J Am Board Fam Pract: first published as 10.3122/jabfm.3.4.293 on 1 October 1990. Downloaded from N-Acetylcysteine In The Treatment Of Human Arsenic Poisoning
Debra S. Martin, M.D., Stephen E. Willis, M.D., and David M. Cline, M.D.
Abstract: A 32-year-old man was brought to the emergency department 5 1/2 hours after ingesting a potentiaIly lethal dose (900 mg) of sodium arsenate ant poison in a suicide attempt. The patient deteriorated progressively for 27 hours. After intramuscular dimercaprol and supportive measures failed to improve his condition, he was given N-acetylcysteine intravenously. The patient showed remarkable clinical improvement during the following 24 hours and was discharged from the hospital several days later. (J Am Board Fam Pract 1990; 3:293-6.)
Arsenic has been used since medieval times, known use of intravenous NAC in a patient with both as medicine and poison. Although its me arsenic poisoning. dicinal use has declined, arsenic can still be found as an ingredient in certain homeopathic Case Report formulas, I which are available in some health A 32-year-old man was brought to the emer food stores. Arsenic also is present in high con gency department by ambulance 5 hours after centrations in many easily obtainable ant kill he ingested approximately 900 mg of sodium ers, and this source is responsible for most toxic arsenate - five times the lethal doseJ,6 - in a human ingestions. 2 Other sources include in suicide attempt. He was lethargic but arousable secticides, herbicides, and rodenticides. Com by voice and answered questions appropriately. mon symptoms of arsenic poisoning are metal He stated that he vomited 1 hour after the in lic taste, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and gestion and developed diarrhea 3 hours later. diarrhea. Depending on severity, patients may His pulse rate was 145/min, respirations were experience vasodilation, circulatory collapse, 24/min, blood pressure was 74/50 mmHg, and seizures, and acute tubular necrosis. 3 In 1988 an electrocardiographic monitor showed sinus there were 527 reported arsenic exposures in tachycardia. In addition to lethargy and hypo http://www.jabfm.org/ the United States, of which 280 required treat tension, his skin was cool but not cyanotic, and ment. Forty-three patients required hospitali no blood was present in the mouth or nares. His zation, and there were no reported deaths from neck was supple without jugular venous disten arsenIc. exposure. 4 tion. Cardiopulmonary examination was nota Intramuscular dimercaprol (BAL) followed by ble only for tachycardia, and deep palpation oral D-penicillamine is the currently recom showed mild epigastric tenderness. The genita on 29 September 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. mended treatment for acute arsenic ingestionS; lia were unremarkable, and the rectal examina however, both drugs have important adverse ef tion was hemoccult negative. Pulses were equal fects, and neither may be effective in severe poi in all extremities. There were no focal neuro sonings. Animal studies have shown N-acetyl logic deficits. cysteine (NAC) to be effective in treating arsenic A toxicology screen and random urine and se ingestion. A MEDLINE literature search cover rum arsenic levels were requested, and a 24-hour ing the past 15 years did not show any reported urine arsenic collection was started. Initial labo cases of NAC therapy in the treatment of human ratory studies showed: sodium, 142 mEq/L (142 arsenic poisoning. We are reporting the first mmol/L); potassium, 2.7 mEq/L (2.7 mmol/L); chloride, 106 mEq/L (106 mmol/L); CO2, 25 mEq/L (25 mmol/L); creatinine, 2.1 mg/dL From the Department of Family Medicine and the Depart (185.64 J.1mol/L); glucose, 163 mg/dL (9.05 ment of Emergency Medicine, East Carolina University, School mmol/L); prothrombin time, 13.2 seconds; partial of Medicine, Greenville, NC. Address reprint requests to Ste phen E. Willis, M.D., East Carolina University, Brody Building thromboplastin time, 44 seconds. Blood chemis 4N7H, Greenville, NC 27H5H-4354. try panel, urinalysis, and complete blood count
N-Acetylcysteine in Arsenic Poisoning 293 J Am Board Fam Pract: first published as 10.3122/jabfm.3.4.293 on 1 October 1990. Downloaded from were normal except for phosphorus, which was for conjunctivitis, rhinorrhea, and a sterile ab 2.5 mg/dL (0.81 mmol/L). scess at the BAL injection site. Repeated serum Tn the emergency department, the patient re glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and ceived a bolus of 250 mL normal saline, saline coagulation studies were begun 24 hours after gastric lavage (2 liters), 50 g of activated charcoal, ingesting the poison (Figure 1). The maximum and 5 mg/kg of intramuscular BAL. He vomited elevation of the SGOT was 125 U/L at approxi the activated charcoal shortly after transfer to the mately 84 hours after ingestion. intensive care unit, and attempts at placement of Consultation with the National Capitol Poison a nasogastric tube were unsuccessful because of Center, Washington, D.C., was obtained because persistent vomiting. A dopamine intravenous the patient's condition remained critical despite drip was started after numerous normal saline aggressive therapy and BAL chelation every 4 boluses failed to bring the systolic blood pressure hours. A physician at the poison center recom to 90 mmHg. The patient had a net positive fluid mended using intravenous NAC. The first dose input of 8 liters within the first 24 hours and was a small test dose, without any adverse efFects developed a right pleural effusion, ascites, and approximately 27 hours after ingestion. The dos mild anasarca. age ofNAC (4 grams every 4 hours) was based on Urine alkalinization was initiated to prevent 70 mg/kg/dose. The oral form of NAC was mixed hemolysis; however, this was discontinued 14 in 250 mL of normal saline and then millipore hours after ingestion when the urine output de filtered. Based on instructions from the physician creased to less than 30 mLlhr. The patient had at the poison center, we administered a total of hemodialysis because of decreased urine output 18 doses of NAC by continuous intravenous and elevated serum creatinine. After dialysis, he infusion. continued to be hypotensive, requiring dopamine Within 24 hours after the IV NAC was started, for 36 hours - up to 9.3 j.1g/kg/min. During the the prothrombin and partial thromboplastin first 24 hours, the patient complained of persist times returned to normal. The relations between / ent nausea and vomiting, penile burning, and in prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, termittent paresthesias of the distal extremities. and treatment with NAC are shown in Figure 1. His physical examination was unchanged except The patient's clinical status also improved; dopa mine was discontinued, and his blood pressure and urine output remained stable. On day 4, the http://www.jabfm.org/ 15.0 100.0 patient was tolerating a clear liquid diet, and BAL - Protlme was discontinued. Oral D-penicillamine therapy ...... Control Pro time 14.5 --- PTT 89.4 (500 mg every 6 hours) was started. IV NAC was _. - Control PTT discontinued, and we ordered oral NAC 4 grams 14.0 every 4 hours. This treatment was discontinued 78.9 :S UJ after 2 doses, because he refused to ingest oral 13.5 10 0. NAC. The remainder of his hospital course was on 29 September 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. Q) 68.3 0 D . ~ unremarkable. After spending 2 days in the psy 13.0 E 0...... 0 chiatric unit, the patient was discharged, com Q. ~ 57.7 ~ plaining only of a mild headache. 12.5 ~... 10 After discharge from the hospital, the patient 47.1 Q. 12.0 was seen in follow-up at the Eastern Carolina Family Practice Center. He remained on oral D
11 .5 36.6 penicillamine therapy, and serial 24-hour urine ------collections were continued. Urinary arsenic lev 11.0 ...... -l..---L_..I.---I._.l.--l..---L_..I.---I.---I 26.0 els for the first 11 days of treatment are shown in 012 3 .. 5 6 7 8 Figure 2 . HAC• HAC• Started Stopped One month after ingestion of sodium arsenate, TIME (days) the patient continued to complain of a mild, persist Figure 1. PT and PTI by number of days. (Note initiation and ent headache in the occipital region and intermit completion of NAC therapy.) tent paresthesias of his hands, feet, and arms. He
294 JABFP October-December 1990 Vol. 3 No.4 J Am Board Fam Pract: first published as 10.3122/jabfm.3.4.293 on 1 October 1990. Downloaded from tient experienced several toxic sid' eflccls of both u 7500 '2 Ql the BLand I)-penicillamine. III .( The ideal antidote for a toxic ing 'stion would 5000 :.>- efficiently eliminate the agent, pr'vent further .5 toxicity, have minimal adverse ctrects, and b :s 2500 easy to administer. For arseni . toxicity, a sour e of su lfll ydryl groups could ctrectively prevent its °1....-----.i..---'-----1.--...1..------l.--daYs 2.0 4.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 inactivation of enzymes by dehydrogenation D8Ys (oxidation). Arsenic dehydrogenates sulfhydryl groups of many vital enzymes, resulting in cell Figure 2. Urinary arsenic levels by number of days. I 6 death. • Glutathione protects systems from oxi dation by providing sulfllydryl groups. In aceta minophen overdoses, toxicity is believed to occur was referred to a neurologist because the symp when glutathione fails to provide enough sulfhy toms suggested polyneuropathy. Electradiagnos dryl groups. NA prevents acetaminophen toxic tic studies were normal, and the neurologist ity by providing a sourcc of cysteine for glutathi thought that the patient may have been experi one synthesis.9 encing an acute myasthenic reaction to D-peni Recent studies of laboratory mice have shown ci llamine. This drug was continued, however, be increased survival time after using intraperito cause his urine arsenic levels were still elevated, neal NAC to treat lethal doses of arsenic. 10.1 1 and his paresthesias resolved spontaneously. However, Shum, et al. reported that there was no A D-penicillamine challenge test was con statistical difference in prolonging survival time ducted 82 days after ingestion. The patient col when NA was compared with D-p nicillamine lected a 24-hour urine specimen after D-penicil or BAL. The optimal time for NA administra lamine was discontinued. A second 24-hour urine tion in arsenic toxicity has not been establi shed. collection was done after taking 4 500-mg doses Studies in mice suggest that NAC is more effec of D-penicillamine. Because there was no increased tive in prolonging survival when given at 15 min secretion with the chall enge and his urine arsenic utes after arsenic ingestion than at 30 minutes. 10 level was within acceptable range « 50 I-Lg/L) , There are no data to predict when NAC is most D-penicillamine therapy was discontinued. effective in treating arsenic poisoning in humans.
Approximately 90 days after ingesting the ant Our patient showed remarl
N-Acctylcystcinc in Arsenic Poisoning 295 J Am Board Fam Pract: first published as 10.3122/jabfm.3.4.293 on 1 October 1990. Downloaded from not experience any adverse ef!Ccts from his I H gencies. Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century Crofts, doses of illtravenous NAC 1<)H6; 609-50. We believe that this case report strongly sug 6. Winship KA. Toxicity of inorganic arsenic salts. Ad gests a beneficial efFect of intravenous NAC in verse Drug React Acute Poisoning I{ev I,)H4; 3: treating arsenic toxicity. NAC should be consid 129-60. 7. Goodman LS, Gilman A(;, Rail TW, Murad F, cds. ered as ,111 adjunct to the traditional methods of The pharmacologic basis of therapeutics. 7th cd. chelation with BAL and D-penicillamine. More New York: Macmillan Publishing Co, I<)H5:16H-7. studies are needed to establish the optimal dose, H. Peterson R Rumack B. D-penieilLulline therapy of time of initiation, and duration of treatment. acute arsenic poisoning . .I Pediatr 1977; <) 1:661-6. <). Davis M. Protective agents ttl!' acetaminophen over References dose. Semin Liver Dis 1<)H6; 6: 13H-47. I. Kerr lID, Sarvan I_A. Arsenic content of homeo 10. Shum S, Skarhovig .I, Habersang R. ,\cure lethal ar pathic medicines . .I Toxicol Clin Toxicol 19H6; senite poisoning in mice: effect of treatment with N 24:451-9. acetyleysteine, D-penicillamine and dimercaprol on 2. Kersjes MP, l'vlallrer JR, Trestrail .Ill, McCoy DJ. survival time. Vet Ilum Toxicol 19HI; 2.1(Sllppl .\n analysis of arsenic exposures referred to the I): 39-42. Blodgett Regional Poison Center. Vet Hum Toxicol II. Henderson P, Hale TW, Shum S, Ilabersang RW. 19H7; 29:75-H. N -acetylcysteine therapy of acutc heavy mctal poi 3. Schoolmeester WL, White DR. Arsenic poisoning. soning in mice. Vet Hum Toxicol 19H5; 27:522-5. South Med .I Ino; 73: 19H-20H. 12. Prescott LF, Illingworth RN, Critchley J. I ntra 4. Litovitz TL, Schmitz BF, Holm KC 19HH annual venous N-acetyleystcine: thc trcatment of choice report of the American Association of Poison Con for paracctamol poisoning. Br Mcd .I 1<)7'); 2: trol Centers National Data Collection System. Am .I 10<)7-100. Fmerg Med 19H9; 7:495-545. 13. Mant TG, Tempowski .IH, Vohms CN, Talbot.le:. Goldfrank LR, Howland MA, Kinstein RII. Arsenic. Adverse reactions to acetylcysteine and effects of In: (;oldfrank LF, cd. (;oldfrank's toxicologic emer- overdose. Br Med.l In4; 2H<):217 -9. http://www.jabfm.org/ on 29 September 2021 by guest. Protected copyright.
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