Farmers‟ Awareness and Knowledge on Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in Northern Luzon,Philippines
PRESENTER: LEONORA E. NGILANGIL DMMMSU-NLUC INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES BACNOTAN,LA U N I O N , PHILIPPINES Rationale
Climate change is a global critical issue
Climate Change mitigation is urgent and climate change adaptation is crucial
The change in the climate and weather patterns are changing also the agricultural systems of which farmers are dependent for their living.
The Solid North
Ilocos Region comprises the provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union and Pangasinan.
Province Land Area % Distribution
Ilocos Norte 3,399.34 26.47
Ilocos Sur 2,579.58 20.09
La Union 1,493.09 11.63
Pangasinan 5,368.18 41.81
Region I 12,840 100.00
Total Land Area by province in sq.km. Agriculture Land Use
Land Use by Province; Land Use Ilocos Ilocos La Union Pangasinan Region I Percent Distribution Norte Sur
A. AGRICULTURAL LANDS 223,535 205,021 125.026 472,566 1,026,148 79.92 Croplands Seasonal Cropland 69,277 50,350 33,344 221,849 374,820 29.19 2,119 Annual/Perennial Cropland 1,912 3,101 22,895 30,027 2.34
Pasturelands managed pasture 2,877 9,751 - 1,929 14,557 1.13 grassland/shrubland 149,170 141,369 88,485 210,379 589,403 45.90 Fishery Areas fishponds 50 450 1,078 12,637 14,215 1.11 swampy area - - - 2,877 2,877 0.22
lake 249 - - - 249 0.02 B. FOREST AREAS (forestland/NIPA/Mangrove) 98,797 30,194 12,669 32,352 174,012 13.55 C. BUILT-UP AREAS 6,628 10,221 9,146 24,272 50,267 3.91 D. MISCELLANEOUS LAND USES (saltbed/beachsand/ riverwash/sand dune/ 10,974 12,522 2,468 7,628 33,592 2.62 airport) 100.00 TOTAL AREA 339,934 257,958 149,309 536,818 1,284,019
Major Economic Driver
Ilocos region is envisioned to be the northern springboard of development in Asia. Region I „s major economic driver remains to be the agriculture sector contributing to 30-40 % to the region‟s gross output.
Farming is the main occupation by majority , thus, contributing to total green house gas (GHG) emissions
The main sources of agricultural emissions are from fertilizer application, livestock, and manure management , rice cultivation and slash burning.
Regional Action Agenda on Climate change (RAACC)
In 2008,the region was devastated with the onslaught of typhoons and effects of global climate change. The agriculture sector, being the most vulnerable to these agroclimatic conditions, was adversely affected resulting to the decline in production of major commodities in the region.
The Regional Development Council (NEDA) came out with Regional Action Agenda on Climate Change (RAACC) which embodied do-able programs, projects and activities that would mitigate the impacts of climate change , and adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change.
Region‟s Initiatives to combat effects of Climate change Watershed Management program Water harvesting Program
Solid Waste Management Program
Coastal Resource Management Program
DRM-enhanced Program
Clean and Green Program Objectives of the Study
To determine the socio-economic profile of the farmer-respondents in terms of: Civil status, Gender, Age; No. of years in farming; Highest educational attainment; Area of landholdings; Monthly family income; Major crops planted Objectives of the Study
Level of farmers‟ awareness and knowledge on climate change; Level of farmer‟s adoption of climate change adaptation methods/strategies Level of effectiveness of climate change adaptation methods/strategies employed by farmer- respondents; Issues and problems encountered by farmers in their adoption of climate change adaptation methods/strategies; Objectives of the Study
Significant differences on the level of awareness and knowledge of the farmer respondents by province; and Relationship between the level of adoption and effectiveness of climate change adaptation methods/strategies employed by the farmer- respondents;
Significance of the Study
To the farmers and community stakeholders – insights and information on the appropriate technologies they could adopt to reduce the impact of climate change, thus, redound to greater agricultural yield.
To the researchers and students- help identify the researchers on doable technologies that could be used by the farmers in the farm level so that they can really help them in reducing gaseous emissions (green house gases) from the agriculture sector.
Significance of the Study
To the planners /policy makers
could give information and insights on the gaps and opportunities in agriculture sector. The problems and issues from each provinces could be analyzed and projected to come out with a better solutions of the problem. Methodology
Locale of the Study Region 1 (Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Pangasinan) Ilocos Norte (Pagudpud, Bacarra, Dingras, Batac, Badoc) Ilocos Sur (Tagudin, Candon, Sta. Maria, Narvacan, Bantay, Sto. Domingo, Magsingal, San Juan, Sinait) La Union ( Agoo, Aringay, Bacnotan, Balaoan, Bangar, Burgos, Pugo and Santol) Pangasinan (Dagupan, Bimmaley, Lingayen, Calasiao, Sta. Barbara)
November 2010- May 2012
Methodology
Research Design Stratified Random Sampling
Questionnaire (English and Ilocano) Pre-tested in San Juan, La Union
Personal interviews/Focused Group Discussions
Secondary Data Methodology
Population and Sample
Province Respondents Ilocos Norte 83 Ilocos Sur 240 La Union 368
Pangasinan 108
Total 799 Methodology
Statistical Treatment Used Frequency counts and percentages Means Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Tukey HSD Pearson –r product Moment Correlation
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Socio-Economic Profile Profile Ilocos Ilocos La Union Panga- Total N Percentage Norte Sur sinan (83) Results(240) and(368) Discussions(108) (799) (%) Civil Status Single 5 10 19 14 48 6.01 Married 77 221 316 88 702 87.86 Widowed 1 9 33 6 49 6.13
Gender Male 80 224 156 31 491 61.45 Female 3 16 212 77 308 38.55
Age 19-25 2 2 4 .50 26-32 3 4 46 7 60 7.51 33-39 4 22 51 9 86 10.76 40-46 20 42 87 24 173 21.65 47-53 27 64 95 19 205 25.66 54-60 23 95 77 34 229 28.66 61-67 6 13 10 13 42 5.26 Mean 49.83 50.67 45.47 49.29 48.81 Profile Ilocos Ilocos La Panga- Total N Percentage Norte Sur Union sinan (%) No. of years in farming Results and Discussions 0-5 2 9 1 14 26 3.25 6-10 6 31 20 25 82 10.26 11-15 13 20 79 19 131 16.39 16-20 18 36 145 36 235 29.41 20-25 38 55 123 17 233 29.16 More than 25 6 89 95 11.89 Educational Attainment Elem undergraduate 3 14 36 12 65 8.14
Elem graduate 7 22 55 18 102 12.77 High Sch undergrad 9 60 66 30 165 20.65
High Sch graduate 23 74 95 12 204 25.53 Voc graduate 3 32 72 10 117 14.64 College undergrad 25 13 20 13 71 8.89 College grad 12 25 20 13 70 8.76 Post grad 1 4 5 .62
Results and Discussions Profile Ilocos Ilocos La Panga- Total N Percenta Norte Sur Union sinan ge (5) Area of landholdings 0-0.5 8 67 104 16 195 24.41 0.51-1.0ha 24 93 140 30 287 35.92 1.01-1.50 26 34 92 16 168 21.03 1.5-2.0 11 32 31 25 99 12.39 More than 2.0ha 14 14 1 21 50 6.26 Monthly Family Income Less than 5,000 21 91 78 21 211 26.41 5,000-8,000 31 82 173 34 320 40.05 8,001-11,000 10 37 99 35 181 22.65 11,001-14,000 9 12 15 7 43 5.38 14,001-17,000 2 6 3 4 15 1.88 17,001-20,000 5 2 4 11 1.37 20,001 above 5 10 3 18 2.25 Profile Ilocos Ilocos La Panga- Total N Percenta NorteResults Sur andUnion Discussions sinan ge (5)
Major Crops Planted rice 82 229 351 104 766 95.87 corn 52 141 195 13 401 50.19 seasonal 38 100 278 3 419 52.44 vegetables Tobacco 11 72 82 165 20.65 Legumes 24 68 171 4 267 33.42 Others Garlic/onions 17 Gabi/ginger Banana
Level of Knowledge and Awareness on CC CC concepts Ilocos Ilocos La Panga- Mean Descriptive Norte Sur Union sinan Equivalent 1.CC is a global issue 3.95 4.53 3.96 3.67 4.03 High 2. Forest degradation 3.97 4.26 4.27 4.06 High affects the local climate 3.72 3. Crop production is at 4.30 4.36 High great risk during extreme 3.72 4.14 weather events 4. Shifting cultivation 3.46 4.23 4.21 3.48 3.85 High /slash and burn cultivation fields can create gullies in the valley bottoms 5.CC can impact the 3.88 4.43 4.0 3.61 3.98 High marine,terrestrial, agricultural ecosystems 6.Landslide and flash 4.18 4.38 4.20 3.63 4.09 High floods not only destroy the lands but also destroy irrigation canals… 7.Vector-borne diseases 3.58 3.89 4.13 3.13 High are not only affecting the 3.68 lowlands but also the uplands 8.CC increases agricultural 3.87 4.50 4.19 3.58 4.03 High inputs but decreases yields and production Extent of Knowledge and Awareness on CC CC concepts Ilocos Ilocos La Panga- Mean Descriptive Norte Sur Union sinan Equivalent 9. Seasonal changes in 4.10 4.21 4.15 3.62 4.02 High rainfall, temperature, could alter growing seasons, planting/harvesting calendars 10.CC alters 3.75 3.81 3.56 3.88 High photosynthesis and 4.39 biomass production 11.CC alters land 3.80 4.07 4.27 3.58 3.93 High suitability
12.CC intensifies and 3.67 4.00 4.22 3.52 3.85 High disrupts water cycle
13. A warmer climate 3.87 4.31 4.22 3.52 3.98 High would reduce flexibility in crop distribution and increase irrigation demands 14.Expansion of the range 3.78 3.99 4.15 3.46 3.84 High of pests could increase vulnerability and result in greater use of pesticides 15.Human activities can 3.57 4.04 3.51 3.76 High increase greenhouse gas 3.93 emission Level of Knowledge and Awareness on CC CC concepts Ilocos Ilocos La Panga- Mean Descriptive Norte Sur Union sinan Equivalent 16. CC increase weeds and 3.57 3.96 4.19 3.41 3.78 High pest populations 17.CC leads to changes in 4.0 4.13 4.24 3.57 3.98 High irrigation water availability Grand Mean 3.84 4.18 4.18 3.55 3.94 High Level of Adoption of Climate Change Adaptation Methods/Adaptive Strategies Adaptation Ilocos Ilocos La Panga- Mean Descriptive Methods Norte Sur Union sinan Equivalent
1. Forecasts and 3.49 4.30 4.31 3.29 3.85 Often adopted early warning systems and protection measures for natural disasters 2.Suitable crop 3.65 3.33 4.32 3.33 3.66 Often adopted species and varieties under the changed rainfall conditions 3.Use early maturing 3.98 3.57 4.14 3.40 3.77 Often adopted rice varieties in the face of climatic variability 4. On-farm irrigation 3.74 2.74 4.40 3.48 3.59 Often adopted
5.Rainwater 2.72 2.34 4.21 3.34 3.15 Sometimes adopted harvesting 6.Use of soil 3.77 2.59 4.20 3.35 3.48 Often adopted moisture conservation methods (mulching)
Level of Adoption of Climate Change Adaptation Methods/Adaptive Strategies Adaptation Ilocos Ilocos La Panga- Mean Descriptive Methods Norte Sur Union sinan Equivalent
7. Increasing soil – 3.20 3.33 4.14 3.16 3.46 Often adopted water holding capacity by maximizing root depth 8.Use of drip 2.66 2.54 4.17 3.13 3.13 Sometimes irrigation method to minimize water loss. Adopted
9.Adjusting/timing 3.47 2.86 4.21 3.46 3.50 Often adopted of farm operations(planting data/calendar) 10. Improved rice 3.49 3.04 4.21 3.44 3.55 Often adopted cultivation techniques and livestock and manure management to reduce methane emission 11.Develop simple 3.35 2.87 4.11 3.42 3.44 Often adopted measures for rapid harvesting and post harvesting Level of Adoption of CC Adaptation Methods/Strategies Adaptation Ilocos Ilocos La Panga- Mean Descriptive Methods Norte Sur Union sinan Equivalent
12. Restoration of 3.41 3.39 4.21 3.23 3.56 Often adopted degraded lands
13. More use of 3.45 2.85 4.26 3.25 3.45 Often adopted intercropping
14.Food reserves and 3.99 3.95 4.23 3.29 3.86 Often adopted storage as temporary relief 15.Reforestation and 3.70 3.31 4.19 3.34 3.64 Often adopted afforestation
16.Diversified 3.67 3.01 4.29 3.31 3.57 Often adopted farming 17.Livestock 3.21 2.71 4.17 3.34 3.36 Sometimes management to adjust to new climate adopted conditions 18. Training on 3.49 2.85 4.33 3.54 3.55 Often adopted alternative income generation skills
Grand mean 3.47 3.09 4.23 3.34 3.53 Often adopted Level of Effectiveness of Climate Change Adaptation Methods/Adaptive Strategies by Farmers Adaptation Ilocos Ilocos La Panga- Mean Descriptive Methods Norte Sur Union sinan Equivalent
1. Forecasts and 3.49 4.21 4.33 3.37 3.85 Effective early warning systems and protection measures for natural disasters 2.Suitable crop 3.45 3.54 4.30 3.42 3.68 Effective species and varieties under the changed rainfall conditions 3.Use early maturing 3.93 3.65 4.09 3.41 3.77 Effective rice varieties in the face of climatic variability 4. On-farm irrigation 3.73 3.14 4.19 3.48 3.64 Effective
5.Rainwater 2.78 2.81 4.15 3.34 3.27 Moderately harvesting effective 6.Use of soil 3.87 3.12 4.03 3.38 3.60 Effective moisture conservation methods (mulching)
Level of Effectiveness of Climate Change Adaptation Methods/Adaptive Strategies by Farmers Adaptation Ilocos Ilocos La Panga- Mean Descriptive Methods Norte Sur Union sinan Equivalent
7. Increasing soil – 3.24 3.11 4.25 3.38 3.49 Effective water holding capacity by maximizing root depth 8.Use of drip 2.67 2.90 4.23 3.15 3.24 Moderately irrigation method to minimize water loss. effective
9.Adjusting/timing 3.48 3.07 4.30 3.42 3.57 Effective of farm operations(planting data/calendar) 10. Improved rice 3.44 3.42 4.43 3.49 3.69 Effective cultivation techniques and livestock and manure management to reduce methane emission 11.Develop simple 3.29 3.23 4.21 3.55 3.57 Effective measures for rapid harvesting and post harvesting Level of Effectiveness of CC Adaptation Methods/Strategies Adaptation Ilocos Ilocos La Panga- Mean Descriptive Methods Norte Sur Union sinan Equivalent
12. Restoration of 3.54 3.67 4.25 3.23 3.67 Effective degraded lands
13. More use of 3.60 3.00 4.26 3.31 3.54 Effective intercropping
14.Food reserves and 4.02 3.99 4.21 3.22 3.86 Effective storage as temporary relief 15.Reforestation and 3.66 3.62 4.17 3.30 3.69 Effective afforestation
16.Diversified 3.73 3.37 4.25 3.35 3.68 Effective farming 17.Livestock 3.28 3.03 4.23 3.34 3.47 Effective management to adjust to new climate conditions 18. Training on 3.29 3.17 4.25 3.37 3.52 Effective alternative income generation skills
Grand Mean 3.47 3.34 4.23 3.36` 3.60 Effective Issues and Problems Encountered Issues and Ilocos Ilocos La Panga- Total Rank Problems Norte Sur Union sinan Rank
1. Adaptation 1.5 1 7 1 10.5 1 measures are expensive 2. Adaptation 3 4 5 2 14 3 measures are highly technical 3. Adaptation 1.5 6.5 1 4 13 2 measures are laborious 4. Technologies are 7 3 3 6 19 5 not suited to farming practices and crops planted 5. Uncertain 4 5 6 5 20 6 economic returns on adaptation investment 6. Time constraints 5 6.5 2 7 20.5 7 7. Lack of 6 2 4 3 15 4 information and extension services regarding cc adaptation Correlation Analysis
Correlation between the level of adoption and level of effectiveness Among provinces in region 1 = 0.79 (high) Ilocos Norte = .95 (very high) Ilocos Sur = 0.68 (moderate) La Union= 0.49(low) Pangasinan = 0.72 (high)
Summary
General Objective: To determine the level of knowledge and awareness of the farmers on climate change and climate change adaptation strategies in the region. Specific Objectives Socio-economic Profile Level of awareness and knowledge of farmers on CC Level of adoption and effectiveness of the adapted strategies Problems and Issues Encountered Summary
Time and Place of the study= Region 1 (Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Pangasinan) Population sample = 799 farmer respondents Research Design = descriptive-normative survey Stratified random sampling
Statistical Treatment • DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS • ANOVA • CORRELATION ANALYSIS Salient Findings
Majority ( 87.86 % ) are married, dominated by males, and with a mean age of 49 years. The farmer respondents are in farming for about 14 to 20 years, more than a quarter of them are high school graduate, more than 35 % till a land holding of 0.51 ha to 1.0 ha. Monthly income from PhP 5,000 to PhP 8, 000 /mo. The major crops planted is rice. Salient Findings
The level of awareness and knowledge is high with a grand mean of 3.94
The level of effectiveness on the adaptive strategies posted a mean of 3.60 described as effective. The most effective among the adaptive strategies was on the “ food reserves and storage as temporary relief” while the least adaptive was on the use of drip irrigation.
Salient Findings
The adaptive strategies were found to be often adopted by the farmers , however, rainwater harvesting, drip irrigation and livestock management were moderately adopted.
The most pressing issues and problems encountered in the adoption of adaptive strategies was on the adaptation measures being expensive . The problems from each provinces vary from each other. Adaptive Strategies Adopted by Farmers
Drip Irrigation Green House
Organic Agriculture
Livestock Management Adaptive Strategies Adopted by Farmers
CONCLUSIONS
Farmers in the region are old farmers, high school graduate, till only a small parcel of land, with income below PhP 8,000.00 The level of awareness and knowledge of the farmers on climate change concepts is high. The farmers often adopt the adaptive strategies on CC introduced to them The level of effectiveness on the adoption of the adaptive strategies was found effective.
Conclusions
The pressing problem for the adoption of adaptive strategies is on the adaptation measures being expensive.
There was a significant difference between provinces As to their extent of awareness and knowledge High relationship was noted between the level of adoption and level of effectiveness on the adaptive strategies among provinces in region 1. Recommendations
Local Government Units (LGU) should continue with their IEC on climate change to farmers particularly to upland farmers and to those who could be hardly reached.
Cost effective adaptive strategies should be introduced to farmers for them to adopt
A stronger collaborative partnership between the academe, private sector and other social institutions is encouraged to help the farmers cope with the effects of Climate change. Recommendations
Academic institutions should extend more services to farmers to promote technologies, to educate them on climate change , CCA and CC mitigation Collaborative efforts should be strengthen to pave way for a strong public private partnership.
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