A Fragment of the Geography of . South-West (Continued) Author(s): Hugh Robert Mill Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 15, No. 4 (Apr., 1900), pp. 353-373 Published by: The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774955 . Accessed: 14/12/2014 13:16

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A FRAGMENTOF THE GEOGRAPHYOF ENGLAND. SOUTE-.-* By HUGH ROBERT MILL, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S.E, Woodlandsand Agricultt6re. No data have been foundto show that thereis anything distinctive in the floraor faunaof the districtunder considerationwhich would single it out fromthe neighbouringparts of thesouth of England. White of Selbournebelieved that the wheatear, abird muchsought after as a delicacyand extraordinarilyabundant in easternSusses, was never taken west of the Arun; but this has been fihownto be a mistake. The quality of the fish of the district was formerlyrenowned. Izaac Walton said there were fourgood things in Susses " a cockle,a Chichesterlobster, an Arundelmullet, and an Amberleytrout," all four coming from within the limits of these eheets. There are e2ztensiveparks containinga large numberof deer. In his ' Deer Parksand Paddocksof England,'published in 1892,Mr. WVhitakerenumerates the followingwhich occur in the districtunder consideration:Arundel Park, 1150 acres,with 600 fallowdeer and 30 red deer; CowdrayPark, with 800 acresand 350 fallow deer, Park, 675 acres and bS0deer; ParhamPark, 4o0 acres and 250 deer; and BurtonPark, with 300 acres and from 1a0 to 180 deer. Probably no equal areain Englandcontains so great a numberof deer. The AgriculturalReturns published by the Board of Agricultllre deal with whole countiesonly, and the Board is pledged not to pub- lish the statisticsof any individualparish. By groupingthe parishes, however,it is possibleso to arrangethe statisticsas to distinguish the mainnatural divisions of soil fromone anotherin a generalway. This cannot be done completely,because one parishfiequently extends over several diSerent geological formations,and round the bordersof the sheet there are portionsof manyparishes which have to be left out of account. The central groupof parisllesincludes those lying wholly on tbe Chalk,and onlyinvaded at oneor two pointsby smalltollgues of drift in the valleys. This groupis flankedto the northby a belt of parishes, e ach including a narrowstrip of Cllalk,a narrowstrip of UpperGreen- ,a narrowstrip of ,and usually someof the LowerGreensands, but beyond them is a group lying mrhollyon the LowerGreensands. Similarly,to the southof the Chalkthere is a transitionbelt of parishes partlyon Ghalkand partly on the drift-coveredTertiary strata; whilst south of these the largest division of all lies wholly on the Tertiaries and drift. Altogether 251 square miles are included in the areas groupedfor agriculturalstatistics out of the 270 squaremiles of land in the sheets. The totals are given in Table Y.; but for purposesof

* Read at the Royal Geographical Society, February 5,1900. Gontinued from p. 227.

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NEAR STORRINGTON. FROM CHANTRY FARM, F1G. 1l. THE Els(len.), (Photograph b/y'lJfr.J. Vincent

with other crops although the grassesgrown in rotation arableland, than the areaof land under the total pasturageto rathermore increaee quarterof the arableland was and root crops. In 1898 neally one grain only one-fourteenthunderbarley. underwheat, one fifth underoats, and

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TABLEV.-AG RICULTURAL STATISTICS. aLASSIFIED TO1|AL6, 1898.

Graincrops. Y I At ea of group. Pasture. ield per acre. i. = Live stock. o vs I t Y t % % I r sruupof rarishe8. z s z d aS a E Q ; Q e C O r d 9 < t 2 X * i @s, X , 8 a b ;, Q l v .¢ pw{

pz r v t X

__ - _ ) 6,051 I. Wllo]ly on the Chalk 558 2,937 2>918 16,019 7,624 2,083 650 2,066 25 86 2 31 1 56 8 3'79 10,634 10,194 609 IT. Partlv on lind prxrtly 35,732 1,904 23>905 7 2,603 203 382 1,673 6,956 1,218 1,639 352 1,220 7 39 8 s1xth of the Clsalk 4,901 38 5 ]64-0 4-25 6,gS7 1,375 17,553 717 III. Wholly somth of the 12,975 34,446 882 50 7,024 23Z413 1,522 8,188 2423 6,837 157 41-4 Chalk ...... 33,099 16,339 40 0 65-0 6-o5 1V. Partly on and partiy 56,444 7,906 36,4325745 , 5,765 north of the Chalk 524 '2,965 1,697 17,6971 4,738 } 1,79o 778 1,590 74 35*'S32-3 la3 7 3-4+ 33,477 90062 13,03o l 3,478 14,1.)91336 V. Wholly north of tlle ) 6,184 34-1 T 7241 1267 52 3*}0 Cllalk ...... 7,S27 7,045 178 1,601 8,824 1,843 | 1,598 35'0 15+ 0 3-6(! j _ _I __ 21,910 2,846 6,213l]53C Whole aroa ... 160,538 2a0 8 .. . . 6,212 j14,913 72,939 16,'.}4-)115,303 4927 l2,980 i 315 l39 1 67,479 51,514 37w"61*0 1506 i 7,t,0(D98,262 9937 ta,549

TABLEVl.-AGRICULTURAL STATlSTIC. CAL^,ULATED RATIOS. 1898.

- Percent.l Per 100 acre8 of Per 100 head of square Per 100 acres of arable land. Per 100 c.crei of mheat. area. [ cattle. mile. A\ruter Group of Parishes. IE area. Permanent 4 Acres. pa6ture, including tation laud Wheat Barley. OJts Ipesut Clo,ver, lSal O^ts l'ota \Vood- C ttl Sl l'op nlountaill grass. | ture.

and heath. .

27-7 I. Whlly on the Cb71alk 240 on an(l 274 717 196 61 194 630 l 140 L 31 99 19 213 119 1489 15!55 32 117 II. Partly partly 17-1 southof the b'halk 77-3 244 178 239 5-1 1/-8 322 102 21 74- 04 94 197; 2t)23 127T'3 US 128 of the III. Wholly south 144-5 Ch;tlk ...... 495 21-2 46 24-7 73 206 200 86 29 4 83 19 27 33-8 . 105#J 467 f 74 391 IV. Partly on alld partly 1 18-9 northof the Chalk 76'5 18 7 52 3 1'S8 8 5 1,-5 891 94 93 8S, 4-1 14-1 19 6 80 0 407 38 110 of the- V. Wholly north 10o'4 Chalk ...... I 961 20 + 23 5 20 4 !16 16 2 452 100 45 80 3 3 8 4 32 3; 70 4 218 D 181

_ . _ . S . I 413-6 Whole nrea ... 86-0 221 25 1 226 73 132 i 380 98 32 95 W}l 10.) - 2+0 1347 561 .)/; 221

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Tlle acreage under rotation gralsses and clover vras almost the same as that under wheat. The three chief classes of live stock were kept on the average in the proportionof one pig, two cattle, and ten sheep. By comparing the diSerent groups, an interesting relation will be observed between the geological character of the land and the nature of its productions. The rich soils of the drift and Tertiaries south of the Chalk are by far the most fertile and the most farmed. They 57ieldedin 1898 over 40 bushels of wheat or barley per acre 65 bushels of oats, and 62 tons of potatoes, while everg hundred acres of pasturage fed 34 cattle and lS6 sheep. The country entirely underlain by the Lower Greensand in the north yielded only 3o bushels of wheat or barley per acre, 54 bushels of oats, and 31 tons of potatoes, and every hundred acres of its pasturag;e supported 32 cattle and 70 sheep. This is, in fact, the part of the district where there are fewest sheep, although the number of cattle is little less than in the south. On the Ghalk the yield of crops is about the aame as on the Greensands, but oats yielded nearly 57 bushels per acre, and were cultivated to the same extent as wheat. The pasture, which was, relatively to area, twice as estensive as in the southern division, fed on every hundred acres only 12 cattle, but 149 sheep. Summarizing the results, it may be said that in every particular the farms of the southern district were best, the largest proportion of arable land, the smallest proportion of woodland, the heaviest crops, and the largest number of every kind of live stock to the acre of pasturage. On the Greensands north of the Ghalk the ground was almost equally divided between arable and pasture land, agriculture was poorer, the e2ztentof unenclosed commons much greater, and the proportionalarea of land under barley and potatoes greater, though the yield was poorer. On the Chalk the pasture land far exceeded the arable land in amount; the number of sheep kept in proportion to cattle was three times as great as on the coastal plain, and four times as great as on the Green- to the north; while the proportional area under wheat, barle-, and potatoes was the smallest, and that under oats the largest. Generalizing mere broadly still, the coastal plain in the south may be said to be mainly agricultural and grazing country, the Ghalk Downs almost wholly pastoral, and the Greensand vailey in the north mainly devoted to grazing. The cause of these differencesis to be found in the soil, both as regards its composition and its behaviour towards the rain- water which falls on it. The areas of woodland were calculated in two ways. By direct measurement the woods marked on the map (1895 edition) cover 38@0 square miles, while from the Agricultural Returns for 1898 they amount only to 26 5 equare miles. The latter figure only accounts for 2a1 square miles of the land, the former for 270. Deducting 2 6 square miles which lie, according to measurement, on the 19 square miles left

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NO.IV. APRIL,1900.] 2 B

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358 A FRAGMENT OP' THE GEOGRAPHYOF ENGLAND. out of accountin the AgriculturalReturns, the measuredwoodlands cover35 4 squaremiles on the areaincluded in the AgriculturalReturns - a fair agreement,as the AgriculturalReturns probably include open woodlandsas pastures,and do not take accountof parks. Pine woods cover only about one square mile on the Greensands north of the Chalk. All the rest of the wood is deciduous,largely beech, and is distributedon the arariousgeological formations as follows@ TABLE VII.-WOODLANTDS IN 1895 FROMMAP.

270 square miles considered. Square Per cent.

011 the Chalk ...... 23-5 29-7 On the Tertiaries and drift ...... S 9 4 3 On the LowerGreensands ...... 10-6 20-8 On Alluviurn ...... 00 0 0

Total ...... 38 0 14 0

TABLF. VIII.-WOODLANDS IN 1898. AGRICIJLTURALRETURSTS.

Square | Per cellt. 251 squaremiles considereel. miles. t of area.

In parishes wholly on Chalk ...... 17 0 - 21*o ,, partly on and partly south of Chalk ... 1 9 9 4 ,, partly on an(l partly north of Chalk ... 7-4 14-1 on Lower Greensands north of Chalk ...... 2-9 8-4 Total ...... I 26@6 1 10.- l l

The summit line of the Downs is usuallybare of wood,except for wind-sweptbushes, and so are most of the valleys in the Chalk. The roundedsummits which rise in the centre of the Downs betsreenthe dry valleys are characteristicallycrowned with small clumps of trees. A brokenline of plantationlons along the face of the northernescarp- ment-the "llanger" of White's 'Natural History of Selborne'- but the real forest is fotlndon the long southernslopes. The trees are nowherelarge, but often very close. The little woodwhich occurson the Tertiariesis eloseup to the northernborder near the Chalk. Below the altitude of 50 feet above the sea it is rare to see a tree except in the hedgerowsand aboutthe houses;few parts of Englandare so closely cultivatedas the coastal plain of West Sussex. There are, however, some remarkablevestiges of old woods,inclu(ling a venerableyew in South13ersted churchyard said to be 800 yearsold. North of the Chalk escarpmentthere are no woods on the Upper Greensand,and scarcely any on the Gault. The plantationson the

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Lower Greensands as a rule are small and scattered; abound, and the trees are fine. Parishes. The combined sheets 317 and 332 include 8o cosnplete c ivilpa ishes( being united into one), and portions of 26 other

FIG. 13.-INDEX MAP OF SHEETS 317 AND 332, SHOWING SHEETS OF 6-lNCH AND 25-IN'CH MAPS AND THE BOUNDARIES OF PARISHES. parishes (Fig. 13). These correspondclosely with the ancient or ecclesias- tical parishes, but it would appear that the parishes used as units for the Census returns are not quite coterminous nvith those on which the Agri- cultural returns are basedx It would take too much space to go into 2 B 2

This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Sun, 14 Dec 2014 13:16:38 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions OF ENGLAND. 360 AFRAGMENT OF THE GEOGRAPHY in what question of changes of parish boundaries,and thedifficult edition parishesreferred to are thoselaid down on the 1895 followsthe have map. Mostof the parishesare now entire, but a few ofthe one-inch boundaries portionslyiIIg considerabledistances apart. The detached of minor have remainedsubstantially unchanged, in spite ofthe parishes contains froma vera early period,and normallyeach parish alterations, appear village groupedround the parishchllrch. The parishes asingle it cannotbe have grown naturallyuntil they filled llp the county; to as the relation of saidthat the county has been dtvidedinto parishes, parishesare grouped theboundaries to natural features shows. The in turn formparts intothirteen larger divisions hundredsand these peculiar to Susses, and called rapes. The rapes oflarger divisions Those to north,and are approsimatelyequal in area. runfrom south and on the sheet are the Rapos of Ghichester,Arundel, represented named The Rape of Chichesterincludes seven hundreds, Bramber. Dumpford,Ease- respectivelyAldwick, , Bo2:and Stockbridge, andWestbourne and Singleton. The Rapeof Arundel bourne,Manhood, and five hundreds,viz. Avisford,Bury, Poling, , includes but of alld all of these are representedon the sheets; WestEaswrith, there are hundredswhich compose the Rape of Bramber, the twelve The only three, Brightford,East Easwrith, and Patching. partsof The more are not markedupon the OrdnanceSurvey maps. divisions into registration important,but a]so unmarked,grouping of parishes districtsand subdistrictsis used for statisticalpurposes. irregularbound- On the coastalplain the parisheshave remarkably part they are bounded ariesas markedon the map. For a considerable In the case of by rivers or streams,hence the borders are winding. leaves the river at SouthBersted and Felphamthe parish boundary a curve,and returns to the stream. Theseprobably twopoints, describes the river windings which have been desertedby perpetuateformer eastere the boundarieswere fised. East of the Arun the watersince drawn parishboundaries are, as a rule,nearlJr straight lines andwestern where it to the coast. In the flat gorge of the Arun at right angles salley the Downs,the curiousalternato allocation of the cuts throngh as a boundary parisheson $theeast andwest is the resultof using flats to banks of which in its windings runs close against the steep a river mayalso be alternatelyon the right and left (Fig. 14). This the valley running reasonsthat preventeda northand south roadfronl one of the severL the Arun valley; it would have had to pass through through parisheson in .51 miles, and there are signs in many of the parishes for the purposes Bheetsthat the roadswere originallycoclstructed these one to another. parish alone,and seem reluctant to crossfrom of the frequentlyrun the south of the (:halk area the parish boundaries In valley or group o£ down the crest-line#of ridges, leaving a whole the boundaryis a valleiysto form the parish. Occasionally,however,

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b7m ] " Smii

44:pdr!

o X SIile

6'1G, 14.-TEIE AitUN GORGE, BLIGEITLY ENLARGED F1tOM TI1E O1lDNANCE SURTEY 1-INCH HILL-SHADED MAP.

This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Sun, 14 Dec 2014 13:16:38 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ,'S62 A FRAGAIENTOF THE GEOGR.XPHYOF ENGLAND. valley-line,as in the case of that between Patching and Claphams twonillages which stand nearly at the same level, facing each other on opposite sides of a narrow valley, up the centre of vvhich,below the level of the villages, runs one of the minor roads over the3 Downs. The most interesting relationof parishesto geologicalstructure is that pointed out by Mr.Topley for the \Vealdenarea as a whole,but nowherebetter shown than on the llorthernslope of the Downs in Sheet 317. The central village of each parish from to Bury stands on the terraceof Upper Greensandat the base of the Chalk escarpment,a site convenientfor olotainingwater bfr means of wellsr As the villageswere plantedclosely, the parishesare all narrow. They runstraight up the escarpmentto the crest-lineof the Downs,giving to each a portionof pastureground; but they also run eachas a narrow strip acrossthe belt of Gault and the Lower Greensandsdown to the^ valley-lineof the river, giving to each parisha shareof the arableand grazinglands. In the elabayment,the parishesradiate like the ribs of a fan, gradually shifting their length from a north-and-south to an east-and-westdirection, so as to cross the strikeof the strata at right angles (see Fig. 13). North of the Rother the sheet only shows portions of parishes alternately broad and narrow, but all having their greatestlength fromnorth to south. Indeed,in the whole district under review, the predominanceof north-and-southlines as parish boundaries,and the relatively great length from north to south as comparedwith the breadthfrom east to west, are noticeablecharac- teristics. The list of parishes completelyincluded in the sheets is gilren in Table IX., with the numberof inhabitedhouses and populationat the census of 1891, and the populationat the census of 1881. The parisheswhich are olalypartially included are given in TableX. The whole district is in the ancient county of Sussex, though formerlya detachedarea in the north-wtestthe parishof SouthAmber- sham was part of . The whole now forms part of the administrativecounty of West Sussex and of the dioceseof Ghichester, while it correspondsclosely in area and populationwith the parlia- mentarydivision of Ghichesterol South-westSusses. Of the completeparishes, the least populousis Middletonwith 7 inhabitedhouses and 40 inhabitants;it is situatedon the coastbetween Felphamand Climping,and has lost muchof its originalarea by coast erosion. The most populouswas South Bersted,with 995 inhabited houses and 4953 inhabitants;it includedthe town of Bognor, which now formsa parishby itself.

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TABLE IX.-PARISHES WITH POPULATION.

Inhabited Inhabited houses. Population. houses. Population. 1891. 1891. 1881. 1891. 1891. 1881. District- E. Preston District (cont.)- Elsted ...... 40 191 208 East Preston ... 57 414 420 ..... 23 114 147 Rustington ... 91 434 360 ...... 14 61 85 Littlehampton ... 851 4452 3926 ...... 49 263 269 Westbourne District- Cocking...... 90 449 574 West Dean ... 120 611 734 ... 91 393 448 New Fishbourne 79 323 316 ... 81 407 413 ...36 191 221 (complete)- ...8 48 49 Chichester (10 pa- West Lavington... 47 218 151 rishes) ... 1553 7887 8529 Midhurst ...334 1674 1615 West Hampnett Dis- Petworth District- trict (complete)- ...... 17 75 76 West Stoke ... 20 103 95 ... 159 761 696 Lavant ...... 157 787 805 ...... 32 151 156 Binderton ... 21 110 100 Coates ...... 15 84 61 Singleton ... 121 579 555 Bury ...... 114 531 517 East Dean ... 73 303 343 Bignor ...... 25 127 154 Up Waltham ... 16 67 82 Burton ...... 11 57 73 Slindon ...... 113 539 507 Sutton ...... 63 325 310 Madehurst ... 31 176 190 ... 32 175 182 Binsted ...... 20 103 135 ...... 55 259 268 Walberton ... 126 628 607 Thakeham District- Eastergate ... 34 174 161 Coldwaltham ... 83 338 389 Aldingbourne ... 171 798 743 Greatham ... 12 66 59 ... 45 161 185 Hardham ... 23 124 101 ... 162 699 708 Wiggonholt ... 7 52 38 ... 27 138 154 Amberley ... 114 525 570 Oving ...... 443 1973 1662 North Stoke ... 21 100 103 West Hampnett 79 505 521 Rackham ...29 134 161 Rumboldswyke ... 358 1497 902 Parham ...... 12 58 88 Hunston ...... 43 187 176 Storrington ...246 1293 1351 Appledram ... 31 l44 159 East Preston District- ... 95 453 455 Houghton ... 38 174 196 ... 26 140 132 South Stoke ... 24 131 133 ... 199 920 946 Arundel ...... 550 2644 2748 Selsey ... 228 1039 901 Tortington ... 58 288 165 Donnington ... 36 191 188 Ford ...... 20 102 100 86 373 401 Climping ... 54 251 270 Pagham ...... 197 887 874 Burpham ... 52 280 286 ...... 24 108 96 Warningcamp ... 31 159 128 South Bersted ... 995 4953 4166 Lyminster ... 357 1693 1587 Barnham ...46 230 184 Poling ...... 43 178 180 Felpham ... 167 724 565 Augmeriing ... 210 1014 982 Middleton ... 7 40 44 Patching ... 55 270 274 Yapton ...... 139 660 556 Ferring ...... 54 226 232 Kingston ... 12 43 34 Total 10,531 51.183 49,429

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364 A t'RAGMENTOt' THE GEOGRAPHYOF ENGLAND.

TABLEX-PA1t1SH1LS PARTS0F WHICHARE INCLUDEDIN SHEETS317 AND332, WITH ASSUMEDPOPULATIONS.

Inllabited P Inhabited Popu- hou6es lation houses lation (estimated). (assumed). (estimated). (aesumed). lS91. 1891. 1831. 1891. 1891. 1881. MidhurstDistrict- ThakehamT)istrict- 10 10 Pulborough ... 286 1430 1450 230 206 West Chiltington 100 500 530 Ipillg ...... 21 105 105 Sullillgton ... 26 130 123 250 242 Thakeham ... 25 125 138 60 60 East PrestonDistrict- ... 40 240 170 140 125 SouthAmbersham 30 160 106 Goring ...... 8 40 38 ... 12 60 6+ WestbourneDistrict- Till;ngton ... 10o 525 534 Bosham ...... 80 400 400 PetworthDistrict 350 380 Petworth ... 520 2600 2670 10 10 WisboroughGreell 19 95 96 25 30 West HampnettDistrict--- East YVittering. . . 1fS 80 86 Totalfor portioIls 1509 7595 7606 ...... t; 30 33 Thereare also very small parts of the followingparishes, but with no population:Finden, ,lIarting, , and Chithurst. Place-Naszes. The names on the sheets under notice are typically and almostexclusisely Anglo-Sason. The two commonestterminations are-ton, which occursin forty-sevencases, and-ham, which occursin fifty. Both these suffises signify an enclosureor dwelling-place,and otherterminations of nearlyidentical meaning, such as -worth and -borough or -b2Iry,are :rlotuncommon. The termirlationwhich comesthird in the list is -ng, of which there are twenty four examples. I his is the Anglo- Sason equivalentto the Reltic Macor 0'. and indicatesthe settlement of a familyor clan, equivalentnearly to the possess;vecase so common in the farm-namesof the district at the presentday. Personalnames for places prevail; terminationsdescriptive of :naturalfeatures are much less common. There are fourteen-dens or -deans,eleven -hursts, and a few -holts; referringto the woods,ten -wtoksor -wykes;eight -fords and five -bournes,referring to the waters. The names indicate the early and complete settlement of the district by the Sa2z0nsSthe old Romannames, which musthave been nurnerousat one time,and the earlierReltic nameshaving allnostentilely disappeared. Distributionof Populoltion.-The sheets under considerationrepre- sent arl area of 270 squaremiles of land, and the populationat the censusof 1891i8 estileatedas follows:--

1891. 1881. Difference. 83 cortlpleteparishes (counting C:hicheateraa one) 51,183 49,429 +1754 Portionsof 2:3pari31les (estimated) ...... 7595 7606 - 11

Total probablepopulation on slleets ... 58,778 57,035 + 1743

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ENGLAND. AFRiGMENT OF THE GEOGRAPHYOF 36o per squaremile in Thisgives an averagedensity of populationof 218 the country is and 211 in 1881. But if the un;nhabitedpart of 1891, in area,the as any part more than an eighth of a square mile defined from the which lies nlore than a quarter of a mile distant torderof countryin nearestdwelling, there are 34 squaremiles of uninhabited country,the average thesheets, leaving 236 square rniles of inhabited per squaremile, densityof populationupon which, in 1891, was 249 thatof all Englandbeing nearly500. 1891 BY ELEVATION. TABLF.XI. DISTRIBIJTIONOF POPULATIONIN

- Population tNwn°sf villages. Zoenet Sq. miles. PoTltaatlion-

1 1 - - OVer 600 ...... 60 6 9-5 20 t 2 - 600-500 ...... - I 1* ...... 15-5 175 , 1 2 500-400 1 26 - 2t 400-300 ...... 20-0 518 0 3,067 ' 341 : - 16 300-20() ...... 9 23 66 0 10,959 . ] 66 1 200-100 ...... 1 21 ...... 43 0 7,455 1 173 100-50 ' 361 4 77 BE1OW50 ...... 101-0 36,634

6 1320 TOta1 ... 270 0 58,83+ 218

as shown in Accordingto altitude, the populationis distributed above500 feet TableXI. This shomrsthat the upperpart of the Downs small village, or are practicallyuninhabited, and that ouly one very exceeding 4G0 feet, rather hamlet,Madehurst, stands at an elevation only three villages above300 feet. and suddenly It is remarkableto observehow the densityof population 400 and 300 feet increases£rom 26 per squaremile for the zone between 300and 200 feet. The to 341 per squaremile forthe narrowhelt between partlsr in the geology. reasonof this is foundpartly in the configurationand elopeof the Downsthere are only two villages,Eartham Onthe southern of the withill this zone. Three of the iraportantvillages and Slindon, the (West Dean,Charlton, and East Dean)help to swell central valley of drift togetherwith the scatteredfarms which the coating population, But the dis- malies possible between the borderinghills of Chalk. at the base of tinguishing feature is the terraceof Upper Greensand terraceoccupies great (Shalkescarpment. The western half of this the exactly; farthel zone of height between 300 and 200 feet almost the the villages it east, where the Greensandhas been worn down lower, part of Elsted, the carries stand below 200 feet The zone includes part of lIeyshott, whole of Treyford, Didling, Bepton, Cocking,

* Madehurst. t Up Walthamaad Elsted.

This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Sun, 14 Dec 2014 13:16:38 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions A FRAGMENTOF THE 366 GEOGRAPHYOF ENGLAND. Graffham, Barlavingtonand Sutton. Theyare all agriculturalvillages, without industry, and,as indicatedwhen speaking of the parishesof whi¢htheJr are the centres,they are placedon the water-bearingstrata and arablesoils between the pastllres of the Downs and the grazing lands of the Gaultand LowerGreensand valley. The ne2rt zone, from 200 to 100 feet, contains one or two of the Upper Greensand villages, especiallyBignor and West Burton; several on the northern side of the Rother valley, in¢ludingPetworth, Fittle- worth,, and Trotton; and a good many on the £outhernslope of the Downs,viz. West Stoke,the threeLavants, Waterbeach, , Patching,and Clapham. The main developmentof this zone of altitude is in the valley northof the Downs,on the Gault and the infertile soils of the Folkestone Beds of the LowerGreensand, where farrus are widely scattered,and fromwhich the villages have been attractedeither to the UpperGreensand terraceX O1 to the left bank of the river. The zone of elevation between 100 and a0 feet containsparts of Midhurstand Pulboroughon the north, and a few villages near high-road the between Chichesterand Arundel on the south; but it has practicallythe samedensity of populationas tbe zone above. Below 50 feet the densitJrof populationcomes to a masimum,partly becau£eit contains the largesttowns Ghichester,Littlehampton, Bognor, and nwostof Arundel but partly .41so becauseof the great fertility of the coastal plaill, the abserlceof woodlandor commons,and the large numberof sleall farms into whichit is divided. The Arun valley also hasa double chain of villages, olle, as a rule, encircledby each bend of theriver, and each built upon a fragment of an old river-terraceleft higherand remainingdryer than the swampymeadows through which thestream nweanders (compare Figs. 7 and 14). The uninhabitedareas include three small patches of very low- lying alluvium (compareFigs. 7 alld 9). One stretches from the reclaimedp;round of Paghamharbour round the north of the gravel ridgeon which Selsey stands,and this recentlyreclaimed tida] marsh is crossedby only one high-road. Anotherof #mallerarea lies in the depression--muchof which is below high-waterlevel disused between the Chichesterand Alundel canal and Bognor,and is crossedby no road at all, although the Bognor branch-lineruns through its westernmargin. The third uninhabitedalluvial tract lies beSween Wiggonholtand Pulborough,on the great expansion of the Arun valleybottom, which is subjectto flo()dsevery winter. The mainbody of 1lninhabitedland is formedby the Downs, whichit is along po£ible to walk fromone end of the sheet to the other, esrento and clOssthe Arlln valley, without passingwithin a quarter mileof an of a inhabited house. Thus the populationmay be said to be separatedby the uninhabitedChalk Downs into a densely plainon the inhabited south,and a muchle3s denselypeor)led valley on the north.

This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Sun, 14 Dec 2014 13:16:38 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions W^hOllyWhO11Y SOUthnOrth OfOf thethe Cha1kChaik ...... 88-234-1 34,4466,184 181391

A FRAGMENTOF THE GEOGRAPHYOF ENGLAND. 3G7 In attemptingto get aetual statisties for these regions,the groups of parishesemployed for the diseussionof agrieulturalstatisties yield the followingresult:-

TABLENII.-POPULATION GROUPED IN AREAS.

Area of Total Density of Groupof parishes. group. population. populationper Sq. miles. 1891. sq. mile.

WhO11YOn the Chaik ...... 55 8 6,J51 117 PArt1YOn and partly so?sthOf Cha1k 20 3 2,603 128

Par{1YOn d partly north Of Cha1k 52 4 5,765 ] 10

TOta1 ...... 250 8 D5,549 j 221-

In this grouping,the parishes" wholly on the Cealk" ineludethe tonguesof Tertiariesand drift that run up into the valleys from the south,and the alluviumof the Arungorge whelreit erossesthe :Downs, and it is on these, and espeeially in the town of Arundel, that the populationis found. The interelstingeontrast is between the fertile eoastal plain, whieh supports a populationof nearly 400 per square mile, the ChalE,whieh, if Arundelbe exeluded,has a populatiollunder 10 per squaremile, and the less fertile valley of the Rother,where the opulationis under200 per squaremile. Fital Statisticsand Movementof Populatzon. Thepopulation increased by 1743 inhabitants,or 3 per eent., in the ten years betsveen1881 and 1891; the rate of inereasefor the whole eounty of Susses in the sanle periodwas 12 per eent. Henee it would appearthat, taken as a whole, this distriet is nearly stationaryas regardspopulation. The difference betweenbirths and deaths (on the basisof the year 1897) would pro- duee an inereaseof 0 8 per eent. per annum,and as the averageinerease svas only 0 3 per eent. per annum,the emigrationfrom the area in questionmust amourltto about 0 5 per eent., or say 300 personsevery year. A definitedeerease in populationis foundin most of the parishes in the Rother valley and on the Downs, the inerease being mainly eonfinedto the parishes on the eoastal plain (Fig. 15). The greatest inereaseis found in the parishesof Littlehamptonand SouthBersted (whieh ineluded Bognor at the time of the eensus)1and also in Rum- boldswykeand Oving, which eontain suburbsof Chiehesterlying out- side the mllnieipalboundaries. The aetualpopulation of both Chichester and Arundelshowed a deereaseof about4 per eent. The Registrar-General'sReport gives for each wear the number of births, deaths, and marriagesarranged for each eountJraecording to registrationdistriets and subdistricts,but the parishesare grouped to form these in such a way that it is very diEeult to bring the

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368 A FRAGMENTOF THE GEOGRAPHYOF ENGLAND. statistics into relation with the natural divisions. TablegIII. gives the statistics for 1897 relating to the subdistricts,whi¢h most nearly fill up the region under¢onsideration, and representsa total of bA,293 inhabitantsliving on 221 squaremiles1 i.e. with a meandensity of 24b,

% M A4-eD #ERsr-tt,

FIG. 15.-MAP SIIOWINGINCREASE OR DECREASEOF POPULATIONBETWEEN 1881 AND 1891. TableNIV. showsthe salnefigures calculated as ratiosof the population in 1891. These ratios are, of course, not quite accurate for 1897, althoughin most ¢asesthe divergcncefrom accuracy is probablJrsmall, as the changesin the populationare slight e:xceptin the growingtowns on the coast.

This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Sun, 14 Dec 2014 13:16:38 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Oving ...... , .. - . .. A ..

A FRAGMENTOF THE GEOGRAPHYOF ENGLAND. 369

TABLEXlII.-POPIJLATION STATISTIC3 FROM REGISTRAR GENERAL'S REPORr FOR 1897.

Birrths. Registration Registratiorl * Area, Square Popn Mar- riages. District. Subdistrict. g g acres. miles. 1891 i Illeg. Xo.

F Total. _

Petworth . . . Petworth, South 20,456 32 5,412 1 10 5 East Preston Littlehampton 8,927 14 7,899 240 J8 Arundel | 1 ,, * . . | 16,007 25 4,628 138 31t Oving i 5 j 1 5,434 122 53* 6 ,. ... BogIlor 40,501 63 t 4,9o3 123 31* Yapton 1 ,. ... 1 4,064 87 Bo2rgrove - ,. ... 17,641 527 2,304 43 C 2 , * * . 12,618 520 1,949 41 Singleton 145 (:)hichester .. 1,888 3 10,815 297 15 83 M;dhurd . . . Midhurst { f 23,810 37 6,8:35 161 10 32*

. . -

Total .. . 68 9oD 141,8eL8 221 54,293 1362 375

TABLESIV.-POPULATION RATIOS,1897.

- - - Per 1000 of population in Excees of Births 4over l)eaths. Density of 1891. Illegit. Registration population Per cent. Sul)district. 1891, per Per 1000 Per: cent. of total sq. mile. }¢£rthe. Deaths. population of total births. in 1891. births.

riagee3.Number. w _ I Po+

Average ... 1 245 25 1 17 7 457 8 0 33 5-0

The relatively high birth rates and death rates of the subdistricts Littlehampton,Arundel, Chichester,and Bognor are possibly due to increase of populatiotlsince 1891, and the lo57vrates in the other districts may similarly be to some extent due to the drift of popu- lation fron the country. The remarkablee2rcess of birthsover deaths in Arundeland Petworth (practically50 per cent.), and the low excess in Chichester(only 25 per cent.), have possibly some cause connected with the conditionsof hygiene in the townsof the districts. The excess of dsaths over births in Boxgroveis probablyan accidentof the year, the small populationof that subdistrictdepriving it of any statistical value

* The marriagesbeing only given for registrationdistriets, tbose of the subdistriets are estimatedon the assumptionthat the rate was the samefor the svholedistrict. t Of these forty were of males and eighteen females. In no other divisiondid the proportionof the two se2resdying differ sensiblyfrom equality.

This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Sun, 14 Dec 2014 13:16:38 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 370 A FRAGAIENTOF THE GEOGRAPHYOF ENGLAND. Perhapsthe nsost remarkableregional distributionshown by these tablesis in connectionwith the proportionof illegititnateto total births. The average for the whole area is 5 per cent. (that of the countsrof Susses 553for 1897, and 5 4 as an average of ten years), and only four subdistrictsvary significantlyfrom this proportion. Of these, Box- grove, with 116 per cent., may be disregardedon account of its small population. But Littlehampton,with 7 5, stands in markedcon- trast to the adjoiningdistricts of Arundeland Yaptonwith 0 7 and 1 2 respectivelJ,r.It is unfortunatethat no statistics of religious belief exist, but it is known that a very large proportionof the inhabitants of Arundelare RomanCatholics. Townsand Villages. The city of Chichesteris built on the level plain,near the headof the riverlessinlet knownas ChichesterChannel, 1Ua

? ; Mile S FIG. 16.-PLANS OF TOM'NS AND VILI,AGES FROM THE l-INCH OElDNAN'CE SIJRVEY MAP. which formerlyfurnished a halbour for small vessels, but Chichester can now scarcelybe viewed as a maritimetown. Its positiondue south of the openingof the Lavantvalley canhardly be due to the roadrunning throughit to the north,because the Rornansbuilt the roadfrom their stationat Chichester(Regnum) in a straight line to the north-eastover the Downs. The original plan of the city is outlinedby a north-and- south road crossedat right angles by an east-and-westroad, and sur- roundedby a circular wall, beyondwhich the roads diverged. New buildillfflhas carriedthe streets beyond the old wall, but the original plan renlains(Fig. lG). As a cathedralcity (sincethe time whenSelsey cathedralwas abandonedin 1078), Chichesterhas a certainamount of t,eneralhusiness, bllt there are no manufactures.The city is supplied with water derived from wells sunk in the Chalk at Old Fishbourne, and pumpedup to a reservoirjust rlorthof the town, whencethe supply is distributedby gravitation.

This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Sun, 14 Dec 2014 13:16:38 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions A FRAGMENT OF THE GEOGRAPHYOF ENGLAND. 371 It is curiousto note that, eazeeptfor Old andNew Fishbourne,which are now practicall;ysuburbs of Chichester,the high-roadalong the coastalplain doesnot run througha single village. Arundel probablyowes its e2zistenceas a town to the fine site it affordedfor a castle in ancient times by commandingthe break in the Downs at a point wlnerethe navigable tidal river ran close against the (:halkhillside. Eere the liser was first bridged,the village named Ij'ord,halfway to the sea, snarkingwhat may have been the only other crossing-placeon the coastalplain. Even now no roadscross the Arun belowArundel, whence one road runs on the right bankto :Ford,Climping, and AtheringtoIl,and another, at least a rflile east of the river, to Lyminster,Wick, and Littlehampton. Littlehampton,at the mouthof the Arun,is the one actualseaport in the district underconsideration, but it is only accessibleat high water, vessels taking the ground as the tide falls. The river was formerly of importancefor stearner trade with JRrance,but since 1880 the solume of shippingentering the port has beenreduced to less than one- half. Although over 40() vessels entered and cleared in 1894, their averageburden was under 90 tons, and no vessel of over 500 tons can enter. The town is supplied with water fromdeep wells sunk in the plain to the north. The present importanceof Littlehamptonarises less from its shipping than from its beach(Fig. 5), which makes the town attractiveas a bathing-placeand summerresidence. The track of sand-duneswest of the river has given rise to golf-links,which increasethe attractionsto visitors. Bognor has also become a town by taking advantageof its fine beach to attract #ummerwisitors. The beach is protectedby a pro- menadeand sea-walls for over a mile. Connectedalready by a good and directroad with Chichester,its developmenthad well begun before the branch railwaybrought it into rapid communicationwith the out- side. The water-supplyi8 derived from wells sunk in the Challrat Eastergate,5 miles to the north. Many other points along the coast might, but for the difficulty of access due to the indirect roads, have formedthe sites of similar watering-places. Pagham, originally a fishing village with a large {idal harbour,has dwindled in importance,and the site of the harbour has been reclaimed. Selsey is built on a ridge of marinegravel, which rises above the general level, and is separatedfrom the mainlandon the north by a broad stretch of low alluvial ground,once a tidal lagoon connectedwith the sea on both sides, hence the nameof the parish,Selsey, or Seal-island. The village is still of some importance for fishing, a numberof boats being emplottedin catching lobsters. Selsey enjos7sa unique position on the south coast of England for exposureto sea-air. From every point of the compass round three- quartersof the horizonthe wind blows frornthe sea, ouly between

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N.E. by N. and N.W. by W. does it come over the land. Hence, as thereJ is a good and direct road from Chichester, Selvey was growing so rapidly in importance that the Hundred of Manhood and Selsey steam tramway was constructed from Chichester to Selsey beach in 1897. While there are no villages on the east-and-west high-road between Chichester and Arundel, or on the railway line, it is interesting to notice that the disused Chichester and Arundel Canal runs through a chain of +-illages Donnington, North Mundham, ZIerston, Colworth, Lidsey, Barnham, and Ford, each being situated at the point where a north-and-south road crosses the canal. The general plan of all the villages in the (listrict is a cluster of houses about the meeting place of local road#; they are as a rule com- pact groups, not straggling along the highway as villages which have grown round inns or halting-places on through roads usually do. In most cases thekroads which meet do not run through the village, but join a rectangle or ellipse of roads, this being typically shown in Bignor and West Burton (Fig. 16). The advantage of a site on the Upper Greensand terrace is sufficient to explain the garland of villages which surrounds the northern face of the escarpment of the Downs. In the Arun valley the want of a through road except by water ensured the long isolation of the villiges built on the fragments of old river terraces between the steep chalk hills on one side and the swampy bottom lands on the other (E'ig. 14). But in the Lavant valley, the line of communicationafforded by the road between Chichester and Midhursts is undoubtedly the cause which gave importance, if not existence, to Cocking and Singleton. The former naturally arose on the Greensand terrace at the foot of the steep ascent to the pass in the Downs, where men and horses would naturally rest before tackling the most arduou# part of the journey. Singleton would naturally form a halfway houst both for traffic on the main road and on the less-frequented branch road by Up Waltham. The traffic on these roads no doubt owed much to- the establishment of a racecourseby the owner of GoodwoodPark. Pulborough has also a position rendered important as a crossing- place of roads. The ancient Stane Street crossed the Lower Greensand escarpment, as it crossed that of the ChalE, ignoring the Greensand gorge of the Arun, which remains without either a road or railway to this day. Where Stane Street was crossed by the roadalong the northern bank of the Rother, that road had to keep close to the side of the east-- and-west ridge which looked out over the widened portion of the Arun valley bottom which is subject to floods, and here Pulborough arose, the position being given a fised value in railway days by the junctioa between the main line and the Midhurst brarlch. Petsvorth(Fig. 16) and Midhurstare both formedb sra clu#ter of houses grouped round two main roads converging from the south so as to-form, one passing northward, and they have thus a roughly triangular planv

This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Sun, 14 Dec 2014 13:16:38 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions A FRAGMENTOF THE GEOGRAPHYOF ENGLAND. 373 Probablyboth towns owed their importanceto the castles surrounded by great parks,which must have served as a nucleusfor settlements afterwardsmade prosperous as market-placesfor the surroundingagri- cultural district. Midhurstmay also have derived some advantagein pre-railwaydays from being the head of barge-navigationon the Rother,the trade on that river having been sufficientto lead to its canalization. IndKstries.Agriculture, and the rearing of live-stock, especially sheepand cattle, are almost the only occupationsof the district. The varioustowns have all marketsweekly or twice weekly, and next to farming most people are employedin local trade, the supply of agri- culturalrequirements, and such necessariesas are not worth bringing- from Londonto the various countryseats' whose par?tsoccupy a con- siderable area on the Downs and in the northernvalley. resourcesare workedfor local purposes. in the iEsolkestoneBeds, forlnerlya source of prosperity,has not been workedfor a hundred years. Chalk-pitsgleam amongstthe green turf of the escarpmentof the Downs and on the walls of the Arun gorge (Fig. 10); phosphatic- and siliceous deposits are dug in the Upper Greensandfor use as . The l.ower Greensandssupply stone adapted for roadmetal and for building purposes. iEslintsare collected frotn the chalk-pits and from beneaththe turf on the Downs and utilized for road-metal and for buildingpurposes, along with bricksmade from the brick-earths of the coastalplain at Rustingtonand elsewhere. The flints whenfirst dug are too brittle for use, but after a few years' exposure to the weatherbecome tough and durable. IJargeheaps of flints spreadout to weatherare to be seen on the Downs. Marlyof the buildingson the plain are corlstructedof brick and flint, the brick forming a sort of frameworkwhich is filled up with {lints set in cement, while in the Rothervalley timberand brick housesprevail. The commonroofs are thateb,and very often the slopeof the roof is carrieddown nearly to the groundon the windwardside, as a protectionagainst rain. Windmillsare commonon the coastal plain, and it seemsreasonable to expectthat the exposedcrests of the Downsmight be utilized for the erectionof wind-enginesof moderntype, which might at reasonable- expenseprovide electric light for Ghichester,Arunde], and manyother- villagesXand thus make up for the absenceof water-powerand of coa]. Fishing is only pursuedon a small scale, the catchof lobstersbeing the most important. Probablya leading sourceof employmentis now the catering for summervisitors in the watering-placesof the coast, and during the annualrace-meeting at Goodwood. Severalalmshouses and convalescent homess supported by metropolitan charities, are situated near the sea-coast. NO. IV.- APRIL,1900.] 2 C

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