Armstrong Economics

Copyright Martin A. Armstrong All Rights Reserved June 26th, 2009

comments Welcome: Ar*[email protected] (Internationally) ~+^e COXA wte -

* June 26th, 2009 by: Martin h. Armstrong Former ^airman of Princeton Economics International, Ltd. and Foundation Foe 1ue Study of Cycles

hen th* world watriies the rioting In the streets of lean, they see a unique and isolated event- Behind closed doors, governments start to tremble. Despite the fact that Iran is portrayed as a terrorist nation, no government enjoys a 100ft support of its people. The nighest support unfolds only when a nation Is attacked such as Pearl Harbor. Where the United States was staying out of World War II, Japan*s greatest mistake was to attack Hawaii for that is the only type of event that brings the various factions together, . JUfit as we are seeing a contagion A student of history will begin to in a global economic decline, the same notice that events of civil unrest are takes place with revolution, we always often global. However, such events are see major wars take place and civil war also preceeded by economic stress and/or on a global scale. For example/ it was depression, in Iran, the managed economy the American Revolution that gave hope by the Supreme Leader is a devastating to the French and thus their uprising model for it is inherently Marxist- High quickly foLlowed. We see the same trend priests are incapable of managing an economy took plACe concerning the English civil and might be even worse than politicians. war spread like a contagion to Russia, Nevertheless, why the news focuses on Iran Civil War in particular, is caused by- as a isolated local event. It Is an Event human discontent. TtoriBcn. n Event Horizon is what I define as the dawn of a new Contagion that gives birth to a new age- The founding Fathers of the United states saw precisely this type Of Event Horizon in their actions to change the way the world had functioned under the rule of monarchy. They inscribed their belief in a Latin saying on the reverse side of the Seal of tha United States, That phrase was V "novus ordo seclorum1.' -meaning a new cycle of the ages. For you see, they did understand the effect of their actions because they studied history. Thomas Jefferson, who was in France during the construction of the constitution, had sent back a trunk full of books on Rome and Greece to provide as a guide for creating such a new age - and Event Horizon, He knew well to draw upon the lessons of the past to give birth to a new future- Thus, ha relied upon the models of both the Athenian Democracy, but perhaps more so on the Reman Republic,

In Poland, we find a new vibrant rising eventually the timing was right in 1989 force beginning in the shipyards that began and Hungary opened its border with Austria in 1900, This led to Glerek's resignation in that was thereafter followed by the with• September and by December 40 trade unions had drawal of Soviet troops from Czech Republic formed all sparked by rising prices and the in 1990 known as the ^Velvet Revolution" ' economic contraction, that was set in motion compared to the Soviet invasion and crack• by the abandonment of the gold standard back down of 196S known as the "Prague Spring." in 1971. This movement finally led to the democracy being restored in Poland in 1989; Civil War and unrest is always a major This contagioi swept through the entire global contagion. 1989 was an eventful year eastern block of Russian European states- as significant in the history of man and his Lithuania declared independence March 11th, perpetual struggle against governments with 1990. Latvia followed Lithuania's lead and TSenannT'n Square erupting on June 3-4 that survived January 1991 military crackdown by began as student demonstrations mourning the Gorbachev and declared independence formally death of Hu Yaobang in April. East Germans after the failed military coup of August escape through Hungary causing the Berlin 1991. Wall to cone down in October. We even see that in 1361 in line ^ith the American Civil After the uprising in Hungary of 1956 War, Alexander II abolished serfdcminRussia. and the Russian invasion on November 4th, These things are always a contagion-

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he West is in shock for two primary reasons over the rising counter-revolution taking place in Iran- First, Iran is the enemy of the religious right in the United States that to me are no different than their enemies. Both seek to use T . political power to force religious customs upon others. Both believe that the fundamental right to Freedom of Religion, means that when they are in power, they have the "freedom" to do as they please. The extreme religious right in the good old United States are an equal threat to liberty. Itoey are the Christian Taliban and all one needs dp is look at history when Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) led the major English religious civil war and became "Lord Protector" replacing the King's image on coinage with his own. He made kissing your wife in public a felony- Outlawed even Christmass and enlisted spies to look into your heme to ensure you were not having a feast. And he outlawed all sports, because they led to cursing, ihese types of people portray God as vengeful, hateful, and eager to torment you. Their God is not one of compassion, love, or respect. This image serves their purpose because they want to abuse anyone who dares disagree with them- 5he shock of the Christian Taliban is that they have been responsible for the demise of the Republican party in a clear backlash against their designs to create a religious state, and that if Iran did fall, who will be there for them to hate and rally the people to their will?

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Our religious right might not speak in labels of of '"Boxy War" as do the extreme right in Islam, but their rhetoric is no less vitriolic. Always just look at the actions, don't bother listening to the verbage to see the truth. The extreme relgious right would create world war III if they could because they believe it is God's will, so we might as well get on with it. Even Napoleon had those visions and many saw in Stalin, Hitler and Napoleon, the long awaited anti-Christ* They have portrayed off camera this same image of the leaders of the extreme right in Islam. Seme in the Republican camp have become so entrenched in their vitriol that they have lost all sight of a middle ground. One listens to their very critical words of Obama trying to reach out stating he is a citizen of the world, proclaiming they are not, for they are an exclusive American citizenl Coes that mean that they owe nothing to the world since they have seme divine right to dictate to the world what they shall do but will not listen in return? That Former VP - Dick Cheney

is not a position of liberty, but tyranny. We have no more right to dictate to the world than does any other nation to dictate domestic policy in the United States. We are all citizens of the world, and if we claim we are not, then withdraw all of our troops and adopt isolationism. We cannot have it both ways.

The rounding Fathers Who Wrote The Qaistitiution Understood the Importance of Freedom of Religion And Secured that in the First Amendment o ideas that have trapped us for about 224 . econdly, the importance of this years. The American Revolution was against t new counter-revolution in Iran the old way of government headed by monarchy Jki^JF'' is showing the power of the new and that spread throughout the world. Not '• ' age of communication that has only did we see monarchy collapse in Europe been created by the Internet. Iran has with even the English taking all real power shut down the press, but the people away from its monarch, but this revolution are using the Internet to show the was eventually followed in Russia in 1917 world what is going on. Additionally, on the back of Marxism, and then in China. it is allowing the young protestors to organize and communicate faster than the government can respond. We underestimate; the "contagion" effect and wrongly believe this is a modem phenom• &fe are on the edge of a new and enon created by newspapers and now even the dynamic global revolution that is still Internet- However, the Reman Republic was waiting in the wings. About half the • born when they overthrew their Tarquin king population in Iran are born after the in 509BC and we find 1 year later, democracy 1979 Revolution. They had no voice in appears in Athens, 50SBC, What we are seeing selecting this type of government that live right now, is that the speed has been Is controlled at the top by the hard• able to increase the "contagion" and this line religious leaders where the very effects the potential for revolution to even appropriate title has been used - the spread around the world faster. Supreme Leader. What we are dealing with is 30% rates of What we are watching is the dawn unemployment, depreciating currency values in of a new global revolution that is the double digits, having extinguished the beginning to emerge against the old hopes of a secured economic future in Iran, The important aspect of the key model statutory authority for my arbitrary imp• I have discovered hack in the 1970s, is risonment. Guess what? American politicians that the complexity is astounding. Mankind make a lot of noise about the world, but do has been unable to cross into the new world nothing to protect our own citizens. Even that awaits this brewing revolution on a the American held In Italy, they pretended global scale, largely because we refrain it was unreasonable to hold her for one year from allowing our selves to think and see with no charges? Try 7 years Mr- McCain. Or the real world in a inter-connected way of just announce to the world and be honest amazing dynamic relationships. Everything that if you work for a corporation in the does matter and we are truly citizens of United States, the government position is the world because we all do interact and you forfeit all personal rights because the have effect upon each other. corporation has none' Tell the truth I

This counter-revolution in Iran is The old age of Marxism is collapsing, giving the military vision of sheer panic, and do not think that just because there is You can bet that they will come up with a change of the label to "New Progressives* ways to cut the Internet to preserve power that this will alter the outcome. The system for the government. Do not think that the of state dominance and dictorial powers . United States is any exception. I personal• over our economic future with no link to ly wrote to John McCain and informed him economic sanity, is on a precipice of sheer I was being tortured and held with no collapse.

ike everything else, even religion beats to the drums of nature's cyclical essence. The islamic Revolution- that unfolded in Iran, took place in 197B. The rising demands for a restoration of a real separation between church and state have come to the surface in the politicial elections that took place in Iran. We tend to believe that nations are of one mind. We label them as corrupt or terrorist as if everyone inside were the same. What we are being reminded of, is that Lthere are always two sides to politics no matter what country we look at, and by far Iran is no different, Princeton Economics International was asked to create a political model for Iran in 1985. The group asking for that model was the Counter Revolutionary Army of Iran. They had the backing of the West, and to my surprise, when I first met with them, they appeared to be Irish to me, with white skin and red hair- Ruth from the Bible was also supposed to have been a red head. Those who were the native Persians, were not of Arabic stock. The creation of that model was extremely interesting because its scope had to begin with Cyrus II, The Great (550-529BCJ who was perhaps the first great organizer of Government whose models established our concept of government even today.

If we take the 1978 Revolution and What our computer model showed back add ftf * TO in years", we arrive right on in the mid 1980s was that there was a time with 31,41 years bringing us to inherent power characterized within Iran this very moment in 2009. As the signs that suggested the only possible change of revolution were rising in 197S, we was in fact by force. There is zero are once again seeing the rise of the chance that we will see any sort of a wind of die content in Iran. Those In democratic change in government. What we power will not allow a political loss. are likely to .see, is a rifling discontent Just like Dick Cheney keeps running to and a high probability of at least a hew the press revealing that in fact he was civil war. This is also why we had a 2nd the real President, not Bush, power can I Amendment to allow citizens to own guns, be an addictive drug impossible to leave. to prevent government masacres. 4 TheTtfo Forces in Islam Some believe that Ali was assassinated because he was too weak as a leader. Upon his assassination, his son claimed leader• Many in the West either do not ship, Husayn, The people of Iraq called on know there are two major groups of Husayn to lead, and he accepted. Howevsr, Islam, or what actually constitutes the difference. The distinction that at Karbala in the year 680AD, while Husayn runs deep in Islam between the Sunnis was on his way from Medina, he and his fam• and the Shiites is historical in its ily were all killed by the forces of Yazid, nature. Just as there are fragments who sought the leadership himself. within Christianity that began between the East and the West with the split "Bbe deaths of Husayn and his family of the Reman Empire chat was later hit are the source of the true passion within in the West by the Protestant Reforma• Shiites, and they believe that their deaths tion creating a cascade of variations, have paved the way to paradise, Yazid had Islam has its variety as well, but it ordered that his family was to be killed profoundly centers between the Sunnis first so he might watch. Then, the head of and the Shiites. Husayn was sent to Yazid.

Unknown to most in the West, there While there are subgroups even within are actually also intermixed with these the Shiites, the primary distinction seems Islamic nations. Christians who if by to be the joining of church and state. The their sheer number, exceed the total Sunnis are more western in nature insofar amount of Jews in the world.. So you see, as they see a separation between the church looking behind the scenes of headlines and state. sometimes yields a slightly different picture. Shiite Muslims are actually a minority and account only for about 10% of the whole Muslim world. However, their center is no During Sixth Century is when the doubt Iran and ironically control about half prophet Muhammad emerged. He died on of the oil in the Middle East. June ethr 632AD. The clash that began upon his death has resulted in a major The class between Sunnis ar.d Shiites philosophical difference between the lies In the fact that Yazid was a Sunnl. two main groups of Sunnis and Shiites. He was later killed upon his capture by The clash concerned who shall be the new leader? At first, there were four being torn Into two parts. "Right Guided1' Caliphs, or successors, This is the religious background Abu Eakr (632-634AD); Unar {634-644AD); that cannot be either pushed aside or Uthman (644-656AD); and All (656-661AD). given full expression within this brief account. What is central is that there Ali was faced with a power struggle is little philosophical difference from that rose between the new powerful Syrian the extreme right Christains. Both of Government and his own people, _ In; .6 £7 AD, these religous groups believe that they Ali was assassinated by a Kharijite sold• have the right to use political power ier while he was on his way to pray at a to force their will upon the rest of mosque. It was the followers of Mi that the world. This is the true enemy of rose up and have become known as the all freedom for these are the people Shiites who claimed a devine right of the who see God as a hatefuly vengeful family of Muhammad to reign. When the and intolerant' supreme ruler. This majority disagreed, this set in motion conflicts with the teachings of not the struggle that continues today* only Christ himself, but many others aroml the ttorld not the least of which Ali was a cousin of Muhammad and was Buda, married Fatima, who was the daughter of Muhammad and Khadija. The Shiites saw What we are facing is a repeat of All as part of the family of Muhammad history where Christianity went crazy and thus was the legitimate heir. under Cromwell and this seems to be a time rising within Islam, Minorities will eventually rise against oppression for it is only a matter of time. *^Ve Cycle Pol^+icftl CPNA/J<5« '£*mr>J

ran has a rich history that has contributed much to western society. Its origins lie truly with Cyrus H The Great {590-529BC) whose conquests formed one of the great empires of all time that was the rival to Rome and was in reality, the first I "cold war" that created a military stand-off with Rome. In fact, under the Parthian historical iperiod, it defeated Marcus Licinius Crassus (115-53BC) who was one of the triumvers with Julius Caesar. He was defeated in 54BC during the Reign of Orodes II (57-36BC) who some say drank from the skull of Crassus. Rome did not retaliate. Under the reign of Shapur I, he defeated and captured the Roman Emperor Valerian in 260AD. Seme say he had him stuffed as a trophy. Others claimed he died under a sentence of life iirmde- onment. So when we look at Iran, we see a vibrant history of unprecedented lineage.

I have shown in previous issues that nativity in Christianity were believed to the 72 Year cycle of extreme volatility has have been from Iran of the Zoroastian faith.

always followed the 224 year cycle of Polit• However, it was not until Ardashir I: (224- ical Change. If we look at 44BC and the 241AD) who made Zoroastrianism the state death of Caesar, it took two B. 6 year cycles religion officially. This set the stage for to kill all rivals and flush the Roman Re• •aistantine I adopting Christianity precsiely public clean of its corrupt Oligarchy and On a half-cycle frcm there of 112 years. that brings us the birth ctf Imperial acme in 27BC with the rise of Augustus. Then the looking to the next cycle top In 404AD, half cycle of 112 years from the death of and the emergence Of Attila the Hun (406-453 Caesar, and we come to the death of Nero AD) who was called "The Scourge of God." He and the beginning of the next Civil war in even demanded the sister of the Roman Bnperor 68AD and the end of the Julian-Claudian . in the West in marriage, Bonorius (395-423AD). blood line. Go to the next top 112 years Add 72 years again and we ccme precisely to later and we come perfectly to 130AD and 476AD and the last Roman Snperor in the West peak of Reman Empire with Marcus Aurelius. Romulus Augustulus (475-476AD). Add 72 years and we come to the economic crisis that began in 2S2AD that was the whole reason why Christianity spread when I have shown the cyclical turning points people prayed to their gods, and nothing for China and Russia. If we look at 12 years happened. The Iranian Persians were then from those revolutions, we come precisely to followers of ZoroastrianiBm that was a the demise of Communism in 1989, after about. belief in one God. The wlsemen of the 20 years of rising inflation in the West. The next turning point is 2010 (^Yx 10). Even 72 yrs from 17B9 brings you to 1861 US Civil War. I nave been ashed many times at various Even if we look at the united States, lectures around the globe, why are these tim• add 72 years from 1789 and we come to the ing intervals so regular? There is truly Civil War in 1861. Add 10 = 31-4 years, an amazing degree of complexity that takes and wa come to the Panic of 1892 when the into account everything that moves. There US suffered under "unsound finance" of the are effects introduced by weather. Others Silver Democrats creating the Economic Panic are introduced by disease and population that led to sweeping political changes. growth and of course, economic survival* Hot merely did the 1890s mark the age Nevertheless, make no mistake about it, of deliberate inflation, but that policy there are also generational effects. This is led to virtually the bankruptcy of the US what I believe the major Economic Confidence and that is when J.P. Morgan became famous model wave of 51.6 years exists. This also for he led a consortium of banks to lend has the tendency to nark the passage of the the US Treasury $100 million in gold to save reigns of power frem one generation to the the nation from the brink of banruptcy. next. Don't forget that the half-cycle point Part of what we are witnessing right was 1667 (112 years) and that is where we now is shocking to governments around the can begin to draw the line for the rise in world. The degree of communication that is the influence of Karl Marx. By 1917 we see taking place among the youth who are out in Revolution in Russia. In Germany in 1918, full force is illustrating my.point. I have and in America we begin with the Progressive listened to TV new caster5 who joke that they, movement that was anti-ccrporation creating can11 even remember their passwords and have the Sherman-Anti-Trust Act, the income tax in 1909, that was ratified in 1913- ignored the Internet for themcst part. We have people in the 40-50s who are computer illiterate, and they are on TV reporting The Marxist Revolution came 31 years things they do not even understand. after the mid-point of 1837, which was 191Q. Add half that cycle again and we cone to This is becoming a global revolution 1933, when Hitler and Roosevelt came to and you can bet the politicians are scared power, to death. They will cheer the youth, but behind closed doors, they also know this Perhaps political events are like a could happen to them just as easily. You cake. They just take precisely the same can manipulate the economic statistics all amount of tii"^ to cook. This may even be day and remove the cronic unemployed and linked with weather and demographics. simply say they no longer count because they have given up looking for a job- The Islamic Revolution came 72 years after the forced Constitution of 1906 and We can manipulate inflation numbers to the establishment of a National Assmbly of hide the truth just as we pretend to issue tlieMejles. We find half a ft? cycle brings bonds and create more than 310 trillion in us to 1921 where there was a coup that debt, yet because we say that is not "cash*' brought Reza Khan to power in the face of then it is not inflationary because we did famine (weather) and bankruptcy following not print that money. World War I. His collaboration with Nasi Germany in 1941 led to his abdication and the assumption of power by his son, by the Long-term trends take place in slow name Mahanrmxl Reza Shah Pahlavi. This new mction. The debt crisis a.10 year old could change in government brought with it great figure out the economy was doomed with a modernization and westernization that in pocket calculator. We bullshit our people fact alienated the religious leaders, whose and ourselves so much, we have lost sight power was restricted. Violence erupted in late of all reality. This merely means that our 1978 and the Shah declared Marshal L^wonNov. day is also coming for reality will come 6th, 1978. The Shah fled Jan16th, 1979, and crashing down around us and politicians on Jan 31st, the religious leader in exil* will also live in fear. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returned & the IIS

embassy was seized Nov. 4thF 1979. 1650BC

100SBC

The volcanic Eruption of Santorini about 1645 or 1628BC Led to the Fall of the Babylonian Amorite Dynasty Hew Age of of which Hammurabi was the first to create a new international law merging the Semitic & Sumerian Cultures Greece begins about 750DC

efore one can look at the history of Persia {Iran), we must also understand the context in which it came to rise as a major power in ancient times who we do remember with the Olympic Games and the running of the Marathon, That run was a messenger who ran 26 miles to let Athens know it defeated the Persians. The B proceeding history is nearly as distant to the Persians at that time as no doubt they remain to our times, Nearly 3/500 years before the Persian conquest of Babylon in 539BC by Cyrus H the Great {59Q-529flC>, there was a great city in ttesrxwtamia, the city of Ur founded during the 4th millennium BC by settlers from the north- There , ig even physcial evidence of a great flood and this is the city that it is said Abraham lived curing the 18th Century BC.

The city of Or was Sumer the land of the SuTBerian people, it was located to the SE of Babylon and became the first great city and the capital o£ Southern Mesopotam• ia. Tombs of the 1st Dynasty in the 25th century BC, show amazing wealth of gold, silver, bronze and semi precious stones. It appears that there was a belief in an after life so kings were hurried with all their servants, court officials, and of City course their women. Hie famous legal code of TarmuraM Babylon's rise actually comes late is actually the first international law to the Wesopotamian period. It began as code where it blends the concept of law merely a suburb or province of Ur, There of the Sumarian and the Semitic people. is actually no recorded mention of its The region was previously two countries existence before the 23rd century BC. It Sumer in the southeast and Akkad in the appears after the fall of the 3rd dynasty northwest. Because of the waring between of Dr, there is a major invasion of the the city states of Sumer, this allowed a Semitic people that shifts the power to window of opportunity for an invasion by Babylon in 1894BC, It is this new line Akkad whose city was Elam. Nevertheless, of kings that bring new innovation and it was the Sumer culture that began the one of the famous kings Bamnurabi . organization of government that became 6 possible with the invention of writing Babylon and under the rule of the Kassites in what we call "cuneiform" today. Once they now break away. This is the start of writing was invented, there was a true the Assyrian Empire with the appearance explosion of economic innovation that led of their king Ashux-uballit I (1365-30BC). to the invention of the sailboat, potter's The Assyrians grow in power and become wheel, the seed plow, literature, history renown as ruthless warriors feared even recording, music, and collectively we call by the Egyptians. However, the Assyrians this civilization. were able only at first to invade Babylon and control it briefly. Their first great empire lasted but 224 years and crashed The successors to the Sumerian and especially after the regin of Tukulti- the Akkadians, was the Amorites who were ninurta Iin1208BC. The Assyrian had the a Semitic tribe that invaded Mesopotamia comparative advantage insofar as they had yet absorbed their culture including the vast resources of iron ore. They begin to invention of writing and recording what recover under Tiglath-pileser I (1115- took place - history. This invasion about 1077BC) who defeated the invasion of some 1894BC, produces the new line of kings that 20,000 Muski. begins with Sumuabum and explains the new international legal code under Rammmabi. But it was the return of the Akkadians It is the blending of the Summerians and. from their city of Elam that had grcwn in the Semites that prompts this first major wealth and power that conquered most of legal reform in history. Babylonia ending the Kassite dynasty about 1157BC,

The natural forces that also played a significant role in the fall of this Babylonian empire to the nountain people known as the Kassites and the break-away of Assyria, was perhaps the greatest major volcanic explosion in the recorded history of mankind - Santorini about 1650BC. This is one of the other reasons for the complex history of man's economic adventures-

The Hittites were an Indo-European people who invaded Anatolia (modern Turkey) Kamraurabl during the 2nd millenniurn BC perhaps after the Santorini explosion. By T340BC> they had become a dominant power. After Santorini It was Hanimrrabi(i 792-1750EC) who there was the old kingdom under Hattusilis I truly expanded the power of the city (1650-7G20BC). While his successor Mursilis of Babylon, He expanded the new empire I Invaded Bablylon ending the Amorite dynast} that also took parts of the north that around 1590BC, thereafter a civil war or became known as Assyria. We find that the power struggle appears and a Dark Age seems new Amorite empire also lasts only one to take hold with the rise of a new kingdan cycle. The peak came by 1G70BC and then generally between 1400-1200BC, It is we find a 72 year decline into about 1598 the new kingdom that perhaps reached a very BC that is marked by a new invasion of quick peak under Suppluliumas I fT380-46BC). the Hittite King Mursil I who conquered Nevertheless, the savage warrior image is Babylon deposing the last Amorite king of this new kingdom post-Santorini where Samsuditana around 1595BC. This allowed Muwatallia (1320-1294BC) attempted to rape the mountain people east of Babylonia to and pillage Egypt. It was a great battle now assume power known as the Kassites, with Egypt defended by Seti I pharaoh of who ruled for almost the next 400 years. Egypt and Ramses II (T304-1237BC) the main The Kassites retained the invention of pharaoh of Egypt of Biblical fame. There- . writing and published beginning the cel• after, Battusilis III (1275-1250BC) enters ebrated Enuma Elish, the Babylonian epic a peace treaty with Egypt . However, the of creation. Mf±ite^mpire falls to the "Sea Peoples" about 1193BC and we find the last vestiges of this culture died out by 710BC, It was It was during the 14th century BC this culture that created perhaps the first that Assyria had been a dependency of Ti&lath-pileser III

Mycenae - The Lion Gate Entrance Under Tiglath-pileser III (746-681 BC), Assyria is reorganized after a major revolt in 745BC. so what we see is the beginning of governmental structures for concept that when a king dies, he becomes Tiglath created 80 provinces in 738BC and a god. invented relayed communications that is eventually adopted by the Romans. It was The Santorini event of about 1650BC a sort of pony-express where information no doubt effected agriculture that was the travels quickly 6n roads - a prlmative bulk of the economy in those distant days. ancient concept of the internet using Even the United States in the 1860s was horses. However, despite this invention, still 70% agrarian, so we can see without precisely 112 years later (half-cycle), the industrial revolution, there must have we come to the end of Assyria with the been a much higher concentration between last king Ashurbanipal (668-627/26BC). 85-95£ agrarian. It is after this event that we also see the emergence of the "Sea People" who were most likely the mainland Greeks. The reigns of power now passed to The famous empire of the Minoans, was surely the founder of a new dynasty known as the wiped out by Santorini. But evidence has Chaldean Dynasty under wabopolassar who shown that despite popular belief, there made his seat of power Babylon in S26BC. appears to be a much wider international It is his son that is of Biblical fame - trade for the goods produced at Mycenae, Nebuchadrezzar II (G05-562BC), who was a the origin of true legend, the heme of great military leader expanding the scope Agamemnon, whose goods have been found in of the Elnpire in 604 between June and Dec• Egypt, Syria, and Palestine. At the ruins ember conquering Syria and Palestine. He of Knossos, we also find Greek written even clashed with Egypt in 606-605BC, but language known as Linear B. Clearly, trade took heavy losses. He returned to Babylon helped to expariaVthe invention of writing as to rebuild his army and replace the many .well, , chariots. His father died on August 16th, 605BC, After the fall of the Kasssites, the new second Dynasty of Babylon brings to Palestine took advantage of the loss us another famous king. This is the Isin to Egypt and where it had been conquered, Dynasty of which its most famous king is it was merely a vassal state. Nonetheless, Nebuchadrezzar I (1124-1103BC). He defeats in 599/598 BC, Wetxichadrezzar II moved to Elam and fights off the Assyrians for regain control attacking the Arab tribes quite some time. and then he turned against the Jews taking Jerusalem on March 16th, 597BC. He fought Upon the death of Retjuchadrezzar I, off an invasion from Elam (Iran) and put we find an all out struggle to control down a internal rebellion in 595/94BC. He Babylon between now the Assyrians, the again attacked Jerusalem 13 years later Arameans, and the Chaldeans. Between the taking the city in August 586BC deporting 9th and 7th centuries, about another 224 the prominent citizens to work as slaves, years, we find that Babylon was controlled and then the common people in 582BC. predominantly by the Assyrians, TO Achaemanian Dynasty Nebuchadrezzar II was clearly a key The Persian Conquest of Babylon historical figure who was a brilliant tactician and a strategist. But be also furthered the concept of international diplomacy, sending an airibassador to try to mediate between the Medes of Iran and the Lydians in Asia Minor (Turkey).

Babylon was rebuilt to its true fame under Nebuchadrezzar II. Mot merely did he establish fortifications, he also made a great moat and a new outer defense wall. He created a paved ceremonial road known as the Procession Way made of while lime• stone, but he also created canals improv• ing agricultural production. He viewed that Babylon was to be the greatest of all cities and disparaged predecessors who had built places other than Babylon. However, it should be noted, that the city of Or was not a desert when built. The Euphrates river changed course and thus Ur lost its fertile lands. This may have been caused also by Santorini.

It was also Nebucadcezzar II who built one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World - the hanging gardens of Babylon. Like the Taj Mahal in India, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were also built for Nebucadrezzar II's wife who was from Media (Iran) who missed the more diverse landscape and were intended to simulate the hills of Media. However, this could be only legend since there is no evidence either in the writings or in The Achaemeniaii Dynasty takes its name archaeological remains. who founded this Iranian line or royality - Achaanenes. Iran was primarily divided into two lands Media and Persis. Persis was most Nebuchadrezzar II dies In August or likely a vassal state of Media. It appears September of 5G1BC. The conflicts between that Achaenenes was succeeded by his son Media and Lydia eventually led to the Teispes (G75-G40BC). He tried to remain a Persian conquest that would take even neutral between the conflicts of Elam and Babylon in 539BC just 22 years following Assyria. Upon his death, his domain was split his death. He was succeeded by his son in half and ruled by two sons Ariaramnes and Awil-Marduk who was succeeded in 556BC Cyrus I, or provided for some sort of an by Nabonidus (556-539BC), the last to alternate sharing of the throne. rule before the Persian conquest. It was Nabcndius who more-or-less abandoned Babylon for Arabia and seems to have also Cyrus I was forced to accept Assyrian devoted himself to the moon god Sin, He dcminance in 639BC after sending aid even to left his son Belshazzar as regent over Babylon in 65lBC.He was forced to send his Babylonia. Because of his abandonment of eldest son to the Assyrian capital at Nineveh. Marduk, the god of Babylon, the high Cambyses I (600-559EC) succeeded his father priests clearly Influenced the people so but Susa in Elam was now a vassal of Media. that when the Persians came, there was According to Herodotus, he married the daugh• no real resistance and thus Babylon then ter of the king of Media Astyages, and thus fell to Iran and its Persians. their son Cyrus H the Great, was the joining of Persis and Media, Xenophon writes of this man as the ideal ruler.

11 This period of the flchaemeni an Dynasty Croesus feared this new rising power that and it rise under Cyrus II the Great (559- had toppled Media. He farmed a coalition with 52S6C), is what one might call the golden Babylon, Egypt, and Sparta promising to send age of Persia for this is the period of troops. Croesus invaded Cappadocia, eastern which history is most memorable for the Anatolia, but the battle was inconclusive at majority of people. But where the golden Pteria. He retreated to Sardis to gather forces age of Athens was short-lived, here also we but was surprised by Cyrus who pursued him and find but one cycle of 224 years before it stormed the city in 546BC. There was much dis• falls to Alexander the Great in 331 BC. pute as to the fate of Croesus as to if he was killed or taken into capitivity and treated well Cyrus appears to have inherited the by Cyrus, Yet, Cyrus now held Anatolia (Turkey), empire of the Medes. It was said that his grandfather Astyages had a dream that this The next great prise just sitting there boy would overthrow him, and gave an order was Babylon, which had been basically just to kill him. He was given to a shepard to abandoned by Kabonidus. The people were very raise. Astyages discovered his identity at dissatisfied with Habonidus and his devotion age 10, but let him live because he was so to the moon god Sin that seems to have caused capable at a young age. Cyrus upon reaching him to live In Arabia. In October 539BC, the manhood in Persis, turned against his grand• once greatest city of the ancient world, fell father who marched against him, but the army to Cyrus with no real resistance. deserted him and surrendered to Cyrus in 5S0EC. Cyrus is a hero to the Jews for he treed the Jews from their Babylonian Exile that may Cyrus consolidated his power over all have lasted between 48 years and 72 years- of the Iranian tribes .before turning West. Cyrus allowed the Jews to return to Palistine, He turned to Lydia and its famous rich king and ha allowed them to revuilt their temple Croesus who invented coins by standardizing in 516BC. This is also the period that the the metal planchets and stamped an image of Jews may have began to create synagogues. a lion confronting a bull. Cyrus to the Persians was as important as Romulus S Bemus to Che Romans, Moses to the Israelites, and George Washington to the Gold Stater Americans, He became the' epitome of the great qualies expected of a ruler in antiquity. Ha of assumed heroic features as a conqueror who Croesus was tolerant and magnanimous blending with daring and bravity and well as brilliance (560-546EC) of mind. These qualities Jed even the Greeks to aomire such a leader.

12 C^rrbyses II f529-522BC) was the eldest Cyrus IT the Great no doubt ras one of son of Cyrus H the Great who conquered Egypt the nost renown leaders in history. He was in 525BC. He was his son by Cassaodahe who admired both by Alexander the Great as well as Julius Caeaar. He is mentioned even in was tiie daughter of a fellow Achaemenid. He the Bible as the person responsible for the was in charge of Babylonian affairs under his freedom of the Jews from their Babylonian father's reign, and learned how to administer Exile. Cyrus seems to have kept Babylon as a state government, in 538BC, he performed as winter capital, and had built a new city the rituals and duties of a Babylonian king of Pasargadae, in Persis on the site of the for the New Year festival, and he assumed the battle against Astyages where it all began. position of regent just before his father left on his last campaign. His conquest of Egypt Cyrus H was the first truly great during the reign of Psamtik. HI, was truly his leader who listened, and adopted the best greatest achievement, of each society, belnding it all together. This was a man of great respect and was no Cambyses H planned invasions against hoth doubt the first true leader to adopt the Carthage and Ethiopia. He set out for Ethiopa freedom of Rol iqion, allowing each people but ran short of supplies and had to turn back. to worship ae they liked. This is why he Again Herodotus tells us that Cambyses had in freed the Jews and allowed them to rebuild fact comiitted many atrocities in Egypt where their temple. he attributed them to madness. However, when we consult the Egyptian text, theygivenosuch He retained the whole idea of state account and that he followed in his father's money invented in Lydia. He was the true footsteps and was very conciliatory to local guiding genius in the creation not only of custom and religion. a great empire, but in the formation of the very culture furthering civilization. Be We are told by more than one source that retained the idea of Tiglafch-pileser HI he had killed his brother before invading of Assyria who created a great road to then Egypt, but the throne was then usurped by a enhance communications by relaying. This pretender claiming to be his brother in March concept produced the famous Persian Royal 522BC, Upon his return, he is said to have Road that stretched 1,500 miles (2,400 km) heard of a revolt In Syria, went there, and running from Susa, the ancient capital of died of either an accident or by his own hand. Persia, through modern Iraq, Armenia, and He is said to have cut the revenue of the through Turkey to reach the Aegean Sea, The priests of Egypt in half. very slogan of the US Post Office is a derivative of what Herodotus (484-430/20 BC) the Greek historian wrote that messengers Cyrus XI the Great had also retained the vrtio travelled this road were stopped by the organizational structure of government that "neither snow, nor rain, nor heat, nor gloom was devised by TigLath-pileser m (746-681BC) of night," and were able to traverse the of Assyria, who had created 80 provinces in entire road in just 9 days thanks to relays. his kingdom and manage the affairs and economy. The normal travel time was said to have been Cyrus retained this idea of governorships that 3 months. Of course, the downside was to was followed by the Romans and is at the core be revealed when Alexander the Great made of the United States even today. use of the Royal Road for his invasion and conquest of the Persian Empire about 224 These provincial governors were called years later. a "satrap." As time would pass, we *ould also find local coinage minted by some of' these satraps, nevertheless, it was the satrap of The death of Cyrus is told by Herodotus Persia Hystaspes whose son seises the throne to have arisen from his conquest over the upon the death of Cambyses II, Ha was a satrap nomads called the Massagetai, who were led both under Cyrus II and Cambyses II, He is said by a woman. He captured her son, but he is to have even accompanied Cyrus on his last said bo have committed suicide in captivity. carapaigne against the Massagetai in 53DBC. He His mother swore revenge end defeated him also suppressed a revolt in 521BC following and killed Cyrus. This story may be fiction, the seizure of the throne by his son in 522BC, but Cyrus did invade central Asia east of in the very province that he governed. He is the Caspian sea up through Georgia. also said to have been the protector of the prophet Zoroaster.

f3 He assembled a fleet, but it had sa^ in a storm off **n± *thos in 492BC. In 490 BC he sent another force that destroyed the city of Eretria and enslaved all inhabitant yet this was the force that was defeated by the Athenians at the battle of Marathon.

Clearly, we still today have the race that is known as the running of the marathon,-'-This was a 26 mile run by an Athenian messenger "who announced his city-state's victory over the Persians in 490BC. Upon learning of the Persian defeat, Egypt then revolted against Persian rule showing this contagion effect that nay begin to raise its head by 2018,

Despite his image painted by the Greeks, Darius followed the example of Cyrus II the Great and he respected the native religious institutions maintaining the Freedom of all Religion. He expanded the monetary system using bimetalic .coinage invented by Crdesis or Lydia, bringing a standardization of'weights and measures esstentially creating a world currency Since the Greeks lacked gold and had relied upon silver mines,

Darius completed the reorganization of the empire into provincial governorships that were known as Satrapies, initiated by Cyrus Darius I (522-4B6 BC) II the Great. He encourages the establishment of medical schcols and he too ordered that Darius J was the son of Eystaspes there should be a codification of the rule of who seised the throne in 522BC. Darius was law in Egypt. The Egyptians considered him with Cambyses H in Egypt and upon his dea• one of the great law givers, in 519BC, he th, Darius hastened back to Media where authorised the Jews to rebuild the temple at with the help of six Persian nobles, he Jerusalem, it appears from inscriptions, that ki lled Barohya who claimed to have been a Darius believed in one God and was a follower son of Cyrus II and usurped the throne. It of the teachings of Zoroaster, and had then was Darius who defended his action on the introduced Zoroastrianism as the state re- claim that Bardiya was really a usurper ligoninPersia.- He made his formal capital named Gawata who was a Magian impersonating Susa and built the city of Persepolis as a Bardiya who he claimed had been secretly royal residence, although it does not seem murdered by Cambyses II before leaving for to have been completed in his lifetime. Egypt. Darius, however, who at best was a member of a collateral branch and both his father and grandfather were alive who, .if Darius I had issued a gold coin that you folic*,' the logic, should have been heir became known as a "Daric" and the image of to the throne before himself. wealth that made Ctoesus a target, would one day attrack others against the Persian Empire, Where this empire was built upon gold, the There were quite a few rebellions and Greeks based their monetary system upon silvej perhaps even a civil war given that Darius and the Romans lackedboth, beginning with fought 19 battles and defeated 9 rebel bronze issuing coins denominated into units rulers- Darius expanded the empire and had of ounces being equal to a pound of bronze. sent scouts to Greece, but made no attempt to invade until 499EC, when Athens and the city state of Eretria supported a revolt It would be his son, Xerxes I (486-465 of the Greek city states in Ionia against BC) who would seek to vindicate his rather1 s Persian rule. loss in Greece and launched a vast invasion force for which he is best known. U Greece was just not economically very important in those days. From a practical standpoint, such an undertaking was placing at risk the entire Persian Empire, Indeed, tha loss was profound, for it not merely was the source of disgrace, but it encouraged the Greeks that they could indeed invade Persia and capture the greatest empire man had ever known. Perhaps Xerxes I was simply lost in his idea that he was absolute ruler of the known world, and thus it was his pure destiny to take Greece as well? He was not a foolish mail, otherwise in how he administers his power. Nonetheless, it may be that the rebellions after his father's death profoundly led him to this position of one God and thus there should be one ruler. This was a position later taken by Constantino himself. Xerxes I {466-465BC) Herodotus claims that size of his army Perhaps Xerxes I is the best known of was beyond all imagination - 5,000,000 men. the Persian kings for he is the one who has This seems highly unlikely. There was a very been portrayed in movies involving the well large force no doubt, but it is more likely known battles of Thertncpylae where the 300 to have been in the area of 350,000-400,000 Spartans held off his army. strong. This army was supported by about 700 to 800 ships. The accession to the throne was not so smooth. He moved against Egypt where a bold It was the terrain that was underestima^ usurper appeared and had been ruling far 2 ted that allowed 300 Spartans to hold off his years. In 484BC, he ravaged the entire Nile entire army at the Battle of Thermopylae in Delta, He then turned and was faced with yet 480BC. Xerxes I did manage to occupy Athens another usurper in Babylon r then his own -son- and Attica and even burned the city, after in-law attempted to usurp power and he had pUlaging it on September 21st, 480BC. But to crush this attempt. He tore down the on September 29th, 4B0BC, he saw the walls of fortress at Babylon and pillaged the temples wood that the Oracle of Delphia told the and destroyed their famous statute of Marduk Athenians to build at Salamis. It was there that was a major political event since the that he attacked and lost a naval battle that rulers of Babylon were seen as being truly turned the tide. empowered by Marduk. Where his father had tried to unify the empire taking the titles Once the fleet was lost, that out the of king of Babylon and of Egypt, these key supply chain forcing his army to retreat. He rebellions ended that unification and he left an army to occupy Thessaly, hut there to claimed only the title of "king of the Per- they were defeated and the general slain, at Slans and the Medes." Xerxes thus adopted the battle of Plataea on August 27, 470BC. the position that he was now the adversary He then depleted the treasury further by the of the pegan gods and was a monotheist and cost of expenditure on construction projects follower of Zoroaster, such as Persepolis, The vast revenue he had gathered to invade Greece was through massive taxation. These construction projects made Xerxes I reestablisl led his authority him feel seme sort of victory for he laid an throughout his empire from: Egypt to Turkey, enameled-brick finishing his father's palace. It is argued that his advisors urged the This was all an effort at adopting a new and invasion of Greece. Certainly, this was no colossal style that was extremely pretentious. economic war, for Greece lacked the true He clearly withdrew from the world following wealth of gold and thus all to be gained the Greek defeat. He became easily cnauipulatec was glory, at great expense. It appears and executed the entire family of his brothar. that Xerxes I was very impressionable. This He eventually was murdered himself in 4S5BC monumental effort would take 3 years alone with his eldest son by his own minister seekir to prepare f484~4eiBC>. to control the power behind the scenes. .

15 Xerxes I was succeeded by his youngest Athenians, who essentially then controlled son after he was murdered by Artahanus, his Ionia in Turkey from about 448EC, However, own minister hoping to put in place the per• once the Athenians ware defeated in Sicily son he believed he could manipulate best. at Syracuse in 413BC, Darius then decided Artaxerxes I (465^25BCJ succeeded his fath• to recover the Greek cities of Ionia. In er, but the plans of Artabanus were crushed 407BC, DarluE joined Sparta against Athens for Artaxerxes I slew him in hand-to-hand and appointed his son Cyrus the Younger as combat. He too had to face a few rebellions his commandar--in-chi©f and provided the funds including one led by his own brother. But to re-create the Spartan fleet. As a result, again the most serious one took place in Athens fell, but Darius died shortly there• Egypt under marcs, who was in league with after. the Athenians. After a prolonged struggle, the Persians van after about 6 years between 460 and 454EC. The conflict with Athens had The throne went to his first son upon finally come to an end for a while at least his death - Artaxerxes II (404-359/5SBCJ. in 44SBC. He remained neutral in the Greek With the fall of Athens in 404BC, Persia Peloponnesian War between Sparta and Athens, also lost Egypt in 404BC. His brother, Cyrus that ended in Athens1 defeat in 404 BC. the Younger, rebelled and was defeated and killed in 401BC. Because Cyrus also was in Asia Minor drawing upon Greeks for his rebell• Darius H (423-404BC) now ccmes to the ion, despite his loss, this exposed the fact throne who was the son of Artaxerxes I with that the Persians ware vulnerable. In 400 BC, a concubine. He seized the throne from his Sparta turned against the Persians and thus half brother Secydianus and had him executed. invaded Anatolia gaining much success. But Darius II was the name he actually adopted the Spartans lost their fleet again in 394BC since his real name was Ochus and he was yielding master of the Aegean back to the a prior satrap himself - Persians. Now we find Athens, Thebes, Argos, and Corinth joining the Persians against the He was also known as "Nothus" that at Spartans. But in 396BC, Athens was compelled the time meant Bastard. His wife was known to accept the "King's Peace" of the Persians to have been as ruthless as him, and very whereby Anatolia and now Cyrus were given cruel as well as the ambitius Parysatis. It back to Persia. But Egypt, could not be re• is no surprise that when there is such a taken. lack of honor at the top, not much can be expected below. His reign began the real downfall of the Persian court for it was However, Persia was able to hold the submerged into corruption and intrigue. Greek cities of Anatolia not because of their strength, but because of the discord among the Greeks, giving false impressions of the The Greeks had migrated bringing an power of Persia. This became apparent in end to the Heroric period due to weather 366BC when another Ionian revolt broke-out. and the invasion of the Dorians about the This time, the alliance was between Athens, year 1,000BC. Those that fled to Turkey, Sparta, and Egypt, against which the Persians then known as Anatolia, became known as could do little. However, one thing they had the Ionians and were generally from Attica always said about the Greeks, it was next to where Athens was located. They founded impossible to get them to ever agree and to numerous cities such as Miletus. The first trust each other. Thanks to treacheries, the written evidence of the Ionians was that alliance failed and Persian control had been of the Assyrian king Sennacherib (704-681 restored. BC). They in turn colonized other regions such as Italy and Sicily. The city state cf Miletus is said to have founded some 90 Upon his death, his ruthless son who colonies itself. In fact, the classic 24- was previously known as Cchus cane to power letter Greek alphabet appears to have come aa Artaxeres HI {359/8-338BC), who promptly from Miletus and adopted by Athens in 403 put to death most of the royal family. He BC. ordered the Satraps (governors) to dismiss all their mercenaries to secure his power and reduce rivals. His attempt to retake in 499BC, Miletus organized a Ionian Egypt in 351BC failed, and this encouraged Basalt that marked the birth of the Greek- Phoenician towns and Cyprus to rerolt. He Persian conflict, and it was sacked by the then gathered a great force and returned to Persians in 494BC. After the Persian defeat, defeat Egypt in 343BC. Miletus joined the Delian League with the HI twice sent letters to Therea^;J?5Ett5*W»3 ottering v^t-hless oeople tend to also loin «ith Alexander the Great ffered ^ oay character- ^ ^ Kn traite extant back into ^tiquity as Hera is where Artaxerxes III seals S ^TSte, for he raises to the highest offered to abandon the western part Of the cower, Bagoas who enjoys the cower and is Se narked by the Euphrates f^-f^ determined to manipulate the throne rather offt^red his daughter in return for this Und than cccupy it. In 338BC, Bagoas poisons alliance. Alexander rejected both letters and Artaxerxes m and his elder sons and he marched on Mesopotamia, Darius HI again inade raised Arses, to the throne, the youngest no effort to prevent Alexander from crossing of the lot. However, Arses {33B-336BO fiid either the Euphrates or Tigris rivers. He then not last long either, for he too was also offered battle at Gaugamala and was soundly poisoned by Bagoas. defeated on October 1st, 331BC. Yet he again Bagoas now raises Darius HI /336-330 fled leaving his army to fight. He fled to BC) who is the last Persian king. The Bactria where ha was killed by that satrap young Darius III who belonged to only a^ Bessus, This ended the Persian line of kings. collateral branch of the royal family. Onca Nevertheless, Alexander died at Babylon 10 ' more Bagoas attempted to poison him as well days after a prolonged banquet and drinking but he was warned. He then forced Bagoas to tout. He was taken to a new city in Eqypt that drink the poison himself. was named after him - Alexandria - where he was hurried in a solid gold coffin. His tcmb remained intact except for his sword and shiel were taken by a later Roman emperor- His tomb was most likely pillaged during the collapse of the monetary system in the 3rd century ADar it is possible that he was poisoned as well in Babylon where the Persians had become very skilled at such treachery. Philip II of Macedonia Siver Tatradrarfim (3S9-336BC)

Philip II of Macedonia was the father of Alexander the Great, He began to invade Asia Minor, Anatolia in 340BC, and at first Artaxerxes ni sent support troops to the

cities of Perintus and Byzantium, in 337BCr Philip H formed the league of Corinth for 7th Century BC Electron Stater of Lydia the state purpose Of liberating the Greek cities under Persian rule. Perhaps because When the political-history is merged wit of the tactics of poisoning that took place the monetary history, we can achieve a greats at the Persian court under Bagoas, It seems degree of understanding by the emerging scope that Darius HI instigated his first CIA of econcmic-history. For example, the inventi type of plot to assassinate Philip II and of a standardized weight system, began in I#di hopefully avoid a war. Philip II was indeed of Asia Minor (Turkey) during the 7th Century assassinated in July of 336AQ who had then and all we see are lines on one side and an gathered an invasion force- However, in the incuse punch on the jther struck on electrum, Spring of 334BC, Alexander the Great then a natural alloy of a mixture of gold and sil- crossed the Hellespont and the end of the ver with a weight of 14.2 grams. This gives Persian dynasty was at hand. way to a design of tjo lions facing struck or electrum at the samel wight about 650-5GTBC to had m6e serious effort Under Croesus, the design changes to a lion

f7 The conflict with the Persians is very clearly reflected in the coinage, Me see the economic casts of defense to a military invasion for the first evidence of any Inflation is demonstrated by the monetary reform of Croesus whereby the gold stater that began at 10-10,39 grams, declines to 6,17 grams on average.

The gold coinage issued in Lydia now Lender the rule of the Persians with Cyrus the Great, is further reduced slightly to 8 grams. It appears that both Cyrus and Seleucus I Nicator Xerxes I made no effort to change the (312-281 BC) design and continued to mint coinage using the familiar lion confronting a bull. following the death of Alexander the Great in 323BC Seleucus I was the son of one of his generals - Antiochus who was bom in Macedonia, Seleucus was merely a satrap at Babylon, There seemed to be a general agreement to split the empire among the generals, Antigonus, however, desired to rule the entire empire and thus we find Seleucus fleeing to Ptolemy who was now ruling Egypt, and negotiated a coalition among Ptolemy, Lysimachus in Thrace, and Cassander Double Geld Doric of Stamenes (323-323BCJ who was claiming Macedonia, This resulted in a coalition war between 315-311BC, Antigonus' It is Darius I who is the first ruler son Demetrius was defeated at the Battle of to strike his own image on a coin. Ke made Gaza in 312BC, In August 312BC, Seleucus this change about 510BC, The image is not retook Babylon. Thus we see a new Greek dynasty actually a portrait. Instead, it is the begin formally on October 1st, 312BC. image of Darius I shooting a bow With a quiver behind. It is at this time that the name of the coinage in gold is simply now called a 1fDaric" and becomes the symbol of wealth and power, it is Xerxes I who then modifies the design slightly with the king appearing as a bearded archer kneeling. Yet the weight remains about the same, There does not appear to be any decline in weight going into the end of the Persian rule. Under Alexander the Great, the design remains in place suggesting that it *os not seen as a portrait nor yet as a political tool tc Artabanus I t211-l9lBC) show that the Persians had been conquered. We find that there is now a Double Deric From the Iranian perspective, this is issued with a weight of 16.67 grams, but where we see a split again with Syria & Babylon the image shown above is still Persian even with the rise of a new dynasty known as the as minted between 32B-323BC. Arscaid Dynasty that rules Persia/Iran starting about 247BC going into 224AD, The origin of this dynasty is just east of the Caspian sea. They It ie the death of Alexander the Great become known as Parthia and are the rivals to that sparks not merely a contest between Rome itself. all hla generals carving up the empire, but we find widespread use of portraits of these The Parthians become truly a formidable generals and governors throughout the new force that were for the most part, simply in coinage that appears. an ongoing cold war with Borne, J ^frontation ^ *J Valerian the defeat ^ *yg53K balcw), *0 U£e phraates IV uodsr Shapur I W^Sft 137 - 2 BC> W: report « fed as a tropfcy* Silver others say ne ^ ™*£o» ard to r**t Coinage of After this, *e ^np^* ^ Farthia ruler, Hormiza" I

"the Brave" and changes his title to ting We find that the Parthians defeated the renown Crassus, a Triumvir with Julius Caesar during the reign of Ordes II (57-37EC). We defeat of the Ttoman Kmperor. find many various conflicts, 54-63AD, the Reman Emperor Trajan invaded 114-115AD. Me do see, however, some debasement in their coinage especially during the reign^of Vonones K7-UAD). He find that the Romans were able to make some headway during a key invasion between 162-165 AD where they burned the palace at Ctesiphon and Shapur I forced the king at that {241 - 272AD) time to sign a peace treay - VOlogeses IV- Vblogeses XV (148 — 192 AD) Yet, ence more internal corruption in government unfolds without exception. We We find the Roman Qnperor Caracal la find civil war and a contest over the thror again attacked in 216AD. This was no doubt largely between 293 and 302 AD. This prompt trying to exploit a growing weakness- The a peace treaty with (tome In 296AO that lasi interesting lesson from parthia, was its for 40 years. very structure divided Into satraps. This effectively created a feudalization that if •ne was attacked, there were others who may survive, yet there was a central government. In many ways, this is the division of the united States as a matter of law, yet in practice the State structures mean little constitutionally in federal courts.

This line of kings is thus overthrown by a new internal line that rose again directly from Persia known as the Sasanian Dy• Shapur II nasty that remains in power (325 - 379AD) between 224AD and 651AD falling to the Arab con• In 363AD during the reign of Shapur II quest. This true Iranian again a Roman Fmperor himself in slain in Dynasty gains power' after Ardashr I battle - Julian, He was killed in battler [224 - 34 TAD) a conquest of 208-224AD perhaps by his own men for being against Christianity, on June 26/27tht 363m. ffe

It r End of Feudalism * Qjjth uT Capital^ &

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So what does this a11imean? Only by correlating everything can we see that the world we live in is so complex, There Is an amazing level of complexity the slightest intervention can disrupt things that reaches far beyond what man had even we never considered. Man had to learn the thought about. We are effected by every• hard way by transporting annimals to places thing, yet nothing individually. We tray they did not exist. Suddenly, man was playine think that we are able to reduce reasoning Gcd and introdncing species that had no such to one single explanation, but we are only natural enemies and then destroyed the native fooling ourselves. environment causing others to die out. This was what happened in Australia. Wow laws pre• I have provided a brief historical vent such events, but only after the evideno review of the first Persian kings and how has been painfully reviewed. they have risen to power and fame that has still captivated movies and celebrated in The global economy of man is perhaps tht even our modern Olympic games. When t*e most complex system that exists. Where we ca place such events against the monetary see in the science; correlations and react!oi history, we can see the rise and fall of that become laws between elements, we have inflation throughout political history. If yet to conceed such interrelationships on th we plot against this, Hie trends in each economic level. Politicians do not want to other nation and correlate them, we can listen like a child one tells don't play wit start to see additional cause and effect. matches for you might sat the house on fire. Then mapping this against natural history They just want to play with things because i reveals yet another impact that has shaped tJie long-run, they enjoy the potter, even if the nations and migrations of the world. they mess things up. Add still the long-term cycles of the sun's energy output that follows about a 300 year cycle that fluctuates about 15ft and was at This 224 year cycle is extremely regula a low 2400BC and will return to a low for and its peak in 1906 marks the Constitution 2400hp Just as it was in 180QAD nhen the in Iran, but it also marks the San Franciscc earthquake that laid the seed for capital fl ftsnption tkt led to

20 Clicking back one cycle we come to the So What Wow? target of 1682. This was the age of the big revolution in Britain followed by the new The 1906 peak in this cycle was a big period of William and Mary and the English event. This is where we even see the tremend• Bill of Right in 1689, This war was also a ous rise in Marxist theory. Within years, we contagion and we see similar conflicts in see the Russian revolution in 1917, revolution other nations at the same time. in Germany, and the introduction of the new "Progressive" Marxists in the United States. Moving back another cycle and we core The world that we live in today was set in to 1458 that was the final end of the last motion at this time. great Western Bnpire - Byzantium. The city of Constantinople falls in 1453 and the Income tax was voted on and approved by birth of the Ottoman Empire emerges that Congress in 1909, and it took until 1913 to would also have profound economic impact gain state ratification to change the very around the globe until it fell in 1922 core of American liberty - no direct taxation but had certainly peaked by 1906. at all. From this eventF we began to move to the concept of big government and the loss We can see at the previous cycle of of liberty for to collect direct taxes, the 1234, the events that follow shock the government must know who and where you areh world. This was the Black Death that had pretty much at all times. The concept of a killed off as much as two-thirds of the passport was in fact born in Home as a means European population depending upon the of keeping track of the population for the region, and fundamentally altered the sole purpose of taxation since there was only global economy. This brings to an end the one government. age of feudalism that took hold after the fall of Rome in the West. There were no individual wages. The population tilled The Islamic revolution in Iran came on the soil for the "landlord" who gave them target in 1978 72 years following the 1906 shelter, protection, and generally about forced constitution. Ons Pi cycle of 31.4 20% of what they grew. years brought us to 2009, We are now turning down for a 8.6 year leg completing a 112 year turning point in 2018. This is the season for This cycle moves through the major global revolutionary contagious. .political changes and goes straight back to Cyrus II the Great of Persia who gave The Chinese have a curse they say - "May us the enlightened concept of merging you live in interesting tines!" This is what cultures and the creation of a modem we most certainly live in right now. The new state that still is followed today with "Progressive" Democrats are going to blow-up governors, municipalities, and city type our econcmy like never before. We cannot turn of rulers. to the Republicans, for they are on their own religious quest and to hell with allowing the We even find the rise of Islam.faith Freedom of Religion and focus upon ending the coming 72 years after the peak in 562. It poisonous Marxist philosophy that is eating was 610 when Muhammad is said to have then out society from within. As long as we live received his calling and began preaching under the delusion that politicians actually in 613. He was forced to flee Mecca about know what they are doing and can fix anything 619 and the great battle against Mecca that they created themselves, we are doomed. came in 624, where his military victory was seen as devine approval, a second battle took place at Uhud is 625 where he How do we survive? Understand the beast lost, but he outwitted his opponents at that is in control. They say the smart ones the seige of Medina in 627. He agreed with see it coming and leave. It would be nice the Meccans reaching a treaty in 628 where to just believe that we can cause a change his political authority was recognized. By and prevent this political-economic implosion. 630, he gathered the nomad tribes and In Yet, it is not easy to convince a man pointing January 630 entered Mecca with 10,000 men. a gun and demanding your money, that he should He died June 3th, 632 and was born about not have a gun. Who will buy all the new debt 570AD. The political cycle reached its they need to create to sustain this fiction? turning point on the 72 year in 634AD. Perhaps we better get to Mars quick and hope there is life so we can say: "Hey! Want seme Bonds?" 5

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