Analysis of the ‘probability of persistence’ of native in the Port Phillip and Western Port region from 1839 to 2016

March 2019

Prepared by Rodney van der Ree and Noemie Seck Ecology & Infrastructure International and Port Phillip and Westernport Catchment Management Authority

By

International 1Pty | P aLtd g e.

Rodney van der Ree and Noemie Seck (2019). Analysis of the ‘probability of persistence’ of native animal species in the Port Phillip and Western Port region from 1839 to 2016. Report prepared with the Port Phillip & Westernport Catchment Management Authority. Ecology and Infrastructure International Pty Ltd. PO Box 6031 Wantirna 3152 Tel: 0412 562 429 – E: [email protected] www.ecologyandinfructure.com

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Will Steele from Melbourne Water and Andrew Silcocks from BirdLife Australia for extracting wildlife sighting records from their databases.

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Table of contents

Table of contents ...... 3 Key points ...... 5 1. Introduction ...... 8 2. Methods ...... 9 2.1 Sources of data ...... 9 2.2 Quantitative methods to infer species persistence ...... 10 2.3 Reporting Areas ...... 11 2.4 Reporting Area indicative ratings ...... 12 3. Results ...... 13 3.1 Results by taxonomic group ...... 14 3.1.1 Fish ...... 14 3.1.2 Amphibians ...... 17 3.1.3 ...... 20 3.1.4 ...... 23 3.1.5 ...... 26 3.2 Results by Reporting Area ...... 29 3.2.1 Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands ...... 29 3.2.2 Casey, Cardinia and Baw Baw ...... 32 3.2.3 Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea ...... 35 3.2.4 Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong ...... 38 3.2.5 Mornington Peninsula ...... 41 3.2.6 Greater Melbourne ...... 44 3.2.7 Yarra Ranges and Nillumbik ...... 47 3.2.8 Summary of Reporting Areas and overall indicative ratings ...... 50 4. Discussion ...... 51 4.1 Overall findings ...... 51 4.2 Observations of sites of record collections ...... 52 4.3 Major factors that may be impacting on species persistence ...... 53 4.4 Limitations ...... 54 5. References ...... 56 Appendix 1. Probability of persistence of fish species by Reporting Area ...... 57 3 | P a g e

Appendix 2. Probability of persistence of amphibian species by Reporting Area ...... 59 Appendix 3. Probability of persistence of species by Reporting Area ...... 60 Appendix 4. Probability of persistence of species by Reporting Area...... 63 Appendix 5. Probability of persistence of species by Reporting Area ...... 78 List of Tables ...... 80

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Key points

1. This report shines light on the diversity and persistence of native animal species in the Port Phillip & Western Port region.

2. It calculates the probability that each species of native fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals are persisting in areas of the region at the end of 2016.

3. It is a repeat of the same analysis undertaken at 2005-06 and therefore provides an insight into recent trends for individual species and the taxonomic groups.

4. An important change since 2005-06 is that there has been a substantial increase in species records due to the contributions of government agencies that manage species databases and the public through citizen science programs.

5. There were 425,443 records of native species for 1839 to 2006. In the past decade, the number of records has increased by more than 7-fold.

6. This report now draws on 3,079,470 records from between 1839 and the end of 2016.

7. With the influx of data, this assessment sees 627 native species now recorded as having occurred in the region at some time since 1839.

8. In general, birds and amphibians seem to have fared the best in retaining species whereas fish species generally show the greatest declines.

9. Each of the seven terrestrial 'Reporting Areas' has an overall persistence rate of between 71- 78% of the total number of species recorded as occurring there (Table 1). Ratings for each taxonomic group in each Reporting Area are shown in Figure 1.

Table 1: Summary of species persistence at the end of 2016 in each Reporting Area

Reporting Areas Number and percentage of species likely to be persisting Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Total 2/15 6/10 11/22 217/274 19/34 255/355 Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (13%) (60%) (50%) (79%) (56%) (72%) 8/26 10/16 19/30 236/291 29/41 302/404 Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (31%) (63%) (63%) (81%) (71%) (75%) Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & 5/20 13/16 21/34 235/279 32/43 306/392 Whittlesea (25%) (81%) (62%) (84%) (74%) (78%) Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & 4/20 10/13 18/34 284/337 33/41 349/445 Greater Geelong (20%) (77%) (53%) (84%) (80%) (78%) 5/18 11/13 16/26 225/295 17/33 274/385 Mornington Peninsula (28%) (85%) (62%) (76%) (52%) (71%) 18/32 15/20 33/39 303/374 29/49 397/514 Greater Melbourne (56%) (75%) (82%) (81%) (59%) (77%) 13/26 11/14 22/37 228/277 37/46 311/400 Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (50%) (79%) (59%) (82%) (80%) (78%)

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Figure 1: Reporting Areas within the Port Philip & Westernport CMA region and their indicative ratings of species persistence for each taxonomic group

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10. This report includes a table in Section 3.2 for each of the Reporting Areas that identifies species with low persistence ratings that are useful priorities for future professional, student or community monitoring to ensure the ratings are as accurate as possible.

11. This study draws on existing databases and is an objective, repeatable method for calculating the probability of a species persisting in a given area. However, there are limitations to the methods used in this study, primarily that it doesn’t assess the health or range of species populations. For example, a species such as the Helmeted can have a small population, a confined range and be listed as a threatened species but have a high persistence rating in that area because sightings are regularly recorded. Conversely, some species may be relatively common in an area but if the databases do not contain recent records of sightings then the probability of persistence can be low.

12. This analysis for the Port Phillip & Western Port region could be undertaken for local areas across the other catchment management regions of Victoria to develop a state-wide picture of species diversity, persistence and trends.

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1. Introduction

In 2008, the Port Philip & Westernport Catchment Authority (PPWCMA) commissioned a project to calculate the probability of persistence of native taxa within its region (Caryl et al. 2008). This work was commissioned to analyse the diversity and persistence of native animal species as a component of the PPWCMA's reporting on catchment condition and for use by many organisations working together in environmental management.

The assessment of species persistance used all records of species sightings in the region from accessible databases including the Atlas of Victorian Wildlife (now known as the Victorian Biodiversity Atlas or VBA), Atlas of Australian Birds from Birds Australia, the Atlas of Living Australia and the frog census data and fish census data from Melbourne Water.

Using a series of peer-reviewed formula (McCarthy 1998; van der Ree & McCarthy 2005), the study analysed the patterns of records of each species within seven areas of the region and assigned each species with a probability that it persisted at the end of 2005 or 2006 (depending on the taxonomic group).

The report found that the proportion of species that were probably extant at the end of the study period varied significantly across taxonomic groups (Caryl et al. 2008).

In 2018, Ecology and Infrastructure International Pty Ltd was engaged by the PPWCMA to recalculate the likelihood that species were extant using an additional 10 years of data (i.e. from 2005 or 2006 to the end of 2016). This report summarises the probability of all native vertebrate species previously recorded in the area remaining extant at the end of 2016.

The format and structure of this report is modelled on the earlier report to facilitate comparisons between reporting periods.

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2. Methods

The methods used in this re-analysis are identical to those used in the 2005-06 analysis.

2.1 Sources of data

Records of vertebrate fauna within the PPWCMA region were obtained from:  the Victorian Biodiversity Atlas;  the Atlas of Living Australia  Melbourne Water Frog Census data;  Melbourne Water Fish Census data; and  the Birdlife Australia database.

Records were extracted from their respective data sources in April and May 2018 and were filtered to ensure a minimum standard for all records. All records up to 31 December 2016 were used in the analysis.

Records where species identification was tentative (e.g. identified only to level) or date of observation was missing were deleted from the dataset before analysis, as were any duplicate records. Multiple sightings of a species at a single site on the same day were recorded as a single sighting in order to eliminate non-independence in the dataset before analysis (McCarthy, 1998). Other records that were omitted from analysis were those where the location was obviously incorrect (e.g. terrestrial species occurring in marine environments), and those of non-native species that were introduced after initial European settlement (e.g. Felis catus). Fish were only included in the analysis if they occurred in freshwater or used both freshwater and marine habitats. Dingoes (Canis familiaris) were also excluded from the analyses due to the potential for hybridisation with domestic dogs making it difficult to distinguish between the two (van der Ree, 2004). Other species that may have been wild or aviary escapees (e.g Budgerigar) were included as it was beyond the scope of this project to inspect all records and attempt to determine the source of the sighting behind the record. Records where subspecies were identified were typically grouped as a single species. In marine Reporting Areas (Port Phillip Bay and Westernport Bay), records of marine mammals, reptiles and fish were excluded from the analysis, meaning only information about avian species was included for these two areas. Finally, all records were assigned to a single Reporting Area after their location co-ordinates had been mapped using QGIS.

The surge in citizen science programs over the past decade means that other databases of species records may exist which may not have been added to the VBA or other readily-accessible databases. For the future, there would be benefit in bringing such databases together so the data is consolidated, up-to-date and easily accessible.

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2.2 Quantitative methods to infer species persistence

Several different methods have been used to infer species persistence (Solow 1993; Burgman et al. 1995; McCarthy 1998; Solow & Roberts 2003), and each method is sensitive to different characteristics of the collection record (van der Ree & McCarthy 2005). For example McCarthy’s (1998) modified version of Solow’s (1993) original formulae takes into account changes in collection effort, which may vary over time. These methods are essentially forms of time series analysis run on species’ presence or absence data, which are sensitive to runs of absences of sightings in collection records. The basic idea in each of these methods being that confidence in the continued existence of a species is greater the more recently it has been sighted, or conversely, species are less likely to be extant if they have not been observed for an extended duration at the end of the observation period. However, the probabilities returned by these equations do not provide the probability that the species is extant (van der Ree & McCarthy, 2005), but rather the probability that a run of species absences at the end of an observation period would occur by chance alone. Small P-values suggest that the observed run of absences at the end of a recording period are unlikely to occur if the species is still extant, implying a decline in the range of a species (McCarthy, 1998).

For the purpose of this report, the probability of a species being extant is more readily interpreted measure than the probability that absences did not occur by chance, for which a Bayesian formulation of Solow’s (1993) equation is required (van der Ree & McCarthy, 2005). The posterior probability of the species being extant was calculated as:

1 p  1[(T / t) N 1 1]/(N 1) where N is the number of times the species was recorded between time 0 and time T, and t is the time when the species was last recorded. The prior probability of the species being extant in the last year of recording for each taxonomic group was assumed to be 0.5. This prior probability is the probability of the species being extant in the last year of recording prior to considering the sighting data. P-values resulting from this formula lie between 0 and 1.0, where P = 1.0 demonstrates that the species was certainly still extant at the end of the recording period.

The probability of persistence (P) is a score between 0 and 1.0. It is assessed for each species in each area.

P of 1.0 means the species was certain to be persisting at the end of the recording period. P >0.5 means it is more likely to be extant in that area rather than extinct, and P <0.5 means it is more likely to be extinct than extant.

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2.3 Reporting Areas

The following reporting areas have been selected by the PPWCMA to be used for this assessment. These areas were selected because:  the scale of these areas was considered appropriate for this particular analysis;  Council boundaries are well-understood by communities of the region; and  the areas broadly relate to different ecological systems operating in the region today.

Figure 2: Reporting Areas

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2.4 Reporting Area indicative ratings

The Bayesian formula described in Section 2.2 was used to investigate the probability that each faunal species known to have occurred within the Reporting Area was extant at the end of the recording period (i.e. end of 2016). The probability of persistence was calculated for every faunal species within each Reporting Area for which there were sufficient data to perform calculations; this required a minimum of three or more independent observations per Reporting Area. Species with fewer records than this were assigned as “inadequate records”. Inadequate records may result from a species having a cryptic nature, making it difficult to survey and/or detect, or because the species was transiently passing through the area and is not normally resident within the Reporting Area. However, in a large number of cases inadequate records were likely to have occurred because the species has gone extinct, or become so rare as to make detection unlikely.

The results for each species were then grouped taxonomically (as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds or mammals) and by Reporting Area, allowing for different aspects of interpretation of results. Each species was allocated to a probability band for extantness, ≥0.95, 0.94-0.75, 0.74-0.50, <0.50 and insufficient records (too few records to enable a score to be legitimately calculated).

A species in the highest band meant that that species was almost certain to still be extant within that Reporting Area, whereas there was a greater chance that a species in the <0.50 probability band would be extinct rather than extant. The proportion of species within each of these bands is presented both by taxonomic group (Section 3.1) and by Reporting Area (Section 3.2).

To generate an indicative rating of faunal health for each Reporting Area, the number of species that are most likely to be extant within that Reporting Area (i.e. those ≥0.50) are calculated as a proportion of the number of species that have ever been recorded within that Reporting Area (including those species with inadequate records):

A+ = ≥90% A = 80-89% B = 70-79% C = 60-69% D = 50-59% E = <50%

For example, a Reporting Area with an indicative rating of A+ for a particular taxonomic group has likely retained at least 90% of the native species of that group that have ever been recorded there, whereas a Reporting Area with an indicative rating of E has likely retained less than half of its species.

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3. Results

A total of 3,079,740 records of 627 species were made within the PPWCMA area between 1839 and the end of 2016. A full account of the probability of persistence of each species within each of the seven reporting areas is given in Appendices 1 to 5.

In all tables of results, the results from the 2005-06 analysis are provided along with the 2016 results, with the latter always highlighted in light blue.

The first obvious difference between the 2005-06 and 2016 analyses was the increase in the total number of records of wildlife, from 437,845 to over 3 million records. The probable reason for this major increase is recent targeted surveys as part of various planning investigations by local and state government and a proliferation of citizen science survey programs. A positive consequence of this effort is a greater reliability in the results of the analysis.

The second major difference is the increase in the number of species recorded as having occurred in the region, which increased from 504 to 627. This increase is likely due to a combination of:  splitting of some species into multiple species;  the arrival of new species into the area either as vagrants, deliberate introductions or releases of pets;  first records of species being added to the databases for the area; and  potential misidentifications.

It would be a potentially-informative analysis to investigate the new species and attempt to discern the source or cause of the new detection.

The results for each taxonomic group and Reporting Area are provided in Sections 3.1 and 3.2 respectively. The detailed results for each species are included in the appendices.

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3.1 Results by taxonomic group

3.1.1 Fish

A total of 8,248 records of 38 species of freshwater fish were utilised for this 2016 analysis (records collected between 1863 and the end of 2016), compared with 5,106 records of the same 38 species available for the 2005-06 analysis (records collected between 1863 and 2006).

Table 2: Analysis of native freshwater fish species records within each Reporting Area

Reporting Area No. of No. of No. and % of species in probability bands Proportion of Indicative records species ≥0.95 0.75-O.94 0.50-0.74 <0.50 Insufficient species ≥0.50 rating (Almost certain (Highly likely to (Likely to be (Likely to be records to be extant) be extant) extant) extinct) Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2005-06) 57 13 1 1 5 6 1 1 6 7 Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2016) 167 15 13% E (7%) (7%) (40%) (47%) Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2005-06) 1,183 25 11 4 1 6 3 3 4 1 14 4 Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2016) 1,534 26 31% E (12%) (15%) (4%) (54%) (15%) Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2005-06) 520 20 8 1 1 3 7 3 2 8 7 Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2016) 797 20 25% E (15%) (10%) (40%) (35%) Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2005-06) 210 18 8 5 5 2 2 12 4 Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2016) 599 20 20% E (10%) (10%) (60%) (20%) Mornington Peninsula (2005-06) 488 17 8 4 1 4 1 4 9 4 Mornington Peninsula (2016) 805 18 28% E (6%) (22%) (50%) (22%) Greater Melbourne (2005-06) 1,223 32 17 5 2 5 3 6 7 5 12 2 Greater Melbourne (2016) 2,436 32 56% D (19%) (22%) (16%) (38%) (6%) Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2005-06) 1,425 26 12 1 3 2 8 6 4 3 6 7 Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2016) 2,060 26 50% D (23%) (15%) (12%) (23%) (27%) TOTAL (2005-06) 5,106 38 TOTAL (2016) 8,248 38

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Figure 3: Locations of 2006-2016 fish records in the Port Phillip & Westernport region

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Figure 4: Number of native fish species in each probability band in each Reporting Area 2016

35

30

25

20

15

10

5 No. of species No. species of recorded occurring as in the area 2016

0 Bass Coast, South Casey, Cardinia & Macedon Ranges, Moorabool, Melton, Mornington Urban Melbourne Yarra Ranges & Gippsland & Islands Baw Baw Hume, Mitchell & Wyndham & Greater Peninsula Nillumbik Whittlesea Geelong

>0.95 - Almost certain to be extant 0.75-O.94 - Highly likely to be extant 0.50-0.74 - Likely to be extant <0.50 - Likely to be extinct Insufficient records

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3.1.2 Amphibians

A total of 19,140 records of 20 species of amphibians were used for this 2016 analysis (records collected between 1856 and end of 2016), compared with 10,547 records of 17 species available for the 2005-06 analysis (records collected between 1856 and end of 2005).

Table 3: Analysis of native amphibian species records within each Reporting Area

Reporting Area No. and % of species in probability bands No. of No. of Proportion of Indicative ≥0.95 0.75-O.94 0.50-0.74 <0.50 Insufficient records species (Almost certain (Highly likely to (Likely to be (Likely to be species ≥0.50 rating to be extant) be extant) extant) extinct) records Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2005-06) 298 10 9 1 6 4 Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2016) 344 10 60% C (60%) (40%) Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2005-06) 1269 12 8 1 2 1 10 2 4 Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2016) 2914 16 63% C (63%) (13%) (25%) Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2005-06) 2198 15 9 1 1 3 1 12 1 2 1 Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2016) 3944 16 A (75%) (6%) (13%) (6%) 81% Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2005-06) 1516 11 7 1 1 2 9 1 2 1 Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2016) 3431 13 77% B (69%) (8%) (15%) (8%) Mornington Peninsula (2005-06) 747 12 9 1 1 1 9 2 1 1 Mornington Peninsula (2016) 1196 13 85% A (69%) (15%) (8%) (8%) Greater Melbourne (2005-06) 2506 16 14 2 12 3 2 3 Greater Melbourne (2016) 4283 20 75% B (60%) (15%) (10%) (15%) Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2005-06) 2013 13 9 1 1 2 10 1 2 1 Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2016) 3028 14 79% B (71%) (7%) (14%) (7%) TOTAL (2005-06) 10,547 17 TOTAL (2016) 19,140 20

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Figure 5: Locations of 2006-2016 amphibian records in the Port Phillip & Westernport region

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Figure 6: Number of native amphibian species in each probability band in each Reporting Area 2016

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15

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5 No. of species No. species of recorded occurring as in the area 2016

0 Bass Coast, South Casey, Cardinia & Macedon Ranges, Moorabool, Melton, Mornington Urban Melbourne Yarra Ranges & Gippsland & Islands Baw Baw Hume, Mitchell & Wyndham & Greater Peninsula Nillumbik Whittlesea Geelong

>0.95 - Almost certain to be extant 0.75-O.94 - Highly likely to be extant 0.50-0.74 - Likely to be extant <0.50 - Likely to be extinct Insufficient records

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3.1.3 Reptiles

A total of 10,604 records of 45 species of reptiles were used for this 2016 analysis (records collected between 1860 and end of 2016), compared with 8,116 records of 40 species available for the 2005-06 analysis (records collected between 1860 and end of 2005).

Table 4: Analysis of native reptile species records within each Reporting Area

Reporting Area No. and % of species in probability bands No. of No. of Proportion of Indicative ≥0.95 0.75-O.94 0.50-0.74 <0.50 Insufficient records species (Almost certain (Highly likely to (Likely to be (Likely to be species ≥0.50 rating to be extant) be extant) extant) extinct) records Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2005-06) 282 22 12 2 1 1 6 2 2 7 6 5 Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2016) 304 22 50% D (9%) (9%) (32%) (27%) (23%) Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2005-06) 672 26 8 5 3 6 4 12 6 1 4 7 Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2016) 893 30 63% C (40%) (20%) (3%) (13%) (23%) Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2005-06) 1,557 34 7 7 3 13 4 19 1 1 10 3 Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2016) 2,082 34 62% C (56%) (3%) (3%) (29%) (9%) Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2005-06) 1,248 32 7 3 6 13 3 12 4 2 12 4 Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2016) 1,515 34 D (35%) (12%) (6%) (35%) (12%) 53% Mornington Peninsula (2005-06) 801 25 9 10 2 1 3 8 4 4 8 2 Mornington Peninsula (2016) 1,074 26 62% C (31%) (15%) (15%) (31%) (8%) Greater Melbourne (2005-06) 1,671 37 18 6 4 3 5 21 8 3 3 4 Greater Melbourne (2016) 2,533 39 82% A (54%) (21%) (8%) (8%) (10%) Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2005-06) 1,885 34 13 7 1 9 4 20 1 1 11 4 Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2016) 2,203 37 59% D (54%) (3%) (3%) (30%) (11%) TOTAL (2005-06) 8,116 40 TOTAL (2016) 10,604 45

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Figure 7: Locations of 2006-2016 reptile records in the Port Phillip & Westernport region

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Figure 8: Number of native reptile species in each probability band in each Reporting Area

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5 No. of species No. species of recorded occurring as in the area 2016

0 Bass Coast, South Casey, Cardinia & Macedon Ranges, Moorabool, Melton, Mornington Urban Melbourne Yarra Ranges & Gippsland & Islands Baw Baw Hume, Mitchell & Wyndham & Greater Peninsula Nillumbik Whittlesea Geelong

>0.95 - Almost certain to be extant 0.75-O.94 - Highly likely to be extant 0.50-0.74 - Likely to be extant <0.50 - Likely to be extinct Insufficient records

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3.1.4 Birds

A total of 3,021,381 records of 463 species of birds were used for this 2016 analysis (records collected between 1856 and end of 2016), compared with 399,800 records of 396 species available for the 2005-06 analysis (records collected between 1860 and end of 2006).

Table 5: Analysis of bird species records within each Reporting Area

Reporting Area No. and % of species in probability bands No. of No. of Proportion of Indicative ≥0.95 0.75-O.94 0.50-0.74 <0.50 Insufficient records species (Almost certain (Highly likely to (Likely to be (Likely to be species ≥0.50 rating to be extant) be extant) extant) extinct) records Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2005-06) 4,330 230 56 53 27 34 60 188 26 3 23 34 Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2016) 96,318 274 79% B (69%) (9%) (1%) (8%) (12%) Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2005-06) 47,806 253 170 18 9 11 45 209 19 8 22 33 Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2016) 245,997 291 81% A (72%) (7%) (3%) (8%) (11%) Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2005-06) 31,625 241 161 21 8 6 45 194 33 8 15 29 Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2016) 153,289 279 84% A (70%) (12%) (3%) (5%) (10%) Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2005-06) 57,542 305 229 19 7 16 34 259 18 7 23 30 Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2016) 517,075 337 A (77%) (5%) (2%) (7%) (9%) 84% Mornington Peninsula (2005-06) 21,415 251 135 33 18 12 53 199 19 7 27 43 Mornington Peninsula (2016) 115,886 295 76% B (67%) (6%) (2%) (9%) (15%) Greater Melbourne (2005-06) 163,968 328 220 21 10 13 64 270 25 8 28 43 Greater Melbourne (2016) 1,644,783 374 81% A (72%) (7%) (2%) (7%) (11%) Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2005-06) 60,603 246 145 35 8 12 46 203 18 7 20 29 Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2016) 182,695 277 82% A (73%) (6%) (3%) (7%) (10%) Port Phillip Bay (2005-06) 6,496 283 48 63 41 46 85 194 23 18 22 48 Port Phillip Bay (2016) 53,110 305 77% B (64%) (8%) (6%) (7%) (16%) Western Port (2005-06) 6,015 258 16 50 35 77 80 132 31 15 50 50 Western Port (2016) 12,228 278 64% C (47%) (11%) (5%) (18%) (18%) TOTAL (2005-06) 399,800 396 TOTAL (2016) 3,021,381 463

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Figure 9: Locations of 2006-2016 bird records in the Port Phillip & Westernport region

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Figure 10: Number of bird species in each probability band in each Reporting Area

375

300

225

150

75

No. of species No. species of recorded occurring as in the area 2016 0 Bass Coast, South Casey, Cardinia & Macedon Ranges, Moorabool, Melton, Mornington Urban Melbourne Yarra Ranges & Gippsland & Islands Baw Baw Hume, Mitchell & Wyndham & Greater Peninsula Nillumbik Whittlesea Geelong

>0.95 - Almost certain to be extant 0.75-O.94 - Highly likely to be extant 0.50-0.74 - Likely to be extant <0.50 - Likely to be extinct Insufficient records

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3.1.5 Mammals

A total of 20,097 records of 61 species of mammals were used for this 2016 analysis (records collected between 1839 and end of 2016), compared with 14,276 records of 49 species available for the 2005-06 analysis (records collected between 1839 and end of 2006).

Table 6: Analysis of native mammal species records within each Reporting Area

Reporting Area No. and % of species in probability bands No. of No. of Proportion of Indicative ≥0.95 0.75-O.94 0.50-0.74 <0.50 Insufficient records species (Almost certain (Highly likely to (Likely to be (Likely to be species ≥0.50 rating to be extant) be extant) extant) extinct) records Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2005-06) 458 29 2 6 1 10 10 6 8 5 9 6 Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2016) 1,174 34 56% D (18%) (24%) (15%) (26%) (18%) Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2005-06) 1,264 39 12 11 4 7 5 19 9 1 8 4 Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2016) 2,459 41 71% B (46%) (22%) (2%) (20%) (10%) Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2005-06) 1,443 38 6 12 6 6 8 21 8 3 6 5 Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2016) 1,836 43 74% B (49%) (19%) (7%) (14%) (12%) Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2005-06) 1,390 35 15 7 8 5 30 1 2 4 4 Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2016) 1,795 41 80% A (73%) (2%) (5%) (10%) (10%) Mornington Peninsula (2005-06) 1,541 26 5 4 3 8 6 11 3 3 11 5 Mornington Peninsula (2016) 2,133 33 52% D (33%) (9%) (9%) (33%) (15%) Greater Melbourne (2005-06) 3,995 40 15 5 1 11 8 21 6 2 12 8 Greater Melbourne (2016) 4,437 49 59% D (43%) (12%) (4%) (24%) (16%) Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2005-06) 4,185 45 19 7 3 12 4 24 7 6 7 2 Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2016) 6,263 46 80% A (52%) (15%) (13%) (15%) (4%) TOTAL (2005-06) 14,276 49 TOTAL (2016) 20,097 61

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Figure 11: Locations of 2006-2016 mammal records in the Port Phillip & Westernport region

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Figure 12: Number of native mammal species in each probability band in each Reporting Area

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5 No. of species No. species of recorded occurring as in the area 2016

0 Bass Coast, South Casey, Cardinia & Macedon Ranges, Moorabool, Melton, Mornington Urban Melbourne Yarra Ranges & Gippsland & Islands Baw Baw Hume, Mitchell & Wyndham & Greater Peninsula Nillumbik Whittlesea Geelong

>0.95 - Almost certain to be extant 0.75-O.94 - Highly likely to be extant 0.50-0.74 - Likely to be extant <0.50 - Likely to be extinct Insufficient records

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3.2 Results by Reporting Area

This section summarises the results for each of the seven Reporting Areas in the Port Phillip & Westernport region.

3.2.1 Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands

Table 7: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands Reporting Area

Taxonomic group No. and % of species in probability bands No. of No. of Proportion of Indicative ≥0.95 0.75-O.94 0.50-0.74 <0.50 Insufficient records species (Almost certain (Highly likely to (Likely to be (Likely to be species ≥0.50 rating to be extant) be extant) extant) extinct) records Fish (2005-06) 57 13 1 1 5 6 1 1 6 7 Fish (2016) 167 15 13% E (7%) (7%) (40%) (47%) Amphibians (2005-06) 298 10 9 1 6 4 Amphibians (2016) 344 10 60% C (60%) (40%) Reptiles (2005-06) 282 22 12 2 1 1 6 2 2 7 6 5 Reptiles (2016) 304 22 50% D (9%) (9%) (32%) (27%) (23%) Birds (2005-06) 4,330 230 56 53 27 34 60 188 26 3 23 34 Birds (2016) 96,318 274 79% B (69%) (9%) (1%) (8%) (12%) Mammals (2005-06) 458 29 2 6 1 10 10 6 8 5 9 6 Mammals (2016) 1,174 34 56% D (18%) (24%) (15%) (26%) (18%) TOTAL (2005-06) 5,425 304 TOTAL (2016) 98,307 355

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Table 8: Priority species for future survey effort in the Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating (species for which the probability of persistence rating is <0.75)

Probability band Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Insufficient records Black Bream Tree Dragon/Jacky Dragon Arctic Jaeger Eastern Pygmy-possum Species for which new records Blue-spot Goby Black Rock Australasian Bittern Mountain Brushtail Possum could enable a change to the Broad-finned Galaxias Bearded Dragon Australian Little Bittern Rufous-bellied Pademelon assessment Flat-headed Gudgeon Glossy Grass Skink Australian Owlet-nightjar Southern Forest Bat Mountain Galaxias Eastern Brown Blue Petrel Spot-tailed Quoll Tamar River Goby Broad-billed Prion Swamp Antechinus Yelloweye Mullet Brown Gerygone Brown Budgerigar Cockatiel Diamond Firetail Eastern Grass Owl Gould's Petrel Helmeted Honeyeater Kerguelen Petrel Large-billed Scrubwren Lewin's Honeyeater Little Button-quail Little Lorikeet Long-toed Stint Major Mitchell's cockatoo Marsh Sandpiper Osprey Pectoral Sandpiper Restless Flycatcher Salvin's Prion Satin Bowerbird Scarlet Honeyeater Singing Bushlark Southern Fulmar Southern Giant-Petrel White-faced Storm Petrel Wood Sandpiper Yellow-plumed Honeyeater <0.50 Estuary Perch Victorian Smooth Froglet Southern Water Skink Baillon's Crake Long-nosed Potoroo Species currently likely to be Flatback Mangrove Goby Spotted Marsh Frog Weasel Skink / Southern Weasel Skink Orange-bellied Parrot Grey-headed Flying-fox extinct in the area but for which new records may change the Macquarie Perch Growling Grass Frog Garden Skink / Coventry's Skink Eurasian Skylark Gould's Wattled Bat assessment River Blackfish Southern Toadlet Common Long-necked / eastern Long-necked Turtle Greater Sand Plover Yellow-bellied Glider Southern Pigmy Perch Swamp Skink / Eastern Mourning Skink Hooded Robin Leadbeater's Possum Spotted Galaxias McCoy's Skink/Highlands Forest Skink White-capped Albatross Platypus Pink-eared Duck Little Forest Bat Richard's Pipit Lesser Long-eared Bat Australian Reed Warbler Large Forest Bat 30 | P a g e

Red-kneed Dotterel Australian Spotted Crake Northern Giant-Petrel Noisy Friarbird House Crow White-shouldered Triller Grey-headed Albatross Black Kite White-fronted Tern Barking Owl Brush Bronzewing Long-billed Corella Fairy Prion Cape Petrel 0.50-0.74 Tupong White's Skink Black-tailed Godwit White-footed dunnart Species currently likely to be Metallic Skink Jacky Winter Sugar Glider extant in the area but for which the assessment may increase or Tiger Snake Clamorous Reed Warbler New Zealand Fur-seal decrease quickly depending on Delicate Skink Feathertail Glider future record sightings Common/Eastern Blue-tongued Southern Grass Skink White-lipped Snake

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3.2.2 Casey, Cardinia and Baw Baw

Table 9: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for for Casey, Cardinia and Baw Baw Reporting Area

Taxonomic group No. of No. of No. and % of species in probability bands Proportion of Indicative records species ≥0.95 0.75-O.94 0.50-0.74 <0.50 Insufficient species ≥0.50 rating (Almost certain (Highly likely to (Likely to be (Likely to be records to be extant) be extant) extant) extinct) Fish (2005-06) 1183 25 11 4 1 6 3 3 4 1 14 4 Fish (2016) 1534 26 31% E (12%) (15%) (4%) (54%) (15%) Amphibians (2005-06) 1269 12 8 1 2 1 10 2 4 Amphibians (2016) 2914 16 63% C (63%) (13%) (25%) Reptiles (2005-06) 672 26 8 5 3 6 4 12 6 1 4 7 Reptiles (2016) 893 30 63% C (40%) (20%) (3%) (13%) (23%) Birds (2005-06) 47,806 253 170 18 9 11 45 209 19 8 22 33 Birds (2016) 245,997 291 81% A (72%) (7%) (3%) (8%) (11%) Mammals (2005-06) 1,264 39 12 11 4 7 5 19 9 1 8 4 Mammals (2016) 2,459 41 71% B (46%) (22%) (2%) (20%) (10%) TOTAL (2005-06) 52,194 355 TOTAL (2016) 253,797 404

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Table 10: Priority species for future survey effort in the Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating (species for which the probability of persistence rating is <0.75)

Probability band Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Insufficient records Australian Mudfish Dendy's Toadlet Bearded Dragon Antarctic Prion Brush-tailed Phascogale Species for which new records Chinook Salmon Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog Common Scaly-foot Arctic Tern Eastern False Pipistrelle could enable a change to the Mountain Galaxias Plains Froglet Cunningham's Skink Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross Eastern Quoll assessment Western Carp Gudgeon Smooth Frog Eastern Water Skink Australasian Figbird White-footed dunnart Marbled Gecko Australian Little Bittern Southern Grass Skink Australian Painted Snipe Spencer's Skink Australian Ringneck Banded Stilt Black Bittern Black-tailed Godwit Budgerigar Chestnut-breasted Mannikin Fuscous Honeyeater Gilbert's Whistler Great Knot Grey-tailed Tattler Helmeted Guineafowl Letter-winged Kite Little Curlew Major Mitchell's cockatoo Marsh Sandpiper New Zealand Fantail Orange-bellied Parrot Oriental Pratincole Pacific Golden Plover Purple-crowned Lorikeet Red Knot Short-tailed Shearwater Singing Bushlark Spectacled Monarch Western Gerygone White-breasted Woodswallow <0.50 Pouched Lamprey Common Spadefoot Toad Southern Water Skink Richard's Pipit White-striped Freetail Bat Species currently likely to be Southern Pigmy Perch Victorian Smooth Froglet Black Rock Skink Clamorous Reed Warbler New Holland Mouse extinct in the area but for which new records may change the Common Galaxias Highland Copperhead White-shouldered Triller Platypus assessment Short-headed Lamprey Bougainville's Skink Song Thrush Swamp Antechinus River Blackfish Brown Treecreeper (south-eastern ssp.) Common Bent-wing Bat Black Bream Black-faced Woodswallow Broad-toothed Estuary Perch Terek Sandpiper Gould's Long-eared Bat Broad-finned Galaxias King Quail Mountain Brushtail Possum Ornate Galaxias Whimbrel Macquarie Perch White-browed Woodswallow 33 | P a g e

Yelloweye Mullet Magpie Goose Long-finned Eel Plains-wanderer Tamar River Goby Baillon's Crake Australian Smelt Zebra Dove Stubble Quail Dollarbird Peaceful Dove Broad-billed Sandpiper Yellow-plumed Honeyeater Red-capped Plover Red-necked Avocet Pied Butcherbird 0.50-0.74 Glossy Grass Skink Black-tailed Native-hen Water Rat Species currently likely to be Banded Lapwing extant in the area but for which the assessment may increase or Noisy Friarbird decrease quickly depending on Diamond Dove future record sightings Helmeted Honeyeater Grey-crowned Babbler Black Kite Scarlet Honeyeater

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3.2.3 Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea

Table 11: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea Reporting Area

Taxonomic group No. of No. of No. and % of species in probability bands Proportion of Indicative records species ≥0.95 0.75-O.94 0.50-0.74 <0.50 Insufficient species ≥0.50 rating (Almost certain (Highly likely to (Likely to be (Likely to be records to be extant) be extant) extant) extinct) Fish (2005-06) 520 20 8 1 1 3 7 3 2 8 7 Fish (2016) 797 20 25% E (15%) (10%) (40%) (35%) Amphibians (2005-06) 2198 15 9 1 1 3 1 12 1 2 1 Amphibians (2016) 3944 16 81% A (75%) (6%) (13%) (6%) Reptiles (2005-06) 1,557 34 7 7 3 13 4 19 1 1 10 3 Reptiles (2016) 2,082 34 62% C (56%) (3%) (3%) (29%) (9%) Birds (2005-06) 31,625 241 161 21 8 6 45 194 33 8 15 29 Birds (2016) 153,289 279 84% A (70%) (12%) (3%) (5%) (10%) Mammals (2005-06) 1,443 38 6 12 6 6 8 21 8 3 6 5 Mammals (2016) 1,836 43 74% B (49%) (19%) (7%) (14%) (12%) TOTAL (2005-06) 37,343 348 TOTAL (2016) 161,948 392

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Table 12: Priority species for future survey effort in the Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating (species for which the probability of persistence rating is <0.75)

Probability band Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Insufficient records Australian Grayling Plains Brown Tree Frog Bearded Dragon Australasian Gannet Common Dunnart Species for which new records Chinook Salmon Lace Goanna / Lace Monitor Australian Little Bittern Eastern False Pipistrelle could enable a change to the Estuary Perch Stumpy-tailed Lizard/Shingleback Lizard Australian Pratincole Freetail Bat (eastern form) assessment Scary's Tasmangoby Banded Stilt Long-nosed Potoroo Silver Perch Black-browed Albatross Southern Brown Bandicoot Spotted Galaxias Black-chinned Honeyeater Yelloweye Mullet Black-faced Cormorant Black-faced Monarch Blue-breasted Fairywren Blue-faced Honeyeater Chestnut-rumped Heathwren Dollarbird Fluttering Shearwater Forest Kingfisher Gilbert's Whistler Grey-crowned Babbler Masked Owl Pacific Gull Plumed Whistling Duck Rufous bristlebird Shy Albatross Singing Bushlark Southern Emu-wren Superb Parrot White-browed Babbler White-browed Treecreeper White-fronted Tern White-headed Pigeon Wood Sandpiper <0.50 Broad-finned Galaxias Brown Toadlet Striped Legless Lizard Richard's Pipit Eastern Bettong Species currently likely to be Southern Pigmy Perch Southern Toadlet Eastern Small-eyed Snake Red-whiskered Bulbul Southern Myotis extinct in the area but for which new records may change the Common Galaxias Red-bellied Black Snake Eurasian Skylark White-striped Freetail Bat assessment Ornate Galaxias McCoy's Skink/Highlands Forest Skink Large-billed Scrubwren Eastern Quoll Macquarie Perch Grassland Earless Dragon Lewin's Honeyeater Platypus Twospine Blackfish Weasel Skink / Southern Weasel Skink Bush Stone-curlew Gould's Long-eared Bat Flat-headed Gudgeon White-lipped Snake Brown Treecreeper (south-eastern ssp.) Murray Cod Mountain Dragon Eastern Koel Southern Grass Skink Eastern Whipbird Delicate Skink Emu Glossy Ibis Tawny-crowned Honeyeater Regent Honeyeater Crested Tern 36 | P a g e

Satin Bowerbird 0.50-0.74 Australian Smelt White's Skink White-winged Tern Common Bent-wing Bat Species currently likely to be Yarra Pigmy Perch Song Thrush Little Red Flying-fox extant in the area but for which the assessment may increase or Diamond Dove Greater Glider decrease quickly depending on Barn Owl future record sightings Scarlet Honeyeater Letter-winged Kite Black-eared Cuckoo

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3.2.4 Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong

Table 13: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham and Greater Geelong Reporting Area

Taxonomic group No. of No. of No. and % of species in probability bands Proportion of Indicative records species ≥0.95 0.75-O.94 0.50-0.74 <0.50 Insufficient species ≥0.50 rating (Almost certain (Highly likely to (Likely to be (Likely to be records to be extant) be extant) extant) extinct) Fish (2005-06) 210 18 8 5 5 2 2 12 4 Fish (2016) 599 20 20% E (10%) (10%) (60%) (20%) Amphibians (2005-06) 1516 11 7 1 1 2 9 1 2 1 Amphibians (2016) 3431 13 77% B (69%) (8%) (15%) (8%) Reptiles (2005-06) 1,248 32 7 3 6 13 3 12 4 2 12 4 Reptiles (2016) 1,515 34 53% D (35%) (12%) (6%) (35%) (12%) Birds (2005-06) 57,542 305 229 19 7 16 34 259 18 7 23 30 Birds (2016) 517,075 337 84% A (77%) (5%) (2%) (7%) (9%) Mammals (2005-06) 1,390 35 15 7 8 5 30 1 2 4 4 Mammals (2016) 1,795 41 80% A (73%) (2%) (5%) (10%) (10%) TOTAL (2005-06) 61,906 401 TOTAL (2016) 524,415 445

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Table 14: Priority species for future survey effort in the Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating (species for which the probability of persistence rating is <0.75)

Probability band Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Insufficient records Broad-finned Galaxias Plains Froglet Metallic Skink Arctic Tern Common Dunnart Species for which new records Estuary Perch Murray River Turtle Australian Bustard Eastern free-tailed Bat could enable a change to the Short-headed Lamprey Pink-tailed Worm-Lizard Australian Little Bittern Spot-tailed Quoll assessment Yelloweye Mullet Spencer's Skink Beautiful Firetail Swamp Rat Black-breasted Buzzard Black-browed Albatross Black-faced Woodswallow Black-winged Petrel Brown Booby Brown Gerygone Brown Honeyeater Common Diving-Petrel Forest Raven Grey Falcon Hooded Plover House Crow Letter-winged Kite Little Friarbird Major Mitchell's cockatoo Malleefowl Orange Chat Oriental Plover Pied Butcherbird Red-backed Kingfisher Satin Bowerbird Scarlet Honeyeater Splendid Fairywren Wandering Tattler White-cheeked Honeyeater White-fronted Honeyeater <0.50 Macquarie Perch Common Spadefoot Toad Blotched Blue-tongued Lizard Richard's Pipit Long-nosed Potoroo Species currently likely to be Flat-headed Gudgeon Brown Toadlet Southern Water Skink Stilt Sandpiper Eastern False Pipistrelle extinct in the area but for which new records may change the Blue-spot Goby White's Skink Singing Bushlark Eastern Barred Bandicoot assessment Freshwater Catfish Mountain Dragon Northern Shoveler Lesser Long-eared Bat Scary's Tasmangoby Southern Grass Skink Hudsonian Godwit Pouched Lamprey Eastern Small-eyed Snake Gilbert's Whistler Common Galaxias Bearded Dragon Square-tailed Kite Tupong Weasel Skink / Southern Weasel Skink Oriental Pratincole Ornate Galaxias McCoy's Skink/Highlands Forest Skink Clamorous Reed Warbler Chinook Salmon Grassland Earless Dragon Australian Ringneck Black Bream Black Rock Skink White-faced Storm Petrel Tamar River Goby Lace Goanna / Lace Monitor Common Cicadabird Greater Sand Plover 39 | P a g e

Song Thrush White-browed Babbler Australian Pratincole Southern Giant-Petrel Brown Treecreeper (south-eastern ssp.) Yellow Wagtail Northern Giant-Petrel Little Curlew Plumed Whistling Duck Regent Honeyeater 0.50-0.74 Southern Pigmy Perch Red-bellied Black Snake Grey-crowned Babbler Eastern Quoll Species currently likely to be Australian Smelt Lowland Copperhead Peaceful Dove White-striped Freetail Bat extant in the area but for which the assessment may increase or Chestnut-rumped Thornbill decrease quickly depending on Western Gerygone future record sightings Plains-wanderer

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3.2.5 Mornington Peninsula

Table 15: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Mornington Peninsula Reporting Area

Taxonomic group No. of No. of No. and % of species in probability bands Proportion of Indicative records species ≥0.95 0.75-O.94 0.50-0.74 <0.50 Insufficient species ≥0.50 rating (Almost certain (Highly likely to (Likely to be (Likely to be records to be extant) be extant) extant) extinct) Fish (2005-06) 488 17 8 4 1 4 1 4 9 4 Fish (2016) 805 18 28% E (6%) (22%) (50%) (22%) Amphibians (2005-06) 747 12 9 1 1 1 9 2 1 1 Amphibians (2016) 1196 13 85% A (69%) (15%) (8%) (8%) Reptiles (2005-06) 801 25 9 10 2 1 3 8 4 4 8 2 Reptiles (2016) 1,074 26 62% C (31%) (15%) (15%) (31%) (8%) Birds (2005-06) 21,415 251 135 33 18 12 53 199 19 7 27 43 Birds (2016) 115,886 295 76% B (67%) (6%) (2%) (9%) (15%) Mammals (2005-06) 1,541 26 5 4 3 8 6 11 3 3 11 5 Mammals (2016) 2,133 33 52% D (33%) (9%) (9%) (33%) (15%) TOTAL (2005-06) 24,992 331 TOTAL (2016) 121,094 385

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Table 16: Priority species for future survey effort in the Mornington Peninsula Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating (species for which the probability of persistence rating is <0.75)

Probability band Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Insufficient records Chinook Salmon Plains Froglet Green Turtle Antarctic Petrel Bush Rat Species for which new records Flatback Mangrove Goby Marbled Gecko Australian Little Bittern Chocolate Wattled Bat could enable a change to the Short-headed Lamprey Azure Kingfisher Eastern Pygmy-possum assessment Western Carp Gudgeon Barking Owl Leopard seal Black-faced Monarch Little Red Flying-fox Black-tailed Godwit Blue-winged Buller's Albatross Channel-billed Cuckoo Chestnut-rumped Heathwren Diamond Dove Dollarbird Eastern Whipbird Fiordland Penguin Great Frigatebird Hooded Robin Kerguelen Petrel King Quail Light-mantled Albatross Little Friarbird Noisy Friarbird Northern Rockhopper Penguin Orange-bellied Parrot Pied Butcherbird Pomarine Jaeger Red-necked Avocet Rockhopper Penguin Ruff Salvin's Prion Snow Petrel Southern Whiteface Speckled Warbler Square-tailed Kite Striated Grasswren Tawny-crowned Honeyeater Western Gerygone Western Wattlebird Whimbrel White-faced Storm Petrel White-headed Pigeon White-shouldered Triller Wonga Pigeon Yellow Wattlebird 42 | P a g e

<0.50 Broad-finned Galaxias Peron's Tree Frog Southern Grass Skink Eurasian Skylark New Holland Mouse Species currently likely to be Blue-spot Goby Weasel Skink / Southern Weasel Skink Richard's Pipit White-striped Free-tailed Bat extinct in the area but for which new records may change the Tupong Delicate Skink White-capped Albatross White-striped Freetail Bat assessment Common Galaxias Bougainville's Skink Satin Bowerbird Common Bent-wing Bat Spotted Galaxias Tree Dragon / Jacky Dragon Gould's Long-eared Bat Southern Pigmy Perch Eastern Small-eyed Snake Clamorous Reed Warbler Gould's Wattled Bat Black Bream McCoy's Skink/Highlands Forest Skink Little Egret Little Forest Bat Tamar River Goby Lowland Copperhead Horsfield's Bushlark Feathertail Glider Macquarie Perch Rainbow Bee-eater Southern Forest Bat Grey-tailed Tattler Agile Antechinus Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross Black-tailed Native-hen Osprey Grey-crowned Babbler Common Cicadabird Black-browed Albatross White-backed Swallow Common Tern Spotted Quail-thrush Southern Fulmar Blue Petrel Australian Owlet-nightjar Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross Great-winged Petrel Wandering Albatross Arctic Tern White-headed Petrel 0.50-0.74 Murray Cod Victorian Smooth Froglet Swamp Skink / Eastern Mourning Skink Song Thrush Large Forest Bat Species currently likely to be River Blackfish Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog Common Scaly-foot Eastern Osprey Water Rat extant in the area but for which the assessment may increase or Dwarf Galaxias Eastern Brown Snake Cockatiel Common Wombat decrease quickly depending on Yelloweye Mullet Tiger Snake Masked Woodswallow Dusky Antechinus future record sightings Restless Flycatcher Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Hutton's Shearwater

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3.2.6 Greater Melbourne

Table 17: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Greater Melbourne Reporting Area

Taxonomic group No. of No. of No. and % of species in probability bands Proportion of Indicative records species ≥0.95 0.75-O.94 0.50-0.74 <0.50 Insufficient species ≥0.50 rating (Almost certain (Highly likely to (Likely to be (Likely to be records to be extant) be extant) extant) extinct) Fish (2005-06) 1223 32 17 5 2 5 3 6 7 5 12 2 Fish (2016) 2436 32 56% D (19%) (22%) (16%) (38%) (6%) Amphibians (2005-06) 2506 16 14 2 12 3 2 3 Amphibians (2016) 4283 20 75% B (60%) (15%) (10%) (15%) Reptiles (2005-06) 1,671 37 18 6 4 3 5 21 8 3 3 4 Reptiles (2016) 2,533 39 82% A (54%) (21%) (8%) (8%) (10%) Birds (2005-06) 163,968 328 220 21 10 13 64 270 25 8 28 43 Birds (2016) 1,644,783 374 81% A (72%) (7%) (2%) (7%) (11%) Mammals (2005-06) 3,995 40 15 5 1 11 8 21 6 2 12 8 Mammals (2016) 4,437 49 59% D (43%) (12%) (4%) (24%) (16%) TOTAL (2005-06) 173,364 453 TOTAL (2016) 1,658,472 514

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Table 18: Priority species for future survey effort in the Greater Melbourne Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating (species for which the probability of persistence rating is <0.75)

Probability band Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Insufficient records Murray Hardhead Smooth Frog Highland Copperhead Antarctic Prion Black Flying-fox Species for which new Trout Cod Western Banjo Frog leatherback sea turtle Bar-shouldered Dove Mountain Brushtail Possum records could enable a Plains Brown Tree Frog Metallic Skink Black-browed Albatross New Zealand Fur-seal change to the assessment Spencer's Skink Black-chinned Honeyeater Southern Freetail Bat (long penis) Black-faced Woodswallow Southern Myotis Bridled Tern Swamp Antechinus Brown Honeyeater White-footed dunnart Common Koel Yellow-bellied Glider Eclectus Parrot Forest Kingfisher Forest Raven Greater Sand Plover Green Rosella Grey-faced Petrel Hudsonian Godwit Lemon-bellied flyrobin Letter-winged Kite Light-mantled Albatross Little Curlew Little Shearwater Oriental Plover Oriental Pratincole Pomarine Jaeger Radjah Shelduck Red-eared Firetail Salvin's Prion Scarlet-chested Parrot Shy Albatross Slender-billed Prion Soft-plumaged Petrel Sooty Shearwater Southern Fulmar Southern Giant-Petrel Southern Whiteface Superb Fruit-Dove Tasmanian Scrubwren Wandering Albatross White-breasted Woodswallow White-browed Babbler White-throated Nightjar Wonga Pigeon Yellow-throated Honeyeater Yellow-throated Miner 45 | P a g e

<0.50 Silver Perch Common Spadefoot Toad Grassland Earless Dragon Richard's Pipit Gould's Long-eared Bat Species currently likely to Dwarf Galaxias Plains Froglet Stumpy-tailed Lizard/Shingleback Song Thrush Brush-tailed Phascogale be extinct in the area but for which new records Blue-spot Goby Lizard Tawny Grassbird Gould's Wattled Bat may change the Black Bream Lace Goanna / Lace Monitor Australian Little Bittern New Holland Mouse assessment Yarra Pigmy Perch Little Button-quail Long-nosed Bandicoot Flat-headed Gudgeon Clamorous Reed Warbler Eastern Quoll Yelloweye Mullet Superb Parrot Eastern Bettong Large Mouth Goby White-headed Petrel Eastern Barred Bandicoot Common Galaxias Red-vented Bulbul Dusky Antechinus Long-finned Eel Arctic Tern Fat-tailed Dunnart Freshwater Catfish Spotted Quail-thrush Common Bent-wing Bat Australian Smelt Sooty Owl Broad-toothed Rat Eastern Barn Owl Yellow Wagtail Pilotbird Great Skua Singing Bushlark Regent Honeyeater Grey-crowned Babbler Brown Treecreeper (south-eastern ssp.) Common Cicadabird Plains-wanderer Hooded Plover Buff-breasted Sandpiper White-headed Pigeon Brown Treecreeper White-throated Gerygone Pale-headed Rosella 0.50-0.74 Sea Mullet Lesueur’s Frog Eastern Small-eyed Snake Red-backed Kingfisher Southern Forest Bat Species currently likely to Australian Mudfish Haswell’s Froglet Bougainville's Skink Southern Emu-wren Little Forest Bat be extant in the area but for which the assessment Chinook Salmon Dendy's Toadlet Common Scaly-foot Red-whiskered Bulbul may increase or decrease Golden Perch White-fronted Tern quickly depending on Tupong Speckled Warbler future record sightings White-fronted Honeyeater Orange-bellied Parrot Short-tailed Shearwater

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3.2.7 Yarra Ranges and Nillumbik

Table 19: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Yarra Ranges and Nillumbik Reporting Area

Taxonomic group No. of No. of No. and % of species in probability bands Proportion of Indicative records species ≥0.95 0.75-O.94 0.50-0.74 <0.50 Insufficient species ≥0.50 rating (Almost certain (Highly likely to (Likely to be (Likely to be records to be extant) be extant) extant) extinct) Fish (2005-06) 1425 26 12 1 3 2 8 6 4 3 6 7 Fish (2016) 2060 26 50% D (23%) (15%) (12%) (23%) (27%) Amphibians (2005-06) 2013 13 9 1 1 2 10 1 2 1 Amphibians (2016) 3028 14 79% B (71%) (7%) (14%) (7%) Reptiles (2005-06) 1,885 34 13 7 1 9 4 20 1 1 11 4 Reptiles (2016) 2,203 37 59% D (54%) (3%) (3%) (30%) (11%) Birds (2005-06) 60,603 246 145 35 8 12 46 203 18 7 20 29 Birds (2016) 182,695 277 82% A (73%) (6%) (3%) (7%) (10%) Mammals (2005-06) 4,185 45 19 7 3 12 4 24 7 6 7 2 Mammals (2016) 6,263 46 80% A (52%) (15%) (13%) (15%) (4%) TOTAL (2005-06) 70,111 364 TOTAL (2016) 196,249 400

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Table 20: Priority species for future survey effort in the Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating (species for which the probability of persistence rating is <0.75)

Probability band Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Insufficient records Blue-spot Goby Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog Gippsland Water Dragon / Australian Water Dragon Arctic Jaeger Eastern Bettong Species for which new records Chinook Salmon Gray's Blind Snake Australasian Gannet Eastern free-tailed Bat could enable a change to the Freshwater Catfish Murray River Turtle Australian Bustard assessment Long-finned Eel Tussock Skink Black-breasted Buzzard Murray River Rainbowfish Brolga Trout Cod California Quail Yelloweye Mullet Chestnut-breasted Mannikin Common Koel Crimson Chat Diamond Dove Dusky Grasswren Letter-winged Kite Little Button-quail Magpie Goose Pacific Robin Plains-wanderer Red-backed Kingfisher Red-necked Avocet Red-tailed Black Cockatoo Southern Whiteface Splendid Fairywren Star Finch Western Wattlebird Western Yellow Robin Whiskered Tern White-backed Swallow White-breasted Woodswallow White-cheeked Honeyeater Zebra Dove <0.50 Mountain Galaxias Common Spadefoot Toad Brown Brown Spencer's Skink Helmeted Honeyeater Southern Myotis Species currently likely to be Black Bream Toadlet Highland Copperhead Channel-billed Cuckoo Dusky Antechinus extinct in the area but for which new records may change the Australian Bass Little Whip Snake Song Thrush Eastern False Pipistrelle assessment Golden Perch Swamp Skink / Eastern Mourning Skink King Quail Southern Freetail Bat (long penis) Australian Smelt Large Striped Skink Australasian Bittern Eastern Quoll Murray Cod Bougainville's Skink Freckled Duck Gould's Long-eared Bat Stumpy-tailed Lizard/Shingleback Lizard Richard's Pipit Large Forest Bat Broad-shelled Turtle Grey-crowned Babbler Southern Grass Skink Australian Ringneck White-lipped Snake Budgerigar White's Skink Black-chinned Honeyeater Singing Bushlark Banded Lapwing Blue-breasted Fairywren 48 | P a g e

Black-tailed Native-hen Emerald Dove Bush Stone-curlew White-shouldered Triller White-bellied Cuckoo-Shrike 0.50-0.74 Tupong Lesueur’s Frog Cunningham's Skink Horsfield's Bushlark Broad-toothed Rat Species currently likely to be Broad-finned Galaxias Tawny-crowned Honeyeater Southern Brown Bandicoot extant in the area but for which the assessment may increase or Short-headed Lamprey Chestnut-rumped Heathwren White-striped Free-tailed Bat decrease quickly depending on Red-chested Button-quail Eastern Horseshoe Bat future record sightings Rufous Songlark Spot-tailed Quoll White-throated Honeyeater Southern Forest Bat Peaceful Dove Speckled Warbler

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3.2.8 Summary of Reporting Areas and overall indicative ratings

The following table provides an overall summary for each Reporting Area. Remarkably, it shows that each Reporting Area has a similar overall persistence rate of between 71-78% of the total number of species recorded as occurring there.

It should be noted that the overall indicative rating is significantly influenced by the persistence rates for birds because there is a high number of bird species compared to the other taxanomic groups.

Table 21: Summary and overall indicative ratings for each Reporting Area (Note: the number preceded by the plus symbol shows the increase in species since the 2005-06 analysis)

Reporting area Total number of species Number of species with Proportion of species with Overall indicative recorded as occurring in the probability score ≥0.5 probability score ≥0.5 rating Reporting Area Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2005-06) 304 172 Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2016) 355 (+51) 255 (+83) 72% B Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2005-06) 355 265 Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2016) 404 (+49) 302 (+37) 75% B Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2005-06) 348 252 Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2016) 392 (+44) 306 (+54) 78% B Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham and Greater Geelong (2005-06) 401 310 Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham and Greater Geelong (2016) 445 (+44) 349 (+39) 78% B Mornington Peninsula (2005-06) 331 242 Mornington Peninsula (2016) 385 (+54) 274 (+32) 71% B Greater Melbourne (2005-06) 453 338 Greater Melbourne (2016) 514 (+61) 397 (+59) 77% B Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2005-06) 364 265 Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2016) 400 (+36) 311 (+46) 78% B

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4. Discussion

4.1 Overall findings

In the Port Phillip & Western Port region, and indeed across all regions of Australia, there are many government bodies, non-government organisations, researchers, community groups, landholders and others working to contribute to the science and understanding of our natural enviroment and to stabilise and improve its condition. This analysis and report is a contribution to the improved science and understanding of this region's biodiversity.

The main findings from this analysis are:

 The 3,079,470 records that were accessed and analysed in this report were significantly more than the 425,443 records that formed the basis of the 2005-06 report. The additional records were collected just between 2005 and 2016, and represent a massive increase in the collection and curation of field data. There were also an additional 87 new species recorded within the Port Phillip & Western Port region, bringing the total to 627.

 There has been a massive increase in the number of sightings of wildlife and reporting of these into government databases. Some of these databases take records without any verification (i.e. ALA) while others scrutinise and validate records before adding them to the database (e.g. VBA). The recent rise in interest in citizen science projects and monitoring by community groups has further increased the number of records. Based on this increase in surveys and reporting, it is likely that some databases will include erroneous records, including species mis-identifications, even if the record is scrutinised before inclusion in the database. The analysis in this report should therefore be used with caution and with understanding of the limitations for tracking the status of individual species. Nevertheless, this analysis is useful at identifying overall trends for species in taxonomic groups and broad areas.

 Fish species appear to have persisted relatively poorly with only between 13% (Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands) and 56% (Greater Melbourne) of species still likely to be occurring in any of the Reporting Areas.

 Amphibian species appear to have persisted relatively well with between 60% (Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands) and 85% (Mornington Peninsula) of species still likely to be occurring across the Reporting Areas.

 Reptile species appear to have persisted relatively poorly with only between 50% (Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands) and 63% (Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw) of species still likely to be occurring across the Reporting Areas except for the Greater Melbourne area which has retained 82% of its species.

 Bird species appear to have persisted relatively well with between 64% (Western Port) and 84% (Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea and Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham and Greater Geelong) of species still likely to be occurring across the Reporting Areas.

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 Mammal species appear to have persisted relatively poorly in the Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (56%), Mornington Peninsula (52%) and Greater Melbourne (59%) Reporting Areas but relatively well in the other areas with between 71% (Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw) and 80% (Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong and Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik) of species still likely to be occurring.

 All of the Reporting Areas have had a similar overall result with between 71% (Mornington Peninsula) and 78% (Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea, Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong and Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik) of the total species recorded there likely to be persisting.

4.2 Observations of sites of record collections

Records of species have been collected from across the region as illustrated in the map below.

There appears to be a higher concentration of records in urban and coastal areas which may reflect the emergence of citizen science records and the accessibility of these areas for citizens to observe and record the occurrence of species.

Conversely, there appears to be a lower concentration of records in rural and forested areas where there is a lower level of access for collection of records and generally less urban development- generated requirement for surveying.

Figure 13: Records for all taxa throughout the PPWCMA region

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4.3 Major factors that may be impacting on species persistence

Declines in terrestrial vertebrate fauna across Australia have resulted from a combination of factors including habitat loss, modification and fragmentation, exotic diseases, the effects of pesticides, competition with introduced herbivores and predation by introduced predators.

In the Port Phillip & Western Port region, habitat loss and fragmentation are considered to have been important factors in species losses but various other factors have also been at play and have impacted taxonomic groups and individual species in different ways.

The major threats to fish biodiversity may be flow modification, destruction of habitats, invasion by exotic species and pollution (including eutrophication and sedimentation).

The greatest threats to amphibian populations may be changes in landscape structure that results in decreased wetland area and density, increased wetland isolation, and decreased wetland vegetation or forest cover. Many amphibian populations are patchily distributed at local scales and the ability of amphibians to disperse can be significantly restricted because of infrastructure such as roads, buildings and fences. Waterbodies in proximity to humans are often limited in their suitability for amphibians for a variety of reasons such as their being stocked with exotic fish, having inappropriate hydrological regimes, receiving contaminated runoff (i.e. fertilisers, sediment, pesticides, heavy metals) or having depleted vegetation. Chytrid fungus is also likely a significant contributor to amphibian declines.

On the whole, reptiles do not respond well to urbanisation, but the diversity of species within reptile taxa means that some species are affected by human-modified landscapes more than others. Generalist species with broad habitat requirements can persist in small habitat patches and corridors of native vegetation but species with more specific habitat requirements may be less likely to persist. A reduction in the density of resources, such as hollow bearing trees, affects the persistence of species which depend on such resources. The wide-ranging movements of some species combined with the sun-basking habits of reptiles make them particularly susceptible to accidental or deliberate death by humans and traffic. Species of may be more likely to be adversely affected by direct human intervention through deliberate killing or removal of ‘nuisance’ individuals in urban areas.

Whilst species of birds haven’t suffered the same losses from the Australian continent as observed in mammals, the impact of European settlement on bird fauna may be more significant than is generally acknowledged. Ground-dwelling and ground-foraging species are particularly sensitive to the degradation of ground vegetation, over-grazing by livestock, destruction of the litter layer through prescriptive burning and soil-erosion; each of which removes cover for protection from predators as well as diminishing the availability of nesting sites and food resources.

One of the greatest impacts of human settlement in Australia on native fauna has been on mammals. Of these, it is small-to-medium sized ground-dwelling mammals that have been most affected in terms of range reduction and declining species abundance, largely attributable to the conversion of Australia’s natural habitats to pastoral and agricultural lands and the use of forests for timber products as well as the introduction of exotic predators such as cats and foxes.

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4.4 Limitations

This report is based on data contained within the VBA and ALA and several other biological records databases. The data contains biases that need to be considered before accepting apparent trends in the status of species.

For example, variations in the effort of record collecting within and between databases may confound analysis of trends in the distribution and abundance of species. The annual recording rate of mammals within the VBA varied considerably between 1839 and 2016, with a peak in the late 1980s coinciding with a period of detailed fauna surveys conducted in the outer suburbs of Melbourne by the Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research (van der Ree, 2004) and then anotherr major peak in the past decade with the surge of citizen science progtams. In addition, records are entered into the different databases in a variety of ways; incidental sightings tend to form the bulk of VBA and ALA records, whereas fish data from the Melbourne Water Fish Census are from systematic surveys by qualified biologists, which are repeated at the same locations over various time periods. Records from organised surveys will be more regular than those submitted by encounters from the general public, though may be less frequent across all Reporting Areas.

There are also likely to be biases in the databases related to human population density; probability values for more sparsely populated rural areas may be more conservative because there is a greater chance that a species remains undetected. As the public becomes more aware about the conservation status of species, some more common species may be less frequently reported in favour of more ‘novel’ sightings. Following on from this, species surveys by zoological consultants may bias record collection towards species that are often associated with land ear-marked for development, or those that have protected status, as legislation increasingly demands priority species be targeted during planning processes.

The development and application of improved survey techniques used by consultants, researchers and enthusiastic volunteers may have biased sightings records as we are now able to detect species which would previously have been impossible. For example, ultrasonic call detectors for identifying species of insectivorous bats (Microchiroptera) have been developed since the 1970s, coinciding with an apparent range expansion of several bat species (van der Ree & McCarthy, 2005). Similarly, camera-trapping is now probably one of the most commonly used techniques to survey wildlife and mammals in particulalr, and cameras are becoming cheaper, smaller, more reliable and easily deployed, significantly increasing the use of this technology across numerous user-groups (Meek and Fleming 2014).

As the formula used to infer persistence is inherently biased towards more recent records, several species that were recorded as highly likely to persist within a Reporting Area may have been based on a single isolated sighting recorded within the last year of the observation period. However, the inference that collection effort has become more frequent and effective in recent decades increases the likelihood that any documented range changes in the past few decades are real, and not a sampling effect. See van der Ree & McCarthy (2005) for more thorough discussion on the biases associated with the formulae used to infer species persistence.

It is impossible to be certain that the lack of a record of a species in these databases represents an actual absence on the ground (van der Ree, 2004), as the absence of a species cannot be 54 | P a g e

‘proven’. It therefore remains possible that some species, particularly those that occur at very low densities, or are highly cryptic and elusive, may be wrongly determined to be absent. These species may persist in small and/or isolated habitats that have escaped high-intensity disturbance (McKinney, 2002). Rediscovery of previously thought to be extinct has occurred frequently during the past few decades as the level of field research and biological survey throughout Australia has increased along with the development of appropriate sampling procedures. However, while there is the potential for misclassifying the status of common but cryptic species, it is unlikely that a significant number of species classed as endangered will be found to be abundant (Recher & Lim, 1990). More frequently, rare fauna will not be listed as additional data are required before a decision can be reached about their status.

Not all species range contractions are the result of increased human activity and many species are on the periphery of their natural range in the greater Melbourne area, therefore it remains unclear whether fluctuations in the distribution of these species are naturally occurring or caused by anthropogenic factors. The effect of natural range change precludes our ability to assess the impact of urbanisation as their historical distribution may have been unrelated to the expansion of human settlement. It also should be remembered that not all species that show a decline are at considerable conservation risk, as they may still be abundant elsewhere in the greater geographic region, but restricted in distribution by climate or habitat (Recher & Lim, 1990).

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5. References

Burgman, M. A., R. C. Grimson, and S. Ferson. 1995. Inferring threat from scientific collections. Conservation Biology 9:923-928.

Caryl, F., R. van der Ree, and K. Holland. 2008. An assessment of the conservation status of terrestrial fauna across Melbourne. A report for the Port Phillip and Westernport Catchment Management Authority. Australian Research Centre for Urban Ecology, Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne., Melbourne.

McCarthy, M. A. 1998. Identifying declining and threatened species with museum data. Biological Conservation 83:9-17.

Solow, A. R. 1993. Inferring from sighting data. Ecology 74:962-964.

Solow, A. R., and D. L. Roberts. 2003. A nonparametric test for extinction based on a sighting record. Ecology 84:1329-1332.

van der Ree, R., and M. A. McCarthy. 2005. Inferring persistence of indigenous mammals in response to urbanisation. Animal Conservation 8:309-319.

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Appendix 1. Probability of persistence of fish species by Reporting Area

Bas08 – Bass Coast, South Gippsland and Islands (2005-06) Bas16 – Bass Coast, South Gippsland and Islands (2016) Cas08 – Casey Cardinia and Baw Baw (2005-06) Cas16 – Casey Cardinia and Baw Baw (2016) Mac08 – Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2005-06) Mac16 – Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2016) Moo08 – Moorabool, Melton, Wyndam and Greater Geelong (2005-06) Moo16 – Moorabool, Melton, Wyndam and Greater Geelong (2016) MP08 – Mornington Peninsula (2005-06) MP16 – Mornington Peninsula (2016) UM08 – Greater Melbourne (2005-06) UM16 – Greater Melbourne (2016) Yar08 – Yarra Ranges and Nillumbik (2005-06) Yar16 – Yarra Ranges and Nillumbik (2016) PP08 – Port Phillip Bay (2005-06) PP16 – Port Phillip Bay (2016) WP08 – Western Port Bay (2005-06) WP16 – Western Port Bay (2016) Note: The raw data for fish from the 2005-06 analysis was not found during the preparation of this 2016 report, so the probability of persistence of fish to the end of 2006 was re-calculated using the VBA data (with the assumption that the fish sightings to the end of 2006 in the Melbourne Water Fish Atlas had now been entered into the VBA).

Common Name Scientific Name Bas08 Bas16 Cas08 Cas16 Mac08 Mac16 Moo08 Moo16 MP08 MP16 UM08 UM16 Yar08 Yar16 Black Bream Acanthopagrus butcheri IR IR 0.21 0.14 0.23 0.47 1.00 0.29 1.00 0.00 0.23 0.15 Tamar River Goby Afurcagobius tamarensis IR IR 1.00 0.40 IR 0.48 IR 0.30 1.00 0.94 Yelloweye Mullet Aldrichetta forsteri IR 0.87 0.38 IR IR IR IR 0.50 0.74 1.00 0.21 IR IR Long-finned Eel Anguilla reinhardtii 0.95 0.39 0.44 0.34 IR IR Silver Perch Bidyanus bidyanus IR IR 0.01 0.00 Murray Hardhead Craterocephalus fluviatilis IR IR Twospine Blackfish Gadopsis bispinosus 0.95 0.24 River Blackfish Gadopsis marmoratus 0.63 0.38 1.00 0.10 0.87 0.89 1.00 0.93 0.70 0.58 0.85 0.89 1.00 0.76 Broad-finned Galaxias Galaxias brevipinnis IR IR 1.00 0.21 0.05 0.01 IR IR 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.84 1.00 0.68 Common Galaxias Galaxias maculatus 0.46 1.00 1.00 0.03 1.00 0.05 1.00 0.23 1.00 0.08 1.00 0.22 1.00 0.98 Mountain Galaxias Galaxias olidus IR IR IR IR 1.00 0.00 57 | P a g e

Ornate Galaxias Galaxias ornatus 0.78 0.29 1.00 0.14 1.00 0.43 0.98 0.93 1.00 1.00 Spotted Galaxias Galaxias truttaceus 0.40 0.28 1.00 0.88 IR IR 1.00 0.88 1.00 0.13 1.00 0.97 0.98 0.90 Dwarf Galaxias Galaxiella pusilla 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.69 1.00 0.00 Pouched Lamprey Geotria australis 0.19 0.01 0.21 0.13 1.00 0.96 0.95 1.00 Western Carp Gudgeon Hypseleotris klunzingeri IR IR IR IR Trout Cod Maccullochella macquariensis IR IR IR IR Murray Cod Maccullochella peelii 0.64 0.57 0.55 0.40 0.60 0.54 0.96 0.99 0.72 0.44 Golden Perch Macquaria ambigua 0.30 0.88 0.96 0.73 0.74 0.23 Macquarie Perch Macquaria australasica 0.48 0.41 0.45 0.33 0.30 0.20 0.01 0.01 0.56 0.48 0.90 0.98 1.00 0.98 Estuary Perch Macquaria colonorum 0.07 0.04 0.21 0.14 IR IR IR IR 0.89 0.78 IR 0.85 Australian Bass Macquaria novemaculeata 0.00 0.89 0.44 0.21 Murray River Rainbowfish Melanotaenia fluviatilis IR IR Short-headed Lamprey Mordacia mordax 1.00 0.07 IR IR IR IR 1.00 0.97 0.84 0.72 Sea Mullet Mugil cephalus 0.93 0.56 Flatback Mangrove Goby Mugilogobius platynotus IR 0.37 0.32 0.91 IR Southern Pigmy Perch Nannoperca australis 0.46 0.39 1.00 0.02 1.00 0.05 1.00 0.62 1.00 0.19 0.97 0.85 1.00 0.80 Yarra Pigmy Perch Nannoperca obscura 1.00 0.73 0.04 0.03 Australian Mudfish Neochanna cleaveri IR IR 0.63 Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha IR IR IR IR 0.48 0.45 IR IR 0.78 0.69 IR IR Flat-headed Gudgeon Philypnodon grandiceps IR 0.97 0.93 1.00 0.29 1.00 0.05 1.00 0.89 1.00 0.17 0.98 0.99 Australian Grayling Prototroctes maraena 0.94 0.96 IR IR 0.96 0.99 0.97 0.99 Tupong Pseudaphritis urvillii 0.77 0.61 1.00 0.96 0.96 0.85 1.00 0.42 1.00 0.05 1.00 0.74 0.60 0.51 Blue-spot Goby Pseudogobius olorum IR IR 0.39 0.91 0.33 0.11 0.25 0.05 0.73 0.00 IR IR Large Mouth Goby Redigobius macrostoma 0.35 0.22 Australian Smelt Retropinna semoni 1.00 0.44 0.95 0.71 1.00 0.72 1.00 0.42 1.00 0.26 Freshwater Catfish Tandanus tandanus 0.12 0.70 0.36 IR IR Scary's Tasmangoby Tasmanogobius lasti IR IR 0.12

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Appendix 2. Probability of persistence of amphibian species by Reporting Area

Common Name Scientific Name Bas08 Bas16 Cas08 Cas16 Mac08 Mac16 Moo08 Moo16 MP08 MP16 UM08 UM16 Yar08 Yar16 Plains Froglet Crinia parinsignifera IR 0 1 IR IR 0.4 Common Froglet Crinia signifera 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Smooth Frog Geocrinia laevis IR IR Victorian Smooth Froglet Geocrinia victoriana 1 0.47 0.98 0.18 0.61 1 0.69 1 0.91 0.74 1 1 1.00 1 Western Banjo Frog Limnodynastes dorsalis IR Southern Bullfrog Limnodynastes dumerilii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Striped Marsh Frog Limnodynastes peronii 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.91 1 1 1 1 1 1.00 1 Spotted Marsh Frog Limnodynastes tasmaniensis 1 0.12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Southern Brown Tree Frog Litoria ewingii 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.95 1 1 1 1 1 1.00 1 Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog Litoria fallax IR 1 IR 0.71 1.00 1 IR Lesueur's Frog Litoria lesueuri 0.83 0.87 0.00 0.89 IR 0.53 0.86 0.74 Plains Brown Tree Frog Litoria paraewingi IR IR IR IR Peron's Tree Frog Litoria peronii IR 1 0.28 1 1 1 0.48 1 1 1.00 1 Growling Grass Frog Litoria raniformis 0.55 0.22 1 1 1 1 1.00 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Verreaux's Tree Frog Litoria verreauxii verreauxii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.00 1 1 1 1 1 Common Spadefoot Toad Neobatrachus sudelli 0.16 0.01 1 1 1 0 1.00 0.09 0.00 0 Haswell's Froglet Paracrinia haswelli 1 0.67 0.97 1.00 1 1.00 0.53 Brown Toadlet Pseudophryne bibronii 1 1 0.00 0.02 0 1.00 0.9 0.73 0.3 Dendy's Toadlet Pseudophryne dendyi IR 0.62 Southern Toadlet Pseudophryne semimarmorata 1 0.05 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.60 0.97 0.99 0.99 0.04 1

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Appendix 3. Probability of persistence of reptile species by Reporting Area

Common Name Scientific Name Bas08 Bas16 Cas08 Cas16 Mac08 Mac16 Moo08 Moo16 MP08 MP16 UM08 UM16 Yar08 Yar16 Pogona Bearded Dragon barbata IR IR IR 0.52 IR IR 0.04 Black Rock Skink saxatilis IR IR 0.95 0.00 0.51 0.98 0.79 0.35 IR 0.75 0.99 1.00 Tiliqua Blotched Blue-tongued Lizard nigrolutea 1.00 0.97 0.84 0.92 0.48 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.94 0.93 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Lerista Bougainville's Skink bougainvillii IR 0.42 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.96 IR 0.06 0.97 0.63 0.10 0.20 Chelodina Broad-shelled Turtle expansa IR 0.83 0.38 Chelodina Common Long-necked Turtle / eastern Long-necked Turtle longicollis 1.00 0.06 1.00 1.00 0.47 1.00 0.48 1.00 0.89 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.55 1.00 Pygopus Common Scaly-foot lepidopodus IR IR 0.91 0.55 IR 0.73 Tiliqua Common/Eastern Blue-tongued Lizard scincoides IR 0.55 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.79 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 Egernia Cunningham's Skink cunninghami IR IR 0.88 1.00 0.33 0.96 0.94 0.99 1.00 0.51 Lampropholis Delicate Skink delicata 1.00 0.53 0.43 0.94 0.05 0.46 1.00 0.01 0.95 0.96 1.00 1.00 Pseudonaja Eastern Brown Snake textilis IR IR 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.61 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.97 Cryptophis Eastern Small-eyed Snake nigrescens 0.48 0.95 0.13 0.01 0.22 0.03 0.53 0.24 0.89 0.54 1.00 0.98 Bassiana Eastern Three-lined Skink duperreyi 1.00 0.83 0.56 1.00 0.80 0.96 0.01 1.00 0.86 0.97 0.99 0.99 0.00 0.92 Eulamprus Eastern Water Skink quoyii IR Lampropholis Garden Skink / Coventry's Skink guichenoti 1.00 0.05 1.00 1.00 0.10 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 Intellagama Gippsland Water Dragon / Australian Water Dragon lesueurii 0.68 0.95 IR IR Pseudemoia Glossy Grass Skink rawlinsoni IR IR 0.56 0.74 0.03 1.00 0.92 0.76 0.59 0.92 0.92 0.97 Tympanocryptis Grassland Earless Dragon pinguicolla IR 0.07 0.55 0.26 0.08 0.02 Indotyphlops Gray's Blind Snake braminus IR 60 | P a g e

Green Turtle Chelonia mydas IR Highland Copperhead ramsayi IR 0.39 IR 0.01 0.00 Lace Goanna / Lace Monitor Varanus varius 1.00 0.93 0.87 1.00 IR IR IR 0.40 0.77 0.95 0.58 0.30 1.00 1.00 Ctenotus Large Striped Skink robustus 1.00 1.00 0.39 1.00 1.00 0.85 IR 0.07 Dermochelys leatherback sea turtle coriacea IR Parasuta Little Whip Snake flagellum 1.00 1.00 0.95 0.83 1.00 0.84 0.22 0.02 Austrelaps Lowland Copperhead superbus 1.00 0.98 0.99 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 0.53 0.94 0.48 0.99 1.00 0.91 1.00 Christinus Marbled Gecko marmoratus IR 0.57 1.00 0.73 0.91 IR IR 1.00 1.00 0.78 1.00 Anepischetosia McCoy's Skink/Highlands Forest Skink maccoyi 0.89 0.12 0.89 0.98 0.81 0.06 0.56 0.21 1.00 0.25 1.00 0.97 0.00 1.00 Niveoscincus Metallic Skink metallicus 1.00 0.51 0.44 1.00 0.05 IR 0.91 1.00 IR IR 0.93 0.99 Mountain Dragon diemensis 0.95 0.23 0.16 0.01 0.31 1.00 Emydura Murray River Turtle macquarii IR 1.00 IR IR 1.00 IR Aprasia Pink-tailed Worm-Lizard parapulchella IR Pseudechis Red-bellied Black Snake porphyriacus 0.97 0.84 0.00 0.01 0.51 0.50 IR 1.00 0.62 1.00 0.07 0.96 Pseudemoia Southern Grass Skink entrecasteauxii 1.00 0.60 IR 0.45 0.26 0.73 0.02 1.00 0.00 0.01 0.91 0.00 0.38 Eulamprus Southern Water Skink tympanum 0.65 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.12 1.00 0.14 0.00 0.57 0.91 1.00 1.00 0.87 1.00 Pseudemoia Spencer's Skink spenceri 0.00 IR 0.19 1.00 IR IR IR IR 0.00 0.00 Striped Legless Lizard Delma impar 0.03 0.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.97 Stumpy-tailed Lizard/Shingleback Lizard Tiliqua rugosa IR IR 0.43 0.94 0.35 0.08 IR 0.28 Swamp Skink / Eastern Mourning Skink coventryi 0.50 0.10 0.77 0.84 0.80 0.52 0.87 0.79 0.95 0.04 Notechis Tiger Snake scutatus 1.00 0.52 0.96 1.00 0.01 0.95 1.00 1.00 0.89 0.61 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Tree Dragon / Jacky Dragon muricatus IR IR 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.93 0.95 0.89 0.33 0.15 0.77 1.00 1.00 1.00

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Pseudemoia Tussock Skink pagenstecheri 0.93 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR IR Saproscincus Weasel Skink / Southern Weasel Skink mustelinus 0.97 0.03 0.96 1.00 0.00 0.08 0.54 0.13 1.00 0.01 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99 Drysdalia White-lipped Snake coronoides 0.93 0.60 0.92 0.92 0.89 0.10 0.11 0.98 0.98 0.93 0.89 0.99 0.79 0.40 White's Skink Egernia whitii 1.00 0.50 0.66 0.80 0.83 0.52 0.11 0.00 0.98 0.99 0.77 0.99 0.84 0.41

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Appendix 4. Probability of persistence of bird species by Reporting Area

Common Name Scientific Name Bas08 Bas16 Cas08 Cas16 Mac08 Mac16 Moo08 Moo16 MP08 MP16 UM08 UM16 Yar08 Yar16 PP08 PP16 WP08 WP16

Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater Acanthagenys rufogularis 1.00 0.85 0.76 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.82 0.95 1.00 0.32 1.00

Yellow-rumped Thornbill Acanthiza chrysorrhoa 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.92 1.00 0.68 1.00

Striated Thornbill Acanthiza lineata 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.36 0.87 IR 0.98

Yellow Thornbill Acanthiza nana 0.94 0.93 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 IR 1.00 0.26 1.00

Brown Thornbill Acanthiza pusilla 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.70 1.00

Buff-rumped Thornbill Acanthiza reguloides 0.74 0.96 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.23 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 IR IR 0.07 0.01

Chestnut-rumped Thornbill Acanthiza uropygialis 0.89 0.60

Eastern Spinebill Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.76 0.98 0.05 1.00

Collared Sparrowhawk Accipiter cirrocephalus 0.91 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.98 0.70 0.98

Brown Goshawk Accipiter fasciatus 0.85 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.68 1.00 0.94 1.00

Grey Goshawk Accipiter novaehollandiae 1.00 0.75 1.00 IR 0.88 1.00 1.00 IR 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.96 0.87 IR 0.07 IR IR 1.00 1.00 Australian Reed Warbler Acrocephalus australis 0.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR Clamorous Reed Warbler Acrocephalus stentoreus 1.00 0.69 1.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.02 1.00 0.02 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.92 IR 0.00 0.94 0.81

Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 0.80 1.00 0.64 1.00 1.00 0.92 1.00 0.36 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.64 0.64

Australian Owlet-nightjar Aegotheles cristatus IR IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 0.33 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.54

Eurasian Skylark Alauda arvensis 0.00 0.00 0.00 IR

Azure Kingfisher Alcedo azurea / Ceyx azureus 0.97 1.00 IR 0.94 IR 0.95 IR 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 IR IR IR IR

Australian King-Parrot Alisterus scapularis IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.72 1.00 0.95 1.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.99 IR

Dusky Grasswren Amytornis purnelli IR

Striated Grasswren Amytornis striatus IR

Chestnut Teal Anas castanea 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.85 1.00

Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata 0.08 0.00 IR

Grey Teal Anas gracilis 0.72 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.06 1.00 0.10 1.00 0.82 1.00

Garganey Anas querquedula IR IR

Australasian Shoveler Anas rhynchotis 0.63 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.67 1.00 0.56 0.86

Pacific Black Duck Anas superciliosa 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 1.00

Australasian Darter Anhinga novaehollandiae 0.76 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.93 1.00 0.00 IR 1.00

Black Noddy Anous minutus

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Magpie Goose Anseranas semipalmata 0.99 0.85 IR 0.07 0.12 1.00 0.16 0.78 1.00 1.00 IR IR IR 1.00 IR 0.81

Red Wattlebird Anthochaera carunculata 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.85 1.00

Little Wattlebird Anthochaera chrysoptera 0.93 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 0.98 1.00

Western Wattlebird Anthochaera lunulata IR 0.82 IR

Yellow Wattlebird Anthochaera paradoxa IR IR 0.83

Regent Honeyeater Anthochaera phrygia 0.58 0.35 0.55 0.39 IR 0.19 0.88 1.00

Australasian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae IR 1.00 IR 1.00 0.84 1.00 0.67 1.00 0.51 1.00 IR 1.00 0.88 1.00 0.88 1.00 0.48 0.93

Richard's Pipit Anthus richardi 0.29 0.01 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.81 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.02 IR 0.12

Southern Whiteface Aphelocephala leucopsis 0.89 0.81 1.00 1.00 IR IR IR IR IR

Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus IR 0.95 0.50 0.98 1.00 0.94 0.92 0.96 IR 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.94 0.98 0.83 0.97 0.31 0.08

Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax 0.85 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.33 1.00 0.02 1.00

Great Egret Ardea alba 0.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.58 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 IR 1.00 IR 1.00

Eastern Cattle egret Ardea ibis 0.75 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 0.53 1.00 0.27 1.00

Intermediate Egret Ardea intermedia IR 1.00 IR 0.80 0.97 0.97 1.00 0.90 0.93 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.86 0.91 0.15

Eastern Great Egret Ardea modesta 0.71 1.00 0.68 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.85 1.00 0.80 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.37 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00

White-necked Heron Ardea pacifica 0.83 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.37 1.00 0.92 0.99

Sooty Shearwater Ardenna grisea IR 1.00 IR IR 0.81 IR 0.41 Ardenna pacifica / Puffinus Wedge-tailed shearwater IR IR pacificus IR IR Ardenna tenuirostris/ Puffinus 0.89 IR IR 0.74 1.00 1.00 0.96 0.94 0.90 Short-tailed Shearwater tenuirostris 1.00 1.00 0.72 1.00 1.00

Australian Bustard Ardeotis australis IR IR IR IR

Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres 0.38 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.42 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.59 1.00

Black-faced Woodswallow Artamus cinereus 0.00 IR 0.76 IR IR

Dusky Woodswallow Artamus cyanopterus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.80 1.00 0.01 1.00

White-breasted Woodswallow Artamus leucorynchus IR IR 0.83 IR IR IR IR

Masked Woodswallow Artamus personatus IR 0.94 0.96 0.97 1.00 0.97 0.01 1.00 0.78 0.67 IR 0.99 0.33 0.82

White-browed Woodswallow Artamus superciliosus IR 0.93 1.00 0.04 1.00 0.83 0.96 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 IR 0.99 0.46 0.22

Hardhead Aythya australis 0.77 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.44 1.00 0.39 0.92

Australian Ringneck Barnardius zonarius IR IR 0.77 IR 0.03 0.68 1.00 0.30 0.04 0.17 0.02 IR 0.16

Musk Duck Biziura lobata 0.93 1.00 0.85 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.95 1.00 IR 1.00

Australasian Bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus IR IR 0.96 1.00 0.88 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.85 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.11 0.01 0.49 0.99 IR 0.68

Bush Stone-curlew Burhinus grallarius 0.14 0.03 0.06 0.95 0.96 0.97 IR 0.47

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Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Cacatua galerita 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.02 1.00 0.13 1.00

Little Corella Cacatua sanguinea IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.93 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.94

Long-billed Corella Cacatua tenuirostris 0.30 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 IR IR

Fan-tailed Cuckoo Cacomantis flabelliformis 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.06 1.00 0.60 1.00

Pallid Cuckoo Cacomantis pallidus 0.78 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.88 1.00 0.49 0.90 0.72 0.86

Brush Cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus 1.00 0.98 1.00 IR 1.00 0.89 1.00 0.98 0.95 0.97 1.00 0.97 1.00 IR IR

Striated Fieldwren Calamanthus fuliginosus 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.93 1.00 1.00 0.38 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.17 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 Calamanthus pyrrhopygius / Chestnut-rumped Heathwren 0.38 0.79 0.97 IR IR 0.83 IR Hylacola pyrrhopygia IR 1.00 0.92 0.59 1.00

Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata 0.96 1.00 0.08 0.90 0.74 0.95 1.00 1.00 0.72 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.60 1.00

Sanderling Calidris alba 0.66 0.98 IR 1.00 IR 0.97 0.91 0.98 0.74 1.00 0.42 0.98

Red Knot Calidris canutus 0.26 0.91 IR IR 1.00 1.00 0.87 1.00 0.71 1.00 0.04 0.73

Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea 0.73 1.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.80 1.00 0.02 1.00

Stilt Sandpiper Calidris himantopus 0.00

Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos IR IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.09 1.00

Little Stint Calidris minuta 1.00 0.96 IR IR

Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis 0.51 1.00 IR 1.00 IR 0.91 1.00 1.00 0.91 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.86 1.00 0.39 1.00

Long-toed Stint Calidris subminuta IR 1.00 1.00 0.76 0.92 IR 0.98

Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris 0.79 0.93 IR IR 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.02 1.00 0.15 0.02

California Quail Callipepla californica IR

Gang-gang Cockatoo Callocephalon fimbriatum 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.59 0.88 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.30 0.08 IR 0.38

Red-tailed Black Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus banksii IR

Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus funereus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.56 1.00

Cape Barren Goose Cereopsis novaehollandiae 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.66 1.00

Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica IR 0.41

Double-banded Plover Charadrius bicinctus 0.73 1.00 0.80 1.00 IR 0.92 1.00 1.00 0.70 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.82 1.00 0.86 0.98

Greater Sand Plover Charadrius leschenaultii IR 0.00 0.26 0.06 IR 0.98 1.00 0.64 0.20

Lesser Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus IR 0.92 0.64 0.75 0.93 0.64 0.91 0.79

Red-capped Plover Charadrius ruficapillus 0.21 1.00 0.43 IR 0.92 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.93 1.00

Oriental Plover Charadrius veredus IR IR IR IR

Australian Wood Duck Chenonetta jubata 0.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.89 1.00 0.89 1.00

White-backed Swallow Cheramoeca leucosterna IR 0.81 0.40 0.86 0.78 0.77 0.20 IR 1.00 IR IR IR IR IR

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Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida IR 1.00 IR 0.93 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 0.96 0.97 1.00 1.00 IR IR 0.82 1.00 0.42 0.97

White-winged Tern Chlidonias leucopterus 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 0.85 1.00

Silver Gull Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.99 1.00

Horsfield's Bronze-Cuckoo Chrysococcyx basalis 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.79 0.89

Shining Bronze-Cuckoo Chrysococcyx lucidus 0.86 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.44 1.00 0.69 1.00

Black-eared Cuckoo Chrysococcyx osculans IR 0.97 0.97 0.74 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 IR 0.84 IR Cincloramphus cruralis / 0.85 0.89 1.00 1.00 0.59 0.98 1.00 0.49 0.82 0.25 Megalurus cruralis IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.70

Spotted Quail-thrush Cinclosoma punctatum 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.24 0.11 0.03 0.97 0.98 IR IR IR IR

Swamp Harrier Circus approximans 0.45 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.92 1.00

Spotted Harrier Circus assimilis IR 0.95 IR 1.00 0.91 1.00 0.65 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.92 IR 0.97 IR 0.98

Golden-headed Cisticola Cisticola exilis 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.77 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 IR 1.00 0.93 0.98

Banded Stilt Cladorhynchus leucocephalus 1.00 IR IR 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.89 1.00 1.00

White-browed Treecreeper Climacteris affinis 1.00 0.90 IR

Red-browed Treecreeper Climacteris erythrops 1.00 1.00 0.76 0.98 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00

Brown Treecreeper Climacteris picumnus IR 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.41 0.38 1.00 Brown Treecreeper (south- 0.00 eastern ssp.) Climacteris picumnus vitoriae 0.04 0.12 0.25 0.84

Grey Shrike-thrush Colluricincla harmonica 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.12 1.00 0.95 1.00

White-headed Pigeon Columba leucomela IR 1.00 IR IR 0.40 0.78 1.00

Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Coracina novaehollandiae 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.83 1.00 0.82 1.00

White-bellied Cuckoo-Shrike Coracina papuensis IR 1.00 IR 0.88 1.00 0.92 IR 0.92 1.00 0.48 IR IR

Common Cicadabird Coracina tenuirostris 0.22 1.00 0.05 0.29 0.17 IR 0.27 0.94 1.00

White-winged Chough Corcorax melanorhamphos IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

White-throated Treecreeper Cormobates leucophaea 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.96 0.11 0.87

Little Crow Corvus bennetti IR 0.83 1.00 1.00 IR

Australian Raven Corvus coronoides 0.61 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.92 0.96 0.62 1.00

Little Raven Corvus mellori 0.87 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.40 1.00 0.66 1.00

House Crow Corvus splendens 0.08 IR

Forest Raven Corvus tasmanicus 0.84 IR IR IR

Stubble Quail Coturnix pectoralis 0.94 1.00 1.00 0.20 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.88 0.79 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.91 0.99 0.11 0.91

Brown Quail Coturnix ypsilophora 0.34 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.91 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.92 0.98 0.10 1.00 IR 0.86

Pied Butcherbird Cracticus nigrogularis 0.44 1.00 IR IR IR 1.00 1.00 IR

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Australian Magpie Cracticus tibicen 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.32 1.00 0.66 1.00

Grey Butcherbird Cracticus torquatus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 0.87 1.00

Black Swan Cygnus atratus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.97 1.00

Blue-winged Kookaburra Dacelo leachii IR

Laughing Kookaburra Dacelo novaeguineae 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.48 0.99 0.88 1.00

Varied Sittella Daphoenositta chrysoptera 0.82 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR IR 0.02 0.00

Cape Petrel Daption capense IR 0.40 IR 0.83 IR 0.91 IR 0.16 Dasyornis (Maccoyornis)

Rufous bristlebird broadbenti IR

Plumed Whistling Duck Dendrocygna eytoni IR 0.30 0.69 1.00 IR 0.85

Mistletoebird Dicaeum hirundinaceum 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.69 0.52 0.72 0.98

Spangled Drongo Dicrurus bracteatus IR 0.94 IR 1.00 IR 0.99 IR IR

Royal Albatross Diomedea epomophora 0.03 0.00

Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans 0.55 0.35 IR IR 0.40 0.19 IR 0.00

Emu Dromaius novaehollandiae 0.67 1.00 IR 0.26 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.86 1.00

Eclectus Parrot Eclectus roratus IR

Little Egret Egretta garzetta 0.80 1.00 0.11 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.02 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.91 1.00 0.22 1.00

White-faced Heron Egretta novaehollandiae 0.04 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.83 1.00

Black-shouldered Kite Elanus axillaris 0.08 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.06 1.00 0.72 1.00

Letter-winged Kite Elanus scriptus IR IR IR 0.70 IR IR IR IR IR IR IR 0.15

Black-fronted Dotterel Elseyornis melanops 0.75 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.66 1.00 0.10 0.93

Blue-faced Honeyeater Entomyzon cyanotis IR 1.00

Galah Eolophus roseicapilla 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.97 1.00

Eastern Yellow Robin Eopsaltria australis 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.08 0.90 IR 1.00

Western Yellow Robin Eopsaltria griseogularis IR

White-fronted Chat Epthianura albifrons 0.78 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.97

Orange Chat Epthianura aurifrons IR

Crimson Chat Epthianura tricolor IR IR

Red-kneed Dotterel Erythrogonys cinctus 0.73 0.01 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.63 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.68 0.96 0.92 0.97 IR 0.58

Eastern Koel Eudynamys orientalis 1.00 1.00 0.04 0.78 IR 1.00 0.92 1.00 IR 1.00 0.56

Common Koel Eudynamys scolopaceus 0.04 IR IR IR

Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes chrysocome IR IR IR IR

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Northern Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes moseleyi IR

Fiordland Penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus IR IR IR IR

Erect-crested Penguin Eudyptes sclateri IR IR

Little Penguin Eudyptula minor 0.30 1.00 0.12 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.86 1.00 0.92 1.00

White-throated Nightjar Eurostopodus mystacalis 0.90 1.00 0.83 0.92 0.93 1.00 1.00 IR IR 0.92 0.99

Dollarbird Eurystomus orientalis IR 1.00 1.00 0.30 IR IR 0.76 0.96 IR IR 0.98 0.97 0.83 0.99 IR

King Quail Excalfactoria chinensis 0.97 0.94 0.07 0.01 IR 0.79 0.91 0.06 0.01 IR IR IR IR

Brown Falcon Falco berigora 0.75 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.69 1.00 0.94 0.99

Nankeen Kestrel Falco cenchroides 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.59 1.00 0.35 1.00

Grey Falcon Falco hypoleucos IR IR

Australian Hobby Falco longipennis IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.98 1.00 IR 0.90

Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.89 1.00 0.95 1.00

Black Falcon Falco subniger 0.67 1.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.88 0.95 0.43 0.94 0.66 0.86

Crested Shrike-tit Falcunculus frontatus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 IR 1.00 IR 0.64

Lesser Frigatebird Fregata ariel IR IR

Great Frigatebird Fregata minor IR IR IR 1.00 IR IR

Eurasian Coot Fulica atra 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.55 1.00 0.92 1.00

Southern Fulmar Fulmarus glacialoides IR IR IR 0.29 IR IR 0.89 0.95 0.75 0.73

Latham's Snipe Gallinago hardwickii 0.59 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.61 0.98 0.38 0.98

Dusky Moorhen Gallinula tenebrosa 0.69 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.28 1.00 0.93 1.00

Buff-banded Rail Gallirallus philippensis 0.89 0.93 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.86 1.00 0.98 1.00 IR 0.78

Grey-backed Storm-Petrel Garrodia nereis IR IR

Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica IR 1.00 0.09 0.97 0.04 1.00 0.98 1.00 IR 1.00 IR 1.00

Diamond Dove Geopelia cuneata 0.65 IR 0.59 0.93 0.98 IR IR 0.95 0.92 IR

Bar-shouldered Dove Geopelia humeralis IR

Peaceful Dove Geopelia placida 0.30 IR 0.87 0.95 0.53 0.98 0.94 1.00 0.70

Zebra Dove Geopelia striata 0.17 IR

Western Gerygone Gerygone fusca IR IR 0.88 IR 0.70 IR 0.82 0.96 IR 1.00

Brown Gerygone Gerygone mouki IR 0.02 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00

White-throated Gerygone Gerygone olivacea IR 0.96 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.99 IR 0.42 0.95 1.00

Oriental Pratincole Glareola maldivarum IR IR 0.91 0.01 IR

Tawny-crowned Honeyeater Gliciphila melanops IR 1.00 1.00 0.89 IR 0.30 0.96 0.91 IR IR IR 0.88 IR 0.55 68 | P a g e

Musk Lorikeet Glossopsitta concinna 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 IR 0.45 Glossopsitta porphyrocephala / IR 1.00 1.00 IR 0.91 0.99 0.58 IR Purple-crowned Lorikeet Parvipsitta porphyrocephala 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 Glossopsitta pusilla / Parvipsitta 0.96 1.00 1.00 0.96 0.81 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.21 IR Little Lorikeet pusilla IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.58 IR

Magpie-lark Grallina cyanoleuca 0.88 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.63 1.00 0.86 1.00

Painted Honeyeater Grantiella picta 0.96 0.86 IR 0.99 IR 0.99

Brolga Grus rubicunda 0.83 0.97 1.00 1.00 IR 0.91 IR 0.96 1.00

South Island oystercatcher Haematopus finschi IR

Sooty Oystercatcher Haematopus fuligino 0.81 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.07 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.94 1.00

Pied Oystercatcher Haematopus longirostris 0.76 1.00 IR 0.89 0.85 1.00 1.00 0.85 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

White-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster 1.00 1.00 0.37 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.89 1.00 0.93 1.00 1.00 0.94 0.97 0.99 0.93 0.99

Whistling Kite Haliastur sphenurus 0.92 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.84 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 1.00

Blue Petrel Halobaena caerulea IR IR 0.64 0.30 IR IR 0.14 0.79

Black-breasted Buzzard Hamirostra melanosternon IR IR IR

Little Eagle Hieraaetus morphnoides 0.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.91 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.81 1.00 IR 1.00 0.35 0.98

Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 0.16 1.00 0.30 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 0.97 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.97 1.00 IR 1.00

White-throated Needletail Hirundapus caudacutus 0.44 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.73 0.99 0.03 0.93

Welcome Swallow Hirundo neoxena 0.83 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.65 1.00 0.99 1.00

Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia 0.46 1.00 0.90 1.00 IR 0.95 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.86 0.33 1.00 IR 1.00

Australian Little Bittern Ixobrychus dubius IR IR IR IR IR 0.00

Black Bittern Ixobrychus flavicollis IR

Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus 0.96 0.87 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.86 0.82 0.74

White-shouldered Triller Lalage sueurii 0.08 0.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.47 IR

White-winged Triller Lalage tricolor 0.08 0.83 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.75 0.97 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.81 1.00 0.73 0.55 IR IR

Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus IR 1.00 1.00 IR 0.97 0.78 1.00 1.00 0.40 1.00 0.68 1.00

Pacific Gull Larus pacificus 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 0.54 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00

Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor 0.37 0.90 0.71 0.97 0.57 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00 0.95 1.00 IR 0.77

Malleefowl Leipoa ocellata IR IR

Wonga Pigeon Leucosarcia melanoleuca 1.00 1.00 IR 0.91 IR IR IR 1.00 1.00 IR IR

Lewin's Rail Lewinia pectoralis 0.83 0.93 0.96 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.86 1.00 1.00 0.72 chrysops / 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.72 Yellow-faced Honeyeater chrysops 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00

Fuscous Honeyeater Lichenostomus fuscus 1.00 IR 0.96 0.99 0.93 0.99 IR 1.00 0.98 0.99

69 | P a g e

Lichenostomus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.96 White-eared Honeyeater leucotis/Nesoptilotis leucotis 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00

Yellow-tufted Honeyeater Lichenostomus melanops IR 0.96 0.83 1.00 0.96 0.96 0.97 1.00 IR 0.81 IR 1.00 IR 1.00 IR 0.68

Helmeted Honeyeater Lichenostomus melanops cassidix 0.50 IR 0.72 0.67 IR 0.00 IR IR Lichenostomus ornatus / Ptilotula 0.42 IR 1.00 Yellow-plumed Honeyeater ornata IR 1.00 0.99 0.99 IR IR Lichenostomus penicillatus / 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.46 0.84 White-plumed Honeyeater Ptilotula penicillata 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Lichenostomus virescens / 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.95 0.85 virescens 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Brown Honeyeater Lichmera indistincta IR IR

Broad-billed Sandpiper Limicola falcinellus IR 0.39 0.48 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.98 IR IR

Asian Dowitcher Limnodromus semipalmatus IR 0.02 IR IR

Hudsonian Godwit Limosa haemastica IR 0.00 IR IR

Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica 0.65 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 1.00 0.90 1.00 0.11 1.00

Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa 0.55 IR IR 1.00 1.00 IR IR 0.95 1.00 0.96 1.00 IR 0.96

Chestnut-breasted Mannikin Lonchura castaneothorax 1.00 IR IR 0.98 IR IR

Major Mitchell's cockatoo Lophochroa leadbeateri IR IR IR IR 0.98 0.88

Square-tailed Kite Lophoictinia isura IR 1.00 IR 0.98 0.04 0.00 IR IR 1.00 IR 1.00 IR IR

Kerguelen Petrel Lugensa brevirostris IR IR IR IR IR IR

Southern Giant-Petrel Macronectes giganteus IR IR 0.30 0.09 IR 0.94 IR 0.42 0.74 IR 0.00

Northern Giant-Petrel Macronectes halli 0.02 IR 0.25 1.00 IR 1.00 IR 0.98 0.45 0.07

Pink-eared Duck Malacorhynchus membranaceus 0.60 0.00 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.77 1.00 0.92 1.00 0.31 0.08

Superb Fairy-wren Malurus cyaneus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.93 1.00

Blue-breasted Fairywren Malurus pulcherrimus IR 0.30

Splendid Fairywren Malurus splendens 0.88 IR 1.00 1.00 IR

Yellow-throated Miner Manorina flavigula IR

Noisy Miner Manorina melanocephala 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.53 1.00 0.92 1.00

Bell Miner Manorina melanophrys IR 0.94 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 IR 0.87 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.96 IR

Little Grassbird Megalurus gramineus 0.83 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.91 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.92 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.55 1.00 Megalurus mathewsi / IR 0.96 0.88 0.96 0.11 0.01 IR 0.90 IR IR Rufous Songlark Cincloramphus mathewsi 0.82 0.95 0.98 0.64 IR IR

Tawny Grassbird Megalurus timoriensis IR 0.00

Hooded Robin Melanodryas cucullata 0.21 0.00 0.99 0.97 IR 0.98 0.90 0.82 IR IR 0.24 0.92 0.53 0.98 0.75 0.64 IR 0.33

Lewin's Honeyeater Meliphaga (Meliphaga) lewinii IR 1.00 1.00 0.67 0.01 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00

White-throated Honeyeater Melithreptus albogularis 0.68 70 | P a g e

Brown-headed Honeyeater Melithreptus brevirostris 0.71 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.62 0.40 0.82 0.75

Black-chinned Honeyeater Melithreptus gularis IR 1.00 1.00 IR IR IR 0.21

White-naped Honeyeater Melithreptus lunatus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.72 0.92 0.62 1.00

Budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus IR IR IR IR 0.99 IR 1.00 0.78 0.99 IR 0.17

Superb Lyrebird Menura novaehollandiae 0.01 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.93 1.00 0.93 1.00 1.00 1.00

Rainbow Bee-eater Merops ornatus IR 0.86 0.93 0.90 1.00 1.00 IR 0.02 0.97 1.00 0.79 0.82 IR IR

Little Pied Cormorant Microcarbo melanoleucos 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.64 1.00 0.83 1.00 0.14 1.00

Jacky Winter Microeca fascinans 0.25 0.60 0.93 1.00 0.79 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.98 0.05 0.01

Lemon-bellied flyrobin Microeca flavigaster IR

Black Kite Milvus migrans 0.10 IR 0.72 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.92 1.00 0.96 0.96 1.00 IR IR IR 0.42 1.00 IR IR 0.66 Singing Bushlark Mirafra cantillans IR IR 0.00 0.18 0.24

Horsfield's Bushlark Mirafra javanica 1.00 0.85 1.00 1.00 IR 0.02 1.00 0.50 1.00

Black-faced Monarch Monarcha melanopsis 1.00 IR IR IR IR 0.94 0.86 0.99

Cape Gannet Morus capensis 0.04 0.00

Australasian Gannet Morus serrator 0.21 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.85 1.00 0.49 1.00

Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava IR 0.19 1.00 0.10

Satin Flycatcher Myiagra cyanoleuca 0.78 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.26 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.84 0.17 0.03

Restless Flycatcher Myiagra inquieta IR 1.00 1.00 0.95 0.81 1.00 1.00 IR 0.71 0.66 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR IR 0.41 0.20

Leaden Flycatcher Myiagra rubecula 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.93 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.99 1.00 IR 0.84 IR IR

Scarlet Honeyeater Myzomela sanguinolenta IR IR 0.73 0.68 IR IR 1.00 IR 1.00 0.94 1.00

Star Finch Neochmia ruficauda IR IR

Red-browed Finch Neochmia temporalis 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 1.00 0.48 1.00

Orange-bellied Parrot Neophema chrysogaster IR 0.00 IR IR 1.00 1.00 IR IR 0.86 0.63 1.00 0.83 0.21 0.02

Blue-winged Parrot Neophema chrysostoma 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.80 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.96 0.87

Turquoise Parrot Neophema pulchella IR 0.96 IR 1.00 IR 1.00

Scarlet-chested Parrot Neophema splendida IR

Yellow-throated Honeyeater Nesoptilotis flavicollis IR

Southern Boobook Ninox boobook 0.94 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.95 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.93 0.65 0.50 0.12 0.02

Barking Owl Ninox connivens IR 0.26 0.97 0.91 0.87 0.89 0.95 1.00 IR IR 0.97 1.00 0.95 0.98 IR IR

Morepork Ninox novaeseelandiae 0.77 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Powerful Owl Ninox strenua 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.85 1.00 0.95 0.98 0.68 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR IR IR

Eastern Curlew Numenius madagascariensis 0.43 1.00 0.76 1.00 0.92 1.00 0.67 1.00 0.90 1.00 0.86 1.00 0.66 1.00 71 | P a g e

Little Curlew Numenius minutus IR IR IR 0.25 IR IR 0.80 0.69

Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus 0.12 1.00 IR 0.03 IR 1.00 IR 0.52 0.97 0.03 0.97

Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris IR

Nankeen Night Heron Nycticorax caledonicus IR 1.00 0.89 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.54 1.00 0.45 0.97

Cockatiel Nymphicus hollandicus IR IR IR 0.97 0.98 0.99 0.95 1.00 0.67 1.00 1.00 0.55 0.98 IR IR IR IR

Crested Pigeon Ocyphaps lophotes 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.74

Bridled Tern Onychoprion anaethetus 0.11 IR

Sooty Tern Onychoprion fuscata IR

Crested Bellbird Oreoica gutturalis 0.98 1.00

Olive-backed Oriole Oriolus sagittatus 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.80 0.93 IR 0.92

Blue-billed Duck Oxyura australis 0.39 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 0.09 1.00 0.32 0.92

Gilbert's Whistler Pachycephala inornata IR IR IR 0.21 0.00

Olive Whistler Pachycephala olivacea 0.56 1.00 0.98 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.75 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR IR

Golden Whistler Pachycephala pectoralis 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.07 0.91 IR 0.93

Rufous Whistler Pachycephala rufiventris 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.29 0.96 0.13 0.03

Slender-billed Prion Pachyptila belcheri 0.33 0.88 IR IR 0.67 0.47 0.08 0.84

Antarctic Prion Pachyptila desolata IR IR 0.89 0.76 IR IR 0.58 0.33 0.37 0.13

Salvin's Prion Pachyptila salvini IR IR IR IR 0.02 IR 0.73 0.58 0.12 0.97

Fairy Prion Pachyptila turtur IR 0.34 0.86 0.95 IR 0.97 0.96 0.89 0.33 0.06

Broad-billed Prion Pachyptila vittata IR IR

Snow Petrel Pagodroma nivea IR IR

Eastern Osprey Pandion cristatus 0.62

Osprey Pandion haliaetus IR IR 0.25 1.00 IR 0.09 0.21 0.75

Spotted Pardalote Pardalotus punctatus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.72 1.00 0.20 1.00

Striated Pardalote Pardalotus striatus 0.88 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.60 1.00 0.75 1.00

Plains-wanderer Pedionomus torquatus IR 0.14 0.94 0.75 0.98 0.71 0.65 0.32 IR IR IR IR

White-faced Storm Petrel Pelagodroma marina IR IR 0.03 IR IR 0.97 0.01 1.00 IR IR

Common Diving-Petrel Pelecanoides urinatrix IR 0.86 IR 0.44 0.96 IR 0.87 0.85 0.57 0.13 0.02

Australian Pelican Pelecanus conspicillatus 0.03 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.01 1.00

Fairy Martin Petrochelidon ariel 0.77 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.88 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 1.00 IR 1.00 0.01 0.89

Tree Martin Petrochelidon nigricans 0.82 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.30 1.00 IR 1.00

Scarlet Robin Petroica boodang 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.28 0.09 0.64 0.41 72 | P a g e

Red-capped Robin Petroica goodenovii 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 0.99 0.87 1.00

Pacific Robin Petroica multicolor 1.00 IR

Flame Robin Petroica phoenicea 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.23 1.00 0.91 0.96

Pink Robin Petroica rodinogaster 0.72 0.82 0.99 1.00 0.91 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.92 1.00 0.80 1.00 IR 0.96 IR IR

Rose Robin Petroica rosea IR 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.81 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.89 0.94 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.93 0.31 0.08

Ground Parrot Pezoporus wallicus IR IR

Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 0.53 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 0.82 1.00 0.96 1.00

Black-faced Cormorant Phalacrocorax fuscescens 0.86 1.00 IR IR IR 1.00 0.73 1.00 IR 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.91 1.00

Little Black Cormorant Phalacrocorax sulcirostris 0.55 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.85 1.00 0.69 1.00

Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax varius 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.85 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.91 1.00

Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 IR 1.00

Wilson's Phalarope Phalaropus tricolor IR IR

Common Bronzewing Phaps chalcoptera IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.99 0.05 1.00

Brush Bronzewing Phaps elegans 0.30 1.00 1.00 0.81 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR IR 0.30 0.98 Philemon (Tropidorhynchus) IR 0.61 IR IR 1.00 0.75 Noisy Friarbird corniculatus 0.04 0.92 1.00 0.99 1.00

Little Friarbird Philemon citreogularis IR IR IR 1.00 0.76 IR 0.98

Ruff Philomachus pugnax 0.35 0.79 IR IR 0.87 0.96 IR 0.84

Sooty Albatross Phoebetria fusca IR IR IR

Light-mantled Albatross Phoebetria palpebrata IR IR IR

White-cheeked Honeyeater Phylidonyris niger IR IR IR

New Holland Honeyeater Phylidonyris novaehollandiae 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.93 1.00 0.90 1.00

Crescent Honeyeater Phylidonyris pyrrhopterus 0.87 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR IR 0.20 0.98

Yellow-billed Spoonbill Platalea flavipes 0.77 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.93 1.00 0.91 0.79

Royal Spoonbill Platalea regia 0.14 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.77 1.00 0.51 1.00

Pale-headed Rosella Platycercus adscitus 0.83 0.49

Green Rosella Platycercus caledonicus IR

Crimson Rosella Platycercus elegans 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.09 1.00

Eastern Rosella Platycercus eximius 0.90 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00

Striped Honeyeater Plectorhyncha lanceolata IR 0.99

Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus IR 0.96 IR 0.82 1.00 0.30 1.00 1.00 IR 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.66 0.98 IR IR

American Golden Plover Pluvialis dominica IR

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Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva IR 1.00 IR IR 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.23 0.97

Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola 1.00 0.90 0.65 1.00 IR 1.00 0.59 0.96 0.68 1.00 0.08 0.00

Tawny Frogmouth Podargus strigoides 0.93 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.86 0.95 0.30 0.84

Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus 0.78 0.95 0.66 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.82 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.39 0.15

Hoary-headed Grebe Poliocephalus poliocephalus 0.72 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.61 1.00 0.81 0.97

Princess Parrot Polytelis alexandrae 1.00

Regent Parrot Polytelis anthopeplus IR 0.95

Superb Parrot Polytelis swainsonii IR IR 0.95 0.88 0.25 0.01

White-browed Babbler Pomatostomus superciliosus IR IR 0.19 0.07 IR

Grey-crowned Babbler Pomatostomus temporalis 0.87 0.70 IR IR 0.67 0.51 0.87 0.11 0.92 0.23 0.14 0.04 0.78 0.65 IR IR

Australasian Swamphen Porphyrio melanotus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.74 1.00 0.84 0.97

Australian Spotted Crake Porzana fluminea IR 0.02 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.61 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.92 1.00 0.28 0.91

Baillon's Crake Porzana pusilla 0.00 1.00 0.17 1.00 0.90 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 0.99 0.92 0.98 1.00 0.84

Spotless Crake Porzana tabuensis IR 0.79 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.92 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 0.02 Psephotus (Psephotus) 0.91 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.74 IR Red-rumped Parrot haematonotus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.16

Eastern Whipbird Psophodes olivaceus 0.60 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.21 0.04 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Mottled Petrel Pterodroma inexpectata IR IR

White-headed Petrel Pterodroma lessonii 0.64 0.45 0.12 0.01 IR 0.28 0.24 0.04

Gould's Petrel Pterodroma leucoptera IR IR

Great-winged Petrel Pterodroma macroptera 0.56 0.34 0.09 0.01

Grey-faced Petrel Pterodroma macroptera gouldi IR

Soft-plumaged Petrel Pterodroma mollis IR

Black-winged Petrel Pterodroma nigripennis IR IR

Superb Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus superbus IR IR

Satin Bowerbird Ptilonorhynchus violaceus IR IR 0.99 1.00 0.63 0.46 IR IR 0.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR IR

Little Shearwater Puffinus assimilis IR IR IR

Flesh-footed Shearwater Puffinus carneipes IR IR IR IR

Fluttering Shearwater Puffinus gavia 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 0.69 1.00 0.57 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.74

Hutton's Shearwater Puffinus huttoni 1.00 0.72 IR 1.00 IR 0.12 0.01

White-fronted Honeyeater Purnella albifrons IR IR 0.63

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Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 0.02

Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus 0.00 0.57 IR

Pilotbird Pycnoptilus floccosus 0.99 1.00 IR 0.15 0.79 1.00 Pyrrholaemus sagittatus / 0.90 1.00 IR IR IR 0.93 IR Speckled Warbler Chthonicola sagittata 0.97 1.00 0.60 0.71 IR

Red-necked Avocet Recurvirostra novaehollandiae IR 1.00 0.43 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 IR 0.95 1.00 0.09 1.00

Grey Fantail Rhipidura albiscapa 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 1.00 0.21 1.00

New Zealand Fantail Rhipidura fuliginosa IR

Willie Wagtail Rhipidura leucophrys 0.88 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 1.00 0.54 1.00

Rufous Fantail Rhipidura rufifrons 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.71 0.57 0.42 0.16

Australian Painted Snipe Rostratula australis IR IR 0.92 0.14 0.79 0.33 0.85 IR 0.88 IR 0.16

Channel-billed Cuckoo Scythrops novaehollandiae 1.00 IR IR IR 1.00 0.00

White-browed Scrubwren Sericornis frontalis 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.95 1.00

Tasmanian Scrubwren Sericornis humilis IR

Large-billed Scrubwren Sericornis magnirostra IR IR 0.96 1.00 0.09 0.00 0.98 0.98 1.00 1.00

Weebill Smicrornis brevirostris 1.00 0.63 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.01 1.00 IR 0.38

Australasian Figbird Sphecotheres vieilloti IR IR

Magellanic Penguin Spheniscus magellanicus IR IR

Beautiful Firetail Stagonopleura bella 1.00 0.93 1.00 IR IR 0.88 IR 0.95 0.96 1.00 IR 0.50

Diamond Firetail Stagonopleura guttata IR IR 0.93 1.00 1.00 IR 0.86 IR 0.87

Red-eared Firetail Stagonopleura oculata IR

Brown Skua Stercorarius antarcticus IR

Long-tailed Jaeger Stercorarius longicaudus IR IR IR IR

Arctic Jaeger Stercorarius parasiticus IR IR 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.96 1.00 IR 0.91 1.00 0.28 0.07

Pomarine Jaeger Stercorarius pomarinus IR 0.96 IR IR IR IR 0.98 IR 0.06

Great Skua Stercorarius skua IR 1.00 0.35 0.15 0.39 0.15 0.54 0.33

Common Tern Sterna hirundo 1.00 1.00 0.47 0.22 1.00 1.00 0.59 1.00 0.77 0.43

Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea IR IR IR IR IR 0.45 0.47 0.02 IR 0.71 0.47 0.23

White-fronted Tern Sterna striata IR 0.12 IR IR 0.92 0.89 1.00 0.08 0.59 0.86 1.00 0.73 0.15

Little Tern Sternula albifrons IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.94 IR 1.00 0.40 1.00 0.58 0.64

Fairy Tern Sternula nereis 0.91 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.63 1.00 0.89 1.00 0.84 1.00

Freckled Duck Stictonetta naevosa IR 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.01 0.77 1.00 IR

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Australian Pratincole Stiltia isabella IR IR 0.32 0.07 IR 0.33

Southern Emu-wren Stipiturus malachurus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.12 1.00 IR 0.57 1.00 0.99 0.12 0.02 IR 0.71

Black Strepera fuliginosa 0.83

Pied Currawong Strepera graculina 0.14 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 IR

Grey Currawong Strepera versicolor 0.91 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.56 IR 1.00

Black Honeyeater Sugomel nigrum IR 0.94 IR 0.77

Brown Booby Sula leucogaster IR IR 0.92 IR IR

Spectacled Monarch Symposiachrus trivirgatus IR

Australasian Grebe Tachybaptus novaehollandiae 0.68 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.91 0.83

Radjah Shelduck Tadorna radjah IR

Australian Shelduck Tadorna tadornoides 0.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.21 1.00 IR 0.96

Zebra Finch Taeniopygia guttata IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 IR 0.98 IR 1.00

Buller's Albatross Thalassarche bulleri IR IR

Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross Thalassarche carteri 0.03

Shy Albatross Thalassarche cauta 0.24 1.00 IR IR 1.00 IR 0.50 0.99 0.86 1.00 Atlantic Yellow-nosed Thalassarche chlororhynchos IR 0.34 IR IR Albatross IR IR

Grey-headed Albatross Thalassarche chrysostoma 0.29 0.10 0.42 0.17

Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophris IR 0.80 IR IR IR 0.17 IR IR 0.20 1.00 0.66 0.08

White-capped Albatross Thalassarche steadi 0.00 0.00 IR

Crested Tern Thalasseus bergii 0.83 1.00 0.54 1.00 0.40 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 1.00 0.77 1.00

Antarctic Petrel Thalassoica antarctica 0.51 IR

Hooded Plover Thinornis rubricollis 0.98 1.00 IR IR 1.00 1.00 0.51 0.36 0.90 1.00 0.93 0.97

Australian White Ibis Threskiornis molucca 0.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.88 1.00 0.71 1.00

Straw-necked Ibis Threskiornis spinicollis 0.77 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.74 1.00

Forest Kingfisher Todiramphus macleayii IR IR IR IR

Red-backed Kingfisher Todiramphus pyrrhopygius IR IR 0.76 0.57 IR IR

Sacred Kingfisher Todiramphus sanctus IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.70 0.98 0.03 0.98

Black-tailed Native-hen Tribonyx ventralis IR 1.00 IR 0.51 0.67 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.05 1.00 1.00 IR 0.32 0.52 0.50

Scaly-breasted Lorikeet Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus 0.82 IR 1.00 0.90 1.00 IR 1.00 0.58 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.79 0.97

Rainbow Lorikeet Trichoglossus moluccanus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 IR 1.00

Grey-tailed Tattler Tringa brevipes IR 1.00 IR IR 0.90 1.00 0.02 IR 0.96 0.26 1.00 0.01 1.00

Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes IR IR 76 | P a g e

Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola IR IR IR IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.55 1.00

Wandering Tattler Tringa incana IR

Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia 0.33 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.32 0.90 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.89 1.00

Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis IR IR IR IR 1.00 1.00 IR 0.85 1.00 1.00 0.24 1.00 IR IR

Buff-breasted Sandpiper Tryngites subruficollis 0.59 0.39 0.32 0.10

Song Thrush Turdus philomelos 0.00 0.51 0.07 0.52 0.00 0.01 0.01

Red-chested Button-quail Turnix pyrrhothorax IR 0.83 0.98 0.96 IR 0.92 IR 0.62

Painted Button-quail Turnix varius 0.89 0.88 0.99 0.89 0.94 0.96 0.99 0.91 0.81 0.83 0.99 1.00 0.73 0.98 IR 0.99

Little Button-quail Turnix velox IR IR IR 0.83 0.94 0.98 0.00 IR IR IR

Barn Owl Tyto alba 1.00 0.90 IR 0.61 1.00 1.00 0.33 0.92 1.00 1.00 IR 0.77 IR

Eastern Barn Owl Tyto javanica / Tyto delicatula 0.69 0.96 0.98 0.88 0.72 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.89 1.00 0.96 0.05 0.66 0.87 0.74 0.33 0.92 0.64

Eastern Grass Owl Tyto longimembris IR 1.00 0.88 IR IR

Masked Owl Tyto novaehollandiae 0.47 1.00 IR IR 0.87 0.76 0.91 0.75 0.40 0.81

Sooty Owl Tyto tenebricosa 0.91 1.00 0.56 0.04 1.00 1.00

Masked Lapwing Vanellus miles 0.02 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.17 1.00

Banded Lapwing Vanellus tricolor IR 0.92 1.00 0.52 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.65 0.29 0.11 0.86 0.54 0.93

Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus 0.71 0.89 0.05 0.00 0.75 1.00 0.91 0.97 0.59 1.00 0.01 0.00

Bassian Thrush Zoothera lunulata 0.40 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.83 0.76 IR 0.31

Silvereye Zosterops lateralis 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.93 1.00 0.39 1.00

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Appendix 5. Probability of persistence of mammal species by Reporting Area

Common Name Scientific Name Bas08 Bas16 Cas08 Cas16 Mac08 Mac16 Moo08 Moo16 MP08 MP16 UM08 UM16 Yar08 Yar16 Feathertail Glider Acrobates pygmaeus IR 0.74 0.74 0.95 0.85 0.97 0.99 0.99 0.62 0.33 0.00 0.97 0.86 1.00 Agile Antechinus Antechinus agilis 0.37 0.84 0.99 1.00 0.34 1.00 0.02 1.00 0.98 0.38 0.08 0.95 0.97 1.00 Swamp Antechinus Antechinus minimus IR IR IR 0.06 IR Dusky Antechinus Antechinus swainsonii 0.54 1.00 0.92 0.77 0.49 1.00 0.87 0.74 0.25 0.06 0.92 0.09 New Zealand Fur-seal Arctocephalus forsteri 0.73 IR Australian Fur-seal Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus 1.00 1.00 1.00 White-striped Freetail Bat Austronomus australis 0.00 0.07 0.68 0.02 1.00 Eastern Bettong Bettongia gaimardi IR 0.01 IR 0.01 IR IR Eastern Pygmy-possum Cercartetus nanus IR IR 0.92 1.00 0.71 1.00 IR IR 0.58 0.97 0.91 1.00 Gould's Wattled Bat Chalinolobus gouldii 0.08 0.00 0.71 0.93 0.69 1.00 0.18 1.00 0.30 0.24 1.00 0.00 0.97 1.00 Chocolate Wattled Bat Chalinolobus morio IR 0.76 1.00 0.78 0.80 1.00 0.57 1.00 IR 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.83 Spot-tailed Quoll Dasyurus maculatus maculatus IR 0.97 0.87 0.88 0.79 IR IR IR 0.98 0.93 0.67 Eastern Quoll Dasyurus viverrinus IR IR 0.18 0.08 0.56 0.03 0.01 IR 0.37 Eastern False Pipistrelle Falsistrellus tasmaniensis IR IR IR IR 0.18 0.00 0.19 Leadbeater's Possum Gymnobelideus leadbeateri IR 0.22 0.99 1.00 0.07 1.00 Water Rat Hydromys chrysogaster 0.03 0.75 0.83 0.67 0.91 1.00 1.00 0.97 IR 0.67 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Leopard seal Hydrurga leptonyx IR Southern Brown Bandicoot Isoodon obesulus 0.69 0.82 1.00 1.00 IR IR IR 0.98 0.19 0.88 0.93 0.97 0.97 0.53 Eastern Grey Kangaroo Macropus giganteus 0.32 0.75 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 Broad-toothed Rat Mastacomys fuscus 0.38 0.15 IR 0.17 0.00 0.51 Common Bent-wing Bat Miniopterus schreibersii IR 0.13 1.00 0.62 0.60 1.00 IR 0.07 0.31 0.08 0.04 1.00 Freetail Bat (eastern form) Mormopterus norfolkensis IR Southern Freetail Bat (long penis) Mormopterus planiceps IR 1.00 1.00 IR 0.85 0.34 Eastern free-tailed Bat Mormopterus ridei IR IR Southern Myotis Myotis aelleni IR 0.06 IR IR 0.45 0.03 Lesser Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus geoffroyi 0.04 0.39 0.02 0.93 0.57 1.00 0.32 0.43 0.94 1.00 0.89 0.90 0.89 1.00 Gould's Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus gouldi 0.46 0.18 IR 0.39 0.73 0.84 0.08 0.00 0.96 0.37 Platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus IR 0.38 0.83 0.01 0.55 0.39 1.00 0.98 0.83 1.00 0.05 0.94 Eastern Barred Bandicoot Perameles gunnii 0.71 0.82 0.47 0.20 IR 0.02 Long-nosed Bandicoot Perameles nasuta IR 0.91 0.75 1.00 0.47 0.92 0.75 0.99 0.09 0.01 0.79 1.00 Greater Glider Petauroides volans 0.99 1.00 0.86 0.73 0.99 1.00 0.67 1.00 Yellow-bellied Glider Petaurus australis IR 0.06 0.95 1.00 IR 0.96 1.00 Sugar Glider Petaurus breviceps 0.81 0.69 0.99 1.00 0.79 1.00 0.35 1.00 0.00 0.97 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 Brush-tailed Phascogale Phascogale tapoatafa IR IR 0.99 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 78 | P a g e

Koala Phascolarctos cinereus 0.21 0.85 0.97 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.39 1.00 0.99 1.00 Long-nosed Potoroo Potorous tridactylus 0.83 0.00 IR 0.00 Common Ringtail Possum Pseudocheirus peregrinus 0.89 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.03 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 Smoky Mouse Pseudomys fumeus 0.14 0.83 New Holland Mouse Pseudomys novaehollandiae 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 Black Flying-fox Pteropus alecto IR Grey-headed Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus 0.07 0.00 0.92 0.82 0.77 1.00 0.95 0.99 0.55 0.89 0.00 1.00 0.63 0.98 Little Red Flying-fox Pteropus scapulatus IR 0.65 IR IR 0.88 Bush Rat Rattus fuscipes 0.00 0.97 0.48 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 IR IR 0.85 0.92 1.00 1.00 Swamp Rat Rattus lutreolus 0.89 0.98 0.88 1.00 IR IR 0.11 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.02 0.97 Eastern Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus megaphyllus IR 0.58 Yellow-bellied Sheathtail Bat Saccolaimus flaviventris 0.95 0.79 Inland Broad-nosed Bat Scotorepens balstoni IR 0.86 1.00 Eastern Broad-nosed Bat Scotorepens orion IR 0.93 IR 0.76 Fat-tailed Dunnart Sminthopsis crassicaudata 0.88 0.76 0.96 1.00 0.21 0.08 White-footed dunnart Sminthopsis leucopus 0.50 IR 0.00 0.85 IR 0.21 0.90 Common Dunnart Sminthopsis murina IR IR IR IR 0.00 0.93 Short-beaked Echidna Tachyglossus aculeatus 0.97 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.67 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 White-striped Free-tailed Bat Tadarida australis 0.88 1.00 0.75 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.99 0.52 0.56 Rufous-bellied Pademelon Thylogale billardierii IR IR Mountain Brushtail Possum Trichosurus cunninghami IR IR 0.90 0.38 0.59 0.87 0.97 1.00 IR IR 0.98 1.00 Common Brushtail Possum Trichosurus vulpecula 0.43 0.94 0.94 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.87 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.23 1.00 Large Forest Bat Vespadelus darlingtoni 0.80 0.48 0.29 0.84 0.12 1.00 0.02 1.00 IR 0.50 0.47 1.00 1.00 0.49 Southern Forest Bat Vespadelus regulus IR 0.86 0.82 0.88 0.83 0.54 1.00 IR 0.36 0.78 0.57 0.04 0.74 Little Forest Bat Vespadelus vulturnus 0.00 0.38 0.22 0.87 1.00 0.61 1.00 0.05 0.32 1.00 0.74 1.00 0.78 Common Wombat Vombatus ursinus 0.95 0.87 0.97 1.00 0.57 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.69 0.72 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 Black Wallaby Wallabia bicolor 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

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List of Tables

Table 1: Summary of species persistence at the end of 2016 in each Reporting Area ...... 5 Table 2: Analysis of indigenous freshwater fish species records within each Reporting Area...... 14 Table 3: Analysis of indigenous amphibian species records within each Reporting Area .... 17 Table 4: Analysis of indigenous reptile species records within each Reporting Area ...... 20 Table 5: Analysis of bird species records within each Reporting Area ...... 23 Table 6: Analysis of indigenous mammal species records within each Reporting Area ...... 26 Table 7: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands Reporting Area ...... 29 Table 8: Priority species for future survey effort in the Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating ...... 30 Table 9: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for for Casey, Cardinia and Baw Baw Reporting Area ...... 32 Table 10: Priority species for future survey effort in the Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating ...... 33 Table 11: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea Reporting Area ...... 35 Table 12: Priority species for future survey effort in the Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating ...... 36 Table 13: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham and Greater Geelong Reporting Area ...... 38 Table 14: Priority species for future survey effort in the Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating ...... 39 Table 15: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Mornington Peninsula Reporting Area ...... 41 Table 16: Priority species for future survey effort in the Mornington Peninsula Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating ...... 42 Table 17: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Greater Melbourne Reporting Area ...... 44 Table 18: Priority species for future survey effort in the Greater Melbourne Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating ...... 45 Table 19: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Yarra Ranges and Nilumbik Reporting Area ...... 47 Table 20: Priority species for future survey effort in the Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating ...... 48 Table 21: Summary and overall indicative ratings for each Reporting Area ...... 50