00 0 9001 NOW FASCINATING STORIES FROM AROUND THE WORLD… NEWS FEATURING THE LATEST REVIEWS & TECH ADVICE FROM… Pizza physics Glacier flour REVIEWS Schadenfreude iPhone XS Max Fitbit Charge 3 PS4 vs Xbox THE MAGAZINE THAT FEEDS MINDS WARRIORS PROTECTING EARTH’SO MOST VULNERABLE SPECIES WHAT IF… WHAT IF… YOUFELLINTOA …ALL THE VOLCANOES ERUPTED AT ONCE? WHAT IF… …AN TIBIO STO T S W PPED ORK ING? WHAT IF… …WE MADE WASPS EXTINCT? NSIDE+ A CHOCOLATE FACTORY PL TO CURIOUS QUESTIONS S DAREDEVIL STUNTS How adrenaline junkies INSIDE THE perform death-defying feats iPHONE XS MAX ISSUE 119 Discover the tech that powers ALIEN MOONS HOW IS TINSEL MADE? Apple’s largest iPhone ever DOGSLEDS SNOWFLAKE CHEMISTRY RAINBOW MOUNTAIN ISSUE 119 WELCOME For exclusive HIW news and offers, sign up to our mailing list The magazine that feeds minds! howitworksdaily. com/newsletter cience is all about hole?) to some more urgent concerns (what if all our curiosity. By asking antibiotics stop working?) S questions about the Also in this issue, we’re getting festive with worldaroundusweincrease snowflake chemistry, reindeer anatomy, tinsel, our understanding of the chocolate factories,teddy bears and Christmas universe and our place within markets.Plusfindouthowtomakeyourown “The real answer to it.Sometimeseventhequestionswethinkaresilly decorative wreath in our How To on page 94. saving the planet’s provetobevaluablethoughtexperimentsthat Enjoytheissue–andhappyholidays! teach us something new. This month we seek to wildlife is through answer some of your curious questions, from the Jackie Snowden Editor education and research…” purely hypothetical (what if you fell into a black Wildlife warriors, page 34 Meet the team… Charlie G Baljeet Charlie E Scott Duncan Production Editor Research Editor Staff Writer Staff Writer Senior Art Editor Howmanypopescanyoufit Could the icy moons of Thismonthwegobehindthe As the doors of advent Reading the What If...? feature inaFordD-series?16!OK, Jupiter and Saturn hold the scenes at Lilongwe National calendars swing open we got me wondering – what forget the jokes and head to keytoalienlifein Park to learn how wildlife take a closer look at how the would life have been like if page 68 to learn about the subsurface oceans? Find rescue, rehab and research chocolaty treats behind Jaws had never been filmed? Vatican (and Popemobiles). outmoreonpage58. is saving Malawi’s animals. them are made on page 48. It doesn’t bear thinking about! FOLLOW US… How It Works magazine @HowItWorksmag Clinic© LWC www.howitworksdaily.com How It Works 003 CONTENTS 22 SCIENCE SPACE 22 What if…? 58 Living moons WHAT IF… What would happen if you fell The satellites in our own Solar into a black hole? Plus nine other System that could host alien life curious scenarios explained 64 The Chandrayaan-2 30 Michael Jackson’s mission to the Moon YOU FELL INTO A dance moves 66 What was the star 31 Snowflake chemistry of Bethlehem? ENVIRONMENT HISTORY 34 Wildlife warriors 68 History of the Vatican Meet the conservation heroes How the centre of the Catholic protecting vulnerable species church has influenced Europe 42 Rainbow mountain and beyond for centuries 74 Origin of the teddy bear 44 Reindeer anatomy 75 Christmas markets TECHNOLOGY TRANSPORT 48 Chocolate factories From bean to bar: find out how 76 Daredevil stunts PL these delicious sweet treats How adrenaline junkies perform S are created death-defying feats TO CURIOUS QUESTIONS 54 Inside the iPhone XS Max 80 Snow groomers 57 How tinsel is made 82 Dogsleds Christmas 75 markets 58 48 Living Chocolate moons factories MEET THIS ISSUE’S EXPERTS… James Horton Jo Stass Jodie Tyley Jonathan Laura Mears Lee Stephen Steve Wright Former HIW Jo has been a The former Editor of O’Callaghan Biomedical scientist Cavendish Ashby Steve has worked as member James is a writer and editor HIW and All About With a background in Laura escaped the Avid stargazer Lee Stephen has been a an editor on many biochemist and for over six years. History has tackled astrophysics, former labtowriteabout writes for our sister writer and editor publications. He biotechnologist. He She is particularly many topics in her HIW and All About science and is now magazine, All for over seven enjoys looking to the is currently doing a interested in the career, from science Space journalist working towards About Space, and years. He is past, having also PhD in machine natural world and fiction to science Jonathan enjoys her PhD in has a degree in endlessly intrigued written for All learning and technological fact and Henry VIII delving into the computational observational by technology and About History and evolutionary theory. innovations. to honey badgers. wonders of space. evolution. astronomy. Earth science. History Of War. 004 HowItWorks www.howitworksdaily.com REGULARS 54 76 Daredevil iPhone XS stunts Max teardown 06 Global eye Science and tech news from 64 around the world. Now 34 Wildlife warriors featuring Live Science stories The and TechRadar reviews! Chandrayaan-2 mission to the 20 Gift guide Moon The perfect presents for any science and tech fan 32 Strategy guide How to escape in Unlock! 84 Brain dump Your questions answered 90 Book reviews 92 Brain gym Give your brain a workout with our puzzle pages 94 How to… Make a festive wreath 30 96 Letters Our readers have their say Michael Jackson’s Fast facts dance moves AmazinAmazin ia that will blow yo m d Tim Tom Lean Victoria Williamson Tom is a historian of Williams History Of War science at the British Evolutionary Editor Tim has a Library working on biologist and World passion for all oral history projects. of Animals writer things military but His first book, Vicky is fascinated studies and writes Electronic Dreams, by the natural world about a range of was published and happiest when GTO OPAGEF4 ORRG AT TDEALS historical eras. in 2016. she’s outdoors. www.howitworksdaily.com How It Works 005 The 1914 Christmas truce WW1soldiersenjoyingagameof footballduringtheirfreetimeawayfrom thetrenches.OnChristmasDay1914 several unofficial truces were held across the Western Front. Soldiers from both sidesmetinNoMan’sLand,where theyexchangedgifts,tookphotos, playedfootballandtendedto thedeadorwounded. 006 How It Works www.howitworksdaily.com © Getty www.howitworksdaily.com How It Works 007 008 How It Works www.howitworksdaily.com Snug and smug Even in sub-zero temperatures, theArcticfox’sthick,densewinter coathelpskeepitsbodytoasty.It hassomeofthewarmestfurinthe animalkingdomandwon’teven begintoshiverunlessthe temperature drops to around -70°C. © Getty www.howitworksdaily.com How It Works 009 Inside the Icehotel Theworld’sfirsthotelbuilt entirelyoutoficeandsnowwas foundedin1989andhasprovideda unique experience for visitors ever since.LocatedintheSwedish villageofJukkasjärvi,thehotel meltseachsummerandis rebuilt every winter. 010 How It Works www.howitworksdaily.com © Getty www.howitworksdaily.com How It Works 011 GLOBAL EYE Showcasing the incredible world we live in SPACE Kepler the planet hunter retires The space telescope ends its scientific operations after nearly a decade of discoveries n 30 October 2018 NASA announced theretirementofitsKeplerSpace OTelescope after it ran out of fuel. During its two missions – conducted over the course of nine years and seven months – Kepler found over 2,660 confirmed exoplanets, observed over 530,500 stars, documented over 60 supernovae and collectedover670gigabytesofdata. Kepler was NASA’s first dedicated planet- huntingmission,andthedatathatithas collected has revolutionised our understanding of the Milky Way. William Borucki, Kepler’s founding principal investigator (now retired), explains. “When we started conceiving this mission 35 years ago we didn’t know of a single planet outside our Solar System. Now that we know planets are everywhere, Kepler has set us on a new course that’s full of promise for future generations to explore our galaxy.” It is hoped that the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), which launched on 18 April 2018, will build upon Kepler’s huge success.TESSwillbemonitoringanareaof sky400-timesgreaterthanthatcoveredby Kepler, but it will be focusing on 200,000 of thebrighteststarsinourgalactic neighbourhood in its search for thousands of new alien worlds. NASA released this artwork in the style of Vincent van Gogh’s The Starry Night to commemorate the Kepler mission’s achievements 012 How It Works www.howitworksdaily.com KEPLER’S GREATEST HITS What has Kepler taught us abouttheMilkyWay? There are more planets than stars Just a few decades ago we didn’t know of any planets beyond those in our Solar System. We now know that almost every star in the galaxy is orbited by a planet or, in most cases, multiple planets. Small planets are common Based on Kepler data, it’s estimated that between 20 and 50 per cent of the stars visible to us are likely to have small, Earth-sized worlds orbiting in their habitable zones. Exoplanets are varied A diverse range of exoplanets have been discovered during Kepler’s missions. The most common types of planets in our galaxy are somewhere between the size of Earth and Neptune – something that does not exist anywhere in our Solar System. Many systems are compact Many exoplanets orbit their parent stars closely, unlike in our Solar System. It’s not clear yet whether they form this close or whether they have migrated in. Secrets of stars Kepler studied over 500,000 stars during its lifetime. These observations have helped us understand the basic properties of exoplanets orbiting them and have even captured the beginnings of supernova explosions. Kepler has run out of fuel after over nine years in deep space and will be retired in its current orbit safely away from Earth © NASA, A es esearc en er, enze , u er www.howitworksdaily.com How It Works 013 SCIENCE Llamas could help us beat flu Their blood contains tiny antibodies that are more efficient at attacking viruses he influenza virus infects millions of people every year and can cause as Tmany as 650,000 deaths globally. The virus constantly mutates, changing its structure so it can evade our bodies’ natural defences as well as the vaccines we use to help boost our natural immunity.