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Dossier Documentaire CHANOUGA L’histoire de Narcisse Pelletier, un fait divers maritime librement adapté par CHANOUGA, auteur de Bande Dessinée Dossier documentaire © Chanouga - Noël Casanova SOMMAIRE Chanouga et Narcisse 3 L’histoire de Narcisse Pelletier 6 De l’histoire oubliée à la bande dessinée 8 Les 2 principales sources documentaires de la bande dessinée Narcisse 11 Dix-sept ans chez les sauvages - Aventures de Narcisse Pelletier 12 Naufrage et scènes d’anthropophagie à l’île Rossell, dans l’archipel de La Louisiade (Mélanésie). 14 Premières photographies 15 Narcisse Pelletier et son temps 17 Le monde au temps de Narcisse Pelletier 18 Le tour du monde de Narcisse Pelletier 19 L’apprentissage de la mer et les premiers ports : 1852 > 1857 20 Le voyage du Saint-Paul, de Marseille à l’île Rossel : 6 août 1857 > 11 septembre 1858 22 Archipel de la Louisiade, île Rossel, (Mélanésie) 24 La route de la chaloupe du Saint-Paul à la recherche de secours - De l’île Rossel au Cap Direction : 14 > 25 septembre 1858 25 La Nouvelle Hollande ou Australie 26 Night Island (13 miles au Nord-Ouest du Cap Sidmouth) 28 De la capture de Narcisse Pelletier (11 avril 1875) à son arrivée à Nouméa (début juillet 1875) 29 Le voyage de retour de Narcisse Pelletier, de Somerset (14 mai 1875) à Saint-Gilles-sur-Vie (2 janvier 1876) 30 Le tour du monde de Narcisse Pelletier - Marseille, 6 août 1857 > Toulon, 14 décembre 1875 32 Pour aller plus loin… 33 Narcisse Pelletier - Le Robinson français 34 Les premiers mots écrits par Narcisse Pelletier à Somerset 36 Trois lettres de Narcisse Pelletier à ses parents 37 Lettres du capitaine Pinard à ses armateurs et à madame Pinard 40 Sur un Français nommé Narcisse Pelletier qui oublia sa langue chez les Australiens 45 Du fait divers à la Bande Dessinée - Entretien avec Pierre Burssens 49 L’histoire du mousse Narcisse Pelletier dans les Archives 51 Bibliographie 52 Narcisse - Dossier documentaire - © Chanouga - Noël Casanova 2 Chanouga et Narcisse CHANOUGA, de son vrai nom, Hubert Campigli, est né et vit à Marseille. Formé à l’École des Beaux-Arts, il travaille depuis plusieurs années comme graphiste illustrateur free-lance. Dès l’enfance, il nourrit une passion pour la mer et la bande dessinée. En 2009, sa rencontre avec l’éditeur genevois Pierre Paquet lui donne l’opportunité de se lancer dans l’aventure de l’écriture. Son premier album De Profundis, publié en 2011, est récompensé par le Crayon d’Or du Festival de Brignais, le Prix du Public France 3 et le Prix Espoir du 36e fes- tival de Chambéry. Grand amateur d’histoire et de patrimoine maritimes, Chanouga découvre par hasard l’édifiante aventure de Narcisse Pelletier et le destin hors du commun de ce mousse du XIXe siècle qui devient le thème de sa trilogie Narcisse. Le tome 1, Mémoire d’outre-monde, publié en 2014 a été nommé pour le Prix des Collégiens du Festival International d’Angoulême 2015. Invité du Salon Étonnants voyageurs de Saint-Malo en 2015, Chanouga présente Narcisse dans le cadre de l’exposition Aventures maritimes. Le deuxième tome, Terra Nullius, parenthèse australienne de son jeune héros aban- donné 17 ans en terre aborigène, paraît la même année, l’album a été nommé pour le Prix Historia 2016 et a reçu le prix Bulles de Mer 2017 lors du Salon du Livre de Mer de l’Île de Noirmoutier. Vents contraires, le dernier volet de la trilogie Narcisse, raconte la “troisième vie” du naufragé vendéen, celle d’un homme blanc arraché à sa famille d’adoption aborigène, avec laquelle il a vécu dix-sept années. C’est le récit de son retour à la civilisation, dans l’ambiance du colonialisme triomphant d’une France où il sera à jamais le Blanc qui a commis l’impardonnable : abandonner sa culture et sa religion, pour devenir sauvage. Ce travail de création autour de Narcisse Pelletier a donné lieu à un événement au Musée national de la Marine à Toulon sous le titre Chanouga et l’aborigène blanc de juillet 2017 à juin 2018. Narcisse - Dossier documentaire 3 L’auteur dans son atelier © photo Chanouga Narcisse - Dossier documentaire 4 Narcisse /Chanouga Une histoire, trois vies, trois albums I. Mémoire d’outre-monde II. Terra Nullius III. Vents contraires Narcisse - Dossier documentaire 5 L’histoire de Narcisse Pelletier Natif de Saint-Gilles-sur-Vie en Vendée, Narcisse Pierre Pelletier, décide à l’âge de 12 ans de devenir marin. Le 3 juillet 1852, dans sa neuvième année, débute son apprentis- sage de la mer. Le 6 août 1857, il embarque à Marseille comme mousse sur le Saint- Paul, un trois mâts de 620 tonneaux en partance pour Bombay. Le 11 septembre 1858, alors qu’il fait route pour Sydney, le navire fait naufrage sur les récifs de l’île Rossel dans l’archipel de La Louisiade, en Mélanésie. Son capitaine, Emmanuel Pinard et les membres de l’équipage rescapés dont le mousse, Narcisse Pelletier, partent à la recherche de secours à bord d’une chaloupe à voile. Après onze jours de navigation, avec pour seul instrument une boussole chinoise, les naufragés touchent les côtes sauvages de la Péninsule du Cap York au Nord-Est de l’Australie et y font escale. Ne trouvant ni eau, ni vivres, ils reprennent la mer en oubliant le mousse. Narcisse sera recueilli, soigné et adopté par des Aborigènes Uutaalnganu avec lesquels il vivra dix-sept années. Le 11 avril 1875, découvert par hasard par un navire anglais, il est capturé et ramené de force à la civilisation… Narcisse - Dossier documentaire 6 NARCISSE Tome 1 - Mémoires d’outre-monde - Page 27 © Chanouga - Ed. Paquet Narcisse - Dossier documentaire 7 De l’histoire oubliée à la bande dessinée La première fois que j’ai rencontré Narcisse, c’était en juin 2007, dans une brocante. En ouvrant un vieux numéro de la revue “Histoire de la mer”, je découvris la photographie d’un homme au corps scarifié, à l’oreille et au nez percés qui illustrait un article au titre énigmatique :“Narcisse Pelletier, le naufragé mystérieux”. Depuis, je ne l’ai plus quitté, rassemblant peu à peu les rares documents relatifs à sa singulière aventure et les quelques ouvrages qui lui ont été consacrés. Narcisse a bel et bien existé et pour le peu que l’on en sache, ce n’était ni un héros, ni un grand navigateur aux origines prestigieuses, mais tout simplement un petit gamin de Saint-Gilles-sur-Vie en Vendée, issu d’un milieu modeste, qui rêvait d’être marin… Narcisse s’imposa à moi, auteur de bandes dessinées, comme le héros que j’attendais. Très vite, il me parut évident que Narcisse avait vécu trois vies : celle de Narcisse, le petit Gira attiré par la mer, celle d’Amglo, l’aborigène du Cap Direction et celle du Sauvage blanc, le Narcisse Pelletier gardien du phare de l’Aiguillon. L’histoire de Narcisse s’écrira en trois albums et le travail de création pouvait alors commencer… Imaginer Narcisse… Narcisse Pelletier n’est pas un Robinson Crusoé, il est aux antipodes de l’enfant sauvage. Il a, semble-t-il, accepté son abandon sur les côtes inexplorées de l’extrême nord australien, comme un voyage sans retour, un aller-simple ; une nouvelle vie qui aura duré dix-sept années chez les “sauvages” d’où il n’est jamais vraiment revenu. Tout ce que l’on connaît de cette expérience est relaté dans la notice qu’un chroniqueur vendéen, Constant Merland, a écrite à partir du témoignage édulcoré de Narcisse recueilli à son retour à la civilisation : un document à caractère ethnographique plus qu’un témoignage personnel présenté comme “les aventures” de Narcisse Pelletier. Narcisse - Dossier documentaire 8 De cette histoire, il en ressort trois vérités : celle rapportée par le chirurgien de la Marine, Victor de Rochas, d’après le témoignage du capitaine Pinard, commandant du navire naufragé (Le Tour du Monde, 1861), celle de Narcisse livrée à Constant Merland où il accuse son capitaine de l’avoir volontairement abandonné et celle qu’il va garder pour lui, avec laquelle il vivra jusqu’à sa mort, dans la nostalgie d’un monde perdu à jamais et que ses contemporains n’auraient pu com- prendre. Étrange destinée que celle de ce blanc “civilisé”, converti à une culture “primitive” qui va le construire et nourrir sa vie d’homme, et de laquelle il sera arraché probablement malgré lui. Nourrie de ces vérités contradictoires, il y a enfin mon interprétation de l’histoire : une navigation entre les lignes... dans le fantasme d’un “outre-monde”... que Narcisse aurait pu aimer... De Narcisse à Amglo, aborigène Uutaalnganu Quel homme devint le jeune Narcisse, le mousse naufragé du Saint- Paul, abandonné, perdu, oublié… aux antipodes de sa Vendée natale, laissé pour mort par le capitaine Emmanuel Pinard et ses compagnons d’infortune sur les rives inexplorées du Nord-Est de l’Australie ? Le 14 septembre 1858, 3 jours après le naufrage du Saint-Paul sur les récifs de l’île Rossel, le capitaine Pinard et les membres de l’équipage rescapés dont le mousse, partent à la recherche de secours à bord d’une chaloupe à voile. Une boussole chinoise va les conduire 11 jours plus tard sur des rives sauvages proches du Cap Direction, au Nord-Est de la péninsule du Cap York australien. Aux yeux de la plupart des Européens de son époque, cette partie de l’Océanie n’est qu’un immense territoire lointain et exotique, peuplé de sauvages cannibales dont on ne reconnaît pas l’humanité. Le 30 septembre, à 14 ans et 9 mois, Narcisse Pelletier, l’enfant de Saint-Gilles-sur-Vie, le mousse abandonné, meurt sur les plages du Cap Direction, pour renaître en Amglo, jeune aborigène Uutaalnganu.
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