______ಒ 2 ! 2004 Ԓ 12 У! ॳ 77-104ڣ Ᏹё! ಒ 1فН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ
New Perspectives on the History of East Asian Education! !ѭસνيఁٴݎμ
༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃ Reflections on the Introduction of Western Education into Late Ming China
৹ӏѯ*
ȃւᅵᝯȃՕᏑȃȮ՚Ᏹδȯȃ৹ӏఃيᜱᗥມȈ݃Ғȃ՚Рఁ Keywords: Late Ming, western education, Matteo Ricci, Julio Aleni, General Account of Western Learning, Xu Guangqi
ఁ௳ȄܛفᇄᢋఽτᏱᐤѭः * ՚НϾݎࡊϟᚡॏฬ፤НȄߒጉȲ݃ҒفѭःيϜЗఁفН݃ःٴݎҐН࣐ᇄᢋτᏱ § ౫ݸᇅРݳȷःଇཽȞᇄіȈᇄޠفःيϟ༉ΤᇅኈȳึߓܼȶఁيһࢻϜ՚Рఁ ޠيӫ࣐Ȳ݃Ғ՚РఁН݃ϜЗȂ2003 Ԓ 11 У 17 СȟȄࡤစτൾঔॐȂٴݎᢋτᏱ ϜЗᄳൊفН݃ःٴݎ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧȳȂึߓܼ 2003 Ԓ 12 У 29-30 СȂҦᇄᢋτᏱ ΡΫΚзखུཏဏȈ༉ಜϜఁޠஆߝཽᖓӬлᒳϟಒΝ۪ȶϜН݃ึفःܝᅵ ϟঔ࡛ٽණܛ՞ୢӫቸࢦڎ࡚ȷᏱःଇཽȄ੬րདᗃཽឋᗀຠȂІښᇅՄၑي ឋȄ Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 78
ᄣ् ढᑚཽς࣐Π༉ఁՅЖΤ՚ᏱȂଷஆఁဏᇅ࣐ࣦӼϟՍดলٿҒ݃ يձȄႇџଇ݃ఽϟር՚РఁޠيᏱȃЉНᇅᏱϟѵȂηЖΤϮಞ՚Рఁ ϟ༉Τᇅኈޠ፤НϜȂᏱτӼᇰ࣐՚ᏱݎᅛȂЖକܗֆߞΠ݃Ғఽߒޠఃᇍ ΚᆎᇅϜ྄࣐ϛڨढᑚཽς௦ٿࡧዙȄ์ࠍѫΚِ࡚ϹΤȂࡿяيఁ ၍ᇅᐤѭЇࡧȄޠϛӤٽϟ༉ΤȂණيȂᄈ݃Ғ՚Рఁي༉ಜఁޠӤ يαݽϜзखτᏱఁۼȂτي੬ੇϟఁޠڨ௦ܛढᑚཽςٿึ౫Ȉ์ ౪ऌϟീᜌ፟ܗলᏱޠРݳଌጜȂуউ҇Ӓႇஆᙄޠ༉ಜȂ֊ςݔলᏱ ፟โȄӶȮ՚ᏱδȯϜȂՕᏑᗷᄈ՚Ᏹᇅ՚РఁޠيઢᏱఁڨโȂໍՅϘ௦ ߾ႇНऌȃ౪ऌՅІܼၿऌي२ᘉϬӶᄕᡘઢᏱఁڐϮಞȂดޠܓձΠΚૢي ༉ఁძȂණяΚᆎႇណਫޠਫҒᗚଭᄈ࿌ਣޠȄȮ՚ᏱδȯيΚᆎཿఁޠ ഌӌȂᗷґӶ݃Ғޠي༉Τϟ՚РఁܛᄃαȂٲᄻདྷȄޠஊᎵϜઢᏱϘٿ ϜςϜЖକଇ፤ȂดՅ՚Ᏹ२ຝܛпดϟࢉޠޤᜌȂ።௱౪ᇅଇ፤ޠႇ ᢛजᇅᆏတȄޠيโȂጃᄃϼକΠ৹ӏఃᄈᏱఁ
Abstract The transmission of western learning in late Ming by Jesuits included Christian doctrines, natural philosophy, astronomy, and mathematics, as well as western education, which captured the attention of some historians of Chinese education. They think it stimulated an enlightenment in 17th century Chinese educational thought. In this paper, the author provides a different interpretation and reflection on this topic. Jesuits received a very different education from that of Chinese literati. By and large, they followed the medieval tradition of university education with the training in scholastic method. One had to finish the liberal arts education curriculum, which in- cluded Aristotelian moral philosophy, metaphysics, natural philosophy, etc., before ad- vancing to the higher faculty of theology. In his General Account of Western Learning, Aleni not only gave a general account of western learning and education, at the end of this work, he also proposed a plan for the informal education of Chinese theologians by means of selecting and translating books from Europe. As a matter of fact, the transmis- sion of western education seemed not to make any direct impact on Chinese education in Late Ming, with the exception that it raised Xu Guangqi’s praise and admiration of west- ern mathematical education, because it offered the whys and wherefores. ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧ 79ޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃
Κȃࠊّ
༉ಜȄ݃ҒւᅵᝯȞMatteo Ricci, 1552-يࡧདྷᇅఁޠϜ՚НϾԥөՍ ϜєࢃȮ՚Ᏹδȯ๊ڐ༉ክஆఁဏՅ༉Τ՚ᏱȂٿ1610ȟ๊ढᑚཽς Ϝ՚ςึҢ᎐ႅȄޠ༉ಜίيᆎϛӤఁڎூٻձȂޠيϮಞ՚Рఁ উѬ๗שݏϜҴ٘ȂԄيծоґӶϜ༉ಜఁيҦܼ݃Ғ՚Рఁ ࡚ȃఁښيኈਣȂծоᜳఁޠي՚НϾһࢻᄈϜఁݎଢ݃Ғٿݏ ϟኈيᄈϜఁيፚԫΚਣ՚Ᏹᇅ՚РఁٿᏱऌҭȃఁᏱРݳ๊Р८Ȃ എႇࢳȄ৹ۡᐪӶᐍ౪݃ఽϟርفѭःيఁޠȄԟӒ๙τӼ ढᑚཽςណණ्ਣȂηȮ՚ᏱδȯᘫΤऌᏱȄ1ดՅȂႇџΫᎸԒ ᏱϛӕٳኈਣȂϑԥΚܗፑᔟޠҢيȂӶଇ՚Ᏹ༉ΤᄈϜఁٿ ༉ΤӲՎ݃ҒЉޠيਣࢳȂՅ՚РఁޠࡤލѬ२ΫΟзखᏊб Ȅٿлఁढᑚཽς ձȮ՚ᏱޠيឌԄȂ1989 ԒҪೈҖԥҐ፤݃ఽϟር՚ᏱᇅϜఁ २ޠϲৡيᅛᇅఁݎӫᆏȲ՚ᏱޠࡧዙȯȄࠊϥതيᅛᇅ݃ఽϟርఁݎ ᅛᇅȶၑпᄃݎᗎӪȳȃȲ՚Ᏹུޠ౪፤يᅛᇅఁݎ࡛ᄻȳȃȲ՚Ᏹུ ᅛᇅఁݎᄻདྷȳȃȲ՚ᏱུޠᅛᇅུԓᏱਯݎ࡚ȳȃȲ՚ᏱښՄၑޠȷٲ ൷݃ఽϟር՚׳ЗȂၑშڐࣽȂҐᖢਫծоԥٿȳུޠᏱРݳ౪፤ ᄻདྷȂпུޠ࡚ȃུԓᏱਯښࡧདྷӶϲৡȃ౪፤ȃՄၑيᅛᄈϜఁݎᏱ ȂಡϲНϛޠኈȄѠޠР८Ңࣻ࿌τ๊ུޠІఁᏱРݳ౪፤ ᜳึ౫ձܛᕖयޠ๗፤ȂᇅതӫޠᄃርᜱഀϛτȄ2 ȶ݃ژѭȯϜȂԥΚፚึيȮϜఁޠϳԒࡤȂൖФӄᇅᅫ፲֘ ӒȂᄈ৹ӏః๊ЎޠࡧዙȷȂᇰ࣐ւᅵᝯ࣐༉Τ՚ᏱيఃᇍఁޠҒ يȮϜఁޠኈȄ3ծӵȂӶߝݔಉлጢޠࡧዙيϜςҢఃᇍఁ
1 ӶȮ݃ఽढᑚཽςណණ्ȯϜȂ՚Ᏹਫᝳϸ࣐ဒਫȃఁៗȃઢলᏱఁѭȃ ȯᇅȮঔٙ՚Ᏹȯ๊ೞᘫيᐎᆘȃऌᏱȃੀّ๊ȄଷΠȮ՚ᏱδȯпѵȂȮ่҃ఁ ȈϜਫȂ1989 ԒȟȂॳٶΤઢলᏱȄ৹ۡᐪȈȮ݃ఽढᑚཽςណණ्ȯȞі 289Ȅ Ȃ1989 ԒȟȄަޏऌᏱяيȈఁٶࡧዙȯȞіيᅛᇅ݃ఽϟርఁݎҪೈҖȈȮ՚Ᏹ 2 ѭȯȞᇄіȈ৲τᏱुȂ1995 ԒȟȂಒ 9 തಒ 7 ȂึيൖФӄȃᅫ፲֘ȈȮϜఁ 3 ॳ 418ffȄ Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 80
ᏱȂԄ৹ӏఃȃϟȃРпٳϜȂηࡿяȶ࿌ਣΚڣࡧདྷѭȯಒή يӱષȂӶᄈఁޠਣЖΤΠ՚ᏱيහȃధНჂȃеᓃវ๊ȂӶЇࡧ༉ಜఁ ၍Ȃُޠ೪ॏϜȂණяΠ೩Ӽ൳ԥུཏޠ๊࡚ښҭዀȃϲৡȃРݳȃՄၑ ڣಒΡޠࡧዙȄȷ4Ӷ၏ਫيఃᇍఁޠӱՅӶΚۢโ࡚αኈ݃Ғఽߒ ߄ȂпІ՚ޠϜȂࡿяȂȶ݃ϜဩпࡤȂҦܼၦҐлဏҢᜱ߾ Ȃαख़ᏱޠࡧዙȄȷ5ѠيᄃᏱఁޠܓᒰΤȂՅҢΠழԥఃᇍޠᏱ ഥفᅛݎூԟ՚Ᏹٻґණяᇴ݃ȂӱԫηٯȷΚມծоيᄈȶఃᇍఁ ୱޠࡧዙȂϬดΚঐԥࡠ၍ᇴيఃᇍఁޠֆߞΠ݃ҒఽߒܗЖକ ᚡȄ ϛӤيᇅ༉ಜϜఁٳࣽȂ݃ҒढᑚཽςጃᄃϮಞΠΚٿඳΚঐِ࡚ ༉ክȯΚਫϜȂᗷดޠ౪፤ӶϜي҂ӶȮߗх՚РఁْڻȄي՚Рఁޠ ౪፤ȂկӶȲᆲي՚РఁޠҧЀࡤпСҐ࣐൭Ϯۗ༉ΤޠϮಞ ᐤѭȂഷԟѠαՎ݃ఽϟޠኈϜٯ༉Τيȶ՚Рఁژ፤ȳϜȂԃණ ढᑚཽςȂуউӶ࣐༉ఁ݉ଡ଼ΚۡԠίȂᙛណϮಞΠөᆎऌᏱޠٿር ՚РུఁޠϛӤيࡍ࡛ఁޠΠᇅ༉ಜٿᜌȂӤਣȂҼ࣐ϜழޤНϾ ȉӶںޠུي՚РఁޠࣽȂढᑚཽς༉ΤٿȄȷ6ѠȂϨቅِ࡚ي ȯϜȂҥҔ҂ԫΚਣდΤڣȈߗхϸفѭःيȮϜఁޠޏԒя 2001 ಒΚഌӌፚޠȷٿݎԥΚϊȶ՚ςٯࠊ࠸ȷȂޠ౪፤༉Τيȶ՚Рఁ ༉ΤѠαՎ݃ޠي༉ΤȷȂ።ȶ՚Рఁޠيᇅ՚Рఁٿȶढᑚཽς ՚Рޠ፵ᄻيΠᇅϜ༉ಜఁٿȌȌழٿޠఽϟርЉлఁढᑚཽς Ȅȷ7௦ᗚϮಞՕᏑȞJulio Aleni, 1582-1649ȟȮ՚ᏱδȯᇅȮᙜيఁ ȯϜЖΤيȞAlphonsus Vagnoni, 1566-1640ȟȮ่҃ఁעାΚڸРѵखȯ ᙛណ๊ȂഷࡤԫΚਣ՚ޠϲৡȂпІΚഌӌ՚РτᏱᗀဏي՚Рఁޠ
Ȃ1995ަޏጓτᏱя৲ݎȞαȈڣ ࡧདྷѭȯȂಒ 3يȃлጢȈȮϜఁيஊ 4 ԒȟȂॳ 2-3Ȅ Ȃॳ 333Ȅڣ ࡧདྷѭȯȂಒ 2يȃлጢȈȮϜఁيஊ 5 Ȃ1996 ԒȟȂॳަޏяيఁݎ༉ክȯȞኅԏȈኅޠ౪፤ӶϜي҂ȈȮߗх՚Рఁْڻ 6 4Ȅ Ȃ2001 ԒȟȂॳަޏጓτᏱя৲ݎȯȞαȈڣȈߗхϸفѭःيҥҔ҂ȈȮϜఁ 7 305Ȅ ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧ 81ޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃
՚ޠ༉Τ྆ࢃ࣐ϳ੬ᘉȄҥҔ҂ᗷґໍΚؐϸݚեᒞ፵ᄻޠيРఁ ৰȄޠԇӶτيȂࠔཏᒞ݃ҒϜ՚ఁيРఁ ࣽȂϛկԥٿϜНձࠣޠπख़ܗȃᙛណޏࡤяٿᄃαȂւᅵᝯٲ ᡞۆȮୂޠȮЉлᄃဏȯȂᗚԥՍดলᏱȃЉНᏱᇅᏱР८ޠઢᏱ ᗗۆဏȯȃȮංեҐȯȃȮ༬ৡၷဏȯȃȮӤНࡿᆘȯȂӵ౪ᏱȮ שݏȄԄيఁޠৰτيᇅϜ༉ಜఁޠႇڨࣽȂ8ᡘดуٿӓშȯ๊ ༉ΤᇅኈȂ์ᇰ࣐ȂॷӒ൸ᔗଢୱȈӶϜ՚ޠيউདྷᕤ၍݃Ғ՚Рఁ ᇅيூւᅵᝯ๊ढᑚཽςூпЖΤєࢃఁٻ༉ಜيНϾһࢻϜȂϨቅఁ ༉ఁȉ࣐ΠӲ๏ԫΚୱᚡȂҐНᔤᄈϜ՚НϾһࢻٿ՚ᏱޠᜌӶϲޤՍด ၍ᇅᐤѭЇࡧȄޠΚᆎϛӤٽϟ༉ΤȂණيϜԫΚਣ՚Рఁ ԇӶτيᡘϜ՚ఁ֖ٿᢏᘉޠيЩၷఁڦ௵ӶРݳαȂҐНᔤ ༉ΤȄޠي၍ᇅࣹࡧࢳ՚РఁٿၽңНᝧϸݚᇅၜមݳȂٯৰȂޠ Щޠ२ᘉٳ༉ಜձΚيᇅϜఁڐᢏᘉяึȂޠيԥਣཽ՚Рఁ์ ࣻ߭ȂשτᖛȂϛႇٳȂηԥܓӡᓏڐЩၷԥޠၿໍኻޤၷȂᗷด αԥեৰȂيউᕤ၍ढᑚཽςᇅϜςӶఁשЩၷл्Ӷᔔֆޠኻ ՚ᏱޠᜌӶϲޤᇅՍดيуউЖΤєࢃఁٻեпيఁޠпІढᑚཽς ༉ಜໍيউᄈϜ՚ᚗРࡧདྷᇅఁשαȂॷӒؐޠ༉ఁȄӱԫӶໍٿ ΚᆎޠڨԪវ݃ढᑚཽς௦ڐᡘৰȄٳΚޠԫ܅ᄕᡘٿЩၷȂ Ȯ՚ᏱޠȄ௦ȂϸݚՕᏑ༉ΤيఁޠᇅϜςԇӶ྄τৰ ٯஆᙄȂޠيϮಞпѵȂԠӶᄕᡘઢᏱఁܓΚૢޠيδȯȂଷΠᄈ՚Рఁ ᄻདྷȄഷࡤȂढᑚཽςޠӶਫණяΚঐᜱܼԄեӶϜρᎵԚઢᏱϘ ଇ፤ȂѬЖକЎςԄ৹ӏః๊ȂޠծоґЖକϜςي༉Τ՚Рఁ ᢛजᇅᆏတȄޠпดϟࢉܛٽණيᄈ՚РᏱఁ
ҐȂڔᗗӓშȯȞСҐয়࠳ᑫშਫᓣᙡ݃ᐎήΫԒȦ1602ȧё᙮ۆւᅵᝯጢᛳȈȮ 8 ᡞဏȯȂԞΤȮෂӠНేረѳ৳ӓਫȯۆȂ1996 ԒȟȇւᅵᝯȈȮୂۺഎᨽȈᖞώਫٶ ȈȮංեڨȞᇄіȈᇄᢋ୧ଡ଼ӠਫᓣȂ1983-86 ԒȟȂಒ 787 ьȇւᅵᝯπណȂ৹ӏః์ ȯȂಒ 6 ьȞᇄіȈᇄᢋᏱҢਫȂ1986 ԒӕړҐȯȂԞΤ 1628 ԒϟᒯȈȮЉᏱߒ ȯȂಒ 3ړȟȂಒ 4 ьȇȦւᅵᝯ௳ȧȂϟᅌȈȮฅᇑᏵᇴȯȂԞΤȮЉᏱߒޏ ȯȂಒ 5-6 ьȇւᅵᝯ௳Ȃړьȇւᅵᝯ௳ȂϟᅌȈȮӤНᆘࡿȯȂԞΤȮЉᏱߒ ȈȮข໕ڨȯȂಒ 6 ьȇւᅵᝯπណȂ৹ӏః์ړϟᅌȈȮৡၷဏȯȂԞΤȮЉᏱߒ ȯȂಒ 6 ьȄړݳဏȯȂԞΤȮЉᏱߒ Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 82
!༉ಜيఁޠᆎϛӤڎΡȃϜ՚
᎐ႅпࠊȂϜ՚ϸրя౫ΠϛӤࡧདྷޠ༉ಜيӶ݃Ғ౪Ᏹᇅढᑚཽఁ Ȃ์ณཏηϛѠᄈԫձӓ८ښ४ޠጓ൝ᇅ२ᘉفःژڨ༉ಜȄيᇅఁ ѭȯᄈϜيȄ࣐Πܼ߰ϸݚȂҐၑআңеቄ⎁ȮϜఁفЩၷःޠ ༉يఁޠᆎϛӤڎᄈྲᇅᄕᡘϜ՚НϾٿᆤӬຠ፤ȂޠيᅖՎఽхఁ ಜȄ ޠيϜఁژᘉਣȂණુޠيеቄ⎁ӶᆤӬຠ፤ϜᅖՎఽхఁ ȂȶпစձНಭԆ࣐ഷپȄп፟โ࣐܉ᢏޠѳ৶ᘉȄಒΚ൸൶ѡ ຝᑀҴࡧՄȄȷӶۧ൶ѡϟࠊණ܈२ȄȷಒΡȂȶ࣐२ଅᏺᇅዂॽȂ ίȂ௵ңစᝳ࣐ցྦȂȶᅖпࡤձӼൊЖңစᇮձᜍ݃Ȃࢉစᝳᡑ࣐М ପࡧདྷޠ๙ᄈ᠍ࡅȄȷಒήȂȶ࣐२НȂ܈ऌᏱᇅᄃңȷȄഷࡤΚ ࡚Ȅȷ9ښيఁޠၐڻՅّȂȶુнيᘉ൸Іఁ
ȞΚȟȶ᠍ࡅȷᇅȶሼȷ༉ಜ! ༉ޠࣽȂϜٿ๙ᄈ᠍ࡅޠᇅຝစᝳ࣐Мପࡧདྷ܉֏൶ѡᢏݏԄ .Ӫ᠍ࡅȄᐄऽቕᐞτᏱࠊႁᅮНᏱଲଲߞᛴࣩᕓςȞSir G. Eيಜఁ ޠࡅ᠍ܜՔл्Ӷ༉ِޠөȶঢ়ȷܗȂϜөᏱࣃفЩၷःޠR. Lloydȟ ༉ಜȄޠࠍҢሼוНᝧȂࣻᄈӵȂ՚Рѡ ᡇՅᇅϵӔ࢈Ȃܫ࠳٥࢈ݾȂҦܼՍҦϵҖ߾ႇޠڑוѡ ఁᇴ״ѭαॷيȂӱԫȂҢ՚ࢸఁޠሰܛπϘാӉϵӔࣁޠԂً Ӥ࣐ᄈຬȂܗᙜཿఁ৲—ȞSophistsȟȄпΚૢϵҖȃᄈКޠѾ݉ ᇴ݉ᇅ፤ȄࣻᄈӵȂলᏱᇅऌᏱձࠣл्ໍٿఁԄե࡛ᄻ፤ᜍ ߾пΚૢϵҖȃᄈКȃӤᇅӶޠଢᓎܗᏱҢ࣐ᄈຬȄளᏱҢউཽ ఁᏱࣁٲᒶᐆఁ৲ȄӱԫȂ൸ϵӔࣁΚኻȂٯၾܼٗϛӤᏱࣃȂ ᔟᄈКȂᇴ݉ӤȂп֝ЖᇅᆱᛯᏱҢȄ10ܪٿఁ৲ηሰ्ၽң፤ᜍޠ
ѭȯȞᇄіȈҴጢណᓣʝҔϜਫȂ1990 ԒȟȂॳ 263-265Ȅيеቄ⎁ጢȈȮϜఁ 9 10 G. E .R. Lloyd, Adversaries and Authorities: Investigations into Ancient Greek and Chinese Sciences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), chs. 2, 4. ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧ 83ޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃
ϛӤȂӶܼఁԄե࡛ᄻ፤ᜍȂࠊණޠলᏱঢ়ޠᜌޤفᇅ ȞSocrates, d. 399ۼܝւઊȂՅងੀޠঐޠཏُȂଢഃޠӼঐ B.C.ȟᇅࢨܝშȞPlato, 427-347 B.C.ȟࠔᇰ࣐හᜌࣁഷ२्ޠҭޠӶܼ ႇโϜȂΚҎя౫ޠႇᜍРԓȂӶᄈၘܓଢؒ౪Ȃӱԫлၽң౪ ٴᜌȄޤޠᜌਣȂᇅࠍܺతϐُȂໍՅึяႈӔࣻޤܗԂ ᡓᒯձȮࡤϸݚޠᜌޤ٩ලӼȞAristotle, 384-322 B.C.ȟӶଇᜍ݃ ᗒ৸ȂпᏱϜᅌᛱᜍޠᜌޤȯȞPosterior AnalyticsȟϜȂѫ៧ଢؒ ౪џ၍មΚܗӱޠڔ֊ȃޠᜍ݃ഇႇᎍ࿌ޠ࣐ጓȂлഷज݃ ,ᜌȞquiaޤᄃٲȄ 11 Ӷ܉౪ޠᜌޤ౫уձ࣐ऌᏱ֖ٿᚡȂڽܗᄃٲঐ ,ᜌȞpropter quidޤᄃϟٲ၍ᇴٿӱܗknowledge of factȟᇅᐄ౪ Ȅ܉౪ޠᜌޤڐࡤ࣐ڦ௵٩ලӼٴknowledge of reasoned factȟϟϜȂ ޠᄃٲ၍ᇴԫΚٽґණٯᜌȂՅϛᛘޤޠᄃٲԄၷߗΚ ٻӱȂڐၷߗ࣐ٽউණשᄃȂٲӱȇࣻЇӵȂᄈܼϛᛘΚ ዊංԾޠ٩ලӼเఐٴᜌȄ12Щޤᄃϟٲ၍ᇴٿӱܗԚ࣐ᐄ౪ڐ ٿȞEuclid, fl. 300 B.C.ȟȂӶȮංեҐȯϜ௵ңϵ೪ȃۢဏȃۢ౪ ԓȂםޠ܉ᜌ౪ޤ٩ලӼٴᏱᐍ౪࣐ಓӬޠРԓȂӒࠊޠ௱፤๗፤ ጓձȄ13ޠٺഷ܉ᜌ౪ޤԚ࣐ԫᆎ ! !ϲৡيఁޠȞΡȟ፵ ԄݏϜ՚ᏱӶȶ᠍ࡅȷᇅȶሼȷ༉ಜίȂϸրึяөՍޠࡧདྷ ϲي༉ಜȄӒఁيఁޠᆎϛӤڎউѠпၑϸݚש༉ಜȂ௦Ȃيᇅఁ ಒή৶ޠيϜ༉ಜఁޠژϸݚеቄ⎁ණٿࣽȂӲႇٿৡ፵Р८ ऌᏱᇅᄃңȷȄࣻᄈӵȂеቄ⎁ηۢНҐ՞܈ᘉȂȶ࣐२НȂ
11 Aristotle, Posterior Analytics, in Jonathan Barnes (ed.), The Complete Works of Aristotle, 2 vols. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), vol. 1, bk 1, chs. 2, 7. 12 Steven J. Livesey, “The Subalternation of the Sciences,” in Theology and Science in the Four- teenth Century: Three Questions on the Unity and Subalternation of the Sciences from John of Reading’s Commentary on the Sentences, introduction and critical edition by Steven Livesey (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1989), pp. 20-53, esp. pp. 23-24. 13 Euclid, The Thirteen Books of Euclid’s Elements, translated from the text of Heiberg, with introduction and commentary by Sir Thomas L. Heath, second ed. (New York: Dover Publications, [1956]). Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 84
НᏱ࣐лȂְ߾ڑఁ؆пစޠᓻᘉȄȶϜᏱਯޠيఁ؆Ϝᙠఁޠ ఁ؆ޠ፵ऌᏱޑ࢈ݾަཽঘ౪ၿ๊ୱᚡȂقଇ፤ӼܛᏱऌȂޠН ಜقᢏᄇȂޠȶՎܼՍดࣩ౫ຬژᜌȂеቄ⎁ᗚණޤȄȷ14ᜱܼՍดޠЎ Ȅȷ15ޠԥء࣐ુнȂӶ፟โϜӓᜌȂӶϜޤϟऌᏱ Ȟliberal educationȟȂيീఁޠȶሼȷ༉ಜϜึוӶѡ ٩ලٴଌጜȄ፤࣐ޠ፤ȃঔᇅНݳٽᗷఁ࣐ϐւ፤Ȃࠔණ ࠊήޠхȂܼȂНݳȃঔᇅᡓᒯಣԚΝϜڦܛᡓᒯޠӼึ ȞtriviumȟȄђαӶႁܝලȞPythagoras, ca. 560-ca. 480 B.C.ȟޠኈ ίȂҢΠᄈᆘȃංեȃЉНᇅॲޠ໕࡚ȞharmonyȟಣԚޠࡤѳ ໕࡚ޠЉНԥᜱȂЉНᇅॲڸϜᆘᇅංեڐȞquadriviumȟϟଢؒȂ ޤऌᏱٳпࡤѳᄃርαϑє֥ΚܛᜌԥஞϹᜱ߾ȂޤՍดޠѡхЉᡞڸ ๗ӬȄޠΝѠᇴНᇅऌᏱޠيീఁוϲৡȄӱԫȂѡޠᜌ Սดۼܝ٩ලӼϛկึяΚᐍᡓᒯձࠣȂ16ηӶងੀٴԫѵȂ ಜՍดলᏱձȂ17СࡤԚ࣐قኈίȂึяΚޠშܝࢨ৲ڐলᏱᇅ ܗࣽȂऌᏱٿᢏᘉޠيϲৡȄӱԫȂϜ՚ЩၷఁޠيϜзखീᜌఁ ϲৡيᆎ༉ಜఁڎ๗ӬȂѠᇴϜ՚ޠᜌȂࣦՎНᇅऌᏱޤՍดޠಜق ϲৡȄيఁޠຠម༉ಜᗚϾΠ፵ܗݨڑ२ᘉȂՅйϜ՚စޠϜ፵
ѭȯȂॳ 267Ȅيеቄ⎁ጢȈȮϜఁ 14 15 ӤαਫȂॳ 264Ȅ ȞThe OrganonȟȈȮጓᛠ፤ȯڏϏޠԚΚࡧདྷםᡓᒯձӔԥϳҐȂޠ٩ලӼٴ 16 ȞCategoriesȟȃȮ፤၍មȯȞOn InterpretationȟȃȮϸݚࠊ፤ȯȞPriori Analyticsȟȃ Ȯϸݚࡤ፤ȯȞPosteri AnalyticsȟȃȮࠊණ፤ȯȞOn TopicsȟȃȮᒲᙳ፤ȯȞSophistical ԆມȞtermsȟȂȮ፤၍មȯଇ፤ޠޑٲඣख़ٿϜȮጓᛠ፤ȯଇ፤উңڐRefutationsȟȄ ޠᚡಣԚᏳӪΚ௱፤ڽᚡȞpropositionsȟȂȮϸݚࠊ፤ȯϸݚҦڽޠҦԆມಣԚңпചख़ -РݳȞmethods of disޠᜌޤฑᘉึ౫ᇅᜍ݃ޠήࢳ፤ݳȞsyllogismȟȂȮϸݚࡤ፤ȯ ࠍȂȮᒲᙳ፤ȯ௦ޠຢ፤ຢٽcovery and proof of new knowledgeȟȂȮࠊණ፤ȯණ ࠍȄBurgess Laughlin, The Aristotle Adventure: A Guide toޠᔯຝᇅථᓀᇳٿȮࠊණ፤ȯ the Greek, Arabic, and Latin Scholars Who Transmitted Aristotle’s Logic to the Renaissance (Flagstaff, Arizona: Albert Hale Publishing, 1995), pp. 6-8. ࣻᜱ፤ڸ౪ڐၽᇅᡑϾȂІޠ٩ලӼՍดলᏱѠϸ࣐ՍดলᏱᖃ፤Ȃଇኅဏٴ 17 ᚡޠȮޑ౪ᏱȯȞPhysicsȟȂпІєࢃȮ፤ЉȯȞOn the HeavensȟȃȮຬᏱȯ ȞMeteorologyȟȃȮҢԚᇅྒྷྟȯȞOn Generation and CorruptionȟȃȮቁ፤ȯȞOn the Soulȟ๊ϸੇޠߟձȄ ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧ 85ޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃
!ϲৡيఁޠຠម༉ಜϾΠ፵ܗݨڑȞήȟစ ᇅו᎐ႅпࠊȂϜ՚НϾᗷดӶѡޠ༉ಜيӶ݃Ғ౪Ᏹᇅढᑚཽఁ ܗݨޠࡤစႇϛӤڐձȂڑऌᏱစܗНޠӒપਣϸրя౫ΠϛӤ ϲৡȄي፵ఁޠ༉ಜϜ२्يຠម༉ಜȂϾөՍఁ ੬ޠఽхژᅖ܉྆ޠਣȂࡿя൶ѡيеቄ⎁ӶᆤӬຠ፤Ϝఁ ȂуࡿяȈپ२ᘉȄпΫήစ࣐ޠ፟โР८ޣᘉȄစΚ
ᅖҴȮܿȯȃȮၒȯȃȮਫȯȃȮᙅȯȃȮࢍऎȯ๊ϥစീςȇ ڻՎᚮਤέђȮ፤ᇮȯȃȮׄစȯΡစȇՎভ൸ϥစϜϟȮ ᙅȯȃȮᙅȯȃȮϵՁȯȃȮጋఘȯϸՅಭϟȂݚ࣐Οစȇ ԚђȮ፤ᇮȯȃȮׄစȯȃȮᅮȯȂ࣐ΫΡစȇՎӗ Ȯ۞φȯܼစഌȂ࣐ΫήစȄ18
༉ಜҢي࡚ȂစਫᇅϜఁښܧᒶޠՍᅖх೪ҴۣᏱȂႇНۣ ! ! ᏱಭϲৡȂ੬րࡤзᖃᆏ࣐ޠ࣐ஆҐڑᏑঢ়စޠஞϹഀ๗ȄпӒપਣ л्ϲৡޠݨᇅȄΚᘏਫޠԥᐍڏٯԚȂםхژΫήစȂ ՍดٳϜᗷ֥ࢃΚڐଇ፤२࢈ݾަཽঘ౪ၿ๊ୱᚡȂܛᏱऌȂޠН ݨមȄȷ19ޠᜌȂѠȂ֖౫αࠔȶԚΚȃΚѰѰМᚕખޤ ΜзࣩηۗΠܝݨ༉ಜเఐϟਣȂ՚РޠङၷᅖхۗϜစਫ Ȃീپ٩ලӼᡓᒯ࣐ٴຠម༉ಜȞCommentary TraditionȟȄп ٩ලӼȲጓٴቹΠҐȮޠȞPorphyry of Tyre, ca. 233-305ȟ࣐ߒᏱᡓᒯ ᛠ፤ȳᏳ፤ȯȞIsagoge, Introduction to Aristotle’s CategoriesȟȂуུࢨ ٩ලӼȲጓᛠ፤ȳਣȂ੬ր२ຝᜱܼ឵ٴϮಞٿᢏᘉޠშлဏܝ ȞgenusȟᇅᆎȞspeciesȟІuniversalԥᜱޠήঐୱᚡȂ20 စႇീঔල
ѭȯȂॳ 263Ȅيеቄ⎁ጢȈȮϜఁ 18 ऌᏱيȈఁٶЩၷަཽᏱϸݚȯȞіޠᜌѭޤيȈϜఁښᜌᅌϾᇅަཽޤথȈȮ֕ 19 яޏަȂ2002 ԒȟȂॳ 101Ȅ ѻউݏ፝ؒӒଇ፤ѻউᄃԇӶȂᗚ༊༊ԇӶܼࡧདྷϟϜȉԄשȶᜱܼᆎᇅ឵Ȃ 20 ޑٲܓϜȂᗚᇅདڐԇӶܼٯޑٲܓᒧདٸȉѻউޠםȂᗚณޠםᄃԇӶȂԥ ȄȷPorphyry, “Isagoge,” inفٿτѓЊȂሰ्ίفःޠȉҦܼΚΤޠѠϸᚕ Paul Vincent Spade trans. and ed., Five Texts on the Medieval Problem of Universals: Porphyry, Boethius, Abelard, Duns Scotus, Ockham (Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, 1994), pp. 1-19, esp. p. 1. Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 86
٩ලӼȲጓᛠ፤ȳᏳ፤ȯٴȞBoethius, 480-525ȟӶȮԪ፤ീȈ ȞSecond Commentary on Porphyry’s IsagogeȟϜȂଇ፤universalޠҐ፵ୱᚡ ޠ٩ලӼȲጓᛠ፤ȳᏳ፤ȯԚ࣐೩ӼᏱᏱಭᇅຠមٴࡤȂീȮ ಒΚҐਫȄ21ޠ٩ලӼᡓᒯձࠣٴӗ࣐ᏱಭٯਫȂ ࣁ៛ܼϵϰࠊήзखޠᏱঢ়ߢஆԾȞArchimedes, ca. 287-212 ߢஆԾ༉ಜȄ22ӶޠԚϜзखםຠមᇅᙛណȂޠձޠB.C.ȟȂԥᜱу ٩ලӼՍดলᏱٴຠ፤ٿНוң௵ٳϳзखϑя౫ΚژϵϰΡзख .შлဏٛ٩ঔලȞSimplicius, ca. 500- dܝϜєࢃུࢨڐձࠣȂޠձ after 533ȟᇅङᑲȅຆࣅાලȞJohn of Philoponus, ca. 490-570sȟޠຠ ϜڐᚃᏱᇅՍดলᏱձࠣࡤȂוճзࣩӶΟзखۗᙛណѡܝមȄ࿌ߢ пߢᆱ࠷٦ȞAvicenna or Ibn Sina, 980-1037ȟᇅߢᆱࣅලȞAverroes or Ibn ٩ٴኈȄ23ߢᆱࣅලᄈڏຠមഷޠ٩ලӼձٴRushd, 1126-1198ȟᄈ ٩ලӼՍดলٴຠមାႁ 38 ᆎȄ24ΫήзखτᏱᑺକࡤȂޠලӼձ ᏱណձᇅߢᆱࣅලޠຠមᙛណȂԚ࣐τᏱീᜌ፟โϜޠΚഌӌȄ25
ԄȂSaint Jerome of StridonȞ348-420ȟᇅDomingo GundisalvoȞfl. 1140ȟࣲлӶᏱಭپ 21 ٩ලӼȲጓᛠ፤ȳȄBurgessٴ٩ලӼȲጓᛠ፤ȳᏳ፤ȯᔗӒܼٴȮޠᡓᒯਣȂീ Laughlin, The Aristotle Adventure, p. 63; Domingo Gundisalvo, “On Logic,” translated by Mar- shall Clagett and Edward Grant, annoted by Edward Grant, in Edward Grant (ed.), A Sourcebook in Medieval Science (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University press, 1974), pp. 67-68, esp. p. 68. 22 Marshall Clagett, “Archimedes,” in Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 1 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1970), pp. 213-231. ౪ޑណҐȂȮޠ٩ලӼՍดলᏱР८ٴȂҭࠊᜱܼޤܛᐄါ៍੬ȞEdward Grantȟ 23 НҐКጉ 190 ьȂוޠճНҐКጉ 134 ьȇȮ፤ЉȯܝНҐКጉ 371 ьȂߢוޠᏱȯ ճНҐКጉ 113 ьȇܝНҐКጉ 175 ьȂߢוޠճНҐКጉ 173 ьȇȮຬᏱȯܝߢ НҐКוޠճНҐКጉ 48 ьȇȮቁ፤ȯܝНҐКጉ 308 ьȂߢוޠȮҢԚᇅྒྷྟȯ ጉ 423 ьȂߢܝճНҐКጉ 118 ьȄEdward Grant, The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional, and Intellectual Contexts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 26-29. 24 Ibid., p. 30. 25 David C. Lindberg, The Beginnings of Western Science: The European Scientific Tradition in Philosohical, Religious, and Institutional Context, 600 B.C. to 1450 A.D. (Chicago: The Univer- sity of Chicago Press, 1992), pp. 216-218. ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧ 87ޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃
!ఁᏱРԓޠȞѳȟϜзखτᏱςݔলᏱ ԄݏϜ՚ᏱӶȶ᠍ࡅȷᇅȶሼȷ༉ಜίȂϸրึяөՍޠࡧདྷ يఁޠ༉ಜϜ፵يຠម༉ಜȂέϾөՍఁܗݨޠ༉ಜȂϛӤيᇅఁ ձޠҢΠ௱ݱֆᝣڐఁᏱРԓηӶޠϲৡȂࠍϜзखτᏱςݔলᏱ ңȄ ϜзखӶఁᏱРԓαȂଷΠՃ৲୵ᇅᏱҢቹȂђαԥਣఁ৲ཽᄈᇮ ມђп၍ᇴޠᗀ௳፟Ȟlectio, lectureȟпѵȂᗚԥଭᄈӔӤᎨޠНҐϜޠ ள፤Ȟdisputatio, disputationȟȂη൸ޠࡿۢୱᚡȂໍМࡼᇅЇᄈ ᏱҢਡᢏȂޠԒڎ፤ȄளࠊޠᏱಭԄեජඬԥւᇅϛւᘉໍ፤ᜍ ଳᕋȂໍ፤ȂഷࡤҦޠЇᄈܗМࡼژಒѳԒ઼ਣϘೞՃ৲ϸܗಒήژ ፤ѬΚޠ๏ȄᆎМࡼᇅЇᄈޠ፤ᜍᐍӬ࣐ΚጃۢޠՃ৲ϛӤ ҴൠȂޠЇᄈܗԫΚРԓໍȂณ፤યӶМࡼڦ௵РԓȂΚҎޠᆎଌጜ ϛߓұঐٯϛւໍ፤ᜍȂહᆟΚᆎᏱಭРԓȂܗଭᄈୱᚡԥւ РݳଌጜޠఁᏱଌጜѬςݔলᏱޠᄃ፵ҴൠȄள፤Ȟdisputationȟޠ ޠΚഌӌȂѫΚᆎଌጜޠРԓȶୱᚡȷȞquestio, questionȟȂη൸Ӷ ϛւܗԥւڦ௵፤Ȃଭᄈϛ੬ۢୱᚡޠ፤ϜၽңМࡼᇅЇᄈޠϵӔ ୱᚡޠӵᔗңӶՍดলᏱȃઢᏱᇅᚃᏱހໍ፤ᜍȄ26 ԫᆎРݳೞኅ αȄ
ȞϥȟᄻޠϜзखτᏱ፟โ๗ᄻ! ፟โ๗ᄻȄϜзखޠϲৡпѵȂᗚԥᄻيఁޠ༉ಜӶ፵يϜ՚ఁ ϸ࣐ѳঐȶᏱଲȷȞfacultiesȟȈീ፟โȞliberal artsȟȃઢيτᏱఁ ീᜌ፟โᇅޠঐቺ઼Ȉஆᙄቺ઼ڎᏱȃᚃᏱȃݳࡢȄӶᏱಭαୣϸ࣐ ା઼ཿ፟โȄ ٩ලٴീ፟โ߾пޠӶ࣐ᙜཿଌጜྦറȂஆᙄቺ઼ޠҭيཿఁ αᏱ๊࣐л्௳፟ϲৡȂӕህпᏱםᡓᒯᇅՍดলᏱȃঘ౪ᏱᇅޠӼ റ࣐ᙜཿଌጜྦڏീ፟โϛޠ౪፤ᏳӪڏѳ፟โȄ27ᆎޠР८ ճзࣩᙛណܝ٩ලӼձߢٴȂѬഈΫΡзखєࢃޠᄃңҭޠറ
26 Edward Grant, The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages, pp. 41-42. 27 Ibid., pp. 42-47. Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 88
හᜌᒹȂՅϛӶܼಓӬϜޠճзࣩܝᇅߢוܜΜᇮзࣩȂѻ༉ܝژӲ ஆᙄȄ28ޠڿሰؒȂࠔ࣐СࡤऌᏱึ൩ۢΚঐᛨޠᄃңཽަޠзख ஆᙄȄӶޠΠ्҇ٽཿ፟โණޠീᜌ፟โҼ࣐ઢᏱޠߩᄃң ᇰᜌആٿРԓޠϜзखНϾϜȂଷΠႇ߭ӊпᆌॲ༉ఁޠஆఁဏл ޑлпѵȂӶȮဒစȅ഻зखȯޠϳЉ഻ആзࣩȃෛޑᇅޠႇโϜȂ ޠѫΚᆎႇ᳔ٽձࠣȞGod’s workȟȂණޠлޑȶՍดȷȞNatureȟആ ഋ৸Ȃᆏϟ࣐ȶՍดઢᏱȷȞNaturalޠᜍ᳔݃ԇӶܗᇰᜌٿձࠣ ԇӶȄӶуණяޠᜍ݃ЉлٿҴൠޠᜌޤTheologyȟȄߢ࠹٦൸আңՍด ܗΩӱޠԇӶϟϜȂಒΡᆎРԓ൸ւңѳӱᇴϜޠᜍ݃ЉлٿϥᆎРԓ ԇӶȄҦܼޠ௱፤ЉлٿԇӶޠޑٲРԓȂՍดޠԚӱȂစҦ௱౪ם ӱȄѫΚРޠԚםϛѠՍٙޑٲঐրޠпՍดࣩܛȂݏӱӒܼ๗ םܗΩӱޠזӱȂѠпึ౫ΚԥԪޠޑٲӲ௱ঐր܂ݏ๗ٻ֊८Ȃ ԚӱȂ൸םܗΩӱޠഷߒژӗȂηϛѠ௱ՎณጐȂഷࡤ҇௱قԚӱ ЉлȂҼ֊഻ആзࣩᇅϛྟޠቁޠಒΚӱȄಒϥᆎРԓࠍҭޠӱ Ȅ29ޠആԚޠ੬ۢҭٸȂᘫӱܼЉлۥԈޠזР८ȂԫΚԥફ ණيઢᏱఁޠീᜌ፟โ࣐ཿޠࣻᄈܼ՚РϜзखτᏱȂߩᄃң ȂϜޠ๗ᄻԥրޠஆᙄȂᇅᆎစҦീᜌໍՅᏱಭཿޠ्҇ٽ ೪ဋȄឌԄȂпࠊЉܛϸيᇅཿఁيφᆀࠔΚૢစᏱఁޠ༉ಜ ೪ӶѭۣߟίȂ්ਣӗΤᏱϟΚȂভ්ᆘᏱᇅيఁޠНᐎᆘ ᏱȄ30ܛϳޠᆏ࣐φᆀᆔᗓίٯφȃЋᏱȃѳߟȃਫȃࡢ๊
28 David C. Lindberg, “The Transmission of Greek and Arabic Learning to the West,” in David C. Lindberg ed., Science in the Middle Ages (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987), pp. 52-90; Edward Grant, The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages, pp. 49-50. ԇޠആȂୌดڨഎޑȇޠϛޠຢ݃ЉлഷߒٿуήᆎРԓၽڐ 29 དޠࣽȂҦίቺٿ઼๊ޠԇԥȇԇԥޠᒧΚ҇ดٸԥȂϛҦՍٙᡑϾҢȂഷಥϬ ൸αࡕȄEtienne Gilson, The Christian Philosophy of St. Thomasޠα௱Ȃഷା܂зࣩۣ Aquinas (New York: Random House, 1956), ch. 3: “The Proofs for the Existence of God.” Ȃ1992 ԒȟȂॳ 155ȇަޏяيѭȯȞߞؔȈࠓఁيధԮೈȃҢᄹȈȮϜऌఁ 30 ѭᆫȯȞᇄіȈҔϜਫȂ2001 ԒȟȂॳ 12-13ȄيཎНȈȮϜఁڻ ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧ 89ޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃
!ΚᆎޠᇅЇڨढᑚཽς௦ٿήȃ !يఁޠᇅϜςϛӤ
ఁ९ۡޠЉлఁཽ࣐ΠӲᔗ 1517 Ԓ଼ΜၰȞMartin Lutherȟః ၽȂܼ 1540 ԒӶఁࣳߴᛴήзӉϲȞ1534-49ȟਰঠ೪Ҵޠढᑚཽ ስϟٺഷޠ࣐ढᑚཽςȞJesuitsȟ݉ଡ଼ఁཽيȞSociety of JesusȟȂຝఁ ༉ಜЇӶ഻ۗᛴޠՍྜܛيஆᙄαȂढᑚཽఁޠيΚȄӶϜзखఁ ڑȈႇѡхစ܉౪يఁޠȞIgnatius of Loyola, 1491-1556ȟᄈढᑚཽςܝ ٩ලӼলᏱᇅᅵලȞSt. Thomas Aquinas, ca. 1224-1274ȟٴᏱಭНᏱȃ ๗ޠڸดݽΠᅵල።ٸيఁޠூढᑚཽςٻϾහᜌҢࣁȂ31ٿઢᏱ ҔԫᆎᇅϜఁޠڨढᑚཽς௦ٿ٩ලӼলᏱᇅઢᏱȂٴೲ՜ٿݏ Ȅيఁޠ༉ಜ፵ᄻي Πٽཿ፟โණޠ፟โ๗ᄻȂീᜌ፟โ࣐ઢᏱޠᐄϜзखτᏱٸ ஆᙄȄւᅵᝯӶ 1571 ԒђΤढᑚཽȂԪԒۗӶᛴ଼Ᏹଲޠ्҇ ΜܗఁܼӫᏱঢ়ջກࡅςڨٯȞCollegio RomanoȟলᏱᇅᏱȂ ӒҢȞChristoph Clavius, 1537-1612ȟߟίȄᛴ଼ᏱଲӶ 1551 ԒԚҴȂ ढᑚཽςȂޠఁ௳ȄΜӒҢಒΚхޠуढᑚཽᏱଲڐ࣐ଌጜढᑚཽςᇅ уӶᛴ଼ᏱଲఁᏱߞႁ 37 ԒϟεȂ྄ΩܝܸᏱӶീ፟โϜޠӵ՞Ȅ ᏱҢւᅵᝯᇅ৹ӏఃӬណڐҦڣࠊϳޠуኦቹȮංեҐຠ፤ȯȂԫਫ -ѠВලऌȞJohn of SacroboؔޠңٻВᏎቹԚᇅޠ࣐ϜНȄӶΫήзखߒ ΚޠߗхԟҢ೩ӼຠមȂഷࢻژscoȟȮЉᡞ౩ȯȂᓎࡤϜзख ኈ߾ഇႇȮؔѠВලऌЉ౩፤ຠޠҐߒ઼ЉНᏱఁऌਫȄΜӒҢഷτ ࣐ढᑚཽ࡛ҴᏱٿមȯȞCommentary on the Sphere of SacroboscoȟȂ Ȅ32فःޠȞєࢃЉНᏱȟ
31 William V. Biangert, A History of the Society of Jesus, revised ed. (St. Louis: The Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1986), p. 27. 32 James M. Lattis, Between Copernicus and Galileo: Christopher Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemy Cosmology (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 32-38. ւᅵᝯ ᡞဏȯȞ1607ȟՅ༉ΤϜȄۆȮЉ౩፤ຠមȯഌӌណԚȮୂ Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 90
ڨܛ٩ලӼলᏱᇅߢ࠹٦ઢᏱनෂίȂւᅵᝯٴڸ።ڦ௵Ӷढᑚཽ ଌጜȂ੬րуစႇςݔলᏱРݳȞscholasticޠᇅઢᏱيീᜌఁޠ methodȟޠଌጜȂዤோϜзखԄեජඬԥւᇅϛւᘉȂଭᄈୱᚡໍ፤ᜍ লᏱРݳȄӶᎨᇅᙛណȮѳਫȯࡤȂܼȮЉлᄃဏȯϜȂւᅵᝯ࣐Πޠ ጐ౪ȷȂစҦੀՍดޑဏȶੀۢٿРԓޠ༉ክஆఁဏȂՅւңςݔলᏱ ޑȂՅጐՎޑϟܛпดϟߒޠܛпดȄ33 ፤ᜍആٿӱޠӶȮЉлᄃဏȯϜȂւᅵᝯଷΠစҦ௱౪ಒΚӱᇅҭ ࣽݳȂᇰ࣐ȶ௱፤౪ޠܓ٩ලӼᄈᄃᡞᇅ឵ٴԇӶȂ34уᗚޠлޑ ηȄϧဏ౪හȂӶ௱౪ϟܓᒞܛȂΞޑᡞܼуڐȂҴܼҐȂՅր ᒧٸηȄȷ35ւᅵᝯȶ౪ȷᘫΤܓᒧϟࠣȂϛூ࣐ٸࡤηȄ౪ηȂΞ ܓᙥȶϧဏᙅහȂӶ௱౪ϟࡤȷȂٯྜȂޠܓցЉ౪ϛ״ϟࠣȂ ܓޠႲ೪يѳᆓȶϧဏᙅහȷᘫϾȶӶ௱౪ϟࡤȷȂໍΚؐᄈᏑᏱఁޠ ௱፤ܓᇴՅّȂւᅵᝯණяܓޠᇴණяࢆȄ36ࣻၷܼ२ঘ౪ ޠαُ၍ϛӤܓ༉ಜӶيϜ՚ఁژࣽȂуѠഷԟΚ՞ញᄇٿ౪ ϸޠ፤αܓ༉ಜӶيᆎϛӤఁڎৰրȂѠຝ࣐Ϝ՚ޠ፤ܓȄԫᆎ րȄ37 ᡞဏȯȃȮංեҐȯȃۆѫΚР८ȂւᅵᝯӪϜςϮಞȮୂ ȮฅᇑᏵᇴȯȃȮӤНᆘࡿȯȃȮৡၷဏȯȃȮข໕ݳဏȯ๊ȂпІ ȞSabbathinus de Ursis, 1575-1620ȟȮ՚ЬݳȯȃȮߓܧᅫήޠڔᓎࡤё ࡚ᇴȯȃȮᙐ҂ᇴȯȃᅵᒜȞEmmanuel Diaz, 1574-1659ȟȮЉୱ
ಒ 1 Ȟ1998ڣ ጐ౪ȳȂȮఽᏱൣȯȂུ 28ޑੀޠ৹ӏѯȈȲւᅵᝯȮЉлᄃဏȯϜ 33 ԒȟȂॳ 47-73Ȅ ȯȂಒ 1 ьȂॳ 381-388ȄړւᅵᝯȈȮЉлᄃဏȯȂԞΤȮЉᏱߒ 34 35 ӤαਫȂॳ 564-565Ȅ НȈȲ݃ҒϜ՚ςӶȶ౪ȷୱܮᇴȂၐُܓࢆٿ௱፤౪ܓᜱܼւᅵᝯп 36 ಒ 2 Ȟ2004 ԒȟȂॳ 1-42Ȃ੬ڣ ᎐ႅȈпւᅵᝯ࣐ӒȳȂȮΟԏᏱݔȯȂಒ 2ޠᚡα ᇴȷȂॳ 16-ܓхڦ࣐௱፤౪ܓ᎐ႅȈпޠ፤αܓրಒѳȶϜ՚ςӶ 22Ȅ ೪ȂޠܓϜ՚РᜱܼܼښڨӪȂҐ፵αڦቌঅޠᜌᒶᐆޤيߗ֕থηࡿяȂȶఁ 37 ȯȂॳښᜌᅌϾᇅަཽޤϸրȄȷ֕থȈȮޠޠȷܓᇅȶޠȷܓȶ౪ܼښڨ 248Ȅ ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧ 91ޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃
ጓ൝ϲՍดলي឵ܼീᜌఁٳȮޫርੀयȯ๊Ȃ38 עȯȃାΚ ޠϛӤيႇᇅϜ༉ಜఁڨណձȂࣲЇяуউ௦ޠᏱȃᏱᇅЉНᏱ Ȅي՚Рീᜌఁ ݃Ғढᑚཽς༉Τ՚ᏱਣȂηॷԪ՚Рຠម༉ಜޠձࠣϮಞϜ -τᏱȞCoimbra Uniܝ٩ලӼলᏱձࠣȂီຊвऌӱҁٴςȄᜱܼ ఁऌਫȂᡘұढޠΚຠមԓޏΫΝзखߒяژversityȟܼΫϳзखҒ ढᑚཽςരԸርȞFranciscus Furtado, 1587-ٿϟ२ຝȄڐᄈيᑚཽఁ ڐҐ൸ޠᐄٸܛȮᏲԥၜȯ39ᇅȮӫ౪ȯ40Ȃޠ1653ȟᇅϟӬណ ఁऌਫȄޠጢቹٿ፤ᜍȂޠۢܗҐȂ௵ңςݔলᏱРݳණяМࡼڎޠϜ 41 !ϮಞϜܓΚૢޠيѳȃȮ՚ᏱδȯӶᄈ՚Рఁ !ஆᙄᇅӶϜρᎵԚϟᄻདྷޠيᄕᡘઢᏱఁ
ႇΚᆎᇅϜϛڨϜНձࠣЇяуউ௦ޠढᑚཽςٿҒ݃ݏԄ ༉ಜيఁޠ౫я՚РϛӤޠ௦ޣϮಞޠي༉ಜȂуউᄈ՚РఁيӤఁ ձȮ՚ᏱδȯȃȮᙜРѵखȯȃȮ่҃يѳҐϮಞఁޠᇅϲৡȄӶ༉Τ ՕᏑޠܓхߓڏϜഷڐȯᇅȮ՚ᏱঔٙȯȂࣲᇅஆఁဏԥᜱȂيఁ ي༉ఁძȂᐄ՚РϜзखτᏱఁޠȮ՚ᏱδȯȂӱ࣐ԫਫ߾ྲ࿌ਣ РȄܓڟ׃ޠઢᏱϘي፟โϲৡᇅ๗ᄻȂഷࡤණяΚঐӶϜρஊޠ
ȯȂಒ 3 ьȇړᇴȃ৹ӏః์ଅȃϟॐҔȈȮ՚ЬݳȯȂԞΤȮЉᏱߒ㏟ܧᅫή 38 ㏟ܧȯȂಒ 5 ьȇᅫήړᅮஷ์ଅȈȮߓ࡚ᇴȯȂԞΤȮЉᏱߒڠφཎȃڻπ௳Ȃܧᅫή ȯȂಒ 5 ьȇᅵᒜȈȮЉୱȯȂԞړᇴȃ৹ӏః⨬ଅȈȮᙐ҂ᇴȯȂԞΤȮЉᏱߒ ༉НᝧήݎኦȃᗻॐȈȮޫርੀयȯȂԞΤȮЉлఁעȯȂಒ 5 ьȇାΚړΤȮЉᏱߒ ȟȂಒ 2 ьȄޏጢȯȞᇄіȈᇄᢋᏱҢਫȂ1984 ԒኈӠӕ രԸርኦȂϟណȈȮᏲԥၜȯȞᇄіঢ়შਫᓣᙡ݃ᆋϰԒȦ1628ȧёҐȟȄ 39 ьȞᇄіȈᇄᢋ୧ଡ଼ӠਫᓣȂ1965ڎരԸርណဏȂϟႁȈȮӫ౪ȯȂαί 40 ԒȟȄ 41 Commentarii Collegii Conimbricensis, Societatis Iesv, in qvatvor libros De coelo, Meteorologi- cos & Parua naturalia, Aristotelis Stagiritae. Hac qvinta in Germania editione, partim Graeci contextus Latino e regione respondentis accessione auctiores, partim per omnia correctiores in Studiosorum gratiam editi (Coloniae: Impensis Lazari Zetzneri, 1603); Commentarii Collegii Conimbricensis e Societate Jesv: In Vniversam Dialecticam Aristotelis Stagiritae nunc Primum in Germania in lucem editi (Coloniae Agrippinae, Apud Bernardvm Gualterivm, 1611). Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 92
ȉȮ՚ᏱঔٙȯԠںࣽȂαख़ѳҐਫࣲᇅஆఁဏԥᜱٿϨቅᢏᘉ ϸݚȄ42Ȯ่ޠӶӪϜςϮಞᅵලঘ౪ᏱȂР८҅ϑԥၐಡ ӶҔጃகࡆᒶᐆژகࡆȂ੬րණޠϟȳϜȂፚيȯॷതȲఁيఁ҃ ێȂЇΠЉлఁཽᄈќᇅાێᇴݳȂηϛ्ાޠঢ়ڽίȂϛ्ࣻ߭ ΚಒΝതȲᏱϟۗȳϜȂлᏱີҦҐՅІҒȄȶҐȂڣлȄ43Ӷޠ ϧηȄȌȌϧϟᏱέҐιЉлȂ֊пིࣨЉл࣐ॷѓȄȌȌܓ߾ιЉ זޠȂӶᗻᓓٿҐȂಥᘫЉлȂဏηȄȷ44ᝓੀᇴڐлȂࠍۗᏱߖ ಒΚۡԠȂఓૅིٙϟۧႥΚቺȄȷ45ԫٿϜϑࡿяȶིࣨЉлȂЏ՚ ਫȄ46ޠР८يঘ౪ఁڌፚ҃ٿਫѠпࣽԚΚҐஆఁဏ ȞDiego de Pantoja, 1571-1618ȟᙛណӵშਣשȮᙜРѵखȯᛂड़ ՅೞᚕՎᐭߟࡤȂ48စՕᏑቩܴژఁϜу᎐ٶ၍ᇴȂ47Ӷࠓޠђܛ ၚۊлϟઢϾณ໕ȂࢉϥРϟޑណࡤՅԚਫȄԫਫϬ።ȶЊആ ޤϛሊȄȷ49ଷΠϮಞӵ౪ڿカȂߖҐᗚȂ৸ܛȂࡧു܉ϛጐȄΚᙾ ᜌѵȂӶȲዊᛴВᖃᇴȳϟϜȂϮಞዊᛴВޠॶȃՙ݉ȃয়ࡊᇅЉлఁ Ȅ50يпѵȂᗚԥߗѳॳѿѢᙐ्ᇴ݃Ᏹਯఁ ࣽȂՕᏑ࣐Ϩቅ्ӶԫਫϜлٿȮ՚ᏱδȯޠߟϮಞ՚ᏱژӲ ጐ౪ȷϟӫޑւᅵᝯᙥȶੀ៊۾ȉ์ᇰ࣐ȂуଷΠںيఁޠӵϮಞ՚Р ཿઢᙜসȂՕᏑၑშӶᄈ՚ޠ༉Τ՚ᏱпѵȂ࣐ٙ༉ክஆఁဏٿ
Thomas H. C. LeeȞ҅ȟ, “Alphonsus Vagnoni and His Western Laerning on Personal 42 Cultivation: The First Introduction of St. Thomas’ Ethical Ideas in Chinese,” in Chou Chih-p’ing ፵҂ȟȃWillard PetersonȞᇥҢȟጢȈȮѭਜ਼ུ፤Ȉնऽਣఁ௳ᄹଞ፤НڻȞ ȯȞᇄіȈ ᖓစяޏަȂ2002 ԒȟȂॳ 347-377Ȅ ȯȂԞΤយቂҎȃ؈Ⴢջȃ༂Κၼȃણ҂Κ๊ጢȈȮ৹ঢ়༙ᙡਫዃيȈȮ่҃ఁעାΚ 43 ݃ఽЉлఁНᝧȯȞᇄіȈРᔽяޏަȂ1996 ԒȟȂಒ 1 ьȂॳ 253-257Ȅ 44 ӤαਫȂॳ 295Ȅ 45 ӤαਫȂॳ 241Ȅ ȶԫߩᑀ่҃ਫηȂঔቇݾ҂ᅿӶؽȄȷȶᗷᒞԫਫ࣐ЄಒђϟӓਫȂѠηȄȷӤα 46 ਫȂॳ 239, 241-242Ȅ ᇅשȯȂಒ 3 ьȂॳ 1306ȇ㋂ȈȮᛂड़ړՕᏑቩណȈȮᙜРѵखȯȂԞΤȮЉᏱߒ 47 Ȃ1997 ԒȟȂॳ 306-307ȄަޏშਫᓣяٶȈіٶϜȯȞі ఁȳȄٶᇅࠓשᇅϜȯȂಒ 11 തȲᛂड़ש㋂ȈȮᛂड़ 48 49 ՕᏑቩណȈȮᙜРѵखȯȂॳ 1308-1309Ȅ 50 ӤαਫȂॳ 1360-1364Ȅ ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧ 93ޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃
ஆᙄȂ߾ႇНऌᇅ౪ऌՅޠيϮಞϜȂᄕᡘяઢᏱఁޠܓΚૢيРఁ ༉ఁძȂණޠȄуᗚଭᄈ࿌ਣيఁఁۡޠΚᆎཿޠІܼєࢃၿऌӶϲ яΚᆎஊᎵϜઢᏱϘޠᎵԚᄻདྷȄ ༉ΤпࠊȂ֏ூӒ൸ུᏱᜌ༉ΤНϾਣȂԟيӶϸݚ՚Рఁ ࣽȂ݃ఽϟር༉ٿୱᚡޠӡᓏܗᄈࢌԥНϾԥңژНϾһࢻளཽ᎐ႅ Τޠ՚Ᏹη८ᖞԫΚୱᚡȄࣻᄈܼΫΟзखᏊбލࡤΚഀ՜ޠѷւȂᡲ ӡᓏίȂӱՅ௱ޠോ᠍κژࡅૐȂӶឍញޠ८ᖞ՚Рȶ಼જւȷיఽ ޠӽȄ݃ఽϟር༉ΤښٿగпӽϟߞוՍၽȂޠєࢃ೪ҴུԓᏱਯ ՚ᏱȂ८ᖞޠࠍѫΚᆎѻᄈϜᏱԥңޠܗӡᓏޠՄ໕Ȅ ճН݃ΚኻȂକߒӱ࣐ᚃᏱܝߢޠᏱᜌ༉ΤѫΚᆎ፵ו൸ѡ ޠճН݃ϜၷߴԉܝֆȄѠȂѻᇅߢ᜔ޠיয়ژڨሰ्ȂՅޠӶᄃңα ሰ्Ȃۗಥґޠ८ӪϛࣻৡȂՅϛಓަ๊ཽيΚ८Ȃۡఁȃঘ౪ᇅఁ ޠᏱᜌȄ51ծӵȂᗷดढᑚཽς༉Τו༉ክᇅึѡٿஆӵيᕖூఁ ఁηЇΠϜߴԉ༗ٶࠓޠঔԥңȂ1616 ԒޠЉНᐎᆘձࠣᄈᐎݳ Ωᄈ՚ఁޠЇȄ݃Ғढᑚཽς८ᖞޠӶఁᇅ༉ఁᘜᕞޠୱᚡȂႉ ᐄᘉȄيӶϜρ൷ூ࢛ᆎఁي፤࣐՚Рఁ ίȂஆ๋ܼޠ༉ఁٿጐ౪ȷޑȂӶւᅵᝯᙥȶੀޠԪڐଞՅؒ ጐޑȶੀޠ࡛Ҵܛпดȷܛၜមȶ౪ȷᇅȶٿРԓޠւᅵᝯпςݔলᏱ Ȯ՚ᏱδȯȂҔԂѠᙥޠي၍ȂՕᏑႇϮಞ՚Ᏹᇅ՚Рఁُޠ౪ȷ ஆᙄϮಞϜςȄޠيጐ౪ȷઢᏱఁޑȶੀ ϟ፟โϸ࣐ϳऌȈНऌȞঔᏱȟȃ౪ऌȞলيȮ՚Ᏹδȯ՚Рఁ ᏱȟȃᚃऌȃݳऌȞߺзݳȟȃఁऌȞఁݳȟȃၿऌȞઢᏱȟȂпІή Ȉႇѡх܉౪يढᑚཽςఁޠණяܝࢳȂ֊ಓӬढᑚ഻ཽۗᛴ ϾහᜌҢࣁȄНऌ२ٿ٩ලӼলᏱᇅᅵලઢᏱٴᏱಭНᏱȃڑစ লᏱࡤȂϘᚃܗറȄঔႇ౪ऌྦޠଌጜȂᏱ౪ऌޠᇮّᇅН ౪ܗऌȃݳऌȞߺзݳȟȃఁऌȞఁݳȟȃၿऌȞઢᏱȟȄӱԫȂলᏱ ஆᙄ፟โȄԫΚ፟โ๗ᄻϬпീޠᚃᏱȃݳᏱȃఁᏱᇅઢᏱ܂ऌ ፟โ࣐ஆᙄȂα८ԥݳࡢȃᚃᏱȃᇅઢᏱ๊ା઼ᏱȄѬീ፟โϸ
51 David C. Lindberg, The Beginnings of Western Science, pp. 171-173. Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 94
࣐Нऌᇅ౪ऌȂᚃᏱᇅઢᏱϛᡑȂݳࡢϸ࣐ݳऌȞߺзݳȟᇅఁऌȞఁ ݳȟȄ52 ᏱಭࡤȂໍΤԪΚࢳȂη൸ޠȃНݳȃঔ๊ڑӶԚНऌᄈစ ȂphilosophiaȟȄ൸ւᅵᝯӶȮЉлᄃဏȯٴຳܛᓄܗ౪ऌȞলᏱ ңٻጐ౪ȂՕᏑޑяึȂໍੀܓ౪ޠϜᇰ࣐௱፤౪Ȃ пጐூᗵᙡϟ౪ȄуᒴඊޑϏձӶܼੀޠ።লᏱٯলᏱȂ53ڴᆏٿ౪Ᏹ ٿூ՚РলᏱࣽٻስȂޠᐍঐলᏱژի۾ڐٯጐ౪ُ၍Ȃޑւᅵᝯੀ ΚഌϸȄ54ޠԚ࣐౪Ᏹܗ
ᚃऌ !!ݳऌ ఁऌ !!!ၿऌ!!! Medicine ! Civil Law Canon Law Theology ٴဏල ! ! ђᒜ⚭ල С ! ! ᓷಒᔽ٦ ! ! Medicina Legis Canonis Theologia | ౪ऌ Philosophy ٴຳܛᓄ Philosophia | Нऌ Rhetoric ៤౪ђ Rhetorica
ߓΚ! Ȯ՚ᏱδȯϜ՚Ᏹޠήࢳᇅϳऌ
ȶΚ࣐ݳऌȂᒞϟဏලȇΚ࣐ఁऌȂᒞϟђᒜ⚭ලȄȷՕᏑȈȮ՚ᏱδȯȂԞΤ 52 ȯȂಒ 1 ьȂॳ 27ȄړȮЉᏱߒ ϟޑȂՅ࣐ޑ౪ᏱȄ౪ᏱȂဏ౪ϟτᏱηȄпဏ౪ົܼܼໍٻȶНᏱϑԚȌȌ 53 Ȅੀޑጐ౪ࠍܼӓȂՅܼЉߗȄดޑϟ౪ᙡӶޑϜȂԄߝӶंȂԄҞӶᑅȂϟȃ ϟᏱȄȷӤαਫȂॳ 31Ȅٴຳܛঢϟп Ᏹަȃήᖓਫٶ༉ΤȳȂԞΤࠥդᐹޠጐ౪ȷϟӫȈ݃Ғఽߒ՚Ᏹޑ৹ӏѯȈȲᙥȶੀ 54 Ȃ2003 ԒȟȂॳ 165-208ȄۺȈήᖓਫٶȯȞіښ४ڐлဏІܓлጢȈȮ౪ۺ ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧ 95ޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃
౪Ȃу՚Ᏹܗӱޠޑٲفٿ٩ලӼ౫ຬٴᐄՕᏑȂ লᏱۡ৲Ȃ 55 Ȯ՚ᏱδȯϜ౪ऌϸ࣐ϥঐϸऌȈᡓᒯȞဤСђȂޠϜ αᏱȞᓷႁຳ՚ђȂם౪ᏱȞຳ՚ђȂphysica ȟȃޑlogica ȟȃ metaphysicaȟȃᏱȞ଼ூ଼ಒђȂmathematicaȟȃঘ౪ᏱȞЄಒђȂ ஆҐȇޠᜌޤϸτयࣻӬȄᡓᒯ࣐ΚϹޠ٩ලӼᄈᏱऌٴethicaȟȂᇅ ήМȇᄃңऌᏱєࢃΠစᔽȃ࢈ݾᇅޠαᏱ౪፤ऌᏱם౪ᏱȃᏱȃޑ ౪Ᏹȯȃޑ౪ᏱձࠣϜȂєࢃȮޑܗՍดলᏱޠ٩ලӼٴঘ౪ᏱȄ56Ӷ Ȯ፤ЉȯȃȮ፤ҢԚᇅྒྷྟȯȃȮຬᏱȯᇅȮቁ፤ȯܗҢޑᏱР८ޠ ܓ౪Ᏹȟϸ࣐ϳঐഌϸȈᆹޑԫȂȮ՚ᏱδȯϜຳ՚ђȞٸ ձȄ57 Ᏹȃ፤Љȃ፤ҢԚྒྷྟȃѳϰᇴȃຬᏱȃҢޑᇅቁȄ58 Ӓঔ፟ཿޠলᏱܗ፟โ๗ᄻȂӶԚ౪Ᏹޠ௦ᒴඊϜзखτᏱ ࡤȂ൸ໍΤಒήࢳȂᏱಭᚃऌȞᚃᏱȟȃݳऌȞзߺݳȟȃఁऌȞఁ ஆᙄαȂȶಭᚃϟ৷ȷޠၿऌȞઢᏱȟ๊ཿ፟โȄӶলᏱܗݳȟ ȶၜមѡᚃϟᒹစȂึ݃ܓϟҐȂѵᡞԼϟੇȂϲ፞ϟᡜȂ ౪Ȅ60ดՅȂڐᏱҢȂၷܿΤޠఁݳܗпดȄȷ59ᏱಭзߺݳܛІϟ লᏱᇅήᏱऌޠᜱ߾ࠔϛ๙ᄈϛѠܗુޠȄȶҼԥϛӓᏱᓄՅ࣐ϟ Ȃด҇ҦԫᏱȂՅࡤήᏱΞԥᐄȄȷ61 ٿϮಞᚃऌȃݳऌᇅఁऌȂȮ՚ᏱδȯңΥॳٿࣻᄈܼ༊өңΚॳӼ ၐಡϮಞၿऌȂՅй੬ր२ѻᇅ౪ऌޠᜱ߾Ȃη൸ઢᏱᇅলᏱޠ
ȂϛၩຳпؒޑۊȄδЉϟίԥΚڦ௵౪ලӼȌȌထਫӼРଫٴȶԥΚτ፲ӫ 55 ґܛڐࢌ݃ȂՅઊೣڐпดȄӱܛڐ࿌ดȂՅ҇સڐُޑȌȌȂؑفூȂϛ༖ഽп൷ ȄȌȌՎϭΡξᎸԒณϛۡ݉ϟȄȷՕᏑȈȮ՚ᏱδȯȂॳ 42Ȅ݃ 56 James A. Weisheipl, O. P., “The Nature, Scope, and Classification of Sciences,” David C. Lindberg ed., Science in the Middle Ages (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1978), pp. 461-482, esp. pp. 468, 471, 474, 480. 57 See Jonathan Barnes ed., The Complete Works of Aristotle, 2 vols. (Princeton: Princeton Univer- sity Press, 1984), vol. 1. 58 ՕᏑȈȮ՚ᏱδȯȂॳ 31-41Ȅ 59 ӤαਫȂॳ 45Ȅ 60 ӤαਫȂॳ 47ȃ49Ȅ 61 ӤαਫȂॳ 58Ȅ Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 96
ϟᏱȂࠍᘟґԥᚕᓄՅ৸ആౚηȄȷ62ٴᜱ߾ȄȶसС ᏱऌϸϜȂ௵ңޠ٩ලӼٴ—Ϋήзखਣ՚ዊᏱϑစӶஆఁ хȶЉȷȂၽңٿңȶЉлȷٻୣϸȄ63࿌ӶढᑚཽςޠᏱᇅઢᏱ ୣրࠍᙾඳ࣐ᏱᇅޠȶઢᏱȷȂᏱᇅઢᏱڴᆏٿᇮມȶЉᏱȷޠϜ лȂޠᔗ௵ңᅵලઢᏱيණяढᑚཽςఁܝୣϸȄᄈܼᛴޠЉᏱ Ȅ64ଷΠϮಞᅵල৲ۡޠᔗȂᅵලೞຝ࣐ઢᏱڴޠȮ՚ᏱδȯϜ ΩᢛजȈ྄ٯτ्ϲৡѵȂޠȮઢᏱτӓȯ
౪ȂڐᅹȂᜱ߾ܼఁȂೄϛᄃၐܛདྷȃܛᖃϟȂδ Ԫڐดџ٤ᘫҔηȄկץϟҐҒۗಥȂՅޑٲΠดഇᄖܼٻ ҭᓄȂՍԥѳҐȂєࢃήξϳԼᚡȄؑΚᚡөԥЇ၍๏ȂՅτ ԫؽȄ65ܼڏ्
ூೲলᏱᇅઢᏱϘᆘيЉᏱூӒစҦᏱΤߟȂӱԫȂઢᏱఁ् ԚȄ
ЉᏱϛூᏱȂณп࣐ΤߟȇӒၦᏱȂϛூЉᏱȂณп࣐ᘫ п৲҇ΡᏱೲ՜ȂᏱΞԥԚȄ66ܛഥȄف
ϜಝȂᐚޠԥѠӶ࿌ਣيઢᏱఁޠᆎೲলᏱᇅઢᏱ ޠ೩ӶढᑚཽςউܗȉঐୱᚡںᆎφૢစҦဤӵ߄ȃҢՅाֶޠ ဟϜਜ਼କȂӶւᅵᝯംзࡤᐋӉϜఁୣढᑚཽཽߞޠᓹҖȞNicolas ፝ᛴ଼ٯᄻདྷȂޠშਫᓣٶLongobardi, 1559-1654ȟȂණяΚঐ഻Ҵі ఁۡᔔԕȈ
࡛ҴΚშਫᓣȂগϜΚϹۣӣᇅᏱٶగӶіוΞޠ֏ϟҭ
62 ӤαਫȂॳ 59Ȅ 63 Weisheipl, O. P., “The Nature, Scope, and Classification of Sciences,” p. 480. ࠊဒϟّȂࢃڦԥΚτဒȂӫ࣐ӼᅵලȂਫࣦീȂέڐវȂܛဒဒٿȶԫᆎᏱୱѡ 64 䌕ΚȄȷഷ݃ȃഷᙐȃഷጃȂՅԫࡤᏱЉᏱȂோࣲӊȂϛّܛȄٴ࣐С ՕᏑȈȮ՚ᏱδȯȂॳ 51Ȅ 65 ӤαਫȂॳ 56Ȅ 66 ӤαਫȂॳ 56Ȅ ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧ 97ޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃
܅ٻᕤ၍֏ఁఁဏȄӱԫȂйѠٯூᒧԫშਫᓣՅᇰᜌ֏Ȃ ॹᐡ፝ؒ֏ᙛណԫਫᝳȄᙛណϟਫȂᗷ࣐ϛӼȂկϑя๊ ؽȄ࣐ԫȂ֏߭ԫ࣐ᇷЖᏱ܉ȂཿӶϜίҘεଅޏ ԥ᠍ࡅȂណਫϏձಥڏᎇӶណਫϏձα܅ϟًԂРݳȂيΤఁໍ Ԛ࣐֏ӶϜ༉ոᆌॲϟߟ৸Ȅ67
Ȃϑᜍᄃٿఌਤ௦пڻȶՍ֏ᇅϜᏱٿᄻདྷޠуژᓹҖණ შਫᓣϟሰ्Ȃᇅ֏ഷࡤҭޠІӶөӵ࡛ҴཽଲȂᔗϛϸଗၺηȷȂ68 уٻᄃርစᡜાΤՄ໕Ȃޠծоϑ৹ӏఃȃϟ፝ؒւᅵᝯᙛណ՚ਫ ϟًԂРݳȷȄ࿌ߝѼረيॏฬȶᇷЖᏱໍΤఁޠញூ࡛Ҵშਫᓣ ᛴ଼ȂӶਤُఁۡߴژȞNicolas Trigault, 1577-1628ȟܼ 1614 ԒэЉӲ ϟΚȂ൸፝ؒఁ࣐ۡіٲޠϥзȞPaul V, 1605-1621 ԒӶ՞ȟਣഷ२् შਫᓣ፴ᜓᙡਫȄޠᔤ࡛ٶ ᄻདྷϟαȂޠᇷᏳϜᏱಭઢᏱٿშਫᓣޠగႇᔤ഻וӶᓹҖ ॴݱޠ՚ਫΝξӼьߖࡤȂ1623 ԒਣఁٿߝѼረܼ 1620 Ԓዊࢹឺ يఁޠਫȂණяΚஊᎵϜρઢᏱϘޠᗎጦȂՕᏑӶȮ՚Ᏹδȯ ٳᒶٯណ࣐ϜНȂٿϏЊޠਫȂ߇ΫංԒٳਫϜᒶᐆΚٳᄻདྷȂ൸ ᏱಭȂՅໍܼၿऌȄזԪޠᏱ่ȂඊНऌᇅ౪ऌޠၦ፵ϛᓀ
ᙘпّȂၑΫԒϟעȂпࠊ፞፤ᇅӤٿਢΟ٩ሊ Ȃ֊ഃྒ؟ऽԒज፵ϟςȂॹ่ЗϟґѓȂ࿌ѠԪಒណяȄ ሏໍϟѓȂࢿᄖҐזࣻӱՅಭϟȂۗϟпϛޫ㨐ϟُȂঢ়ඊ ՚ထဒϟᏱȂΚᒋȄԫဒ݃ெݎٻȂវึՍኅȂᅛ ԥ࿌ιૣ௵ޤԈȂξၸϟΚਣȄఙਗ਼ȂܳԫૌȂՅґ ηȄ69
ᄻདྷႇܼᢏȂՎЎуيఁޠϛ፤ՕᏑᄈஊᎵϜρઢᏱϘ ፟โϲৡᇅ๗ᄻȂණяΚޠي༉ఁძȂᐄ՚РϜзखτᏱఁޠ࿌ਣྲ
РᇻȈȲ݃۠՚ਫΝξഌࢻΤϜՄȳȂєᒴඈлጢȈȮ݃хۡఁȯȞᇄіȈᇄᢋᏱҢ 67 ਫȂ1968 ԒȟȂॳ 58-59Ȅ 68 ӤαਫȂॳ 59Ȅ 69 ՕᏑȈȮ՚ᏱδȯȂॳ 59Ȅ Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 98
ȄٲҔԓᏱਯΚޠي೪Ҵ՚Рఁ्ژණءРȂۗಥޠܓڟ׃ঐ
!ЇᔗޠيϥȃϜςᄈढᑚཽς༉Τ՚Рఁ
ఐఽӶ಼ࣖւϟίȂೞय़ܺ෬π୧ᇅঠ೩՚೪ҴᏱਯȄӶӤ ᐡཽȂࣦՎᏱѵȂᒒٙᡞᡜ՚РޠݾпࡤȂϜςԥ፞ӼѵՄᄇ ϜȂ܂Ȃ݃Ғς༊ᇅ՚ςһޠ९ȄࣻᄈيఁޠȂࡧસᡑίيఁ ਣȂזቹܗձࡤȂࣦՎӶጢӠ՚ᏱձޠيᎨढᑚཽςϮಞ՚Рఁܗ ࣽݳȄҐၑႇ৹ӏఃޠႮٳΚي՚РఁޠЇяуউᄈ༉Τ Їޠيࣽуᄈ՚РఁٿᇅጢȮᆋᐎਫȯਣȂזȞ1562-1633ȟ࣐Ᏹਫቹ ᔗȄ ȶژȳϜȂᗷดණၘޠ፤ᒶȯȲጢيлጢȮ݃хఁڐାਣًӶ ՚РН݃ȂॷӒՍดऌᏱȂԄЉױᐎпࡤȂዊࢹढᑚཽςւᅵᝯ๊ȌȌ ȄѻᗰΠςτЊಂࣩȂٿϜژНȃ౪ȃӵᏱпІݢᏣᇨആ๊ȂϮಞ Ȅȷ70ࢳၘϜȂึيఁڸ՚НϾһࢻȂηழΠ࿌ਣऌᏱݎߵໍΠ Р८ȂيȄѠȂӶऌᏱఁึޠي՚ᏱծоழΠऌᏱᇅఁޠ༉Τٿࣽ НȂ71זڎȳᇅȲංեҐᚖឋȳזԫਫࠔѬԞΤΠ৹ӏఃȲᙐ҂ᇴ ኈȂϬดԥࡠϸݚȄޠึيՎܼ՚Ᏹ༉ΤᄈϜҢఁ ϟᄈ՚Рఁޠࣽᄈ՚Ᏹདᑺ፹ٿউӒשӶϮಞ৹ӏఃϟࠊȂᡲ ԇȂҢܼპႯѳΫשЇᔗȄϟȞ1565-1630ȟȂԆਐϟȂέԆޠ༉Τي ᑫȂᐎΡΫΡԒȞ1594ȟϜᖟȂᐎΡΫϳڸѳԒȞ1565ȟȂԏϧ ϏഌᕋᙓѨসѵٶԒȞ1598ȟཽၑାϜಒϥӫȂՅᆏȶ҈ԘཽቀȷȂ௳ࠓ ᜌȂᄈᏱᇅЉНདᑺ፹ȂᗷԥΤఁཏȂѠޤȄϟዦནӵ౪ॣ ȄѫѵȂуᗚԥঐഭྯȂ൸ȶуҢࣁܺᒁϛᡮȂೞᇰ࣐ԥѷۣێԥા ௦ᜱޣҐࣹȄȷ72ϟߞܼណਫȂծоґُуޠуژጔȂ߰ೞືۣՅӲ ޠΚᆎၷ࣐֥ᇌޠȯਣȂ௵ңړख़ȄӶулጢȮЉᏱߒޠيϹ՚Рఁ
Ȃ1990 ԒȟȂॳ 11ȄަޏяيȈҖఁٶ፤ᒶȯȞіيାਣًлጢȈȮ݃хఁ 70 71 ӤαਫȂॳ 15Ȅ ȈϜਫٶւᅵᝯȃߝѼረኦȂեାᔽȃеᒴӇȃҨណȈȮւᅵᝯϜғଅȯȞі 72 Ȃ1983 ԒȟȂॳ 432-433Ȅ ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧ 99ޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃
ϲৡϸ࣐౪ᇅᏣȂޠȯړࣽݳȄȮЉᏱߒޠي౪уᄈ՚РఁٿРԓ ձࠣȂϟѻܺӶȶ౪ȷޠȮ՚ᏱδȯҐඊНऌᇅ౪ऌՅໍܼၿऌ ңޠձيጐ౪ȷఁޑॷҐձȂҼᡘұяуᄈҐϮಞ՚Рȶੀޠ ЗȄ ᜱϹȄӶȲංեޠп੬ੇيᏱఁޠࣻᄈՅّȂ৹ӏఃᄈ՚ᏱϜ ᙾख़ढᑚཽςٯѓਞȂޠҐᚖឋȳϜȂу൸።ංեߟᏱୱᄈᏱ౪ Ȃϛᔘංե्ؒޠშᏱ༫ȟᄈΤᏱܝѡхτᏱȞࢨܛூ༉ᆹϜ࢛ ȄӶᐎήΫΟ्ؒޠԥኻାيϽΤȂ73ԝя՚Рѡх൸ᄈᏱఁ ੇޠαيȳϜȂ৹ӏఃདოϜ՚ӶᏱϘஊזԒȞ1611ȟȲᙐ҂ᇴ ৰրȂӶܼ՚Р༉ಭᗀᏱϟ౿ȂᐤεՅϛ૿ȄࣻᄈӵȂϜρϘુнȂᜳ пЩၷȄ
࣐ࢉȂࠍᘟՍ՚φϟΤϜۗȄӒҢლ࣐նّȂܛڐՅّ ڐ՚ςϟᆡܼᐎȂณуᙳѾηȂξԼ࣐ᎇȂ༉ಭᗀؒήξԒȂ ّڐߨܼᙣՅ൲ܼЬȂਣਣԥϟȂпࢉّ౪ᔕཌྷҼᔕᙐȄնᆹ ξԼ࣐ᎇȂ༉ಭᗀؒήξԒȂ֏й຺ԼၸΚ܅ՅดȄп Ѡၷ፤ࠛȊ74ܮեϏڐΡήԼၸΚౚȂԫܗౚȂ
ȳϜȂ৹ӏఃໍΚؐϜ՚זӤНᆘࡿڔӶᐎѳΫΡԒȞ1614ȟȲ ЩၷȄуᇰ࣐ϜᆘᏱܼۗ༂ࡕਣޠΠΚঐࣻ࿌ᙐيᏱఁޠ༉ಜ ςȷϟΚȂЍߟϬȶȷӗ࣐ϳϟڦϵਣᏱӗΤȶᏱۣڻȂ ᏑޠভхਣȮᆘਫΫစȯᗚߟऌҭϜᆘᏱϟఁ؆Ȃࠔӱᗀӫ౪ژΚȄ ςϛࣽ२ȂпІР८ᕁңՅኁȄ
оȉܼۗΚȂಥܼΫȂΫࡿຬϟȂۨՅॏٿᇅҢڐϟ ᗶॷձᆘȂпէৡԚȂՎڽϜᆘՍ༂ࡕש፞ȂϛѠാңηȄȌȌ ϟȄЍߟٻςȂᇾᑺ፲ȂՅۣڦϵңϟȂӗܼᏱۣڻτറȄڻ ⽕ЍϟఁڻᏱѠኁȂࠍٻφٙϳȂᒞϟีஇΤࡊȂכ
ۢڐၦٲᆡЗȇᏱڐਜ਼Ȃጜڐ⌋Ȅԫਫ࣐ઊȂцᏱ౪ٲȶίᏱϏЊȂԥ౪ԥ 73 ᏱӒୱٿѾࡧȂࢉᖟзณΚϛ࿌ᏱȄᆹ՚ѡԥτᏱȂ৲ߟҢளԼξȂڐݳȂึ яӫς྄ӼȄȷ৹ӏఃȈȲංեܛߟίڐЗࡧಡஞՅϑȄڐԫਫȂΞΤȄեࢉȉమ ȯȂಒ 4 ьȂॳ 1941ȄړҐᚖឋȳȂȮЉᏱߒ ȯȂಒ 5 ьȂॳ 2721-2722ȄړȳȂȮЉᏱߒז৹ӏఃȈȲᙐ҂ᇴ 74 Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 100
ᒞၸᝳܼទЫȂήхϟᏱӼϛ༉Ȃࠍ଼᎓፞ᏑӒȂࣻܗؽȄՅ φϥԒՅᏱԚȂέեਫηȉכӗΫစȂീςܛڑȉভϳޑե௳ ΚڐҦّϟȂᆘϟᏱ੬ኁܼߗзԼԒᅮȄኁϟጣԥΡȈ ӿϟᙳّԥઢ౪Ȃ־Κ࣐ڐȇٲ࣐ӫ౪ϟᏑρẠЉίϟᄃ ϛਞȄ75ܛȂ᜶܂ᙡٿޤ
ᐤѭྜڐຬϟᏱԥޠၿ՚РޤࡤȂ܂ࣻᄈӵȂ৹ӏఃӶᇅւᅵᝯһ ࢻȂѬ्߇ຳංԒޠਣӶᏱਯᏱᏱȂ൸ᏱԥܛԚȄ
ّڐȌȌࢌέࣻᇅ՚ւӒҢ෭Ȃ፤ၿϟራȂਣਣІܼ౪Ȅ ၿّ౪ȂࢌࣲߖҐ㊢ᄃȂ๙џΚϹຏҝГӿϟᇴȂՅຬϟᏱҼ ȂӶܼ՚ጳ࡙ϟٲࢻȂߤဩȂαጐΟЉȂਡ၏ܜࣲ䁕ྜ ϜȂҼԒՅᏱԚηȄ76
ӵ՞ȂђޠϜي೩ΜӒҢӶᛴ଼ᏱଲयΩණାᏱӶീᜌఁܗ Սւٿᕤ၍ӼޠఁܼΜӒҢȂ৹ӏఃᄈ՚РᏱڨαւᅵᝯӶᛴ଼Ᏹଲ ூ৹ӏఃණяᄈ՚РᏱȶߖҐٻࣻЩȂܓϮಞȂӶᇅ౪Ᏹፚ፤Зޠᅵᝯ ౪དྷϾيᏱఁޠᢛजȂуѠ՚Рޠ㊢ᄃȂ๙џΚϹຏҝГӿϟᇴȷ ΠȄ пดܛҦܼ༉ಜݾᐎϛ݃ᕤژӶ 1629 ԒȲݾᐤጉȳϜȂ৹ӏఃණ ϟࢉȂՅР८Ҕւᅵᝯ༉Τޠ՚ᏱѠп၅щޠȂӱԫӶᐎᆘαޠᇳৰ ঔᐎȄٿң՚Рစᡜ௵्
пৰϟࢉՅҔϟȄࠊѭܛڐفȂӱৰࢉȂ҇ٲಒϭᐎΚ ৰ࡚ϸȂҴΚђॹܛดȂϛႇᄡࠊՎࡤȂॏڐᐎϟࣲϛ пดηȄՌ๊ܾԒܛڐفଷȂְࣃөྒϟίȂᒞϟؽȂᄃґ ᡞτϊםڐІڂႅ՚ࢸւᅵᝯȂᇅϟᗀ፤ЉӵۗȂΝ࢈ၽȂ пดȂࡿұጃดϛܿܛڐሊߗȂᇅЊ࡚ϟଜᒷȂΚΚ
ȯȂಒ 5 ьȂॳ 2771-2773ȄΫစভ්ЋѭцړȳȂȮЉᏱߒזӤНᆘࡿڔ৹ӏఃȈȲ 75 ڻȮᆘစΫਫȯȂєࢃȮޠЋᏱֆఁеᏑݨមڸవॴȞ602-670ȟφᆀᆘᏱീςఘख़ ㋿ᆘစȯȃȮΟതᆘȯȃȮ৭ᆘစȯȃȮϥకᆘစȯȃȮφᆘစȯȃȮৈ߯ᆘ စȯȃȮк࡛ᆘစȯȃȮϥစᆘȯȃȮᒯѡᆘစȯȃȮᆩȯ๊ΫҐձࠣȂାۡਣԚ ࣐φᆀᆘᏱ፟ҐȄ ȳȂॳ 2774-2775ȄזӤНᆘࡿڔ৹ӏఃȈȲ 76 ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧ 101ޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃
!ݳᡜڐґᆹȄՌ๊ՍࡤؑᆹһॶȂ֊пܛȂӼᝳ܂שϟ౪Ȃၷ ϟȂᇅ၏ᆀܛ௱ᆘȂϛณӤȂՅτ౦ᇅЉࣻӬȄࢉՌ๊ᡆп࣐ ӫဏȂᐎݳϟשȂ൸܅ϭ૮ঔȂ҇՚ݳՅңϟȂп τҐτȂវึ݃ȂՅࡤѠпّՇȄ77
-ȞJean TerړᓹҖᇅ᎔ҞޠϘР८ȂଷΠӒࠊ࡛ឋޠሰܛӶঔᐎ ਫᆘȷϟѵȂуᗚ࡛ڦrenz, 1576-1630ȟпѵȂӶȶᐎऌЉНҢՄ ᐎȂϛܴӣᆀҢᏑȂᚡঠᒶңȌȌ࡚݃ҐȂᗀޤኊңڦឋȶᒶ ၍ཏဏ༉ఁۣҢȷȂ78ᆎȶ࡚݃ҐȷȂᗚѠпȶᗀ၍ཏဏ༉ఁ пดϟࢉϟȄܛҢȷȂ൸՚ݳۣ уԚ࣐ॷ՞ᄈ՚ٻϡпା࡚ຠቌȂي፵ّϟȂ৹ӏఃᄈ՚ᏱϜᏱఁ ϜςȂഌӌӱஆܼঔᐎሰ्ஊᎵޠᢛ፭ᇅԂຠޠϵڦ௵يРఁ пดϟࢉϟȄܛ՚ݳ
!ᐤѭЇࡧޠ༉Τيϳȃ๗ᇮȈᄈ՚Рఁ
ᙦഞȄᇅढᑚཽςһޠ༉ಜيఁڐڨҒϜ՚ς᎐ႅਣȂϑөՍ݃ ϜςȂณ፤৹ӏఃȃϟȃᅫ݃ႅȞ1579-1649ȟ๊ȂӼӒޠ܂ ڨȂՅࡤႇऌᖟՄၑؐαтഋȂуউϛ௦ي౪ᏱఁޠᏑᏱ༉ಜϜڨ௦ ՚Ᏹձࠣϟኈޠуউ༉ΤژڨՅ܂һޠȂѬႇᇅढᑚཽςيႇ՚Рఁ ΠᇅϜ༉ಜٿழٿᇴढᑚཽςڐᇴȂᇅٿαזޠݏȄӱԫȂӱ ႇڨ༉ఁࠊȂ൸ϑစٿȂϽᄀᇴȂढᑚཽςي՚Рఁޠৰሴτيఁ ஆᙄȂޠί҉يȄуউᙥᆎఁي՚РఁޠৰሴτيᇅϜ༉ಜఁ ޠৰሴτيႇโϜȂᡘ౫ΠԫᆎᇅϜ༉ಜఁޠ܂ࡤᇅϜςһٿ ȄݏԚي՚Рఁ Ӷ݃ҒϜަཽᇅНϾϜȂढᑚཽς৶༗ޠΚထѵ༉ఁςȂ८ᖞ ՚ᏱȄӱԫȂӶޠԄեӶҴ٘Ȃᇅ༉ΤНϾϜєࢃஆఁဏޠ ѵНϾ༉ΤϜਣȂւᅵᝯ८ᖞԄեєࢃஆఁဏӶϲޠ՚ᏱϜϾޠ
৹ӏఃȈȲঔᐎ፝ңसగȃᛴْȳȂُе२ҖᒯȈȮ৹ӏఃȯȞαȈα 77 ѡᝳяޏަȂ1984 ԒȟȂॳ 344Ȅ θນȳȂӤαਫȂॳ 240ȄۤٲԠঔᐎݳӗۉ৹ӏఃȈȲ 78 Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 102
՚Ᏹٻጐ౪ȷȂޑၜមȶੀٿୱᚡȄӶȮЉлᄃဏȯϜȂу௵ңςݔলᏱ ܓޠႲ೪ܛيϜ՚ఁژጐ౪ȷՅϜϾȄуηഷԟݨཏޑூпᙥȶੀ ၍ȂлُܓޠϛӤȂԚ࣐ॷ՞ЖΤΚᆎུޠ፤२Ӷᇅහᜌα ቺԪ࣐༉ޠ፤ܓ፤ȂၑშӶܓޠցᇅࢆᏑঢ়״ٯ௱፤౪Ȃܓ Τ՚Ᏹޠ፤౪൩ஆȄ ᏱਯȂӱԫޠيᐤѭძϛϱ೩ढᑚཽςӶ೪ҴӉե՚Рఁޠ࿌ਣ ՕᏑӶȮ՚ᏱδȯϜȂ੬րႇւᅵᝯၜមࡤޠȶੀޑጐ౪ȷȂ ޠጐ౪ȷޑ٩ලӼলᏱȃᏱ๊ાΤȶੀٴᡓᒯȃޠϜيീᜌఁ ߾ႇНऌيᄕᡘяઢᏱఁٿϮಞȂޠூуႇᄈ՚Ᏹٻ౪ऌጓ൝Ȃ ༉ఁძȂᇅߝѼረឺޠଭᄈ࿌ਣٯȂيΚᆎཿఁޠᇅ౪ऌՅІܼၿऌ ᄻདྷȄޠஊᎵϜઢᏱϘٿΝξӼഌ՚ਫȂණяΚᆎႇណਫޠΤ يఁޠϜҴ٘Ȃႉ፤ᒰΤᄃርيґӶϜ༉ಜఁيҒ՚Рఁ݃ݏԄ ࡚ȃఁᏱऌҭȃఁᏱРݳ๊ȄӱԫȂӶΫΝзखࠊљȂϜ՚НϾॷԪτښ ᄃ፻يጤȂӶఁڎޠ҂يᇅϜ༉ಜఁيȂ՚Рఁޠዂ௦ដ ԥҢᄃ፵һࢻᇅኈȄءР८ծо ȂծоηґӶ݃يᗷดढᑚཽςႇȮ՚Ᏹδȯ๊ձࠣϮಞ՚Рఁ ᔟޠ८॓ܗჃ֛ޠҒϜςϟϜЖକଇ፤ȂηґُϜςҔ८ᑗ྄ ຠࣦΩ״ࣽȂӶ݃Ғᄈ༉ఁςٿᢏᘉޠȄ॓८ي՚РఁޠढᑚཽςЖΤ ђيຠӼϜӶ՚ఁȂծоґُԥଭᄈ՚Рఁ״Ȯဒ්ખ٤ȯϜȂޠ ޠٿᚈ࢈๋ᄈࡠढᑚཽςȂՅڦ௵ຠȄ79ࣻᄈӵȂ݃ఽϟር්ᘁ״п ഷ२्ᆔၿȄȮᙜРѵޠ՚ᏱਫЖΤ්ᘁޠࠔԚ࣐Ϝᙛណٻٶ॔ བྷޠΠΫΥзखߒȂԂโԨ౪Ᏹژखȯङܼ 1631 ԒҦ᎓ОྜழӲ්ᘁȄ Ȅ80ي՚РఁޠຠȮᙜРѵखȯϜ״ٿӮ⊹યӶԨφᏱᢏᘉ ϲৡȂկٳΚޠيউѠᇴȂᗷดȮ՚Ᏹδȯ๊ਫϮಞ՚Рఁש೩ܗ ϸ्ݏढᑚཽςȂӱԫȂԄٿޠيԫఁڨޠݏԚيᄃርα౫՚Рఁ ޠϜ՚ςژউூӲשϟኈȂيᄈϜఁيݚԫΚਣ՚Ᏹᇅ՚Рఁ ϤᇅኈȄ
Ȃ1972 ԒȟȄަޏഎȈϜНяٶ৹݀ݾॐȈȮဒ්ખ٤ȯȂԞΤȮ៧٤ȯȞ 79 ȂަޏȈϜަཽऌᏱяٶȯȞіفȦᗻȧϰవȂеҞḍ๊ណȈȮ්ᘁ՚Ᏹѭः 80 2001 ԒȟȂॳ 246ȃ249ȃ252ffȄ ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧ 103ޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃
ςȂឌԄ৹ӏఃȃϟᇅᅫ݃ႅޠ܂࿌ਣѬԥߞᇅढᑚཽԥһ ޠίଢؒ܉ᜌ౪ޤ٩ලӼٴႇโȂӶޠ२ຝ௱౪ᇅଇ፤يȂᄈ՚Рఁ๊ ௦ٳЇᔗȄޠ௦ٳᜌȂяΠΚޤᄃϟٲ၍ᇴٿӱܗᐄ౪ ਫᝳՅ֖౫ȄឌԄȂ৹ӏఃӶංҐԥᜱᏱޠЇᔗл्ႇϮಞ՚Ᏹޠ ᢛजȂഌӌӱ൸Ӷܼ༉ΤޠيϜȂߓႁяуᄈ՚РᏱఁّזᙛណޠਫ ᜍ݃๗፤Ȅٿ౪ۢܗᜌȂϵ೪ȃۢဏޤޠпดϟࢉܛΠٽ՚РᏱණޠ ఃᇍȂ२ᘉӶܼȮ՚ЬݳȯȃȮߓ࡚ᇴȯȃȮЉޠ՚Ᏹ༉Τ뽸݃ႅ Π၍ᇴ೩ӼՍด౫ٽୱȯȃȮᏲԥၜȯᇅȮޫርੀयȯ๊՚ᏱਫᝳȂණ ຬޠܛпดϟࢉȄ81 ٿਫޠϲৡي౪ऌఁܗলᏱޠيढᑚཽςഇႇᙛណෛஆӶീᜌఁ ȮᏲԥޠȄឌԄȂരԸርᇅϟӬណޠȂѠп౪၍يϮಞઢᏱఁ τᏱȞCoimbra UniversityȟяܝҐီຊвऌӱҁڎၜȯᇅȮӫ౪ȯ൸ ٽఁऌਫȂစҦጢណࡤȂѬණޠңٻϜيఁऌਫȄ82Ӷढᑚཽςఁޠޏ ձࠣȂґޠ౪ऌܗϜলᏱيീᜌఁޠෛஆܛϜςᕤ၍ઢᏱᇅѻ ఁऌਫȄ83ޠقᡞيԚ࣐݃ҒϜఁ ႇڨढᑚཽς௦ޠ༉ఁٿϸݚໍᐤѭЇࡧȂ์ᇰ࣐ޠஆܼӒࠊ РݳଌጜȂޠȂݽϜзखςݔলᏱيఁޠ༉ಜৰሴτيΚᆎᇅϜఁ ෛஆӶീي౪ҦȂ੬րઢᏱఁܗӱޠпดܛ२ܼ࣐๗፤ණя ூւᅵᝯ๊ढᑚཽςூп༉Τ࿌ਣϬӗٻϟαȂي౪ऌఁܗলᏱޠيᜌఁ ࡛ᄻԥւٿජඬԥւᇅ௷ଷϛւᢏᘉȂٯᜌȂޤऌᏱޠϜيӶീᜌఁ ܼ༉ክఁဏޠ፤ᜍȄ ༉ΤȂ߾࣐Π༉ي՚РఁޠѫΚᆎН݃ٿ፵ّϟȂ݃Ғढᑚཽς ༉ಜ२ຝيȄҦܼ՚РఁيՅϮಞ՚РఁޠҭޠઢᏱϘيఁᇅஊ ޤޠпดϟࢉܛٽ๗፤Ȃη൸ණܗ၍ᇴ౫ຬٿဏۢܗ౪ȃӱȃϵ೪
ȳȂԞΤԨᅖپఃᇍ࣐ޠ᎐ႅȈпᅫ݃ႅޠ༉ಜي৹ӏѯȈȲ݃Ғఽߒ౪Ᏹᇅढᑚཽఁ 81 Ȃ2003 ԒȟȂಒ 5 ᒯȂॳ 445-471ȄަޏяيҖлጢȈȮϜਫଲȯȞߞؔȈࠓτᏱఁ ພ 41Ȅُ 82 йҐٙ൸ΚҐఁऌਫȂ྄τѠٯхߓձȂޠకݖҢᇰ࣐ȂȶȮӫ౪ȯЫᙛណ 83 ԥᜍءᇴݳȂӱ࣐ޠȄȷΚᆎુнᐄޠኈܛңȂՅᄈަཽԥٻӶ٦၈࿌ఁ؆ ኈȳȂȮϜᡓᒯڐᙛណІޠᐄᡘұϜណҐ࣐ఁɊऌਫȄకݖҢȈȲ፤Ȯӫ౪ȯ Ȃ1982 ԒȟȂॳ 285-302Ȃ੬րॳ 294ȄަޏȈϜަཽऌᏱяٶȯȞіفѭः Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 104
ȂՅΩيϟ੬ՔȂηᇴ࣐݃Π༉ΤઢᏱఁي՚РఁޠᜌȂ݃Ғ༉Τ ձࠣȄޠي౪ऌఁܗϜলᏱيീᜌఁޠෛஆܛᒰΤѻܼ ! ! ʳ !