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The Treaty of Turkmanchay: Unknown Pages Our history The Treaty of Turkmanchay: unknown pages S. GARA GUNLU PhD in History Text of Article 4 of the Treaty of Turkmanchay in Farsi uring Soviet times, the words of the prominent Azerbai- Djani statesman Nariman Narimanov that «The happy future of Azerbaijan is connected with Rus- sia!» were widely promoted and elevated to the rank of an offi cial slogan. But today, these words, if they are cleared of opportunistic and ideological dross, have not lost their relevance if we approach the issue from a diff erent angle. In the context of the current realities, it is advisable to formulate the question as follows: What would have been the historical fate of the Azerbai- jani people if the northern lands of Azerbaijan had not been an- nexed by the Russian Empire 18 www.irs-az.com Heritage_3_(10)_2012.indd 18 8/7/12 12:55 PM Text of Article 4 of the Treaty of Turkmanchay in Farsi and what explains the incompa- people have been developing on which formed the basis of the Shah rably great achievements of the the basis of two diff erent models.1 regime’s ideology, was preserved North in the political, economic, In contrast to Southern Azerbaijan, and protected. In fact, having been cultural and ideological spheres which remained part of the Iranian further elaborated, it is pursued on compared to Southern (Iranian) monarchy, Northern Azerbaijan, a new foundation even today. It is Azerbaijan? which was incorporated into the primarily directed against the Azer- It seems that in order to answer Russian Empire, has scored signifi - baijanis, one of the country’s largest these questions, it will be useful to cant success on the path of prog- ethnicities.2 see the originals of some historical ress. There appeared national intel- Under the tsarist and especially documents. We are talking about lectuals that called for national unity, Soviet regime, national culture de- the 1828 Russian-Iranian Treaty of national consciousness manifested veloped and reached a high level Turkmanchay, which became a mile- itself, the Azerbaijani bourgeois na- in Northern Azerbaijan, there ap- stone in the history of Azerbaijan. tion and a secular education system, peared industry, modern agriculture, In the fi rst third of the 19th centu- which was modern for that time, media, radio and television, schools ry, as a result of two Russian-Iranian emerged. In Southern Azerbaijan, and universities with instruction in wars - 1804-1813 and 1826-1828, there was, and still is, nothing like the native language, scientifi c litera- Azerbaijani lands were divided that. The policy towards creating a ture and fi ction, periodicals, theater into two parts, and since then, the totally Farsi-speaking population, and the academy of sciences. 1 Cənubi Azərbaycan tarixinin oçerki (1828-1917). Bakı, “Elm”, 1985, с. 6 2 Ibid, p. 7 www.irs-az.com 19 Heritage_3_(10)_2012.indd 19 8/7/12 12:55 PM Our history Protocol in the Farsi original In Southern Azerbaijan, we see media and becomes a tradition and But let’s return to the topic of a very diff erent picture. During the habit for people after a while and our analysis. It is interesting that in reign of the Pahlavi dynasty (1925- they gradually forget their mother contrast to the Treaty of Gulistan, 1979), the Persian imperial slogan tongue.»3 Little has changed since so far no one has seen signed and «One territory, nation, history, reli- the victory of the Islamic Revolu- stamped copies of the text of the gion and language!» was developed tion in 1979. Azerbaijanis in Iran, like Treaty of Turkmanchay in Per- and enforced. The policy of assimila- other minor peoples, still have no sian and Russian. All publications tion was primarily directed against national, cultural and other rights. present only the original text of the Azerbaijanis who make up more As a result, this policy delays the treaty in Russian.4 The original of than a third of the Iranian popula- development of the entire system the Treaty of Turkmanchay in Farsi, tion. At a meeting of the Cabinet of of education, literature, including which is mentioned in this article Ministers in 1958, the Shah asked the folk arts, sculpture, painting, theater, for the fi rst time, also does not have Minister of Education: «... make sure cinema, radio, television, music and signatures and seals. The text in Farsi that the Persian language spreads media on a national basis in South- is diff erent from the Russian version in kindergartens, schools and the ern Azerbaijan. by only one paragraph in Article 4. 3 Ş.Tağıyeva, Ə.Rəhimli, S.Bayramzadə. Güney Azərbaycan. Bakı, “Orxan”, 2000, с. 324 4 In attachments to K. Shukurov’s book “Turkmanchay 1828: Historical Chronicles” (Baku, 2006), which can be regarded as the most reliable source, the Treaty of Turkmanchay has no signature and stamp as well. The author also took the text from a very reliable and authoritative source (ПСЗРИ, Собр. Второе, т.III, 1828, СПб., 1830) 20 www.irs-az.com Heritage_3_(10)_2012.indd 20 8/7/12 12:55 PM Protocol in the Farsi original Here is this place in both languages.5 “Article 4. With the consent of both High Contracting Parties, the following line shall be declared as the border between the two States: beginning from the point of the border of the Ottoman pos- sessions6, which is closer to the top of Mount Lesser Agri in a straight line7, the border line shall go to the top of this mountain; from there, on its slope, it shall come down to the upper reaches of the Lower Ga- rasu River, fl owing from the south- ern side of Mount Lesser Agri; after that, this border line shall continue downstream to its confl uence with the Aras against Sharur; from this point, it shall go along the Aras River to Abbas Abad Castle; here, near the outer fortifi cations of the fortress lo- cated on the right bank of the Aras, a circle with a width of half an agach, i.e., 3.5 Russian verstas will be made in all directions, and the area of land contained in this full circle will be- long exclusively to Russia, and shall be cut with great precision within two months as of this date. Starting from the place where the aforesaid circle on the east side will join the bank of the Aras, the border line will go again along this river to the Yedibuluk ford; from there, the Per- sian possessions will stretch along the River Aras for 3 agaches, i.e. 21 Russian verstas; then, the border goes right through to the Mu- gan steppe as far as the Bolgaru Bolgaru River up to the junction these heights to the Caspian Sea River to the place lying within of the aforesaid rivers Odinaba- will be belong to Persia. As the 3 agaches, i.e. 21 verstas below zar and Saragamysh; then along border between the two States the connection of the two rivers the right bank of the eastern river is determined by the mountains Odinabazar and Saragamysh. Odinabazar to its upper reaches, here, their slopes toward the From there, the border shall con- and from here to the top of Jikoir Caspian Sea should belong to tinue along the left bank of the heights, so all water fl owing from Russia, and the opposite slope 5 Translated from Farsi into Azerbaijani by the author himself 6 The Russian version of the Treaty says: Turkish possessions 7 The Russian version of the Treaty says: Lesser Ararat www.irs-az.com 21 Heritage_3_(10)_2012.indd 21 8/7/12 12:55 PM Our history treaty, along with the Azerbai- jani lands whose annexation was stipulated by the Treaty of Gu- listan (October 1813), the Iravan and Nakhchivan khanates also fell under Russian rule. Another unfavorable provision of the treaty for the people of Azer- Protocol in the Farsi original baijan is Article 15, under which the Iranian side promised not to prosecute individuals express- ing sympathy for the Russians or wishing to move to Russia and to provide them with opportunities to do so. On this basis, local Arme- nians started to move, especially from Tabriz and Urmia, to the north- ern lands of Azerbaijan. It is note- worthy that this process was led by belongs to Persia. From the top through the peaks of Kloputa and a Russian army colonel of Armenian of the Jikoir heights, the border the main chain of mountains which descent, Col Lazerev. Within the two goes to the peak of Kamarkul8 lies through the district of Velkiji to following years, up to 40,000 Arme- through mountains separating the northern source of the River nians moved from Southern Azer- Talish from the Arshi region. The Astara; thence, along this river to its baijan to the Iravan, Nakhchivan mountain tops separating the confl uence with the Caspian Sea, and Karabakh khanates. All in all, fl ow of waters into two will be where the border line, which sepa- by the early twentieth century, the border line in the same way rates the Russian and Persian pos- 1.3 million Armenians had been as mentioned above about the sessions, ends.” resettled to the South Caucasus, area between the upper reach- We must specify that the high- and most of them settled in the es of the Odinabazar and Jikoir lighted part of Article 4 of the Treaty mountainous part of Karabakh. heights. Further, the border line, of Turkmanchay is absent from the After the October Revolution of with continuous observance of currently available Persian-language 1917, the Treaty of Turkmanchay the aforesaid rule regarding the version.
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