Declaring Variable in While Loop
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C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Fifth Edition
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition Chapter 5: Control Structures II (Repetition) Objectives In this chapter, you will: • Learn about repetition (looping) control structures • Explore how to construct and use count- controlled, sentinel-controlled, flag- controlled, and EOF-controlled repetition structures • Examine break and continue statements • Discover how to form and use nested control structures C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 2 Objectives (cont'd.) • Learn how to avoid bugs by avoiding patches • Learn how to debug loops C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 3 Why Is Repetition Needed? • Repetition allows you to efficiently use variables • Can input, add, and average multiple numbers using a limited number of variables • For example, to add five numbers: – Declare a variable for each number, input the numbers and add the variables together – Create a loop that reads a number into a variable and adds it to a variable that contains the sum of the numbers C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 4 while Looping (Repetition) Structure • The general form of the while statement is: while is a reserved word • Statement can be simple or compound • Expression acts as a decision maker and is usually a logical expression • Statement is called the body of the loop • The parentheses are part of the syntax C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 5 while Looping (Repetition) -
Presentation on Ocaml Internals
OCaml Internals Implementation of an ML descendant Theophile Ranquet Ecole Pour l’Informatique et les Techniques Avancées SRS 2014 [email protected] November 14, 2013 2 of 113 Table of Contents Variants and subtyping System F Variants Type oddities worth noting Polymorphic variants Cyclic types Subtyping Weak types Implementation details α ! β Compilers Functional programming Values Why functional programming ? Allocation and garbage Combinatory logic : SKI collection The Curry-Howard Compiling correspondence Type inference OCaml and recursion 3 of 113 Variants A tagged union (also called variant, disjoint union, sum type, or algebraic data type) holds a value which may be one of several types, but only one at a time. This is very similar to the logical disjunction, in intuitionistic logic (by the Curry-Howard correspondance). 4 of 113 Variants are very convenient to represent data structures, and implement algorithms on these : 1 d a t a t y p e tree= Leaf 2 | Node of(int ∗ t r e e ∗ t r e e) 3 4 Node(5, Node(1,Leaf,Leaf), Node(3, Leaf, Node(4, Leaf, Leaf))) 5 1 3 4 1 fun countNodes(Leaf)=0 2 | countNodes(Node(int,left,right)) = 3 1 + countNodes(left)+ countNodes(right) 5 of 113 1 t y p e basic_color= 2 | Black| Red| Green| Yellow 3 | Blue| Magenta| Cyan| White 4 t y p e weight= Regular| Bold 5 t y p e color= 6 | Basic of basic_color ∗ w e i g h t 7 | RGB of int ∗ i n t ∗ i n t 8 | Gray of int 9 1 l e t color_to_int= function 2 | Basic(basic_color,weight) −> 3 l e t base= match weight with Bold −> 8 | Regular −> 0 in 4 base+ basic_color_to_int basic_color 5 | RGB(r,g,b) −> 16 +b+g ∗ 6 +r ∗ 36 6 | Grayi −> 232 +i 7 6 of 113 The limit of variants Say we want to handle a color representation with an alpha channel, but just for color_to_int (this implies we do not want to redefine our color type, this would be a hassle elsewhere). -
Programming-With-Actuate-Basic.Pdf
Programming with Actuate Basic This documentation has been created for software version 11.0.5. It is also valid for subsequent software versions as long as no new document version is shipped with the product or is published at https://knowledge.opentext.com. Open Text Corporation 275 Frank Tompa Drive, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 0A1 Tel: +1-519-888-7111 Toll Free Canada/USA: 1-800-499-6544 International: +800-4996-5440 Fax: +1-519-888-0677 Support: https://support.opentext.com For more information, visit https://www.opentext.com Copyright © 2017 Actuate. All Rights Reserved. Trademarks owned by Actuate “OpenText” is a trademark of Open Text. Disclaimer No Warranties and Limitation of Liability Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the features and techniques presented in this publication. However, Open Text Corporation and its affiliates accept no responsibility and offer no warranty whether expressed or implied, for the accuracy of this publication. Document No. 170215-2-130331 February 15, 2017 Contents About Programming with Actuate Basic. .xi Part 1 Working with Actuate Basic Chapter 1 Introducing Actuate Basic . 3 About Actuate Basic . 4 Programming with Actuate Basic . 4 Understanding code elements . 5 About statements . 5 About expressions . 6 About operators . 7 Using an arithmetic operator . 7 Using a comparison operator . 8 Using logical operators . 8 Using the concatenation operator . 9 Adhering to coding conventions . 9 Commenting code . 10 Breaking up a long statement . 10 Adhering to naming rules . 10 Using the code examples . .11 Chapter 2 Understanding variables and data types . 13 About variables . 14 Declaring a variable . -
Control Flow Statements
Control Flow Statements http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/flow.html http://math.hws.edu/javanotes/c3/index.html 1 Control Flow The basic building blocks of programs - variables, expressions, statements, etc. - can be put together to build complex programs with more interesting behavior. CONTROL FLOW STATEMENTS break up the flow of execution by employing decision making, looping, and branching, enabling your program to conditionally execute particular blocks of code. Decision-making statements include the if statements and switch statements. There are also looping statements, as well as branching statements supported by Java. 2 Decision-Making Statements A. if statement if (x > 0) y++; // execute this statement if the expression (x > 0) evaluates to “true” // if it doesn’t evaluate to “true”, this part is just skipped // and the code continues on with the subsequent lines B. if-else statement - - gives another option if the expression by the if part evaluates to “false” if (x > 0) y++; // execute this statement if the expression (x > 0) evaluates to “true” else z++; // if expression doesn’t evaluate to “true”, then this part is executed instead if (testScore >= 90) grade = ‘A’; else if (testScore >= 80) grade = ‘B’; else if (testScore >= 70) grade = ‘C’; else if (testScore >= 60) grade = ‘D’; else grade = ‘F’; C. switch statement - - can be used in place of a big if-then-else statement; works with primitive types byte, short, char, and int; also with Strings, with Java SE7, (enclose the String with double quotes); -
Chapter 3: Control Statements
Chapter 3: Control Statements 3.1 Introduction In this chapter, you will learn various selection and loop control statements. Java provides selection statements that let you choose actions with two or more alternative courses. Java provides a powerful control structure called a loop, which controls how many times an operation or a sequence of operation is performed in succession. 3.2 Selection Statements Java has several types of selection statements: if Statements, if … else statements, nested if statements switch Statements Conditional Expressions 3.2.1 Simple if Statements if (booleanExpression) { statement(s); } // execution flow chart is shown in Figure (A) Example if (radius >= 0) { area = radius*radius*PI; System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " + radius + " is " + area); } // if the Boolean expression evaluates to T, the statements in the block are executed as shown in figure (B) false false Boolean (radius >= 0) Expression true true Statement(s) area = radius * radius * PI; System.out.println("The area for the circle of " + "radius " + radius + " is " + area); (A) (B) FIGURE 3.1 An if statement executes statements if the Boolean Expression evaluates as true Note: The Boolean expression is enclosed in parentheses for all forms of the if statement. Thus, the outer parentheses in the previous if statements are required. Outer parentheses required Braces can be omitted if the block contains a single statement if ((i > 0) && (i < 10)) { Equivalent if ((i > 0) && (i < 10)) System.out.println("i is an " + System.out.println("i is an " + + "integer between 0 and 10"); + "integer between 0 and 10"); } (a) (b) Caution: o Adding a semicolon at the end of an if clause is a common mistake. -
C Programming Tutorial
C Programming Tutorial C PROGRAMMING TUTORIAL Simply Easy Learning by tutorialspoint.com tutorialspoint.com i COPYRIGHT & DISCLAIMER NOTICE All the content and graphics on this tutorial are the property of tutorialspoint.com. Any content from tutorialspoint.com or this tutorial may not be redistributed or reproduced in any way, shape, or form without the written permission of tutorialspoint.com. Failure to do so is a violation of copyright laws. This tutorial may contain inaccuracies or errors and tutorialspoint provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy of the site or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover that the tutorialspoint.com site or this tutorial content contains some errors, please contact us at [email protected] ii Table of Contents C Language Overview .............................................................. 1 Facts about C ............................................................................................... 1 Why to use C ? ............................................................................................. 2 C Programs .................................................................................................. 2 C Environment Setup ............................................................... 3 Text Editor ................................................................................................... 3 The C Compiler ............................................................................................ 3 Installation on Unix/Linux ............................................................................ -
Iterating in Perl: Loops
Iterating in Perl: Loops - Computers are great for doing repetitive tasks. - All programming languages come with some way of iterating over some interval. - These methods of iteration are called ‘loops’. - Perl comes with a variety of loops, we will cover 4 of them: 1. if statement and if-else statement 2. while loop and do-while loop 3. for loop 4. foreach loop if statement Syntax: - if the conditional is ‘true’ then the if(conditional) body of the statement (what’s in { between the curly braces) is …some code… executed. } #!/usr/bin/perl -w $var1 = 1333; Output? if($var1 > 10) 1333 is greater than 10 { print “$var1 is greater than 10\n”; } exit; if-else statement Syntax: -if the conditional is ‘true’ then execute if(conditional) the code within the first pair of curly { braces. …some code… } - otherwise (else) execute the code in else the next set of curly braces { …some different code… } Output? #!/usr/bin/perl -w 13 is less than 100 $var1 = 13; if($var1 > 100) { print “$var1 is greater than 100\n”; } else { print “$var1 is less than 100\n”; } exit; Comparisons that are Allowed - In perl you can compare numbers and strings within conditionals - The comparison operators are slightly different for each one - The most common comparison operators for strings: syntax meaning example lt Less than “dog” lt “cat” False! d > c gt Greater than “dog” gt “cat” True! d > c le Less than or equal to “dog” le “cat” False! d > c ge Greater than or equal to “dog” ge “cat” True! d > c eq Equal to “cat” eq “cat” True! c = c ne Not equal to “cat” eq “Cat” -
Generic Programming in OCAML
Generic Programming in OCAML Florent Balestrieri Michel Mauny ENSTA-ParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay Inria Paris [email protected] [email protected] We present a library for generic programming in OCAML, adapting some techniques borrowed from other functional languages. The library makes use of three recent additions to OCAML: generalised abstract datatypes are essential to reflect types, extensible variants allow this reflection to be open for new additions, and extension points provide syntactic sugar and generate boiler plate code that simplify the use of the library. The building blocks of the library can be used to support many approachesto generic programmingthrough the concept of view. Generic traversals are implemented on top of the library and provide powerful combinators to write concise definitions of recursive functions over complex tree types. Our case study is a type-safe deserialisation function that respects type abstraction. 1 Introduction Typed functional programming languages come with rich type systems guaranteeing strong safety prop- erties for the programs. However, the restrictions imposed by types, necessary to banish wrong programs, may prevent us from generalizing over some particular programming patterns, thus leading to boilerplate code and duplicated logic. Generic programming allows us to recover the loss of flexibility by adding an extra expressive layer to the language. The purpose of this article is to describe the user interface and explain the implementation of a generic programming library1 for the language OCAML. We illustrate its usefulness with an implementation of a type-safe deserialisation function. 1.1 A Motivating Example Algebraic datatypes are very suitable for capturing structured data, in particular trees. -
2 Defining Variables
2 Defining Variables Variables Dim Statement Option Explicit Variable Names Standard Naming Conventions Data Types and Dim Examples Byte Boolean Integer Long Currency Single Double Date String (for variable-length strings) String * length (for fixed-length strings) Object Variant user-defined type object type AutoComplete Indenting Code Indenting several lines of code Removing an indent TypeName Function Arrays Option Base Statement Array Examples Objective: Understand variables and Data Types; AutoComplete; indent code; Option Explicit and Option Base statements 2-2 Crystal's Introduction to Programming With Excel : Variables Variables When you are writing programs, you want to be able to keep track of values in code so you can use them later. For instance, let's say you want to write a program to ask the user their name. You can create a variable to hold the name and prompt the user for its value. "Declaring variables" means that you are going to tell Excel what variables you are going to use and (optionally, but suggested) what type of data those variables are going to have. To declare a variable will be used in the program code, the Dim (dimension) statement is used. Dim Statement Dim [WithEvents] varname[([subscripts])] [As [New] type] [, [WithEvents] varname[([subscripts])] [As [New] type]] . The most common form of the Dim statement is: Dim varname As type The following statement declares a variable named mName as a string, which means a sequence of characters. Dim mUserName As String If you don't declare your variable, Excel will automatically create it the first time you use it in your code. -
Chapter 4 Loops
Chapter 4 Loops 4.1 Introduction • Loops are structures that control repeated executions of a block of statements. • Java provides a powerful control structure called a loop, which controls how many times an operation or a sequence of operation is performed in succession. • Java provides three types of loop statements while loops, do-while loops, and for loops. 4.2 The while Loop • The syntax for the while loop is as follows: while (loop-continuation-condition) { // loop-body Statement(s); } • The braces enclosing a while loop or any other loop can be omitted only if the loop body contains one or no statement. The while loop flowchart is in Figure (a). • The loop-continuation-condition, a Boolean expression, must appear inside the parentheses. It is always evaluated before the loop body is executed. • If its evaluation is true, the loop body is executed; if its evaluation is false, the entire loop terminates, and the program control turns to the statement that follows the while loop. CMPS161 Class Notes (Chap 04) Page 1 /25 Kuo-pao Yang • For example, the following while loop prints Welcome to Java! 100 times. int count = 0; while (count < 100) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; } count = 0; Loop false false Continuation (count < 100)? Condition? true true Statement(s) System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); (loop body) count++; (A) (B) FIGURE 4.1 The while loop repeatedly executes the statements in the loop body when the loop-continuation-condition evaluates to true. Caution • Make sure that the loop-continuation-condition eventually becomes false so that the program will terminate. -
Using Vbscript with Indusoft Web Studio
Using VBScript with InduSoft Web Studio © InduSoft 2006 Table of Contents About VBScript..............................................................................................................................................4 VBScript Limitations in IWS.........................................................................................................................6 The Microsoft Visual Basic Family...............................................................................................................6 Differences between VBScript and VBA ......................................................................................................7 VBScript Hosting Environments ...................................................................................................................8 VBScript Language Overview .......................................................................................................................9 VBScript Functionality ..............................................................................................................................9 VBScript Elements.....................................................................................................................................9 Variable Data Types and Subtypes ..........................................................................................................10 Data Subtype Identification......................................................................................................................10 Data -
Week 6: Intro to Loops Control Flow (Order of Execution) 5.2 the While
Control Flow Week 6: Intro to Loops (order of execution) • So far, control flow in our programs has included: ‣ sequential processing (1st statement, then 2nd statement…) Gaddis: 5.2-6 ‣ branching (conditionally skip some statements). CS 1428 Fall 2015 • Chapter 5 introduces loops, which allow us to conditionally repeat execution of some Jill Seaman statements. ‣ while loop ‣ do-while loop ‣ for loop 1 2 5.2 The while loop while syntax and semantics ! As long as the relational expression is true, repeat • The while statement is used to repeat the statement statements: while (expression) statement • How it works: ‣ expression is evaluated: ‣ If it is true, then statement is executed, then it starts over (and expression is evaluated again). ‣ If it is false, then statement is skipped (and the loop is done). 3 4 while example 5.3 Using while for input validation • Example: • Inspect user input values to make sure they are Hand trace! valid. int number = 1; • If not valid, ask user to re-enter value: while (number <= 3) { int number; This expression is true when cout << “Student” << number << endl; number is OUT of range. number = number + 1; cout << “Enter a number between 1 and 10: “; } cin >> number; Explain the valid values in the prompt cout << “Done” << endl; while (number < 1 || number > 10) { cout << “Please enter a number between 1 and 10: “; cin >> number; } Don’t forget to input • Output Student1 the next value Student2 // Do something with number here Student3 Done 5 6 Input Validation 5.4 Counters ! Checking for valid characters: ! Counter: a variable that is incremented (or char answer; decremented) each time a loop repeats.