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Interdisciplinary Lesson: “Chain of Fools”

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Interdisciplinary Lesson: “Chain of Fools” INTERDISCIPLINARY LESSON: “CHAIN OF FOOLS” OVERVIEW ESSENTIAL QUESTION Essential Question: How did Aretha Franklin’s foundation in Gospel music influence her recording of “Chain of Fools,” helping to establish a Soul sound and bringing black culture into mainstream America? OVERVIEW Person: Aretha Franklin Aretha Franklin is the daughter of a minister. According to her father, Reverend C.L. Franklin, she “inherited” the tradition of Gospel music. As a young girl, Aretha moved with her family to Detroit, Michigan. Her father had been hired as the pastor for New Bethel Baptist Church. Aretha, along with her siblings, would sing every week in the choir at her father’s church. In 1956, at fourteen years old, she released her debut studio album. It was a Gospel record titled Songs of Faith. At eighteen, however, Aretha Franklin decided to “cross-over” from recording Gospel to popular music. She wanted to follow in the footsteps of Sam Cooke, a member of the Gospel group the Soul Stirrers, who had released his first Pop single in 1957. Her transition from singing about God for a faith-based audience to singing about secular topics (love, romance, heartbreak) was a sensitive one. But her father supported her decision, and in 1960, Aretha moved to New York City to record with Columbia Records. While at Columbia, Aretha initially recorded a range of styles, including show tunes and popular jazz standards. When she moved to Atlantic Records, however, much of her Gospel heritage resurfaced. As she achieved success as a R&B performer, the Gospel in her performance style would become a defining characteristic in an emerging Soul sound, including her commanding vocals, heightened emotions, and the frequent use of “call-and-response” arrangements between Aretha and her backup singers. All of this is evident in her recording career at Atlantic Records during the late 1960s, including her release of “Chain of Fools” in 1967. PARTNERSHIP LESSONS: LITTLE KIDS ROCK INTERDISCIPLINARY LESSON: “CHAIN OF FOOLS” OVERVIEW (CONTINUED) Place: Detroit, Michigan & New York City At the time of Aretha Franklin’s childhood, Detroit, Michigan was experiencing a major growth in its African-American population, largely spurred by the second wave of the Great Migration which began around the Second World War. Blacks in the South were moving to Northern industrial centers in search of opportunities and jobs. Between 1941 and 1943, more than 50,000 African-Americans moved to Detroit alone. They brought with them traditions from their own communities, including Southern Gospel music. Reverend C.L. Franklin’s 2,500-seat church was growing rapidly during that time, as new African-American residents sought not only centers of faith, but centers of community. When Aretha was 18 years old, she moved from Detroit to New York City, carrying with her the Southern Gospel traditions that had been a mainstay of her childhood. In the late 1960s, when she was recording “Chain of Fools” at Atlantic Records, her recording career seemed to tap deeply into her Gospel roots. As her producer at Atlantic, Jerry Wexler, once said, “There’s a much stronger influence of Gospel in contemporary Rhythm and Blues, or Soul music, than there is of Blues.” Certainly, Aretha’s catalog reflects this close relationship. Timeline: Through the lens of “Chain of Fools,” we can examine the influence of Gospel music and black style on the mixed-race audience of the 1960s. During the Civil Rights movement in particular, music became a space where ideas and preconceptions about race could be called into question. As African-American comedian Dick Gregory said in reference to Aretha Franklin’s prominence on the radio, “You’d hear Aretha three or four times an hour, you’d only hear King on the news.” 1940 - 1970: THE SECOND GREAT MIGRATION - More than five million African Americans moved from the rural South to the industrial centers of the North, Midwest, and West. AUGUST 1963: MARCH ON WASHINGTON - Several hundred thousand Americans participate in the historic Civil Rights march, which features not only Martin Luther King Jr’s “I Have a Dream” speech, but also musical performances by Bob Dylan and Joan Baez. PARTNERSHIP LESSONS: LITTLE KIDS ROCK INTERDISCIPLINARY LESSON: “CHAIN OF FOOLS” OVERVIEW (CONTINUED) JULY 1964: PRESIDENT JOHNSON SIGNS CIVIL RIGHTS ACT - The landmark legislation outlaws racial discrimination in employment and racial segregation in public places, ending the “Jim Crow” era. JULY 1967: ARETHA FRANKLIN RELEASES “CHAIN OF FOOLS” - The song showcases Aretha’s roots in Gospel music and goes on to garner her a Grammy award for Best Female R&B Performance in 1969. APRIL 1968: MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. ASSASSINATED - The civil rights leader, who’d galvanized a movement with his calls for nonviolent resistance, is shot to death by James Earl Ray at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tenn. Dr. King was 39. Aretha Franklin sings Dr. King’s favorite Gospel hymn, “Precious Lord Take My Hand,” at one of his memorial services. PARTNERSHIP LESSONS: LITTLE KIDS ROCK INTERDISCIPLINARY LESSON: “CHAIN OF FOOLS” OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this lesson, students will: 1. KNOW (KNOWLEDGE): 2. BE ABLE TO (SKILLS): • How the Great Migration brought Southern • Analyze musical performances and draw black traditions, such as Gospel music, to connections between different genres of music Northern industrial cities and culture • Aretha Franklin’s roots in Gospel music and how • Assess how point of view or purpose shapes her recording of “Chain of Fools” blends Gospel the style and interpretation of a piece of music with Rhythm and Blues, helping to establish the (Common Core State Standard: Reading 6) emerging Soul sound. ACTIVITIES PROCEDURE: 1. Project a map illustrating African- American population change in the U.S. between 1940 and 1970. Explain to students that this period was known as the second wave of the Great Migration, a term referring to the massive internal migration of Blacks from the rural American South to urban centers in other parts of the country. During this time span, an estimated 5 million blacks left the South. Ask the students: • Which areas of the map show an increasing 2. As a class, locate Detroit, Michigan on the black population? map. Next, display the graph titled “Change in Detroit’s Black Population (1940 - • Which areas show a decreasing black population? Which states and cities 1970).” Ask the class: experienced large African-American • What trend do you notice in the African- population gains? [Please note: Students American population of Detroit between may identify that Dallas and Houston, 1940 and 1970? both located in the South, experienced a population gain during this time. This reflects • What do you think were some of the reasons how the Great Migration also signaled a shift why African-Americans left rural areas for of African-Americans moving from rural areas industrial cities during this time? [Answers to urban centers.] may include: to look for employment opportunities as the work force became PARTNERSHIP LESSONS: LITTLE KIDS ROCK INTERDISCIPLINARY LESSON: “CHAIN OF FOOLS” PROCEDURE: (CONTINUED) more mechanized, to seek a better quality feeling, Gospel singing is described as of life, to leave behind racial injustice in the “uninhibited expression,” it is a tradition in rural areas, including “Jim Crow” laws that Southern black churches that was brought remained in effect in some areas into the 1960s, etc.] to the North and Midwest with the Great Migration, etc.] 5. Play the 1968 clip of the New Bethel Baptist Choir performing “The Lord is Blessing Me.” While they watch, students should write down any descriptive words or phrases that they associate with this performance and the Gospel tradition. Poll the class for their reflections on Gospel music and list student responses on the board. 3. Explain to the students that Aretha Franklin 6. Divide students into small groups of 3-4 was born in Memphis, Tennessee in 1942. and distribute Handout: Gospel Music In 1946, her father, Reverend C.L. Franklin, History and Glossary. Each student group accepted a position as pastor at the New should read through the handout aloud, Bethel Baptist Church in Detroit, Michigan. alternating paragraphs. Imagine moving to a new city, such as 7. In their groups, students will watch a video Detroit, during the Great Migration. What clip of Aretha Franklin performing “Chain of role might a spiritual center, like a church, Fools” in 1968. Groups should discuss the play in your life? How might a major move following questions: inspire a feeling of dislocation, or a desire to connect with others? [Answers may include • Why might “Chain of Fools” be considered a that in addition to spiritual guidance, a secular Soul song, as opposed to a Gospel song? church can provide a strong sense of [Answers may include: because the song’s lyrics are not religious in nature or because it is not community, you may feel united in music being performed during a church service.] and faith with other congregants, etc.] • Although this song is not religious, what possible 4. Explain to the students that although Aretha Gospel influences can you hear in Aretha’s Franklin came to be known for her career performance of “Chain of Fools”? Have groups as a Soul singer, Gospel music played a share out their answers with the class. [Answers may include a call-and-response dynamic between significant role in her upbringing. As a girl, Aretha Franklin and her backup singers, Aretha’s each week Aretha sang in the New Bethel powerful vocal delivery, etc.] Baptist Church with her siblings. Play the video clip titled Aretha Franklin and 8. Read aloud the following quote by Dick Gospel Influences, excerpted from a 1968 Gregory, “You’d hear Aretha three or four ABC News special.
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