weapons It is the Army's objective to maintain to accomplish these ends primarily by and equipment. The Army is far from maximum efiectiveness and efficiency. direct aid. A better alternative is now believing it has all the answers to this Since we cannot keep adequate forces in available. grave and urgent problem. In fact, this all areas which are vital to our security, A gradual reduction in trade barriers maneuver was designed as a test of new we must provide the means for rapid such as is now proposed will strengthen, tactics and new weapons, and the Army movement of combat units to those areas and not weaken, our own country. By is openminded about their impact on which Qecome the object of the aggres­ an enlightened policy of international its organization and employment in the sor's interest. This calls for an Army trade, we can develop markets for our future. as mobile and as flexible as we can make own goods, and also benefit friendly na­ This maneuver was called Flash it. For that reason, Operation Flash tions by giving them a chance to earn Burn, because it is focused on the tac­ Burn emphasized mobility on a scale much-needed dollars. The expansion of tical use of atomic weapons. The Army never before attempted. trade resulting from a gradual relaxa­ is vigorously evaluating the effect of In the first days of the maneuver the tion of restrictive trade policies will bene­ these weapons on the nature of warfare. 82d Airborne Division made an air as­ fit all segments of our own economy. It already has developed tentative new sault in enemy territory. Nearly 9,000 organization, -doctrine, tactics, tech­ troops and their vehicles and heavy niques, and equipment to meet the con­ equipment were parachuted and, for 2 HON. A. B. WON PAT ditions that can be reasonably antici­ days, all their supplies were dropped to Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I pated. Operation Flash Burn tested them or landed by cargo aircraft. ask unanimous consent to address the these new concepts and already has Strategically as well as tactically, the House for 2 minutes and to revise and raised questions about some of them, Army has made extensive use of airlift extend my remarks. while indicating the soundness of others. on this maneuver. The entire 37th In­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to The Army also foresees that the evolu­ fantry Division was flown from its base the request of the gentleman from tion of its combat doctrine will be con­ in Louisiana to the maneuver area with Massachusetts? siderably accelerated as the result of little more fanfare than you would meet There was no objection. this maneuver. in making a commercial flight from Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, it But that is only part of the picture. Washington to Denver. This phase of was a great event in history when the While the process of testing is underway, the operation is only the forerunner of first legislative body, composed of mem­ the commanders, staffs, and troops en­ the increased strategic mobility of a bers selected by the people, convened on gaged are receiving the most valuable truly modern Army. That sort of mo­ American soil. training in modern offensive and defen­ bility promises an offensive capability We are reminded by the visit to Wash­ sive operations. To be specific, these which could be decisive in defeating an ington this week of the Honorable A. B. are some of the fields in which training, enemy and in bringing the war to a more Won Pat, Speaker of the Legislature of research, and testing are going on all at rapid conclusion should our efforts to Guam, that the seeds of representative the same time: deter him fail. government, functioning through popu­ Coordinated tactical employment of For the first time, the Army used, in larly selected legislative bodies, have conventional weapons with all types of Flash Burn, many new types of weapons been planted in the Far East. The con­ ·atomic weapons now available to the and equipment and the organizations vening in 1950 of the first General As­ Army and the development of new types made necessary by their introduction sembly of Guam was another great event for the future. onto the battlefield. Most important 1n history. Tactical employment of new chemical among them were the 792-millimeter As the majority leader of the House ·weapons and defense against chemical, rocket known as Honest John, the Corpo­ when Guam, the small island of Ameri­ biological, and radiological attack. ral guided missile, and the 280-millime­ can soil farfiung in the Pacific, was given Airborne operations, with emphasis on ter gun. All of these weapons can de­ its organic law, it is especially pleasing to swift paralyzing attacks in support of liver atomic warheads in close support me to hear at first hand from Speaker ground assaults. of the hard-fighting armor, artillery, and Won Pat of the enthusiastic reception by Combat operations, with emphasis on infantry not only more accurately but the people of Guam of the legislative the employment of the infantry, artil­ with less expenditure of effort than by system that has been the strength of our lery, armor team. any other present means. Of equal im­ Nation and of the various States of the Maintenance of prompt and effective portance, the mobility of the 280-milli­ Union. logistical support of combat forces in the meter gun and Honest John and the The Legislature of Guam convened for field. range of Corporal are sufficient to per­ the first time 4 years ago. It is our Perfecting tactical air support. mit their deployment in such manner youngest legislative body. Its influence Tactical helicopter operations, with that their prompt response to the will of for democracy in the Far East, where emphasis on maximum use of this ve­ the land commander is without question. democracy and its hopes for mankind is hicle not only in supply and evacuation, Helicopters, which proved themselves in conflict with the doom-creed of com­ but in assault operations as well. almost priceless in Korea, were used not munism, can be tremendous. The re­ Active and passive defense against air only for resupply and for evacuation of sponsibility of Speaker Won Pat and the attack. sick and wounded, but tactically as well. members of the body over which he pre­ New weapons and new techniques in That is, fighting men are being shifted sides present a challenge which we are the use of land mines. quickly by helicopter to key points on the confident they will meet with wise delib­ Alternate means of communication battlefield. Results so far justify even erations and constructive legislative ac­ and extended communications capabili­ more extensive and effective tactical use tions. The visit to us of Speaker Won ties necessary for widely deployed and of helicopters in the future and experi­ Pat we accept as a token of the earnest­ swiftly moving warfare. ments in this direction will be continued. ness of the speaker and the legislators Electronic countermeasures which, in Use of mine fields to defend against of Guam to that end. effect, will interfere with the electronic armor and infantry alike is being thor­ equipment of an enemy. oughly studied at Fort Bragg. Training Survival training to enable troops cut of the troops in defense against chem­ OPERATION FLASH BURN off in the anticipated wide-open war­ ical, radiological, and biological weap­ The SPEAKER pro tempore

Administration; Mr.-Irving~ J. ·Levy, De­ all witnesses who were present were duly To -substantiate my contention that sworn.) - . p~rtment of Justice. Mr. Hilmer was endeavoring to influence Mr. OLSON (continuing). George S. Observers: Farrar Smith, Civil Service Wheeler has .not been ·a personal friend or ac­ the Civil Service Commission in its con­ Commission; Louis J. Russell, Committee quaintance of Congressman· Coffee.· Mr. sideration of the Wheeler case, I shall on Un-American Activities; George V~ Wheeler and Congressman Coffee have many insert at this point a portion of the McDavitt, Committee on Un-American warm mutuaf friends. George S. Wheeler, as transcript of the hearing. The tran­ Activities; Allan R. Rosenberg, form.:. a Government employee of many years' script reveals-that, even after no Sen­ erly with Foreign Economic Administra­ standing, has been a well-known person to ators nor Representatives appeared at -tion; Mrs. Catherine B. Smith, secretary Congressman Coffee and myself. Over ape­ the hearing, Mr. Hilmer tried to leave to Mr. Lucien Hilmer; Mr. George Shaw riod of years, Congressman Coffee has had oc­ casion, through mutual friends and ac­ the impression that requests for tran­ Wheeler; Miss Ruth Wheeler, George quaintances, to hear about the high caliber scripts would be made· by some Senators Shaw Wheeler's sister; Mr. Donald of service performed by Mr. Wheeler in the and Representatives. Wheeler, brother of George Shaw various Federal agencies with which he has ~CER~ FROM OPENING SESSION, GEORGE Wheeler. been identified. The testimony and support SHAW WHEELER, MONDAY MORNING, 0C• Mr. Speaker, it is worth noting that ing statements as to 1oyalty, character and TOBER 29, 1945 the secretary of a member of the House integrity, which will be given in behalf of .Mr. HILMER. My name is Lucien Hilmer. of Representatives appeared, according Mr. Wheeler later in this hearing, will be I am here as counsel to the appellants in this given by persons whose judgment Congress­ case. This appeal was requested by the For­ to the record, as counsel for-George Shaw man Coffee does not question. Wheeler. So that there is no room for eign Economic Administration and by Mr. As a result of Congressman Coffee's study George Wheeler. This is an appeai from the misunderstanding, I shall include at this of this case since it was first brought to his decision of the Civil Service Commission. point the statement made by Mr. Paul ·attention, and all the correspondence which rendered last January 2, 1945, declaring Mr. A. Olson at the hearing: has been made available to him, he has con­ Wheeler disloyal and ineligible for further cluded and it is his firm and definite opinion Mr. OLsoN. My name is Paul Olson, but I Oovernment service . . At the same time the that a very grave injustice has been done a Commission canceled all of his civil service am appearing in behalf of Congressman John long and faithful employee of the Federal M. Coffee, for whom I act in the capacity of eligibilities which had accumulated in the Government in questioning his right to con!. course of some 10 years of Federal service. secretary. . tinue in the employ of the Government which Mr. Chairman, regardless of the statements Now, I understand from what Mr. Meloy he has sworn to uphold, and the Govern­ has stated that this hearing is a public that have been made this morning to the ment whose uniform he now wears. Con.­ effect that testimony produced by the Army, hearing and that the grant of the request ~ gressman Coffee is of the opinion that on for a public hearing was made in response the Navy, and the Federal Bureau of Inves­ the basis of the Commission's statements tigation, is held as confidential, in connec­ to a letter written by me as counsel for the summarizing the charges, and on the basis appellants in this case, specifically asking tion with your statement that there are ru1es of the very complete statements that have and regulations which permit this Board to that it be open to the public. been made by those who have known Mr. First of all, I want to thank you very much proceed as it has this morning, I am au­ Wheeler over a period of years, testifying as thorized here and now, in behalf of my chief, for granting that request. to his loyalty, the Civil Service Commission Mr. MELoY. I think you are mistaken. I to question the authority under which and ·wm see its way clear to withdraw its letter by which Federal funds are expended to I did not grant it. Neither did the Com­ of January 2, 1945, and permit George S. mission. As I stated a minute ago, hearings conduct a hearing of this type; or of the type Wheeler, who happens to be a native of Con­ ordinarily conducted by the Board of Ap­ before the Board are confidential hearings gressman Coffee's home city of Tacoma, between the Government and the employee. peals, when such hearings on decisions and Wash., to continue in the employ o! the .charges so vitally affect the welfare, the The Government itself does not offer any Federal Government. invitation to the public to come in; how­ rights, and the privileges of an American cit­ Congressman Coffee has asked me to quote izen. Congressman Coffee has authorized ever, it will place no curb upon you request­ him as saying that in the event, and he ing anyone to come in. me to say that in keeping with the Senators assumes that this action will be forth­ Mr. HILMER. That is no limitation, then, whose statement~ have been-read this morn­ coming, the Civil Service Commission with~ ing he, as a member of the House Appro­ draws its letter o! January 2, 1945, the Civil on the persons whom we may invite to at­ priations Committee, has riever understood Service Commission should consider what tend this hearing? that the funds appropriated by the Congress - Mr. MELOY. Entirely up to you, sir. We action it can take to undo in some way th~ for the use ~ of the Civil Service Commission -great harm which Congressman Coffee feels think that the record should be held in con­ could be expended by the Commission to has been ~ done this longtime employee of fidence between the Government and the conduct a hearing which, by its very nature, the Federal service, a harm done to him employee, but-- is a complete vindication of the ordinary by questioning his loyalty to the Govern­ Mr. HILMER. We have quite a different atti­ traditional judicial procedures by which, ment of the country of which he is a citizen, tude on that. We think it is a matter of under due process an individual may be questioning his integrity, questioning his great public importance when the loyalty heard and faced by his accusers and may be whole motive in desiring to serve his Gov­ of a long-time civil servant in a key posi­ represented, and cross-question and examine ernment, questioning thereby his profes­ tion in the Federal Government and in a his accusers. sional standing, and indirectly casting re­ key position, as it happens in this case, in In Congressman Coffee's behalf this morn­ fiectiens on all those who have been closely the control and occupation of Nazi Ger­ ing, I would like to ask this Board, for the associated with Mr. Wheeler in the perform­ many-we think that when such a person purposes of the record, for a copy of the en­ ance of his duty, because indirectly those has been accused of disloyalty to his own tire record on which the Loyalty Board, act­ who have been associated with him and who Government the hearing on that issue af­ ing for the Civil Service Commission, based have testified as to his worth are in a sense fects this country and this Government and its charges and its decision, as t'ndicated to reflected upon when a longtime employee the people of this country, and the represent­ the Foreign Economic Administration un­ is called up to the bar and questioned as to atives of this Governme:qt, we feel, should der date of January 2, 1945. It is assumed whether he is a fit person to be employed know all about the hearings and proceedings that such record will contain all material by the Government whose uniform he wears; in this case. It's for that reason that we which is not specifically denied publication therefore, he hopes the Commission will find, have asked that these hear-ings be public. by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the 1n the event a decision is made, some way, I thank you at least for permitting us to Army, or the Navy. In other words, Mr. in the nature of a pledge or a full expla­ invite anyone we choose to the hearing. Chairman, to make the request clear, Con­ nation of the reasons which brought about That, I think, is a step of progress over pre­ gressman Coffee would like to have all the this unfortunate error, to provide Mr. vious cases in which I have been engaged. agencies which have cooperated in the in­ Wheeler with that in order that he may use (Off-the-record conversation between Mr. vestigation to designate those portions which it in a manner that will, in some partial Hilmer and Mr. Allan R. Rosenberg) they will not permit your group to make part measure, undo the harm which he has suf­ Mr. HILMER. I understood you to say, Mr. of the record which we would like to have fered as a result of the Commission's ac­ Meloy, that you were denying our request furnished him. They would, of course, in­ cusations under date o! January 2, 1945. for a copy of the record on which the Civil clude the names of all persons who gave Mr. MELoY. Mr. Olson, in regard to the Service Commission based its decision in this testimony, and such record would imply request for a copy o! the record on which ease. I understand that this Board o! that all witnesses would be asked if they the original decision was made, of course, Appeals similarly has denied our request for would permit the frank use of their names that will have to be referred to the Commis­ the identification of the persons whose de­ in compiling such a record. May I conclude sion. I do wish you cou1d be with us this rogatory statements may have formed the by stating that if I may make this state­ afternoon because I would like to have you basis of the decision in this case. I under­ ment, I would be very glad to make it under hear as much as we can reveal o! the infor­ stand that this Board -has denied our re­ oath regarding Mr. Wheeler. mation in the file. Then you will probably quest for the identification of the persons Mr. MELoY. Please, Mr. Olson. And at thiS see why the Commission made its original who have m ade statements favorable to Mr. time we will swear in everyone whQ is going decision. I would be very happy for you to Wheeler in this case and has denied the re­ t.o· testify in this case. Will you please stand come back this afternoon and see how we quest for copies of even the favorable state• .and rais~e . yom: right ~an.ds? ~

Now, clearly in my view, 1! a person was · Mr. MoRSE. I was .succeeded when I was well, really the main reason why he liadn 't anxious to support a Russian policy or a relieved from my command by Brig. Gen. come to the office-because he hadn't wanted policy inimical to our own, there was the Frank McSherry-M-c-S-h-e-r-r-y-who was to be placed in the position of looking at place where he could very happily engage Regular Army of the United States; also, I papers until he really had a chance to talk in that opportunity. believe, former member of the War Man­ with me. Mr. MELOY. I am particularly glad you are power Commission before the war. I told him I wanted to think about it. I here with us today for this reason: You -were At the time I was relieved to return to the questioned him about it at great length. I not here this morning and heard a lot of States I had considerable discussion with traced the reason why he had come to our legal argument and discussion; but in order General McSherry about which persons ~taff. I learned that he had been sent to us that you may pick up some background, the should remain on his staff and where it by FEA. I contacted the chief of FEA in Commission's position was that here was an should be implemented, and it was agreed London. I don't remember his first name, applicant for Federal Government and we that Mr. Wheeler would be one .of the per­ but it was Mr. Stone. found out he had gone to London for the sons who would remain in his present job Mr. HILMER. Mr. William T. Stone. specific job which you mentioned. In re­ to carry on in his regular staff capacity be­ Mr. MoRsE. That's right. Chief of the FEA viewing the file of the investigation, there cause of my judgment that he should be Commission in the Embassy at 45 Berkeley was a serious question raised by the matters­ retained and because General McSherry Square. I went to see Mr. Stone. I had two in the investigation in the-back 1939, 1941- had heard from persons within our group conferences with him about Mr. Wheeler; that period. So I am particularly happy­ about Mr. Wheeler's work and had also met insisted that we be apprised in detail up to now in view of the fact that you have -Mr. Wheeler, although I think slightly, and the minute as to the FEA's position with information that is up to date on Mr. as a result of those three things decided respect to this man; insisted further that Wheeler's work since he was in London. that he would retain him. we would not go along with the situation I am quite sure the Commis~ion appreciates When I was separated to come back to the where loyalty was in question without some your appearance here today, and I know the States I made a quick trip back to Berlin statement by the FEA that in their view Mr. Board does. again, where I saw General McSherry, and at Wheeler was trustworthy and a man who Mr. MoRsE. Thank you very much. that time he told me that he was completely should be continued in our-in the staff Mr. HILMER. Have you observed anything satisfied with Mr. Wheeler's services and was capacity on our staff. ln Mr. Wheeler's conduct or expressions, very happy with the fact that he was the Mr. Stone stated that he would like to either before you saw him in London or person who was doing the job and that he check back here on it-think about it some Germany or after, thinking back over the did not contemplate changing _him. more. period when you worked with him with the · Mr. HILMER. • • • Observe Mr. Hilmer's A day or two transpired, and Mr. Stone National Labor Relations Board, and so on, conduct and expressions in Germany on this talked with me. He said that he was con­ would give you any reason whatsoever to important mission were unanimous in the vinced in his own judgment that Mr. Wheel­ believe that he might be a Communist? view that he was a person of outstanding er was not a disloyal man, that he was com­ Mr. MoRSE. No; I haven't. integrity and absolute loyalty? pletely trustworthy, that he should be con­ Mr. HILMER. Would you go so far as to Mr. MoRSE. No. Never any question tinued in his present post, and that as far vouch for his loyalty to the United States about it. as he was concerned there was no question form of government? Mr. HILMER. And the very matter of his or reservation in his mind. I told him I was Mr. MoRSE. I certainly would. loyalty was called to their attention-that glad he felt that way about it because from Mr. HILMER. If I were to tell you that some is, the fact that the Civil Service Commission my own personal observation, I felt the same persons whose names have not been disclosed had raised some question about it was spe­ way about it. I was perfectly willing to to me have made statements reflecting on cifically called to their attention-and in assume the responsibility of keeping Mr. his character and loyalty and suggesting that spite of that-so that they had-were on no­ Wheeler on in his present position, and if he is or has been ·an adherent of the Com­ tice, so to speak, to be very scrutinizing of subsequently there was to be any question munist Party line, what would your reaction Mr.-Wheeler, they still came· out· with that about his loyalty I would take the rap. I be to such statements? view? felt that somebody ought to make the deci­ Mr. MoRsE. My reaction would be one of Mr. MoRSE. That's a fact. That is true. sion. That was my conviction of conscience. absolute disbelief. That is true. However, I went to my immediate superior, Mr. HILMER. Thank you. Mr. HILMER. When did you first learn that who was Brigadier General Wickersham, who Mr. MELOY. I assume you are familiar the Commission had not authorized his was subsequently succeeded by Lt. Gen. with the party line. transfer? Lucius Clay, and I told General Wickersham Mr. MoRsE. I am very famlliar with the Mr. MORSE. I'd_like to go into that, 1f I about the situation, and he stated to me party line, both as a result of my intelligence may. that he had had a number of talks with Mr. training in the Army and the work that I Mr. MELOY. I wish you would. Wheeler, and he was impressed with Mr. had to do in Europe. Mr. MoRSE. I will recite it to the best of Wheeler. He asked me what my recommen­ dation was, and I told him that my recom­ Mr. MELOY. Particularly speaking-switch my recollection. ln 1939 (?)-switch in June 1941. After Mr. Wheeler joined our staff in mendation was that he should be contin­ ued-that I trusted him, and that he was Mr. MoRsE. Yes, sir, and I simply want to October of 1944 in London, I believe that some months transpired-! hope that you rendering a useful service. give you my own judgment of an individual Mr. HILMER. Mr. Morse, if the Civil Service as I saw him under very close observation. don't hold me to them, but [ believe more than 2 or 3 months-when I noticed that he Commission's act of January 2, 1945, de­ Mr. HILMER. Let me ask you a further claring Mr. Wheeler disloyal and instructing l:}uestion, Mr. Morse. Do you think it's a had not reported. to the-for duty one day and I thought to myself, "That probably is the Foreign Economic Administration to dis­ matter of some importance whether Mr. miss him-if that action had been fulfilled Wheeler returns to carry on the duties that due to the fact that he is a civilian." Actu­ ally he was not feeling well, and I saw him then, would you say whether the consequence you have described in Germany, or do you to our war effort and our peace effort with think it is a matter of considerable Indiffer­ the next day. Mr. Wheeler told me that he had some­ respect to Germany \!OUld have been adverse­ ence whether it is George Wheeler or some­ ly affected? body else who performs that task in thing that he wanted to talk with me about that he felt was important and it was at Mr. MoRsE. I clearly do not think our war Germany? effort would have been affected. I do think Mr. MoRsE. I think lt is extremely impor­ that point that he disclosed to me that there was some question about his loyalty that if Mr. Wheeler had been dismissed and tant that he return if he can be prevailed and told me about the pendency of an action had not been able to do his job that the Upon to return. I don't know what his here with respect to his civil service status. constructive side of our postwar effort in plans are, but I would consider it essential Germany would have been adversely affected that he return. After all, he's the--one of He then said that he felt that since this case involved his loyalty that it might be because he has done an extremely first-rate the persons who has large background now Job. accumulated in the work over there and has embarrassing to me as his superior officer, to the Army, and to our own Government's Mr. HILMER. Thank you, very much. Mr. been responsible for the development of Morse made a reference to his own letter some of our programs and policies and he interest if he continued working on papers which were secret and top secret and he which he said he had s~nt to the Commission ought to be there to carry them through. yoluntarily and without solicitation. I It would be very difficult for some new per­ felt under a responsibility to bring it to my attention so that I could make a decision, should like at this point to read that letter son, it seems to me, to, step in at this point into the record. It is dated October 1, 1945, and try to pick up where he left off. and he wanted it clear-and this impressed me very much in his record-that he would addressed to Mr. Arthur S. Flemming. (Mr. Mr. HILMER. Do you happen to know what understand if I decided that he should be Hilmer read Mr. Morse's letter, which is at­ your superior officer or officers thought about sent back to the States and would prohibit tache<_l to the file as a part of the record.) Mr. Wheeler's integrity and loyalty in Germany? him from looking at these papers. He also The loyalty board considered the stated that until the question had been Mr. MoRsE. I do, if it is permissible for me resolved he was going to assume the respon­ record on appeal and submitted its de­ to state it. sibility of not looking at any further papers cision to the Civil Service Commission. Mr. MELOY. Surely; go right ahead. and that he had not looked at any of these In order to show that the favorable con­ Mr. HILMER. If you feel that you can :I papers since he had been informed of the clusion reached by the loyalty board was Wish you would. ' current status of his case and that that's based on the testimony of David A. 1951,. CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD- HOUSE 6101 Morse and that some' consideration was jected to ·by Mr. IDlmer, ·who insisted· that integrity who 1s entirely loyal to the United given .to the letter of General McSherry, the hearing be transcribed completely, just as States; that he is a person of independent it was conducted, so that each matter, in­ thought and judgment and so would be un­ is it necessary to insert at this point the cluding all letters, would appear exactly in able to conform to the dictates of the Com­ opinion of the loyalty board: the order presented. Several ofl'-the-record munist Party or to follow the Communist LOYALTY BOARD, discussions were had regarding the length of Party line or any other arbitrary line; and November 6, 1945. time necessary to transcribe the record in each expressed surprise that any responsible The COMMISSION: this fashion. As a result of consultation with person would ever question Mr. Wheeler's (Through the Executive Director and tb.e two stenographic reporters, it appeared loyalty. Each indicated the period and na­ . Chief Examiner.) · that more than a ·month might be required, ture of association. Several had visited the The George Shaw Wheeler case came on !or particularly in view of the fact that both Wheeler farm in Vienna, Virginia, and al­ a hearing before the loyalty rating board at stenographers are engaged in recording vet­ though there was agreement that several the hour of 10 a. m., on the 29th of Oc­ erans' appeal hearings, which, of course, have organizations, such as a Federal employee tober, and concluded at 4 p. m. on the 31st-­ priority, and also must take care of other union and the Washington Committee for the total time being 2.. full days of hearing. regularly scheduled hearings. Aid to China, has held picnics there, all Prior to the hearing, the loyalty rating In connection with this discussion, atten­ these witnesses stated positively that to their board had furnished on October 24, 1945, to tion is called to Mr. Hilmer's statement on knowledge no meetings of the Communist Mr. Lucien Hilmer, attorney !or the Foreign page 4 of exhibit VI, in which he says: Party or any other subversive group had Economic Administration and for Mr. George · "As some of the letters addressed to the ever been held there. Shaw Wheeler, an interrogatory !or Mr. Commission indicate and as one of my letters The testimony of Lt. Col. David A. Morse is Wheeler covering the main points to be dis­ had indicated, I understand that a number particularly significant in that it covers Mr. cussed at the hearing. of Senators and Congressmen who are deep­ Wheeler's activities in Europe-a period not Also before the hearing, the Commission ly concerned as I am, as we are, over the covered by the investigation-and his testi­ had received !rom Mr. Hilmer a letter dated procedures in these cases have indicated a mony represents the well-considered opinion October 24, 1945, in which he requested, desire if it was feasible !or them to attend of a high Army officer who was Mr. Wheeler's among other matters, the testimony of wit­ these hearings or send representatives. Un­ superior in connection with effectuation of nesses, both favorable and unfavorable, the fortunately, with 1 or 2 exceptions these the United States policy of denazification in names of all witnesses, and the opportunity Senators and Congressmen have not found it Germany. to examine witnesses under oath. This. let­ feasible to attend or to be represented here, Lieutenant Colonel Morse testified that he ter is attached hereto as exhibit I. Response but I understand that some of them do very had knowledge of the Commission's ruling in was made to this letter on October 26, 1945. earnestly desire in lieu of that to haVEt an January 1945, while Mr. Wheeler was sta­ · The he~ing was opened by tlie chairman of opportunity of studying the transcript in_ tioned in London, and that after careful con­ the Loyalty Rating Board, who read a state­ this record and that some requests for the sideration and consultation with General ment concerning the procedure followed by transcript have been made and will be made. Wickersham and other superior officers of the Bo~rd, which statem~nt included replies So that for the larger interest, if I may call · Mr. Wheeler, including the Chief of the For­ to points and requests made by Mr. Hilmer it that--the larger· interest in this whole kind eign ~ Economic Administration Commission in his letter of October 24, 1945. This open­ of case, particularly in view of the pendency at the American Embassy in London, he ing statement appears as exhibit II. of certain bills in the Congress relating to assumed responsibility for retaining Mr. Following the Board's opening .stat(ement, these procedures, might better be served, Wheeler. After observing Mr. Wheeler's ac­ Mr. Hilmer made an opening statment which even at the expense of some delay in the tions from that time on, Lieutenant Colonel was focused upon what he considered the transcription of the record, if the record is Morse stated that he could now say that he inadequacies of Commission procedures in complete in every detail." believed Mr. Wheeler to be a loyal and con­ this type of case, and in which h~ took excep­ scientious American. In view of the impor­ tion to all the rulings made concerning the It is quite apparent !rom Mr. Hilmer's statement that he desired this transcript !or tance which the Board attaches to Lieuten­ procedure. His statement is attached hereto, ant Colonel Morse's favorable testimony, in marked exhibit Ill. other purposes than, or in addition to, the defense of Mr. Wheeler. A request for a copy that it covers the European period and ap­ In support of his contentions, Mr. Hilmer or the hearing has been received from Sena­ parently reflects the attitude of Wheeler's read into the record copies of a large number tor WAYNE MoRSE, and from Mr. Hilmer's superiors in the Army, this witness' testi­ of letters from Members of the Senate and statement, it would appear that other such mony has been transcribed and appears as the House of Representatives. Many of these requests may be made. exhibit VII. were recognized by the Board as letters con­ The tile also contains a number of favor­ cerning t.q.e Michael Greenberg case and the The Board wishes to call attention to the able letters (exhibit VIII) from Government David Wahl case-previously considered by fact that the hearing has not yet been tran­ officials and other responsible persons, in­ the Commission. These letters are attached oljCribed. In view of the urgent requests for expeditious consideration of this case, the cluding those recently sent by Lieutenant as exhibit IV. Colonel Morse (to which letter he refers in At the conclusion of Mr. IDlmer's opening Board at this time is undertaking to handle his testimony), Maj. Gen. Philip B. Fleming, statement, Mr. Olson, acting both as counsel it in accordance with regular practice in Brig. Gen. Frank A. McSherry, Senator Wayne cases where the Board members unanimously for Mr. Wheeler and also as spokesman for Morse, Representative Charles -R. Savage, Mr. agree upon a favorable recommendation. In Congressman John M. Coffee, asked to be Harry A. Millis, Mrs. Arthur Burns, Mr. Mor­ heard. He stated that he was authorized to such cases, transcripts are not made unless timer Graves, and others. Such endorse­ question the authority under which and by the Commission specifically requests them. ment and recommendations from high mili­ which Federal funds were expended by the Furthermore, in view of the necessity for tary officers, from members of the Senate Commission to conduct a hearing of this eliminating any work not essential to reach­ and the House of Representatives and others type. He stated that he was also authorized ing a decision, it is believed that the expense must be given due consideration. In the to request a copy of the entire record upon involved would not be justified without prior Board's opinion, they add materially to the which the Commission based its charges and approval of the Commission. information that was before the Commission its decision contained in the letter of Jan­ If the Commission wishes to have the hear­ in 1944 when the case was previously con­ uary 2, 1945, to the Foreign Economic Admin­ ing fully transcribed either before passing sidered. istration. other requests made in behalf of upon the case or after it has reconsidered the Mr. Wheeler made a favorable impression Congressman Coffee are to be found in the case and made a decision, or i! the Commis­ upon the Board. He emphatically denied transcript of Mr. Olson's statement (see ex­ sion wishes any action to be taken on the ever having been a member of the Commu­ hibit V). several requests relative to the furnishing nist Party or ever having followed the party Mr. Olson then asked to be sworn, and of a copy of the hearings or of other in­ line. While testimony of witnesses (not made a statement for Congressman Coffee formation in the tlle, the Board will appre­ records) indicated that he resigned !rom the which he stated he had been authorized to ciate instructions. Socialist Party in 1939 at the time of the make concerning Mr. Wheeler's loyalty and The following persons appeared as wit­ Stalin-Hitler pact, Mr. Wheeler stated, under suitability for Federal employment. This nesses for Mr. Wheeler (in order of appear­ examination by his counsel and further statement, which was a strong endorsement ance) : Mr. Paul A. Olson, secretary to Con­ questioning by the Board, that he withdrew of Mr. Wheeler and indicated his confidence gressman John M. Coffee; Capt. Louis E. from the Socialist Party some 2 or 3 years in all the witnesses to be presented by Mr. Madison, United States Army, Office of Stra­ prior to 1939, specifically, at the time party Wheeler, appears in exhibit V, which exhibit tegic Services; Capt. Robert J. Wieferich, dues were raise(! beyond what he thought is the complete transcript of Mr. Olson's United States Army, Second Infantry Divi­ he could reasonably afford. (Mr. Wheeler testimony. sion; Mr. Joseph Harold Fitzgerald, chief suggested that records of the SOcialist Party In connection with requests for a tran­ statistician, Foreign Economic Administra­ be checked by the Commission for verifica­ script of the present hearing, it was pointed tion; Lt. Col. David A. Morse, United States tion of his statement. The Board has at­ out to Mr. Hilmer at the conclusion of the Army, demobilized, since September 17, 1945, tempted to obtain information !rom the hearing that to transcribe the entire record General Counsel for the National Labor Re­ Party headquarters in Washington, D. C., but would .. consume a considerable length of lations Board; Maj. - Mortimer Reimer, to date has been unable to reach any official. time. It was suggested that the large num­ United States Army; Mr. Irving J. Levy, The office has not been open and the only ber of letters ofl'ered as evidence be attached Department of Justice. official referred to is out of town.) to ·the record as exhibits and thereby shorten All o! these witnesses testltled that Mr. Mr. Wheeler denied membership in any the period o! transcribing. This was ob- Wheeler 1a and always has been a man o! activity in the American Peace Mobilization, 6702 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE May 17 American Peoples Mobilization, Interna­ in this government, have expressed implicit that Donald Wheeler was also given pref­ tional Labor Defense, or the American Youth confidence in his loyalty and ability. There Congress. He admitted membership in the still remains some doubt in my mind as to erential treatment. Donald Wheeler was Washington Committee for Democratic Ac­ whether his choice was a wise one, but as identified by as a tion for about 2 years (1939 and 1940) dur­ the record now stands, I believe the weight member of the group of ing which he attended at least 4 or 5 meet­ of evidence is in his favor and, under the Communists working in the Govern­ ings. With respect to the American League circumstances, I join with the Loyalty Rating ment--hearings regarding Communist for Peace and Democracy, he admitted he Board in recommending reversal of the espionage in the United States, Commit­ was probably a member, but not an officer; previous action. tee on Un-American Activities, 1948, that he attended meetings over a period of Regarding the request to transcribe the pages 5, 12, and 13. Donald Wheeler was 2 or 3 years ending in about 1940, and spoke hearing, it appears that a transcription is from the floor against the dissolution of the unnecessary for a determination of the ap­ questioned by the House Committee on organization; he stated he favored its for­ peal and to do so would involve a con­ Un-American Activities regarding his eign policy with respect to the Spanish and siderable amount of work on an already Communist membership and activities, Japanese situations at that time. overburdened staff. It is accordingly rec­ and sought refuge behind the fifth He stated that he was proud of his oftl­ ommended that the hearing be not tran­ amendment. cial connection, for about 2 years, with the scribed. The reason for this action, I feel The records of the Civil Service Com­ Washington Committee for Aid to China, sure, can be explained to the satisfaction mission will show that Donald Wheeler which connections ceased when the organ­ of the interested Members of Congress, if ization went out of existence after Pearl not to the attorney for the applicant. was cleared and approved for Govern­ Harbor because the reasons for such an or­ F. S., November 9, 1945. ment service. ganization vanished. Mr. Wheeler stated Farrar Smith. The case of George Shaw Wheeler is that he was interested in this committee I concur on both points. another illustration. There is no way because of his agreement with its opposi­ H. C. VIPOND, for me to estimate how much the many tion to the shipment of war materials to November 13, 1945. investigations of this man have cost the Japan and, secondly, because of its program Government. There can be no doubt as of relief for the Chinese people. He vigor­ In order to dispel any remaining doubt ously denied knowledge of any Communistic concerning the part played by David A. to the results of the investigation con­ connections on the part of the organization, Morse in the retention of George Shaw ducted by the Civil Service Commission. referred to Mortimer Graves' letter and sug­ Wheeler, I shall read a letter written to The evidence was sufficient to cause not gested that Mr. Graves be consulted for any Mr. Morse by Arthur S. Flemming after only the Loyalty Board, but the three further information concerning the organ­ the Wheeler case was closed: Civil Service Commissioners, to conclude ization. Mr. Wheeler was unable to answer Mr. DAVID A. MORSE, that George Shaw Wheeler was not suit­ several questions about the financing of the able for Government service. Yet, these committee and withdrawal of certain spon­ Office of the Gen eral Counsel, sors, giving as his reason that his Govern­ National Labor Relations Board., same people later succumbed to the pres­ ment position at that time required fre­ Washi ngton, D. c. sure of high Government officials. Dis­ quent field trips. My DEAR MR. MoRSE: Further reference 1s regarding the result of their owri investi­ With respect ot the Russian purge trials made to your letter of December 1, 1945, gation, they changed their collective in approximately 1935, he said that while relative to Mr. George S. Wheeler. minds, and gave their official approval to they could not be considered democratic The Commission wishes to express its ap­ another person of questionable loyalty. in our understanding of the term, he was preciation for your appearance at the hear­ ing afforded Mr. Wheeler before the Com­ Mr. Speaker, I wish to emphasize the under the impression that they did never­ fact that this is not an isolated case on theless follow standard continental proce­ mission's representative. Your testimony at dures; and that it was his understanding that the hearing together with letters of recom­ which the Civil Service Commission suc­ this opinion was similar to that of several mendation from Brig. Gen. Frank J. cumbed to outside pressure, resulting in eminent authorities, including Ambassador McSherry and Maj. Gen. Philip B. Flem­ the Commission's reversing its decision Davies. ing was extremely important in arriv­ on an employee that should have been In connection with his denial of having ing at a conclusion in Mr. Wheeler's case, separated from the Government, and de­ followed specific changes in the Communist' particularly in view of the fact that Mr. claring him eligible after he had been Party lines, he asserted that he continued Wheeler had been under your supervision during his duty overseas. Based primarily determined ineligible. to be a staunch advocate of collective se­ I illustrated this point very clearly, I curity after the Stalin-Hitler pact in 1939; upon your testimony, the Commission has and that he had never at any time been an concluded that Mr. Wheeler is suitable for believe, when I testified as a witness be­ isolationist. Federal employment both as to suitabillty fore the House Committee on Un-Ameri­ and loyalty, and Mr. Wheeler has been so can Activities on August 5, 1948-pages The Board belleves that the original de­ notified. cision in this borderline case was well con­ 623 to 642, inclusive, of the hearings re­ sidered on the evidence then before the Very sincerely yours, garding Communist espionage in the Board and the Commission. However, in ARTHUR S. FLEMMING, United States. During my testimony, I light of the testimony of Lieutenant Col­ Commissioner. read into the record of the hearings on onel Morse and the letter of recommenda­ The Arthur S. Flemming who wrote tion from General McSherry, Army officials that day an exchange of correspondence under whom Mr. Wheeler worked while he this letter when he was a Civil Service between ArthurS. Flemming and myself, was in Europe, which oftlcials have e.xpressed Commissioner is listed in the February which proved conclusively that, after the complete satisfaction with his performance 1954 issue of the Congressional Directory Civil Service Commission had made a and have vouched for his loyalty, and in as holding the following responsible gov­ determination that Carl Aldo Marzani view of the recommendations of other re­ ernment posts: Director of the Office of and Nathan Gregory Silvermaster were sponsible public officials, the Board recom­ Defense Mobilization and Chairman of ineligible for Federal employment the mends that the previous decision be with­ the Defense Mobilization Board; mem­ Commission again succumbed to outside drawn and Mr. Wheeler be rated eligible. ber of the National Security Council; (Such decision will result in removing the influence, and reversed its findings in flag and restoring any appllcations or e11- and one of the Commissioners of the order to rate these two well-known Com­ gib111ties previously cancelled.) Commission on Organization of the munists as eligible for Federal employ­ L. MELoY, November 6, 1945. Executive Branch of Government. ment. This, in spite of the fact that Mr. R. J. F'ENN, November 6, 1945. Mr. Speaker, time after time, I have ArthurS. Flemming, when testifying be­ K. A. FREDERIC, November 6, 1945. called to the attention of members of fore a subcommittee on Appropriations this body the serious situation existing of the House of Representatives on De­ NOVEMBER 9, 1945. in the Executive Branch of our Govern­ cember 12, 1940, said: Mr. VIPOND: From my study of the record ment which made it possible for persons In connection with all our investigations, 1n this case I believe the Commission ·s of questionable loyalty to secure impor­ we are keeping this policy in mind: If we adverse decision of December 28, 1944 (min­ tant Federal positions and to retain find anybody has had any associations with ute 4 of January 9, 1945), on the basis of them. the Communists or the German Bund, or the evidence then before it was entirely As heretofore noted, one of the ob­ any other !oreign organizations of that kind, proper. However, it was developed at the servers at the hearing given George that person is disqualified immediately. All hearing that subsequent to the investiga­ Shaw Wheeler by the Civil Service Com­ doubts are being resolved in !avor o! the tions the applicant was sent abroad where Government. he performed work of a highly confidential mission was Mr. Wheeler's brother, Don­ and secretive nature for the United States ald Wheeler. If the records of the Civil The person primarily responsible for Group of the Allied Control Council for the Service Commission were made available the retention of George Shaw Wheeler Occupation of Germany. His official su­ to congressional committees of Congress, was David A. Morse. This is the man periors, who occupy high executive positions I assure you those rec_ords would disclose who is now the Director General of the 195.1, CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 6703 International Labor Orga~ation. Let good to Communists" and who delight in The motion was agreed to; accordingly me make myself clear. It is not my con­ slanting their material in a pro-Commu­ (at 1 o'clock and 9 minutes p. m.) the tention that there is any question con­ nist, anti-American way, with a sneer, House adjourned until tomorrow, Tues­ cerning the loyalty of Mr. Morse, but a slur, and a smear at congressional in­ day, May 18, 1954, at 12 o'clock npon. I do insist that there is grave reason to vestigating committees--has done to doubt his judgment and his fitness for eradicate the Marxist Communist men­ the position he now holds. ace not only from our Government, but EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. A similar doubt exists regarding the from the United States and the world? Under clause 2 of rule XXIV, execu­ fitness of those people in the Civil Service In view of all the evidence that has tive communications were taken from Commission who participated in the been unearthed by various congressional the Speaker's table and referred as fol­ whitewash of George Shaw Wheeler. Of committees during 1953 and so far in lows: those 3 Civil Service Commissioners, 2 1954, and in view of the constant prog­ 1539. A letter from the secretary, the Amer­ are no longer in the Government service; ress of Soviet Russia in her program of ican Society of International Law, transmit­ but 1, Arthur S. Flemming, as I pointed . world revolution-which is responsible ting the annual audit by a certified public out previously, now holds 4 high o:tnces for the predicament of the world today­ accountant of the financial transactions and in agencies of Government which are of it is nothing short of treason for indi­ of the corporate books and records pertinent vital importance to the welfare and viduals in the various departments of thereto for the year ended December 31, 1952, pursuant to section 9 of the act of Septem­ security of our Nation. our Government to spend so much of ber 20, 1950, to incorporate the American So­ The executive director of the Civil their time trying to discredit the work ciety of International Law (64 Stat. 869); to Service Commission at that time, Law­ of the various investigating committees the Committee on the Judie

EXT -ENSIONS OF REMARKS

Mahomet High Seniors Typify Best in officials and officers who have 1>een ·as was presented in th1s case to bring Youth forced to take action. However, for out the real worthwhileness of those every case of a delinquent child which children. receives publicity in the newspaper, there I am appending herewith an editorial EXTENSION OF REMARKS are thousands who are doing well. from the News-Gazette of Champaign­ OJ' Sometimes I think we fail to emphasize Urbana, Dl., as of May 11, 1954, com­ HON. WILUAM L. SPRINGER the importance of those children who mending these students for an outstand­ are doing a good job in the light of their ing job well done, and I personally wish OF ILLINOIS training both at home and at school. IN THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES to add my commendation to these In a community in Champaign County. children: Monday, May 17, 195~ Dl., the home of a high -school teacher was recently coml}letely destroyed by MAHOMET HIGH SENIORS TYPIFY BEST IN Mr. SPRINGER. Mr. Speaker, many YOUTH of my colleagues here in the House have fire. The senior class in the Mahomet