Activation of Monocytic Cells Through Fcγ Receptors Induces the Expression of -Inflammatory Protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1 β, and RANTES This information is current as of September 26, 2021. Nieves Fernández, Marta Renedo, Carmen García-Rodríguez and Mariano Sánchez Crespo J Immunol 2002; 169:3321-3328; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.6.3321

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The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2002 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology

Activation of Monocytic Cells Through Fc␥ Receptors Induces the Expression of Macrophage-Inflammatory Protein (MIP)-1␣, MIP-1␤, and RANTES1

Nieves Ferna«ndez,2* Marta Renedo,2* Carmen Garcõ«a-Rodrõ«guez,2† and Mariano Sa«nchez Crespo3*

Monocytic cells were stimulated with IgG-OVA equivalence immune complexes, mAb reacting with Fc␥RI, Fc␥RIIA, and Fc␥RIII, LPS, TNF-␣, and the combination of ionomycin and phorbol ester, to address their effects on the expression of the mRNAs encoding for . Stimulation of with immune complexes induced a rapid expression of macrophage- inflammatory protein (MIP)-1␣, MIP-1␤, and IL-8 mRNAs. In contrast, RANTES mRNA was already detectable in resting cells and only increased after 16 h of stimulation. A similar pattern was observed following homotypic stimulation of Fc␥R with mAb Downloaded from reacting with Fc␥RI and Fc␥RIIA, but not with a mAb reacting with Fc␥RIII, a subtype of receptor not expressed in THP-1 cells, thus indicating that both Fc␥RI and Fc␥RIIA are involved in the response. The pattern of induction elicited by LPS and the combination of ionomycin and PMA showed some similarities to those produced by Fc␥R cross-linking, although ex- pression of IFN-␥-inducible protein 10 mRNA was also observed in response to those agonists. The production of MIP-1␣, MIP-1␤, and RANTES proteins encompassing the induction of their mRNAs was confirmed by specific ELISA. Experiments to address the transcription factors involved in the regulation of MIP-1␣ using pharmacological agents and EMSA showed the http://www.jimmunol.org/ possible involvement of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein ␤ sites and ruled out the functional significance of both NF-AT and AP-1 sites. The Journal of Immunology, 2002, 169: 3321Ð3328.

ctivation of the receptors for the Fc portion of the IgG kine expression elicited by Fc␥R, most studies have focused on molecule (Fc␥R) plays a central role in immune-medi- both chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and IL-8, A ated tissue injury due to the ability of these receptors to whereas few studies have addressed the induction of other CC recruit effector mechanisms of inflammation. This has been high- chemokines such as RANTES, macrophage-inflammatory protein lighted by studies in murine strains with targeted disruption of the (MIP)-1␣, and MIP-1␤. In this connection, RANTES has been

␥-chain of Fc␥R, in which it has been possible to uncouple im- characterized as a chemoattractant for monocytes and lympho- by guest on September 26, 2021 mune complex (IC)4 deposition from the subsequent inflammatory cytes, which has been implicated in several clinical conditions response (1Ð3), thus depicting a general model of IC-mediated such as allergic inflammation (12), endotoxemia (13), the cyto- injury in which Fc␥R-mediated events rather than the complement toxic activity of human HIV-specific CD8ϩ T cells (14), and ul- system are critical to the tissue damage. The proinflammatory cerative colitis (15). The role of MIP-1␣ and MIP-1␤ deserves events to date associated with activation of Fc␥R include the in- detailed attention, because these chemokines form a doublet and duction of both proinflammatory and chemotactic (4Ð8), are involved in the development of the acute lung injury induced the activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cas- by IC (16, 17) and endotoxin (18), as it has been shown in exper- cade (9Ð11), and the induction of enzymes playing a role in the imental studies by using specific Ab against these molecules. inflammatory reaction, such as the inducible isoform of NO syn- Moreover, MIP-1␣ is rapidly induced by factors that activate mac- thase and cyclooxygenase-2. Regarding the induction of chemo- rophages, thus belonging to the class of rapid-response or imme- diate-early genes (19). Studies addressing the transcriptional reg- ulation of both MIP-1␣ (20) and MIP-1␤ (21) have indicated a *Instituto de Biologõ«a y Gene«tica Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cien- strong dependence on short proximal promoter sequences contain- † tõ«ficas, and Unidad de Investigacio«n, Hospital Clõ«nico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain ing activating transcription factor/CREB, CCAAT/enhancer-bind- Received for publication April 12, 2002. Accepted for publication July 8, 2002. ing protein ␤ (C/EBP␤), c-Ets, and ␬B sites, thus explaining the The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page rapid and cell-specific induction of these chemokines in macro- charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. phages by LPS, serum, and cycloheximide (18, 22, 23). However, 1 This work was supported by grants from Plan Nacional de Salud y Farmacia (Grant these data cannot be readily extended, because some studies have SAF98-0176) and Comision Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnologia and European been conducted on murine cells, and promoter analyses have been Commission (Grant 1FD-2325). C.G.-R. was the recipient of a grant from Fondo de conducted with early databases. In this study, we have addressed Investigaciones Sanitarias. the pattern of induction of several functionally relevant chemo- 2 N.F., M.R., and C.G.-R. contributed equally to this study. kines following activation of Fc␥R using both homotypic and het- 3 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Mariano Sa«nchez Crespo, In- ␥ stituto de Biologõ«a y Gene«tica Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, 47005-Valladolid, erotypic cross-linking of the subtypes of Fc R expressed in THP-1 Spain. E-mail address: [email protected] cells, and compared this pattern with that elicited by other well- 4 Abbreviations used in this paper: IC, immune complex; ALLN, N-acetyl-leucinyl- known activators of phagocytes. Our data show a rapid induction leucinyl-norleucinal; C/EBP, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein; HTB, 2-hydroxy-4- of MIP-1␣, MIP-1␤, and IL-8 during the first 3 h that follow the trifluoromethylbenzoic acid; IP-10, IFN-␥-inducible protein 10; MAP, mitogen-acti- vated protein; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MIP, macrophage- addition of the stimulus, and a more protracted induction of RANTES. inflammatory protein. Analysis of the promoter regions of both MIP-1␣ and RANTES as

Copyright © 2002 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 0022-1767/02/$02.00 3322 Fc␥R AND CHEMOKINE INDUCTION well as studies of the binding activities for regulatory sites in the the case of MIP-1␣, and Amersham Pharmacia Biotech (Piscataway, NJ) nuclear extracts of monocytic cells suggest the involvement of for the assay of MIP-1␤ and RANTES. These procedures use Ab-precoated C/EBP␤ rather than NF-␬B, AP-1, and NF-AT sites in their induction. well plates, biotinylated rabbit anti-human Abs, and streptavidin conju- gated to HRP. The ELISA are developed using a peroxidase reaction, and the minimum detectable doses of this assay are 5 pg/ml for MIP-1␣, and 2 Materials and Methods pg/ml for RANTES. Reagents IgG Ab were raised in rabbits by s.c. injections of OVA in CFA, followed Results by booster i.m. IgG Ab were purified from heat-inactivated serum by pre- Occupancy of Fc␥RI and Fc␥RIIA induces chemokine mRNAs in cipitation with ammonium sulfate. Solutions of both OVA and Ab were sterilized by ultrafiltration before use. IgG-OVA equivalence IC were made THP-1 cells and peripheral blood monocytes according to classical procedures (24), and washed extensively to ensure Stimulation of THP-1 cells with IC induced a strong expression of the removal of remaining serum components. The purity of the IC was ␣ ␤ assayed by SDS-PAGE, which showed the presence of IgG and OVA. the mRNA of RANTES, MIP-1 , MIP-1 , and IL-8 in a dose- mAb anti-Fc␥RI (32.2), anti-Fc␥RII (IV.3), and anti-Fc␥RIII (3G8) were dependent manner (Fig. 2A). MIP-1␣ and MIP-1␤ showed the from Medarex (Annandale, NJ). The proteasome inhibitor N-acetyl-leuci- most marked increase, because their mRNAs were almost unde- nyl-leucinyl-norleucinal (ALLN) was from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, tectable before the addition of the stimulus and strongly increased MO). The 2-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid (HTB), a salicylate de- between 10 min and 3Ð8 h (Fig. 2, B and C). This temporal pattern rivative with potent inhibitory effects on NF-␬B activation (25), was from URIACH Laboratories (Barcelona, Spain). was similar to that observed for IL-8, although in this case it was difficult to detect mRNA expression after 3 h. In contrast, the ex- Cell culture pression of RANTES mRNA showed a different pattern, because it Downloaded from THP-1 cells were cultured in plastic dishes in RPMI 1640 medium sup- was already detectable before addition of the stimulus, and showed plemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS. Cells were deprived of FBS for a ϳ3-fold increase above prestimulation levels between 16 and 16 h, except in the samples used for the assay of MIP-1␣, MIP-1␤, and 48 h after addition of IC (Fig. 2B), as judged from densitometric RANTES proteins, in which the amount of serum was reduced to 2%, scanning of the blot area. The dose dependency of the response according to the manufacturer’s instructions, to prevent loss of chemokines in the culture supernatants before assay. Human monocytes were isolated was studied at a fixed time of 3 h, and optimal induction was from peripheral blood of healthy donors (laboratory staff) by centrifugation observed with concentrations above 20 ␮g/ml (Fig. 2A). To rule http://www.jimmunol.org/ into Ficoll cushions and adherence to plastic dishes. When the purpose of out whether some unidentified contaminant of both OVA and Ab the experiment required nonadhered monocytes, the adhered cells were solutions could account for the effect attributed to IC, THP-1 cells detached by cold and scraping and maintained in polypropylene tubes for ␮ 18 h before the addition of the stimuli to avoid adherence. were incubated with 100 g/ml of both OVA and Ab. As shown in the rightmost panel of Fig. 2B, these treatments did not induce RNA extraction and RNase protection assays the expression of chemokine mRNA, thus making it unlikely that Total cellular RNA was extracted by the TRIzol method (Life Technolo- contaminants as, e.g., LPS could account for the observed effects. gies, Grand Island, NY) and used to assay the level of expression of RAN- To address whether the results obtained in THP-1 cells agreed with TES, MIP-1␣, IFN-␥-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), MIP-1␤, IL-8, L32, and the response observed in human monocytes, adhered monocytes GAPDH mRNAs by RiboQuant RNase protection assay using the hCK-5 from peripheral blood were stimulated with IC. As shown in Fig. by guest on September 26, 2021 multiprobe template set from BD PharMingen (San Diego, CA). For this purpose, riboprobes were labeled with [␣-32P]UTP in the presence of T7 2D, adhered resting monocytes showed a slight expression of RNA polymerase and used for overnight hybridization with 3 ␮g RNA. RANTES, MIP-1␣, and MIP-1␤, and a marked expression of IL-8 The hybridized RNA was digested with RNase and proteinase K, and the mRNA; however, addition of IC significantly enhanced the ex- RNase-protected probes were purified and resolved on denaturing PAGE. pression of MIP-1␣ and MIP-1␤. In contrast, when detached The identification of the specific chemokine bands was conducted on the monocytes were maintained for 18 h in polypropylene tubes, there basis of their individual migration patterns in comparison with the undi- gested probes. Radiolabeled bands on the gel were acquired using the Per- was a mild expression of RANTES, whereas IC induced a prom- sonal Molecular Imager FX and quantitated using Quantity One software inent induction of MIP-1␣ and MIP-1␤ (Fig. 2D, right panel), thus (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Sample loading was normalized by the house- suggesting that purification of blood monocytes taking advantage keeping genes L32 and GAPDH. of their adherence to plastic dishes has a prominent effect on IL-8 Electrophoretic mobility shift assay expression, whereas engagement of Fc␥R by IC impinges on the induction of both MIP-1␣ and MIP-1␤, as it was shown in THP-1 THP-1 cells were washed with ice-cold hypotonic lysis buffer. Unbroken cells were eliminated by centrifugation at 1,000 ϫ g for 10 min, and the monocytes. These findings make the THP-1 cell line a suitable nuclei were collected by centrifugation at 15,000 ϫ g for 1 min. The model for the study of monocytic cells, because it may grow with- nuclear pellet was resuspended in high salt extraction buffer containing out adhering to plastic and then circumvents the occurrence of 25% glycerol and 0.5 M KCl, and the nuclear extract was obtained by adherence-mediated activation. Attempts to relate the expression ϫ pelleting for 30 min at 105,000 g. Double-stranded oligonucleotide of chemokines to the cross-linking of the specific types of Fc␥R probes were end labeled with [␥-32P]ATP using T4 polynucleotide kinase and separated from the unincorporated label by minicolumn chromatogra- expressed in THP-1 cells were conducted by the homotypic ap- phy. A total of 10 ␮g nuclear protein was incubated for 20 min on ice with proach by incubating THP-1 cells with 10 ␮g/ml mAb reacting radiolabeled oligonucleotide probes (2Ð6 ϫ 104 cpm) in a 25 ␮l reaction with Fc␥RI, Fc␥RIIA, and Fc␥RIII for 10 min at 4¡C, followed by buffer containing 2 ␮g poly(dI-dC), 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 100 mM washing to eliminate the Ab not bound to cell receptors and re- NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 8% Ficoll, and 4% glycerol. Nucleopro- tein-oligonucleotide complexes were resolved by electrophoresis in a 4% placement by new medium prewarmed at 37¡C before the addition Ј nondenaturing PAGE. The gel was dried, and the radiolabeled bands were of goat anti-mouse F(ab )2 (26). The pattern of chemokine induc- acquired with the personal imager FX. The oligonucleotide sequences used tion elicited by the mAb resembled one another, as well as that for the detection of binding activity to the AP-1 and C/EBP␤ sites from the produced by the combination of mAb (Fig. 3). In contrast, stimu- ␣ MIP-1 promoter are shown in Fig. 1. Additional experiments were con- lation of THP-1 cells with the 3G8 mAb did not induce the ex- ducted with an AP-1 consensus sequence, which differs from the AP-1 site Ј sequences from the MIP-1␣ promoter. pression of chemokine mRNA, nor did anti-mouse F(ab )2 alone produce any effect, thus agreeing with the absence of Fc␥RIII ex- ELISA of human MIP-1␣, MIP-1␤, and RANTES production pression in THP-1 cells (26) (Fig. 3). In keeping with previous MIP-1␣, MIP-1␤, and RANTES were assayed in cell culture medium. The studies addressing homotypic stimulation of Fc␥R, the responses procedure was conducted with reagents from Endogen (Woburn, MA) in were less robust, thus suggesting that cross-linking of Fc␥Rby The Journal of Immunology 3323

FIGURE 1. Sequence analysis of the MIP-1␣ and RANTES promoters and description of the oligonu- Downloaded from cleotides used in EMSA experiments. The proximal sequence of the human MIP-1␣ promoter (GenBank accession D90144; see Ref. 23) was analyzed using the MatInspector program and the TRANSFAC data- base (36). Binding sites for transcription factors show- ing the highest quality regarding both matrix and core http://www.jimmunol.org/ similarity on both strands are shown. Sequences of the binding sites are marked in italics. Underlined letters indicate the core string (A). The sequences of the sense strands in the 5Ј to 3Ј orientation of the oligonucleo- tides, including the C/EBP␤ and the nearby AP-1 sites, are shown in B. Letters on the boxes on top of the MIP-1␣m oligonucleotide indicate the bases in the wild-type sequence that have been mutated to elimi- nate the binding site. The nucleotide sequence of the

RANTES promoter (GenBank accession no. S64885; by guest on September 26, 2021 see Ref. 46) is shown in C. IRF-1, IFN regulatory factor-1.

mAb does not produce strong Fc-Fc␥R interactions, such as those estingly, TNF-␣ produced a distinct pattern of induction of che- required for optimal activation of monocytes (26, 27). Noteworthy, mokines characterized by a delayed induction of RANTES, IP-10, the pattern of induction elicited by other stimuli was somewhat MIP-1␣, MIP-1␤, and MCP-1 (Fig. 4B). different from that elicited by IC, albeit the induction of both MIP-1␣ and MIP-1␤ was again most prominent. Thus, the com- Effect of pharmacological agents on the expression of bination of ionomycin and PMA, which activates both Ca2ϩ- and chemokines’ mRNAs protein kinase C-dependent pathways, produced a strong induction Initial attempts to disclose the transcription factors that could be in- of IL-8 mRNA, whereas ionomycin alone failed to produce IL-8 volved in the regulation of the different chemokines were conducted induction, and LPS induced IP-10 mRNA as well (Fig. 4A). Inter- with pharmacological agents well known as selective inhibitors of 3324 Fc␥R AND CHEMOKINE INDUCTION

FIGURE 2. Stimulation of THP-1 cells with IC induces the expression of the mRNAs of several chemokines. THP-1 monocytes were incubated with different concentrations of ICfor3h(A), or in the presence of 100 ␮g/ml IC for different periods (B and C). The effect of 100 ␮g/ml OVA and 100 ␮g/ml Ab is shown in the rightmost lanes of B. The Ab solution was ultracentrifuged at 100,000 ϫ g for1hat 4¡C to eliminate the IgG aggregates that could form spon- taneously. Total RNA was extracted at the times indicated Downloaded from and used for RNase protection assays. These are represen- tative experiments of three with similar results. D, The out- come of experiments conducted on adhered human mono- cytes stimulated with IC for 3 h, or in detached monocytes maintained in polypropylene tubes for 18 h before the stim- ulation with IC to prevent adherence-induced activation. http://www.jimmunol.org/ by guest on September 26, 2021

transcription factors. Because the cross-linking of Fc␥R activates AP-1 site sequences of the MIP-1␣ promoter (Fig. 5B), thus NF-␬B and this has functionally been associated with the expression indicating that even though activation of Fc␥R activates AP-1, of MCP-1 (8), the effect of inhibiting NF-␬B was addressed by using its involvement in the transcriptional regulation of MIP-1␣ is two structurally unrelated inhibitors of NF-␬B. As shown in Fig. 4C, both HTB and ALLN decreased the mRNA expression of both MIP-1␣ and MIP-1␤ in response to IC. In contrast, the expression of RANTES mRNA did not show any significant change as a result of these treatments, and the expression of IL-8 mRNA was enhanced in a dose-dependent manner by ALLN, which represented an unex- pected result in view of the documented presence of functional ␬B binding sites in the IL-8 promoter (28Ð30). As shown in Fig. 4D, cyclosporin A did not influence the effect of IC, i.e., less than 20% inhibition in three independent experiments, thus suggesting that NF-AT sites do not exert a central role in the transcriptional regulation of MIP-1␣, MIP-1␤, RANTES, and IL-8.

Cross-linking of Fc␥R activates AP-1 and C/EBP␤ Incubation of THP-1 cells with IC increased AP-1-binding activity in the nuclear extracts in a time-dependent manner, as judged from the results of EMSA conducted with a probe containing the 5Ј- ␥ ␥ TGAGTCA-3Ј core consensus sequence for AP-1. As shown in FIGURE 3. Cross-linking of Fc RI and Fc RIIA with mAb activates the expression of chemokine mRNAs. THP-1 monocytes were incubated at Fig. 5A, increased binding activity was already observed 5Ð10 min ␮ ϳ 4¡C with 10 g/ml mAb IV.3, 32.2, and 3G8, as indicated, followed by after addition of the stimulus, reached maximal intensity at 20 washing to eliminate the Ab not bound to cells, and replacement by new min, and was completely reversed by incubation with a 100-fold ␮ Ј medium prewarmed at 37¡C and 20 g/ml goat anti-mouse F(ab )2. The excess of unlabeled oligonucleotide with the AP-1 consensus Ј effect of anti-mouse F(ab )2 alone is shown in the rightmost lane. Total sequence. However, no binding activity was observed when the RNA was extracted at the times indicated and used for RNase protection reaction was conducted with a probe designed on the basis of the assays. This is a representative experiment of three. The Journal of Immunology 3325 Downloaded from http://www.jimmunol.org/ by guest on September 26, 2021

FIGURE 4. Effect of different agonists and pharmacological agents on the induction of chemokine mRNAs. THP-1 monocytes were incubated in the presence of 10 ␮g/ml LPS, 1 ␮M ionomycin, or the combination of ionomycin and 100 nM PMA. At the times indicated, total RNA was ex- tracted and used for RNase protection assays. This is a representative ex- periment of three with similar results (A). The effect of the incubation of THP-1 cells with 100 U/ml TNF-␣ is shown in B. The effect of HTB and ALLN on the expression of chemokine mRNAs induced by IC is shown in C. The effect of cyclosporin A is shown in D. Unless otherwise stated, pharmacological agents were added 30 min before the stimulus and total FIGURE 5. Nuclear extracts from cells incubated in the presence of IC RNA was extracted 3 h thereafter for RNase protection assays. contain binding activities to AP-1 consensus sites and to the C/EBP␤ site from the MIP-1␣ promoter. THP-1 cells were incubated with 100 ␮g/ml IC and, at the times indicated, cell lysates were collected and the nuclear unlikely. In contrast, the nuclear extracts showed binding activity extracts assayed for binding to probes containing an AP-1 consensus se- to the probe containing the Ϫ122Ð100 C/EBP␤ sequence of the quence 5Ј-TGAGTCA-3Ј (A), or to probes designed from the AP-1 (B) and sense strand. Maximal binding activity was seen between 20 and C/EBP␤ (C) sites of the MIP-1␣ promoter. Lanes marked “Competitor” 45 min after addition of IC (Figs. 5C and 6A), and showed a clear indicate that the binding reaction was conducted in the presence of a 100- fold excess of unlabeled oligonucleotide probes. To address the dose de- dose dependency, because this was already observed with concen- ␤ ␮ ␣ pendency of the induction of binding activity to the C/EBP site, nuclear trations of IC above 20 g/ml (Fig. 5D). Binding to the MIP-1 C/ extracts from cells stimulated for 30 min in the presence of different con- ␤ EBP wt probe was reversed by a 100-fold excess of the unlabeled centrations of IC were used (D). These are representative experiments of oligonucleotide (Fig. 5C, lane marked “competitor”). Experiments four with identical results. conducted with the MIP-1␣wt oligonucleotide that contains both the putative AP-1 and the C/EBP␤ binding sites (Fig. 6B, lanes 5–8) showed a binding pattern similar to that observed with the MIP-1␣C/EBP␤wt probe, which again was reversed by the unla- binding activity was observed when labeled *MIP-1␣C/EBP␤m beled oligonucleotide sequence (Fig. 6B, lane 8). Further and *MIP-1␣m probes were used in the binding reactions (Fig. attempts to assess the selectivity of the binding reactions were 6A, lanes 4– 6 and 8, respectively), and MIP-1␣C/EBP␤m did addressed with mutated oligonucleotides designed to disrupt the not reverse the binding of the labeled *MIP-1␣C/EBP␤wt probe C/EBP␤ site according to the TRANSFAC database. In fact, no (Fig. 6A, lane 7). 3326 Fc␥R AND CHEMOKINE INDUCTION

FIGURE 6. The binding activity to MIP-1␣ promoter induced by IC is lost by mutations in the C/EBP␤ site. Nuclear extracts from cells treated with 100 ␮g/ml IC for the times indicated were incubated with the labeled sequences *MIP-1␣C/EBP␤wt (A and B), *MIP-1␣C/ EBP␤m (A), and *MIP-1␣wt (B), as indicated. In the lanes specified, unlabeled oligonucleo- tides containing both wild-type and mutated se- quences were used to assess the specificity of the binding reactions. Downloaded from http://www.jimmunol.org/

Engagement of Fc␥R elicits MIP-1␣, MIP-1␤, and RANTES CC chemokines, only the blockade of either MIP-1␣ or MIP-1␤ protein production reduced the recruitment of and the production of lung Because stimulation of THP-1 cells by IC led to an enhanced ex- injury (16Ð18). ␥ pression of both MIP-1␣ and MIP-1␤ mRNAs, it was addressed The comparison of the effect of Fc R activation with that elic- whether this was accompanied by a parallel production of MIP-1␣ ited by other stimuli provides some hints as to the involvement of and MIP-1␤ proteins. As shown in Fig. 7A, MIP-1␣ and MIP-1␤ different chemokines in distinct pathophysiological conditions. proteins were undetectable in resting cells and increased in a time- Thus, the set of chemokines elicited by Fc␥R engagement shows by guest on September 26, 2021 dependent manner after incubation with IC. Interestingly, MIP-1␤ some differences with those triggered by TNF-␣, LPS, and the protein showed a higher increase than that observed for MIP-1␣, combination of ionomycin and PMA. In fact, LPS and ionomycin because levels of 25 ng/ml were assayed at 8 h after addition of the shared the feature of inducing IP-10, whereas this was not ob- complexes as compared with 2Ð4 ng/ml for MIP-1␣, even though served in response to IC. In contrast, ionomycin alone did not more prolonged incubations showed in some cases a significant induce IL-8. Many different monocytic cell lines, including THP-1 reduction of the protein, thus suggesting that changes related to the cells, show constitutive nuclear ␬B activity (31), and unlike MIP- stability and/or degradation of MIP-1␤ might occur. RANTES pro- 1␣, RANTES has two ␬B sites near the TATA signal, thus ex- tein was already detectable in cell cultures of resting THP-1 cells, plaining possible interactions with components of the general tran- but it significantly increased up to 48 h after the addition of the scription machinery that could account for the expression of ϳ stimulus to reach a 5-fold increase above resting levels (Fig. 7B). RANTES detected in resting cells. In contrast, the delayed pattern ␣ The production of both MIP-1 and RANTES was dose depen- of RANTES mRNA induction by IC agrees with the characteriza- ␣ dent, as measurable amounts of MIP-1 were detected with con- tion of RANTES as an unusual gene induced late after T lympho- centrations of IC above 50 ␮g/ml, and the production of RANTES cyte activation, the expression of which has been related to a novel also increased with this concentration of stimulus above the level transcription factor termed RANTES factor of late activated T detected in resting cells. Interestingly, the production of MIP-1␣ lymphocytes, which belongs to the Kruppel-like family of tran- and RANTES elicited by IC was comparable with those elicited by scription factors (32), although other factors have been associated PMA and TNF-␣ (Fig. 7C), thus indicating that it might reach concentrations similar to those elicited by other stimuli. with the cell-specific pattern of transcriptional regulation of RANTES, among them NF-␬B (33), C/EBP␤ (34), and IFN Discussion regulatory factor (35). ␣ ␤ The present study extends the array of proinflammatory effects The combined induction of both MIP-1 and MIP-1 fits well resulting from the stimulation of Fc␥R in monocytic cells by with the presentation of these molecules as a doublet; however, it showing a widespread pattern of induction of chemokines, in is more difficult to address the functional significance of the dif- which the expression of MIP-1␣ and MIP-1␤ reaches the highest ferent regulatory elements located to their promoter regions. Early level of expression. This is somewhat surprising, because most studies have restricted the functional relevance for transcription to studies have stressed the production of MCP-1 and IL-8 in re- a proximal promoter region of 256 bp (20), in which several bind- sponse to the activation of Fc␥R. In keeping with the functional ing sites for members of the C/EBP family of transcription factors association of both MIP-1␣ and MIP-1␤, studies in a rat model of were characterized, as well as a GGAAA motif homologous to a IC lung injury have shown a role for both MIP-1␣ and MIP-1␤ in highly conserved half site of a putative consensus NF-␬B recog- macrophage activation, because despite a wide induction of other nition sequence. Taking into account these early functional studies The Journal of Immunology 3327

␤ 2 integrins by both Ab and soluble CD23 has shown a strong induction of both MIP-1␣ and MIP-1␤, which was sensitive to proteasome inhibitors, whereas this treatment enhanced IL-8 ex- pression (39). In addition, treatment of human monocytes with ⌬12,14 15-deoxy- PGJ2 has been found to produce IL-8 gene ex- pression (40), although the function of this peroxisome prolifera- tor-activated receptor-␥ activator has been associated with an anti- inflammatory effect linked to the inhibition of the NF-␬B route (41). Previous studies have suggested that NF-␬B was involved in the induction of MIP-1␣ and MIP-1␤; however, the evidence was indirect and only stemmed from the coincidental presence of bind- ing activity to a consensus ␬B site in the nuclear extracts obtained under these conditions, and from the effect of pharmacological treatments. Regarding GATA-1 sites, their involvement in the transcriptional regulation of MIP-1␣ and RANTES is unlikely for a number of reasons. First, these sites differ somewhat from the consensus (T/A)GATA(A/G), which accounts for most of the sites in which a functional role for GATA-1 has been demonstrated. Moreover, GATA-1 expression shows a restricted level of expres- Downloaded from sion among cells derived from hemopoietic progenitor cells, for instance, megakariocytes, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils (42). In fact, we have not detected the expression of GATA-1 mRNA by the RT-PCR approach in THP-1 cells (data not shown). In contrast, the functional relevance of the C/EBP␤ site in the

transcriptional regulation of MIP-1␣ can be supported by several http://www.jimmunol.org/ arguments: 1) the presence of a high homology C/EBP␤ site on the proximal promoter region according to rigorous criteria; 2) the appearance of binding activity to this site in the nuclear extracts displaying a strong dependency on critical bases in the core se- quence, before the induction of MIP-1␣ expression; 3) the similar FIGURE 7. Production of MIP-1␣, MIP-1␤, and RANTES proteins. dose-response pattern of both MIP-1␣ expression and appearance ϫ 6 THP-1 cells at the concentration of 1.5 10 cells/ml were incubated in of C/EBP␤-binding activity; 4) the parallel pattern of MAP kinase ␮ the presence (filled symbols) or absence (open symbols) of 100 g/ml IC. activation (26) and C/EBP␤-binding activity in the nuclear extracts At the times indicated, the cell culture supernatant was collected and used ␥ by guest on September 26, 2021 ␣ ␤ elicited by Fc R cross-linking, which agrees with the reported for the assay of MIP-1 and MIP-1 (A) or RANTES (B) proteins by ␤ ELISA. The effect of different concentrations of IC, PMA, and TNF-␣ in phosphorylation at threonine-235 of C/EBP by MAP kinase as an ␤ cells stimulated for 24 h is shown in C. Data represent mean Ϯ SE of four essential step for C/EBP activation (43). Moreover, the pattern of experiments. MIP-1␣ induction in this system is similar to that disclosed for cyclooxygenase-2 (26), a gene the expression of which has been found to be strongly dependent on C/EBP␤ in both human and and the quality of the matches of the matrix analysis of the pro- mouse (44, 45). Taken together, these findings ex- moter sequence with MatInspector software and the updated data tend previous studies showing the activation of a set of transcrip- of the TRANSFAC database (36), we have defined some binding tion factors by Fc␥R signaling, i.e., NF-␬B (6, 8), AP-1, and sites that could have functional significance (Fig. 1A). These bind- C/EBP␤, and suggest the coupling of C/EBP␤ to the induction of ing sites include three AP-1 sites, a GATA-1 site, and a C/EBP␤ some elements of the chemokine family involved in the production site in the sense strand; and two more AP-1 sites, two C/EBP␤ of immune-mediated tissue injury. sites, which also encompass a NF-AT site, and an additional NF-AT site in the antisense strand. In contrast, no ␬B sites have Acknowledgments been detected using updated database. Analysis of the binding ac- We thank Cristina Go«mez, Sara Alonso, and Edurne San Vicente for tivity associated with the nuclear extracts from cells stimulated technical help. with IC has shown abundant AP-1-binding activity; however, this only could be disclosed with the AP-1 consensus sequence, and not References with those found in the MIP-1␣ promoter region, thus suggesting 1. Sylvestre, D. L., and J. V. Ravetch. 1994. Fc receptors initiate the Arthus reac- tion: redefining the inflammatory cascade. Science 265:1095. that AP-1 sites are not involved in the regulation of MIP-1␣ ex- 2. Ravetch, J. V. 1994. Fc receptors: rubor redux. Cell 78:553. pression. Moreover, pharmacological approaches using com- 3. Hazenbos, W. L., J. E. Gessner, F. M. Hofhuis, H. Kuipers, D. Meyer, ␬ I. A. Heijnen, R. E. Schmidt, M. Sandor, P. J. Capel, M. Daeron, et al. 1996. pounds with known activity on the NF- B system have provided Impaired IgG-dependent anaphylaxis and Arthus reaction in Fc␥RIII (CD16) contradictory results. For instance, the salicylate derivative HTB, deficient mice. Immunity 5:181. ␬ 4. Marsh, C. B., J. E. Gadek, G. C. Kindt, S. A. Moore, and M. D. Wewer. 1995. which has been found to inhibit NF- B activation in several cell ␥ ␣ Monocyte Fc receptor cross-linking induces IL-8 production. J. Immunol. 155: systems (25, 37, 38), inhibited the induction of MIP-1 and 3161. MIP-1␤ without influencing IL-8 expression. In contrast, the pro- 5. Alonso, A., Y. Bayo«n, and M. Sa«nchez Crespo. 1996. The expression of - teasome inhibitor ALLN showed unexpected effects, because in induced chemoattractants (CINC-1 and CINC-2) in rat peritoneal mac- rophages is triggered by Fc␥ receptor activation: study of the signaling mecha- addition to an inhibitory effect on the expression of both MIP-1␣ nism. Eur. J. Immunol. 26:2165. and MIP-1␤, this compound increased the expression of IL-8 6. Bayo«n, Y., A. Alonso, and M. Sa«nchez Crespo. 1997. Stimulation of Fc␥ recep- tors in rat peritoneal macrophages induces the expression of nitric oxide synthase mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. These results are reminiscent and chemokines by mechanisms showing different sensitivities to antioxidants of those recently reported in human monocytes. Thus, triggering of and nitric oxide donors. J. Immunol. 159:887. 3328 Fc␥R AND CHEMOKINE INDUCTION

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