Wesleyan Theology in Europe Christian Thought in European Wesleyan tradition Jørgen Thaarup Prepared under the direction of The European Methodist Council Forlaget Tro-fast Wesleyan Theology in Europe Christian Thought in European Wesleyan tradition Jørgen Thaarup Prepared under direction of The European Methodist Council Forlaget Tro-fast Publication supported by UMC Northern Europe and Baltic area Fund of Wesleyan Theology © European Methodist Council & Jørgen Thaarup www.methodist.eu ISBN: 978-87-90828-86-8 (print) ISBN: 978-87-90828-87-5 (e-book) Scope Signs: 193.912 Words: 28.922 Typography: Times New Roman Cover design: Dorte Bhutho Cover photo: Isabella Hønnicke Printed by Toptryk, Gråsten, Denmark First printing 2021 Publisher: www.tro-fast.dk Web-sales via: [email protected] and www.saxo.dk Preface Even though the Wesleyan movement did not become a worldwide phenomenon before it took root on the American continent, it is a branch of Christianity that originated in Europe. First, of course, it took shape as an awakening within the Church of England in the 18th century, and then again in the 19th century when British missionaries spread the religion of the warmed heart on the continent. But above all emigrants to the United States brought it back to conti- nental Europe in the form of various ecclesial branches. In- stitutions for theological training in the Wesleyan tradition started to operate in Europe in the middle of the 19th century and are active in training ministers and generating ever new forms of Wesleyan and Methodist theology to this day, from Russia in the East to Northern Ireland in the West, from Norway in the North to Italy in the South. These insti- tutions – most of them are organized today in the network of Methodist-related Theological Schools in Europe (MTSE) – have been instrumental not only for keeping the Wesleyan theological heritage alive but also for producing new forms of Wesleyan and Methodist theologies in ever changing political, cultural, and religious landscapes. Despite a history of 200 years of theological develop- ment in the Wesleyan and Methodist tradition in Europe, to this day no compact overview has been produced of this rich and multi-lingual branch of Christian theology. It is the merit of Jørgen Thaarup to have initiated this daunting task with this text, and he has done more than produced an “overview of European work in the field of Wesleyan the- ology” as was the task given by the European Methodist i Council when it met for considerations in 2019. Building on Thomas A. Langford’s seminal book on theology in the Wesleyan tradition from 1983, Thaarup expands Lang- ford’s brief sketch of Wesleyan theology on the European continent to include the theological production outside of the British Isles, not least in Scandinavia and German speaking Europe. In addition to just listing published works in the Wesleyan and Methodist tradition, he has given some historical background of the history of Methodism in Eu- rope and he has started to collect some biographical and ac- ademic background information about the authors included. Thaarup humbly calls this initial version of Wesleyan Theology in Europe “a first draft experiment to develop a common history of theology in Wesleyan Europe”. Indeed, it is a good and useful start of such an experiment, and I hope it will continue to develop with the input and theolog- ical creativity of ever new theological voices of academics and practitioners alike. May it be an inspiration for contin- uous theological work in the tradition of practical divinity! 21. May, 2021 Michael Nausner Researcher at the Church of Sweden’s Unit for Research and Analysis in Uppsala, and affiliated professor at Stockholm School of Theology ii Contents Preface i-ii Contents iii Methodist Conference Minutes 1766 & 1746 iv Introduction 1 John Wesley’s theology in European context 4 Wesleyan theology and churches in Europe 16 Wesleyan theology in Great Britain in the nineteenth century 18 First half twentieth-century British Methodism 23 Theological interpreters in twentieth-century British Methodism 27 Continental European theological development 29 New voices 47 A living tradition 59 Theological Guidelines: Sources and Criteria 61 Selected bibliography to European Methodist theology 62 On-line European resources for theological research 83 Methodist and Wesleyan related institutions for theology in Europe, MTSE 84 The Oxford Institute of Methodist Theological Studies 86 Index of names 91 Wesleyan – Methodism – Practical Divinity 94 iii Methodist Conference Minutes 1766 Question: Why are we not more knowing? Answer: Read the most useful books, and that regularly and constantly. Steadily spend all the morning in this employ, or at least five hours in twenty-four. Or return to your trade! Wesley: I will give each of you, as fast as you will read them, books to the value of five pounds. And I desire the Assistants will take care that all large societies provide the Christian Library for the use of the preachers.1 1746 Question: In what light should your Assistants consider themselves? Answer: As learners rather than teachers; as young students at the university, for whom therefore a method of study is expedient in the highest degree.2 1 Wesley Works Vol 10, p. 340:3-4, 14, 20-24 2 Ibid., p. 179:17-21 iv Wesleyan theology in Europe Introduction In 2019 the European Methodist Council – Methodist, Wesleyan, and Uniting Churches in Europe, decided to form a working group on Wesleyan theology in Europe. The first objective for the group was “to create an overview of European work in the field of Wesleyan theology; this includes: Research: Published works, doctoral thesis and books; Updated information regarding current Wesley scholars in Europe.” In Europe, there are a number of churches and Christian lead- ers that are rooted in or associated with the evangelical move- ment as filtered through the lives and influence of John and Charles Wesley. The European Methodist Council consists of twelve Methodist, Wesleyan, and Uniting Churches. Each of these churches have developed their own history and their own specific identity in that history. We have several parallel histories of Wesleyanism and Methodism in Europe. Each of these churches also have their specific history of theology and doc- trines. All twelve Churches are Wesleyan, but with different ac- centuations and focus within the Wesleyan theology. The history of European Methodist theology includes the his- tory of the studies of individual theologians. Individual theologi- ans are also part of Methodist church history. The oral teaching and influences of individuals are difficult to ascertain and pre- sent. The individuals will be represented by their selected writ- ings and academic publications. The initiative of the European Methodist Council in creating a working group on Wesleyan theology was taken in order to bol- ster a common Wesleyan theological identity. Wesley’s original texts are, of course, common sources for all twelve churches. But the further development in separate yet parallel Methodist organ- izations and churches shows that the twelve member churches do not possess knowledge about and the ownership of their common Wesleyan theological heritage following John Wesley and up to modern time in the different traditions and churches in Europe. One approach to building up a common theological identity is through the compilation of information about our theologians and their works. What has formed the theological development in the 1 churches up to the present time? This document is a first draft experiment to develop a common history of theology in Wes- leyan Europe. Thomas Langford’s Practical Divinity (1983) constitutes the only attempt at building up a Methodist History of Theology. His perspective draws primarily from American Wesleyanism, and secondarily from Methodism with some global outlook, includ- ing European perspectives. We have used Langford’s presenta- tion and extracted some parts of his writings on History of Meth- odist Theology in Europe.3 Another approach in compiling a common theological iden- tity is via the praxis of theology, where each of the European Methodist churches draws theological inspiration from other fel- low Methodist traditions. Translations into European languages and use of text books from other continents in the pastoral train- ing in Europe is a way of using theological resources from fellow Methodist traditions. When we find inspiration in other Method- ist traditions, we create ownership to that specific expression of Methodist faith. Liturgy, hymnals and order of sacraments and worships pro- vide other ways of revealing a church’s theological foundation. By understanding the praxis of liturgy and worship as a theolog- ical discipline, one can discern how Methodism from the begin- ning was influenced by the same heritage and tradition of doctri- nal authority found in Anglican theology. Wesley used liturgy, hymnals and order of sacraments and worship to form the spir- itual life and create new confessional identity. Wesley used the wording Practical Divinity to describe this character of theology. Sometimes he also named the ongoing and historical life of the church work for Experimental Christianity.4 Wesleyan and Methodist Churches in Europe have a lot of material to contribute to this history, both materials developed from the common Meth- odist heritage, and material coming from the protestant context of each of the European Methodist churches. That part of the his- tory of Practical Divinity is not included in this presentation and work. It would be an additional project to write and collect the theology of European Wesleyanism and Methodism from the 3 Langford, 1983 4 Wesley Christian Library Vol 1, p. i, iv-v, Vol 2, p. 209-210 2 perspective of liturgy, hymnals and orders of sacraments and worship. The United Methodist Church is in a situation of possibly splitting over the issue of human sexuality.