______ಒ 2 ෉! 2004 Ԓ 12 У! ॳ 77-104ڣ Ᏹё! ಒ 1فН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ

New Perspectives on the History of East Asian ! !ѭ௥સνيఁٴݎμ

༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃ Reflections on the Introduction of Western Education into Late Ming

৹ӏѯ*

ȃւᅵᝯȃՕᏑ౲ȃȮ՚Ᏹδȯȃ৹ӏఃيᜱᗥມȈ݃Ғȃ՚Рఁ Keywords: Late Ming, western education, , Julio Aleni, General Account of Western Learning, Guangqi

ఁ௳Ȅܛفᇄᢋఽ๽τᏱᐤѭः * ՚НϾݎࡊϟ஠ᚡॏฬ፤НȄߒጉȲ݃ҒفѭःيϜЗఁفН݃ःٴݎҐН࣐ᇄᢋτᏱ § ౫ݸᇅРݳȷःଇཽȞᇄіȈᇄޠفःيϟ༉Τᇅኈ៫ȳ෇ึߓܼȶఁيһࢻϜ՚Рఁ ޠيӫ࣐Ȳ݃Ғ՚Рఁ؂Н݃ϜЗȂ2003 Ԓ 11 У 17 СȟȄࡤစτൾঔॐȂٴݎᢋτᏱ ϜЗᄳൊفН݃ःٴݎ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧȳȂึߓܼ 2003 Ԓ 12 У 29-30 СȂҦᇄᢋτᏱ ΡΫΚзखུཏဏȈ༉ಜϜ୾ఁޠ৥ஆߝཽᖓӬлᒳϟಒΝ۪ȶϜ๽Н݃ึف໰ःܝᅵ ϟঔ׾࡛ٽණܛ՞ୢӫቸࢦ΢ڎ࡚ȷᏱ೛ःଇཽȄ੬րདᗃཽឋᗀຠ΢ȂІښᇅՄၑي ឋȄ Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 78

ᄣ् ๽ढᑚཽς࣐Π༉ఁՅЖΤ՚ᏱȂଷஆ࿝ఁဏᇅ࣐኶ࣦӼϟՍดলٿҒ݃ ي຀ձȄႇџ௥ଇ݃ఽϟር՚РఁޠيᏱȃЉНᇅ኶ᏱϟѵȂηЖΤϮಞ՚Рఁ ϟ༉Τᇅኈ៫ޠ፤НϜȂᏱ޲τӼᇰ࣐՚ᏱݎᅛȂЖକܗֆߞΠ݃Ғఽߒޠఃᇍ ΚᆎᇅϜ୾྄࣐ϛڨ๽ढᑚཽς෇௦ٿࡧዙȄ์޲ࠍ௄ѫΚِ࡚ϹΤȂࡿяيఁ ၍᠟ᇅᐤѭЇࡧȄޠϛӤٽϟ༉ΤȂණيȂᄈ݃Ғ՚Рఁي༉ಜఁޠӤ يαݽ᠜ϜзखτᏱఁۼȂτي੬ੇϟఁޠڨ௦ܛ๽ढᑚཽςٿ޲ึ౫Ȉ์ ౪ऌϟീ໰೾ᜌ፟ܗলᏱޠРݳଌጜȂуউ҇໹Ӓ೾ႇஆᙄޠ༉ಜȂ֊ςݔলᏱ ፟โȄӶȮ՚ᏱδȯϜȂՕᏑ౲ᗷᄈ՚Ᏹᇅ՚РఁޠيઢᏱఁڨโȂໍՅϘ૗௦ ߾೾ႇНऌȃ౪ऌՅІܼၿऌي२ᘉϬӶᄕᡘઢᏱఁڐϮಞȂดޠܓձΠΚૢي ༉ఁ௒ძȂණяΚᆎ೾ႇណਫޠਫҒᗚଭᄈ࿌ਣޠȄȮ՚ᏱδȯيΚᆎ஠ཿఁޠ ഌӌȂᗷґ෇Ӷ݃Ғޠي༉Τϟ՚РఁܛᄃαȂٲᄻདྷȄޠஊᎵϜ୾ઢᏱ΢Ϙٿ Ϝ୾ς΢ϜЖକଇ፤ȂดՅ՚Ᏹ२ຝܛпดϟࢉޠޤᜌȂ஽።௱౪ᇅଇ፤ޠႇ ᢛजᇅᆏတȄޠيโȂጃᄃϼକΠ৹ӏఃᄈ኶Ᏹఁ

Abstract The transmission of western learning in late Ming by Jesuits included Christian doctrines, natural philosophy, astronomy, and mathematics, as well as western education, which captured the attention of some historians of Chinese education. They think it stimulated an enlightenment in 17th century Chinese educational thought. In this paper, the author provides a different interpretation and reflection on this topic. Jesuits received a very different education from that of Chinese literati. By and large, they followed the medieval tradition of university education with the training in scholastic method. One had to finish the liberal arts education curriculum, which in- cluded Aristotelian moral philosophy, metaphysics, natural philosophy, etc., before ad- vancing to the higher faculty of theology. In his General Account of Western Learning, Aleni not only gave a general account of western learning and education, at the end of this work, he also proposed a plan for the informal education of Chinese theologians by means of selecting and translating books from Europe. As a matter of fact, the transmis- sion of western education seemed not to make any direct impact on Chinese education in Late Ming, with the exception that it raised Xu Guangqi’s praise and admiration of west- ern mathematical education, because it offered the whys and wherefores. ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧ 79ޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃

Κȃࠊّ

༉ಜȄ݃ҒւᅵᝯȞMatteo Ricci, 1552-يࡧདྷᇅఁޠϜ՚НϾԥөՍ ϜєࢃȮ՚Ᏹδȯ๊ڐ๽༉ክஆ࿝ఁဏՅ༉Τ՚ᏱȂٿ1610ȟ๊ढᑚཽς Ϝ՚ς΢ึҢ᎐ႅȄޠ༉ಜίيᆎϛӤఁڎூٻ຀ձȂޠيϮಞ՚Рఁ উѬ௄๗שݏϜҴ٘ȂԄيծоґ෇ӶϜ୾༉ಜఁيҦܼ݃Ғ՚Рఁ ࡚ȃఁښيኈ៫ਣȂծоᜳ௄ఁޠي՚НϾһࢻᄈϜ୾ఁݎଢ྘݃Ғٿݏ ϟኈيᄈϜ୾ఁيፚԫΚਣ෉՚Ᏹᇅ՚РఁٿᏱऌҭȃఁᏱРݳ๊Р८Ȃ എ౲ႇ೼ࢳ෉໣Ȅ৹ۡᐪӶᐍ౪݃ఽϟርفѭःيఁޠ៫ȄԟӒ๙τӼ኶ ढᑚཽςណ຀ණ्ਣȂη஡Ȯ՚ᏱδȯᘫΤऌᏱ᜹Ȅ1ดՅȂႇџΫᎸԒ Ᏹ޲ϛӕٳኈ៫ਣȂϑԥΚܗፑᔟޠ౱ҢيȂӶ௥ଇ՚Ᏹ༉ΤᄈϜ୾ఁٿ ༉ΤӲ྘Վ݃ҒЉޠيਣࢳȂՅ஡՚РఁޠࡤލѬ࢑୐२ΫΟзखᏊб᏾ ๽෉໣Ȅٿлఁढᑚཽς ຀ձȮ՚ᏱޠيឌԄȂ1989 ԒҪೈҖԥҐ஠፤݃ఽϟር՚ᏱᇅϜ୾ఁ २ޠϲৡيᅛᇅఁݎӫᆏȲ՚ᏱޠࡧዙȯȄ௄ࠊϥതيᅛᇅ݃ఽϟርఁݎ ᅛᇅȶၑпᄃݎᗎӪȳȃȲ՚Ᏹུޠ౪፤يᅛᇅఁݎ࡛ᄻȳȃȲ՚Ᏹུ ᅛᇅఁݎᄻདྷȳȃȲ՚ᏱུޠᅛᇅུԓᏱਯݎ࡚ȳȃȲ՚ᏱښՄၑޠȷٲ ൷݃ఽϟር՚׳໱ЗȂၑშڐࣽȂ೼Ґᖢਫծоԥٿȳུ؂ޠᏱРݳ౪፤ ᄻདྷȂпུޠ࡚ȃུԓᏱਯښࡧདྷӶϲৡȃ౪፤ȃՄၑيᅛᄈϜ୾ఁݎᏱ ࢑Ȃಡ᠟ϲНϛޠኈ៫ȄѠ௕ޠР८౱Ңࣻ࿌τ๊ུ؂ޠІఁᏱРݳ౪፤ ᜳึ౫ձ޲ܛᕖयޠ๗፤Ȃᇅതӫ໣ޠᄃርᜱഀϛτȄ2 ȶ݃ژ৥ѭȯϜȂԥΚ࿾ፚึيȮϜ୾ఁޠϳԒࡤȂൖФӄᇅᅫ፲֘ Ӓ៯Ȃᄈ৹ӏః๊Ў኶ޠࡧዙȷȂᇰ࣐ւᅵᝯ୉࣐༉Τ՚ᏱيఃᇍఁޠҒ يȮϜ୾ఁޠኈ៫Ȅ3᜹ծӵȂӶߝݔಉлጢޠࡧዙيϜ୾ς΢౱Ңఃᇍఁ

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Ȃ1995ަޏጓτᏱя৲ݎȞα੖Ȉ๽ڣ ࡧདྷѭȯȂಒ 3يȃ؄୾໚лጢȈȮϜ୾ఁي৙ஊ 4 ԒȟȂॳ 2-3Ȅ Ȃॳ 333Ȅڣ ࡧདྷѭȯȂಒ 2يȃ؄୾໚лጢȈȮϜ୾ఁي৙ஊ 5 Ȃ1996 ԒȟȂॳަޏяيఁݎ༉ክȯȞኅԏȈኅޠ౪፤ӶϜ୾ي҂ȈȮߗх՚Рఁْڻ 6 4Ȅ Ȃ2001 ԒȟȂॳަޏጓτᏱя৲ݎȯȞα੖Ȉ๽ڣȈߗхϸفѭःيҥҔ҂ȈȮϜ୾ఁ 7 305Ȅ ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧ 81ޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃

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ҐȂڔᗗ࿳୾ӓშȯȞСҐয়࠳ᑫშਫᓣᙡ݃࿳ᐎήΫԒȦ1602ȧё᙮ۆւᅵᝯጢᛳȈȮ 8 ᡞဏȯȂԞΤȮෂӠНేረѳ৳ӓਫȯۆȂ1996 ԒȟȇւᅵᝯȈȮୂۺഎᨽȈᖞώਫٶ ȈȮංե঩ڨȞᇄіȈᇄᢋ୧ଡ଼ӠਫᓣȂ1983-86 ԒȟȂಒ 787 ьȇւᅵᝯπណȂ৹ӏః์ ȯȂಒ 6 ьȞᇄіȈᇄᢋᏱҢਫ׌Ȃ1986 ԒӕړҐȯȂԞΤ 1628 Ԓ؄ϟ᝾ᒯȈȮЉᏱߒ ȯȂಒ 3ړȟȂಒ 4 ьȇȦւᅵᝯ௳ȧȂ؄ϟ᝾ᅌȈȮฅᇑ೾ᏵᇴȯȂԞΤȮЉᏱߒޏ ȯȂಒ 5-6 ьȇւᅵᝯ௳Ȃ؄ړьȇւᅵᝯ௳Ȃ؄ϟ᝾ᅌȈȮӤНᆘࡿȯȂԞΤȮЉᏱߒ ȈȮข໕ڨȯȂಒ 6 ьȇւᅵᝯπណȂ৹ӏః์ړϟ᝾ᅌȈȮ⷇ৡၷဏȯȂԞΤȮЉᏱߒ ȯȂಒ 6 ьȄړݳဏȯȂԞΤȮЉᏱߒ Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 82

!༉ಜيఁޠᆎϛӤڎΡȃϜ՚

᎐ႅпࠊȂϜ՚ϸրя౫ΠϛӤࡧདྷޠ༉ಜيӶ݃Ғ౪Ᏹᇅढᑚཽఁ Ȃ์޲ณཏηϛѠ૗ᄈԫձӓ८ښ४ޠጓ൝ᇅ२ᘉفःژڨ༉ಜȄيᇅఁ ѭȯᄈϜ୾يȄ࣐Πܼ߰ϸݚȂҐ࿾ၑ຀আңеቄ⎁ȮϜ୾ఁفЩၷःޠ ༉يఁޠᆎϛӤڎᄈྲᇅᄕᡘϜ՚НϾٿᆤӬຠ፤Ȃޠي௄ᅖՎఽхఁ ಜȄ ޠيϜ୾ఁژᘉਣȂ෇ණુޠيеቄ⎁ӶᆤӬຠ፤Ϝ୾௄ᅖՎఽхఁ Ȃȶп᠟စձНಭԆ࣐ഷپȄп፟โ࣐܉ᢏޠѳ໷৶ᘉȄಒΚ൸࢑൶ѡ ຝᑀҴࡧՄȄȷӶ஥ۧ൶ѡϟࠊණ܈२ȄȷಒΡȂȶ࣐୒२ଅᏺᇅዂॽȂ ίȂ௵ңစᝳ࣐ցྦȂȶᅖпࡤձ޲ӼൊЖңစᇮձᜍ݃Ȃࢉစᝳᡑ࣐М ପࡧདྷޠ๙ᄈ᠍ࡅȄȷಒήȂȶ࣐୒२Н᛻Ȃ܈౲ऌᏱᇅᄃңȷȄഷࡤΚ ࡚Ȅȷ9ښيఁޠၐڻՅّȂȶુнيᘉ࢑൸඾Іఁ

ȞΚȟȶ᠍ࡅȷᇅȶ៞ሼȷ༉ಜ! ༉ޠࣽȂϜ୾ٿ๙ᄈ᠍ࡅޠᇅຝစᝳ࣐Мପࡧདྷ܉֏΢௄൶ѡᢏݏԄ .୒Ӫ᠍ࡅȄ਴ᐄऽ୾ቕᐞτᏱࠊႁᅮНᏱଲଲߞᛴࣩᕓςȞSir G. Eيಜఁ ޠࡅ᠍ܜՔл्Ӷ༉ِޠөȶঢ়ȷܗȂϜ୾өᏱࣃفЩၷःޠR. Lloydȟ ༉ಜȄޠ᛹ࠍ౱Ң៞ሼוНᝧȂࣻᄈӵȂ՚Рѡ ᡇՅ୥ᇅϵӔ՘࢈Ȃܫ࠳٥࢈ݾȂҦܼՍҦϵҖ߾೾ႇޠڑ᛹໰וѡ ఁ΢ᇴ״ѭαॷيȂӱԫȂ౱Ң՚ࢸఁޠሰܛπϘ࢑ാӉϵӔࣁ୞ޠԂً Ӥ჊࣐ᄈຬȂܗᙜཿఁ৲—៞޲ȞSophistsȟȄпΚૢϵҖȃᄈКޠ׭Ѿ݉ ՘ᇴ݉ᇅ፤៞ȄࣻᄈӵȂলᏱᇅऌᏱձࠣл्ໍٿ៞޲ఁ΢Ԅե࡛ᄻ፤ᜍ ߾пΚૢϵҖȃᄈКȃӤ჊ᇅ዗Ӷޠଢᓎ޲ܗᏱҢ࣐ᄈຬȄ೾ளᏱҢউཽ ఁᏱࣁ୞ٲᒶᐆఁ৲ȄӱԫȂ൸჌ϵӔࣁ୞ΚኻȂ௄ٯၾܼٗϛӤᏱࣃȂ ᔟᄈКȂᇴ݉Ӥ჊Ȃп֝ЖᇅᆱᛯᏱҢȄ10ܪٿఁ৲ηሰ्ၽң፤ᜍޠ

ѭȯȞᇄіȈ୾ҴጢណᓣʝҔϜਫ׌Ȃ1990 ԒȟȂॳ 263-265Ȅيеቄ⎁ጢ຀ȈȮϜ୾ఁ 9 10 G. E .R. Lloyd, Adversaries and Authorities: Investigations into Ancient Greek and Chinese Sciences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), chs. 2, 4. ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧ 83ޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃

ϛӤȂӶܼ៞޲ఁ΢Ԅե࡛ᄻ፤ᜍȂࠊණޠলᏱঢ়ޠᜌޤف៞޲ᇅ௥ ȞSocrates, d. 399ۼܝւઊȂՅងੀޠ࢑ঐ΢ޠཏُȂଢഃޠӼ࢑ঐ΢ B.C.ȟᇅࢨܝშȞPlato, 427-347 B.C.ȟࠔᇰ࣐හᜌࣁ୞ഷ२्ޠҭޠӶܼ ႇโϜȂΚҎя౫ޠ೾ႇ៞ᜍРԓȂӶᄈၘܓଢؒ઎౪Ȃӱԫл஼ၽң౪ ٴᜌȄޤ઎ޠᜌਣȂ୥ᇅ޲ࠍܺతϐُȂໍՅึ৥я඾ႈӔࣻޤ઎ܗԂ؂ ᡓᒯ຀ձȮࡤϸݚޠᜌޤ٩ලӼ኉ȞAristotle, 384-322 B.C.ȟӶ௥ଇᜍ݃ ᗒ৸Ȃп኶ᏱϜᅌᛱᜍޠᜌޤ጖ȯȞPosterior AnalyticsȟϜȂѫ៧ଢؒ઎ ঩౪џ၍មΚܗ঩ӱޠڔ֊ȃޠᜍ݃࢑ഇႇᎍ࿌ޠ࣐ጓ࠯Ȃл஼ഷ׈ज݃ ,ᜌȞquiaޤᄃٲȄ 11 Ӷ܉౪ޠᜌޤ౫уձ࣐ऌᏱ֖ٿᚡȂڽܗᄃٲঐ ,ᜌȞpropter quidޤᄃϟٲ၍ᇴٿ঩ӱܗknowledge of factȟᇅ਴ᐄ঩౪ Ȅ܉౪ޠᜌޤڐࡤ޲࣐ڦ௵٩ලӼ኉ٴknowledge of reasoned factȟϟϜȂ ঩ޠᄃٲ၍ᇴԫΚٽґණٯᜌȂՅ՘࢒ϛ଱ᛘޤޠᄃٲԄ՘࢒ၷߗ࢑Κ ٻ঩ӱȂڐ՘࢒ၷߗ࣐ٽউණשᄃȂٲӱȇࣻЇӵȂᄈܼ՘࢒ϛ଱ᛘ೼Κ ዊංԾޠ٩ලӼ኉เఐٴᜌȄ12Щޤᄃϟٲ၍ᇴٿ঩ӱܗԚ࣐਴ᐄ঩౪ڐ ٿ኉ȞEuclid, fl. 300 B.C.ȟȂӶȮංե঩ҐȯϜ௵ң௄ϵ೪ȃۢဏȃۢ౪ ԓȂםޠ܉ᜌ౪ޤ٩ලӼ኉ٴ኶Ᏹᐍ౪࣐ಓӬޠРԓȂ஡Ӓࠊޠ௱፤๗፤ ጓձȄ13ޠٺഷ܉ᜌ౪ޤԚ࣐ԫᆎ ! !ϲৡيఁޠȞΡȟ౵፵ ԄݏϜ՚Ᏹ೛Ӷȶ᠍ࡅȷᇅȶ៞ሼȷ༉ಜίȂϸրึ৥яөՍޠࡧདྷ ϲي༉ಜȄӒ௄ఁيఁޠᆎϛӤڎউѠпၑ຀ϸݚש༉ಜȂ௦຀Ȃيᇅఁ ಒή໷৶ޠيϜ୾༉ಜఁޠژϸݚеቄ⎁ණٿࣽȂӲႇٿৡ࢑౵፵Р८ ౲ऌᏱᇅᄃңȷȄࣻᄈӵȂеቄ⎁η޼ۢ΢НҐ՞܈ᘉȂȶ࣐୒२Н᛻Ȃ

11 Aristotle, Posterior Analytics, in Jonathan Barnes (ed.), The Complete Works of Aristotle, 2 vols. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), vol. 1, bk 1, chs. 2, 7. 12 Steven J. Livesey, “The Subalternation of the Sciences,” in Theology and Science in the Four- teenth Century: Three Questions on the Unity and Subalternation of the Sciences from John of Reading’s Commentary on the Sentences, introduction and critical edition by Steven Livesey (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1989), pp. 20-53, esp. pp. 23-24. 13 , The Thirteen Books of Euclid’s Elements, translated from the text of Heiberg, with introduction and commentary by Sir Thomas L. Heath, second ed. (New York: Dover Publications, [1956]). Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 84

НᏱ࣐лȂְ߾΢ڑఁ؆пစޠᓻᘉȄȶϜ୾Ᏹਯޠيఁ؆࢑Ϝ୾ᙠఁޠ ఁ؆࢑࡟ޠ፵ऌᏱޑ࢈ݾަཽঘ౪ၿ኉๊ୱᚡȂقଇ፤޲ӼܛᏱऌȂޠН ಜقᢏᄇȂޠȶՎܼՍดࣩ౫ຬژᜌȂеቄ⎁ᗚණޤȄȷ14ᜱܼՍดޠЎ Ȅȷ15ޠԥء࣐ુнȂӶ፟โϜ࢑׈ӓ؂ᜌȂӶϜ୾ޤϟऌᏱ Ȟliberal educationȟȂ៞޲يീ໰ఁޠ᛹ȶ៞ሼȷ༉ಜϜึ৥וӶѡ ٩ලٴଌጜȄ៞፤೛࣐ޠ៞፤೛ȃঔ᜞ᇅНݳٽᗷఁ΢࣐ϐւ៞፤Ȃࠔණ ࠊή᛻ޠхȂܼ࢑ȂНݳȃঔ᜞ᇅᡓᒯಣԚΝ᛻ϜڦܛᡓᒯޠӼ኉ึ৥ ȞtriviumȟȄђαӶ౴ႁ঱ܝලȞPythagoras, ca. 560-ca. 480 B.C.ȟޠኈ៫ ίȂ౱ҢΠᄈᆘ೛ȃංեȃЉНᇅॲ዆ޠ໕࡚ȞharmonyȟಣԚޠࡤѳ᛻ ໕࡚ޠЉНԥᜱȂЉНᇅॲ዆ڸϜᆘ೛ᇅංեڐȞquadriviumȟϟଢؒȂ ޤऌᏱٳпࡤѳ᛻ᄃርαϑє֥ΚܛᜌԥஞϹᜱ߾ȂޤՍดޠѡхЉᡞڸ ๗ӬȄޠΝ᛻Ѡᇴ࢑΢НᇅऌᏱޠي᛹ീ໰ఁוϲৡȄӱԫȂѡޠᜌ Սดۼܝ٩ලӼ኉ϛկึ৥яΚᐍ৉ᡓᒯձࠣȂ16ηӶងੀٴԫѵȂ ಜՍดলᏱ຀ձȂ17СࡤԚ࣐قኈ៫ίȂึ৥яΚ৉ޠშܝࢨ৲ڐলᏱᇅ ܗࣽȂऌᏱٿᢏᘉޠيϲৡȄӱԫȂ௄Ϝ՚ЩၷఁޠيϜзखീ໰೾ᜌఁ ϲৡيᆎ༉ಜఁڎ๗ӬȂѠᇴ࢑Ϝ՚ޠᜌȂࣦՎ΢НᇅऌᏱޤՍดޠಜق ϲৡȄيఁޠຠម༉ಜᗚ஽ϾΠ౵፵ܗݨ౶ڑ२ᘉȂՅйϜ՚စޠϜ౵፵

ѭȯȂॳ 267Ȅيеቄ⎁ጢ຀ȈȮϜ୾ఁ 14 15 ӤαਫȂॳ 264Ȅ ໲ȞThe OrganonȟȈȮጓᛠ፤ȯڏϏޠԚΚ৉ࡧདྷםᡓᒯ຀ձӔԥϳҐȂޠ٩ලӼ኉ٴ 16 ȞCategoriesȟȃȮ፤၍មȯȞOn InterpretationȟȃȮϸݚࠊ፤ȯȞPriori Analyticsȟȃ Ȯϸݚࡤ፤ȯȞPosteri AnalyticsȟȃȮࠊණ፤ȯȞOn TopicsȟȃȮᒲᙳ፤ȯȞSophistical ԆມȞtermsȟȂȮ፤၍មȯଇ፤ޠޑٲඣख़ٿϜȮጓᛠ፤ȯଇ፤΢উңڐRefutationsȟȄ ޠᚡಣԚᏳӪΚ௱፤ڽᚡȞpropositionsȟȂȮϸݚࠊ፤ȯϸݚҦڽޠҦԆມಣԚңпചख़ -РݳȞmethods of disޠᜌޤฑᘉ࢑ึ౫ᇅᜍ݃ޠήࢳ፤ݳȞsyllogismȟȂȮϸݚࡤ፤ȯ ೤ࠍȂȮᒲᙳ፤ȯ௦຀ޠ៞ຢ፤ຢٽcovery and proof of new knowledgeȟȂȮࠊණ፤ȯණ ೤ࠍȄBurgess Laughlin, The Aristotle Adventure: A Guide toޠᔯຝᇅථ៪ᓀᇳٿȮࠊණ፤ȯ the Greek, Arabic, and Scholars Who Transmitted Aristotle’s Logic to the Renaissance (Flagstaff, Arizona: Albert Hale Publishing, 1995), pp. 6-8. ࣻᜱ፤ڸ঩౪ڐၽ୞ᇅᡑϾȂІޠ٩ලӼ኉ՍดলᏱѠϸ࣐ՍดলᏱᖃ፤Ȃ௥ଇኅဏٴ 17 ᚡޠȮޑ౪ᏱȯȞPhysicsȟȂпІєࢃȮ፤ЉȯȞOn the HeavensȟȃȮ੊ຬᏱȯ ȞMeteorologyȟȃȮҢԚᇅྒྷྟȯȞOn Generation and CorruptionȟȃȮ᡺ቁ፤ȯȞOn the Soulȟ๊ϸੇޠ஠ߟ຀ձȄ ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧ 85ޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃

!ϲৡيఁޠຠម༉ಜ஽ϾΠ౵፵ܗݨ౶ڑȞήȟစ ᛹ᇅו᎐ႅпࠊȂϜ՚НϾᗷดӶѡޠ༉ಜيӶ݃Ғ౪Ᏹᇅढᑚཽఁ ܗݨ౶ޠࡤစႇϛӤڐ຀ձȂڑऌᏱစܗ΢НޠӒપਣ෉ϸրя౫ΠϛӤ ϲৡȄي౵፵ఁޠ༉ಜϜ२्يຠម༉ಜȂ஽ϾөՍఁ ੬ޠఽхژ࢑௄ᅖ܉྆ޠਣȂࡿя൶ѡيеቄ⎁ӶᆤӬຠ፤Ϝ୾ఁ ȂуࡿяȈپ२ᘉȄпΫήစ࣐ޠ࢑፟โР८ޣᘉȄ᠟စΚ

ᅖҴȮܿȯȃȮၒȯȃȮਫȯȃȮᙅȯȃȮࢍऎȯ๊ϥစീςȇ ڻՎᚮਤέђȮ፤ᇮȯȃȮׄစȯΡစȇՎভ൸ϥစϜϟȮ ᙅȯȃȮ቉ᙅȯȃȮϵՁȯȃȮጋఘȯϸՅಭϟȂݚ࣐Οစȇ໡ Ԛ໣ђȮ፤ᇮȯȃȮׄစȯȃȮᅮ໰ȯȂ࢑࣐ΫΡစȇՎ׉ӗ Ȯ۞φȯܼစഌȂ࢑࣐ΫήစȄ18

༉ಜ౱Ңي࡚ȂစਫᇅϜ୾ఁښܧᒶޠՍ௄ᅖх೪ҴۣᏱȂ೾ႇНۣ ! ! ᏱಭϲৡȂ੬ր࢑ࡤзᖃᆏ࣐ޠ࣐ஆҐڑᏑঢ়စޠஞϹഀ๗ȄпӒપਣ෉ л्ϲৡ࢑΢ޠݨᇅ౶Ȅ೼Κ৉ᘏਫޠԥ׈ᐍڏٯԚȂם׉хژΫήစȂ ՍดٳϜᗷ֥ࢃΚڐଇ፤޲୒२࢈ݾަཽঘ౪ၿ኉๊ୱᚡȂܛᏱऌȂޠН ݨមȄȷ19ޠᜌȂѠ࢑Ȃ֖౫αࠔȶԚΚ఩఩ȃΚѰѰМᚕખ࿦ޤ Μзࣩη໡ۗΠܝݨ౶༉ಜเఐϟਣȂ՚Рޠङၷᅖх໡ۗϜ୾စਫ Ȃീ඼౲پ٩ලӼ኉ᡓᒯ࣐ٴຠម༉ಜȞCommentary TraditionȟȄп ٩ලӼ኉Ȳጓٴ΢ቹΠҐȮޠȞPorphyry of Tyre, ca. 233-305ȟ࣐ߒᏱᡓᒯ ᛠ፤ȳᏳ፤ȯȞIsagoge, Introduction to Aristotle’s CategoriesȟȂу௄ུࢨ ٩ලӼ኉Ȳጓᛠ፤ȳਣȂ੬ր२ຝᜱܼ឵ٴϮಞٿᢏᘉޠშлဏܝ ȞgenusȟᇅᆎȞspeciesȟІuniversalԥᜱޠήঐୱᚡȂ20 စႇീ৆ঔල

ѭȯȂॳ 263Ȅيеቄ⎁ጢ຀ȈȮϜ୾ఁ 18 ऌᏱيȈఁٶЩၷަཽᏱϸݚȯȞіޠᜌѭޤيȈϜ୾ఁښᜌᅌϾᇅަཽ௢ޤথȈȮ֕ 19 яޏަȂ2002 ԒȟȂॳ 101Ȅ ѻউݏ፝ؒӒଇ፤ѻউ࢑֐઎ᄃԇӶȂᗚ࢑༊༊ԇӶܼࡧདྷϟϜȉԄשȶᜱܼᆎᇅ឵Ȃ 20 ޑٲܓϜȂᗚ࢑ᇅདڐԇӶܼٯޑٲܓᒧདٸȉѻউޠםȂᗚ࢑ณޠם࢑઎ᄃԇӶȂ࢑ԥ ȄȷPorphyry, “Isagoge,” inف௥ٿτѓЊ؂Ȃሰ्ίفःޠȉҦܼ೼࢑Κ໷౐ΤޠѠϸᚕ Paul Vincent Spade trans. and ed., Five Texts on the Medieval Problem of Universals: Porphyry, Boethius, Abelard, Duns Scotus, Ockham (Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, 1994), pp. 1-19, esp. p. 1. Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 86

٩ලӼ኉Ȳጓᛠ፤ȳᏳ፤ȯٴȞBoethius, 480-525ȟӶȮԪ፤ീ඼౲Ȉ ȞSecond Commentary on Porphyry’s IsagogeȟϜȂଇ፤universalޠҐ፵ୱᚡ ޠ٩ලӼ኉Ȳጓᛠ፤ȳᏳ፤ȯԚ࣐೩ӼᏱ޲ᏱಭᇅຠមٴࡤȂീ඼౲Ȯ ಒΚҐਫȄ21ޠ٩ලӼ኉ᡓᒯձࠣٴӗ࣐ᏱಭٯਫȂ ࣁ៛ܼϵϰࠊήзखޠ኶Ᏹঢ়ߢஆԾ኉ȞArchimedes, ca. 287-212 ߢஆԾ኉༉ಜȄ22ӶޠԚϜзखםຠមᇅᙛណȂޠ຀ձޠB.C.ȟȂԥᜱу ٩ලӼ኉ՍดলᏱٴຠ፤ٿ᛹Нוң௵ٳϳзख໣ϑя౫ΚژϵϰΡзख .შлဏ޲ٛ඾٩ঔලȞSimplicius, ca. 500- dܝϜєࢃུࢨڐձࠣȂޠ຀ձ after 533ȟᇅङᑲȅຆࣅ඾ાලȞJohn of Philoponus, ca. 490-570sȟޠຠ Ϝڐ᛹ᚃᏱᇅՍดলᏱձࠣࡤȂוճзࣩӶΟзख໡ۗᙛណѡܝមȄ࿌ߢ пߢᆱ࠷٦ȞAvicenna or Ibn Sina, 980-1037ȟᇅߢᆱࣅලȞAverroes or Ibn ٩ٴኈ៫Ȅ23ߢᆱࣅලᄈڏຠមഷޠ٩ලӼ኉຀ձٴRushd, 1126-1198ȟᄈ ٩ලӼ኉Սดলٴຠមାႁ 38 ᆎȄ24ΫήзखτᏱᑺକࡤȂޠලӼ኉຀ձ ᏱណձᇅߢᆱࣅලޠຠមᙛណȂԚ࣐τᏱീ໰೾ᜌ፟โϜޠΚഌӌȄ25

ԄȂSaint of StridonȞ348-420ȟᇅDomingo GundisalvoȞfl. 1140ȟࣲл஼ӶᏱಭپ 21 ٩ලӼ኉Ȳጓᛠ፤ȳȄBurgessٴ٩ලӼ኉Ȳጓᛠ፤ȳᏳ፤ȯᔗӒܼٴȮޠᡓᒯਣȂീ඼౲ Laughlin, The Aristotle Adventure, p. 63; Domingo Gundisalvo, “On Logic,” translated by Mar- shall Clagett and Edward Grant, annoted by Edward Grant, in Edward Grant (ed.), A Sourcebook in Medieval Science (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University press, 1974), pp. 67-68, esp. p. 68. 22 Marshall Clagett, “Archimedes,” in Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 1 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1970), pp. 213-231. ౪ޑណҐȂȮޠ٩ලӼ኉ՍดলᏱР८ٴȂҭࠊᜱܼޤܛ਴ᐄါ៍੬ȞEdward Grantȟ 23 ᛹НҐКጉ 190 ьȂוޠճНҐКጉ 134 ьȇȮ፤Љȯܝ᛹НҐКጉ 371 ьȂߢוޠᏱȯ ճНҐКጉ 113 ьȇܝ᛹НҐКጉ 175 ьȂߢוޠճНҐКጉ 173 ьȇȮ੊ຬᏱȯܝߢ ᛹НҐКוޠճНҐКጉ 48 ьȇȮ᡺ቁ፤ȯܝ᛹НҐКጉ 308 ьȂߢוޠȮҢԚᇅྒྷྟȯ ጉ 423 ьȂߢܝճНҐКጉ 118 ьȄEdward Grant, The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional, and Intellectual Contexts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 26-29. 24 Ibid., p. 30. 25 C. Lindberg, The Beginnings of Western Science: The European Scientific Tradition in Philosohical, Religious, and Institutional Context, 600 B.C. to 1450 A.D. (Chicago: The Univer- sity of Chicago Press, 1992), pp. 216-218. ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧ 87ޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃

!ఁᏱРԓޠȞѳȟϜзखτᏱςݔলᏱ ԄݏϜ՚Ᏹ೛Ӷȶ᠍ࡅȷᇅȶ៞ሼȷ༉ಜίȂϸրึ৥яөՍޠࡧདྷ يఁޠ༉ಜϜ౵፵يຠម༉ಜȂέ஽ϾөՍఁܗݨ౶ޠ༉ಜȂϛӤيᇅఁ ձޠ໣౱ҢΠ௱ݱֆᝣڐఁᏱРԓηӶޠϲৡȂࠍϜзखτᏱςݔলᏱ ңȄ ϜзखӶఁᏱРԓαȂଷΠՃ৲୵ᇅᏱҢ᠚ቹȂђαԥਣఁ৲ཽᄈᇮ ມђп၍ᇴޠᗀ௳፟Ȟlectio, lectureȟпѵȂᗚԥଭᄈӔӤᎨ᠟ޠНҐϜޠ ೾ள፤៞Ȟdisputatio, disputationȟȂη൸ޠࡿۢୱᚡȂໍ՘МࡼᇅЇᄈ໣ ᏱҢਡᢏȂޠԒڎ፤៞Ȅ೾ளࠊޠ࢑ᏱಭԄեජඬԥւᇅϛւᘉໍ՘፤ᜍ ଳᕋȂໍ՘፤៞ȂഷࡤҦޠЇᄈܗМࡼژಒѳԒ઼ਣϘೞՃ৲ϸܗಒήژ ፤៞Ѭ࢑Κޠ๏਱Ȅ೼ᆎМࡼᇅЇᄈ໣ޠ፤ᜍᐍӬ࣐ΚጃۢޠՃ৲஡ϛӤ ҴൠȂޠЇᄈܗԫΚРԓໍ՘Ȃณ፤࢑યӶМࡼڦ௵РԓȂΚҎޠᆎଌጜ ϛߓұঐ΢ٯϛւ೏ໍ՘፤ᜍȂ೼હᆟ࢑ΚᆎᏱಭРԓȂܗଭᄈୱᚡԥւ РݳଌጜޠఁᏱଌጜѬ࢑ςݔলᏱޠᄃ፵ҴൠȄ೾ள፤៞Ȟdisputationȟޠ ޠΚഌӌȂѫΚᆎଌጜޠРԓ࢑ȶୱᚡȷȞquestio, questionȟȂη൸࢑Ӷ ϛւܗԥւڦ௵፤៞Ȃଭᄈϛ੬ۢୱᚡޠ፤៞ϜၽңМࡼᇅЇᄈ໣ޠϵӔ ୱᚡޠӵᔗңӶՍดলᏱȃઢᏱᇅᚃᏱހ೏ໍ՘፤ᜍȄ26 ԫᆎРݳೞኅ αȄ

Ȟϥȟ౵ᄻޠϜзखτᏱ፟โ๗ᄻ! ፟โ๗ᄻȄϜзखޠϲৡпѵȂᗚԥ౵ᄻيఁޠ༉ಜӶ౵፵يϜ՚ఁ ϸ࣐ѳঐȶᏱଲȷȞfacultiesȟȈീ໰፟โȞliberal artsȟȃઢيτᏱఁ ീ໰೾ᜌ፟โᇅޠঐቺ઼Ȉஆᙄቺ઼ڎᏱȃᚃᏱȃݳࡢȄӶᏱಭαୣϸ࣐ ା઼஠ཿ፟โȄ ٩ලٴീ໰፟โ߾пޠӶ࣐ᙜཿଌጜ୉ྦറȂஆᙄቺ઼ޠҭي஠ཿఁ αᏱ๊࣐л्௳፟ϲৡȂӕህп኶ᏱםᡓᒯᇅՍดলᏱȃঘ౪ᏱᇅޠӼ኉ റ࣐ᙜཿଌጜ୉ྦڏീ໰፟โϛޠ౪፤ᏳӪڏѳ᛻፟โȄ27೼ᆎ౐ޠР८ ճзࣩᙛណܝ٩ලӼ኉຀ձ௄ߢٴȂѬ࢑࡭ഈΫΡзखєࢃޠᄃңҭޠറ

26 Edward Grant, The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages, pp. 41-42. 27 Ibid., pp. 42-47. Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 88

හᜌᒹ౱ȂՅϛӶܼಓӬϜޠճзࣩܝ᛹ᇅߢוܜΜᇮзࣩȂѻ༉ܝژӲ ஆᙄȄ28ޠڿሰؒȂࠔ࣐СࡤऌᏱึ৥൩ۢΚঐᛨޠᄃңཽަޠзख ஆᙄȄӶޠΠ्҇ٽ஠ཿ፟โණޠീ໰೾ᜌ፟โҼ࣐჌ઢᏱޠߩᄃң ᇰᜌആٿРԓޠϜзखНϾϜȂଷΠ೾ႇ߭ӊпᆌॲ༉ఁޠஆ࿝ఁဏл৛ ޑлпѵȂӶȮဒစȅ഻зखȯޠϳЉ഻ആзࣩȃ୞ෛޑᇅ΢ޠႇโϜȂ ޠѫΚᆎ೾ႇ᳔ٽձࠣȞGod’s workȟȂණޠлޑȶՍดȷȞNatureȟ࢑ആ ഋ৸Ȃᆏϟ࣐ȶՍดઢᏱȷȞNaturalޠᜍ᳔݃ԇӶܗᇰᜌٿձࠣ ԇӶȄӶуණяޠᜍ݃ЉлٿҴൠޠᜌޤTheologyȟȄߢ࠹٦൸আңՍด ܗ୞ΩӱޠԇӶϟϜȂಒΡᆎРԓ൸ւңѳӱᇴϜޠᜍ݃ЉлٿϥᆎРԓ ԇӶȄҦܼ঩ޠ௱፤ЉлٿԇӶޠޑٲРԓȂ௄ՍดޠԚӱȂစҦ௱౪ם ঩ӱȄѫΚРޠԚםϛѠ૗࢑ՍٙޑٲঐրޠпՍดࣩܛȂݏӱӒܼ๗ םܗ୞Ωӱޠז঩ӱȂѠпึ౫ΚԥԪޠޑٲӲ௱ঐր܂ݏ௄๗ٻ֊८Ȃ ԚӱȂ൸םܗ୞ΩӱޠഷߒژӗȂηϛѠ૗௱ՎณጐȂഷࡤ҇໹௱قԚӱ ࢑ЉлȂҼ֊഻ആзࣩᇅ΢ϛྟޠ᡺ቁޠಒΚӱȄಒϥᆎРԓࠍ௄ҭޠӱ Ȅ29ޠആԚޠ੬ۢҭٸȂᘫӱܼЉлۥԈޠזР८Ȃ஡ԫΚԥફ ණيઢᏱఁޠീ໰೾ᜌ፟โ࣐஠ཿޠࣻᄈܼ՚РϜзखτᏱȂߩᄃң ࢑ȂϜ୾ޠ๗ᄻԥրޠஆᙄȂᇅ೼ᆎစҦീ໰೾ᜌໍՅᏱಭ஠ཿޠ्҇ٽ ೪ဋȄឌԄȂ໨пࠊЉܛϸيᇅ஠ཿఁي୾φᆀࠔ࢑஡ΚૢစᏱఁޠ༉ಜ ࢑೪ӶѭۣߟίȂ໨්ਣӗΤ୾ᏱϟΚȂভ්஡ᆘᏱᇅ୾يఁޠНᐎᆘ ୾ᏱȄ30ܛϳޠᆏ࣐୾φᆀᆔᗓίٯφȃЋᏱȃѳߟȃਫȃࡢ๊

28 David C. Lindberg, “The Transmission of Greek and Arabic Learning to the West,” in David C. Lindberg ed., Science in the Middle Ages (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987), pp. 52-90; Edward Grant, The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages, pp. 49-50. ԇޠആ޲Ȃ࢑ୌดڨഎ࢑ޑ୞޲ȇ࿳ޠϛ୞ޠຢ݃Љл࢑ഷߒٿуήᆎРԓ࢑௄ၽ୞ڐ 29 དޠࣽȂҦίቺٿ઼๊ޠԇԥȇ௄ԇԥޠᒧΚ҇ดٸԥȂϛ૗ҦՍٙᡑϾ౱ҢȂഷಥϬ໹ ൸࢑αࡕȄEtienne Gilson, The Christian Philosophy of St. Thomasޠα௱Ȃഷା܂зࣩۣ Aquinas (New York: Random House, 1956), ch. 3: “The Proofs for the Existence of God.” Ȃ1992 ԒȟȂॳ 155ȇަޏяيѭȯȞߞؔȈ෺ࠓఁيధԮೈȃ؄ҢᄹȈȮϜ୾ऌ׭ఁ 30 ѭᆫȯȞᇄіȈҔϜਫ׌Ȃ2001 ԒȟȂॳ 12-13ȄيཎНȈȮϜ୾ఁڻ ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧ 89ޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃

!࢑ΚᆎޠᇅЇ࢏ڨ๽ढᑚཽς௦ٿήȃ !يఁޠᇅϜ୾ς΢ϛӤ

ఁ׾९ۡޠЉлఁཽ࣐ΠӲᔗ 1517 Ԓ଼Μၰ኉ȞMartin Lutherȟ໡ః ၽ୞Ȃܼ 1540 ԒӶఁࣳߴᛴήзӉϲȞ1534-49ȟਰঠ೪Ҵޠढᑚཽ ስ஀ϟٺഷޠ࣐ढᑚཽςȞJesuitsȟ݉ଡ଼ఁཽيȞSociety of JesusȟȂຝఁ ༉ಜЇ࢏Ӷ഻ۗ΢ᛴ᝻ޠՍྜܛيஆᙄαȂढᑚཽఁޠيΚȄӶϜзखఁ ڑȈ೾ႇѡхစ܉౪يఁޠȞIgnatius of Loyola, 1491-1556ȟᄈढᑚཽςܝ ٩ලӼ኉লᏱᇅ෾ᅵලȞSt. , ca. 1224-1274ȟٴᏱಭНᏱȃ ๗ޠڸดݽ᠜Π෾ᅵල።ٸيఁޠூढᑚཽςٻ஽ϾහᜌҢࣁȂ31ٿઢᏱ Ҕ࢑ԫᆎᇅϜ୾ఁޠڨ๽ढᑚཽς௦ٿ٩ලӼ኉লᏱᇅઢᏱȂٴೲ՜ٿݏ Ȅيఁޠ༉ಜ౵፵౵ᄻي Πٽ஠ཿ፟โණޠ፟โ๗ᄻȂീ໰೾ᜌ፟โ࣐ઢᏱޠᐄϜзखτᏱٸ ஆᙄȄւᅵᝯӶ 1571 ԒђΤढᑚཽȂԪԒ໡ۗӶᛴ଼Ᏹଲޠ्҇ Μܗఁܼӫ኶Ᏹঢ়ջກࡅςڨ෇ٯȞCollegio Romanoȟ׿᠟লᏱᇅ኶ᏱȂ ӒҢȞChristoph Clavius, 1537-1612ȟߟίȄᛴ଼ᏱଲӶ 1551 ԒԚҴȂ஠ ढᑚཽςȂޠఁ௳ȄΜӒҢ࢑ಒΚхޠуढᑚཽᏱଲڐ࣐ଌጜढᑚཽςᇅ уӶᛴ଼Ᏹଲఁ኶Ᏹߞႁ 37 ԒϟεȂ྄Ωܝܸ኶ᏱӶീ໰፟โϜޠӵ՞Ȅ ᏱҢւᅵᝯᇅ৹ӏఃӬណڐҦڣࠊϳޠу෇ኦቹȮංե঩Ґຠ፤ȯȂԫਫ -ѠВලऌȞJohn of SacroboؔޠңٻВᏎቹԚᇅޠ࣐ϜНȄӶΫήзखߒ Κޠߗхԟ෉౱Ң೩ӼຠមȂ࢑ഷࢻ՘ژscoȟȮЉᡞ౩ȯȂᓎࡤ௄Ϝзख ኈ៫߾ഇႇȮؔѠВලऌЉ౩፤ຠޠҐߒ઼ЉНᏱఁऌਫȄΜӒҢഷτ ࣐ढᑚཽ࡛Ҵ኶ᏱٿមȯȞCommentary on the Sphere of SacroboscoȟȂ Ȅ32فःޠȞєࢃЉНᏱȟ

31 William V. Biangert, A History of the , revised ed. (St. Louis: The Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1986), p. 27. 32 James M. Lattis, Between Copernicus and Galileo: Christopher Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemy Cosmology (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 32-38. ւᅵᝯ෇஡ ᡞဏȯȞ1607ȟՅ༉ΤϜ୾ȄۆȮЉ౩፤ຠមȯഌӌណԚȮୂ Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 90

ڨܛ٩ලӼ኉লᏱᇅߢ࠹٦ઢᏱनෂίȂւᅵᝯٴڸ።ڦ௵Ӷढᑚཽ ଌጜȂ੬ր࢑уစႇςݔলᏱРݳȞscholasticޠᇅઢᏱيീ໰೾ᜌఁޠ methodȟޠଌጜȂዤோϜзखԄեජඬԥւᇅϛւᘉȂଭᄈୱᚡໍ՘፤ᜍ লᏱРݳȄӶᎨ᠟ᇅᙛណȮѳਫȯࡤȂܼȮЉлᄃဏȯϜȂւᅵᝯ࣐Πޠ ጐ౪ȷȂစҦੀՍดޑဏȶੀۢٿРԓޠ༉ክஆ࿝ఁဏȂՅւңςݔলᏱ ޑȂՅጐՎ࿳ޑϟܛпดϟߒޠܛпดȄ33 ፤ᜍആٿӱޠӶȮЉлᄃဏȯϜȂւᅵᝯଷΠစҦ௱౪௄ಒΚӱᇅҭ ࣽݳȂᇰ࣐ȶ૗௱፤౪ޠܓ٩ලӼ኉ᄈᄃᡞᇅ឵ٴԇӶȂ34уᗚ௄ޠлޑ ηȄϧဏ౪හȂӶ௱౪ϟܓᒞ΢ܛȂΞޑᡞܼуڐ޲ȂҴ΢ܼҐ᜹ȂՅր ᒧٸηȄȷ35ւᅵᝯ஡ȶ౪ȷᘫΤܓᒧϟࠣȂϛூ࣐΢ٸࡤηȄ౪ηȂΞ ܓᙥȶϧဏᙅහȂӶ௱౪ϟࡤȷȂ஡ٯ਴ྜȂޠ๢ܓցЉ౪ϛ࢑״ϟࠣȂ ܓޠႲ೪يѳᆓȶϧဏᙅහȷᘫϾȶӶ௱౪ϟࡤȷȂໍΚؐᄈᏑᏱఁޠ๢ ࢑૗௱፤ܓ๢ᇴՅّȂւᅵᝯණя΢ܓޠ๢ᇴණяࢆ᏾Ȅ36ࣻၷܼ२ঘ౪ ޠαُ၍ϛӤܓ༉ಜӶ΢يϜ՚ఁژࣽȂуѠ૗࢑ഷԟΚ՞ញᄇٿ౪޲ ϸޠ፤αܓ༉ಜӶ΢يᆎϛӤఁڎৰրȂѠຝ࣐Ϝ՚ޠ፤ܓ΢Ȅԫᆎ΢ րȄ37 ᡞဏȯȃȮංե঩ҐȯȃۆѫΚР८ȂւᅵᝯӪϜ୾ς΢Ϯಞ჌Ȯୂ Ȯฅᇑ೾ᏵᇴȯȃȮӤНᆘࡿȯȃȮ⷇ৡၷဏȯȃȮข໕ݳဏȯ๊ȂпІ ȞSabbathinus de Ursis, 1575-1620ȟȮ੏՚ЬݳȯȃȮߓܧᅫήޠڔᓎࡤё ࡚ᇴȯȃȮᙐ҂቉ᇴȯȃ໩ᅵᒜȞEmmanuel Diaz, 1574-1659ȟȮЉୱ

ಒ 1 ෉Ȟ1998ڣ ጐ౪ȳȂȮఽ๽ᏱൣȯȂུ 28ޑੀޠ৹ӏѯȈȲւᅵᝯȮЉлᄃဏȯϜ 33 ԒȟȂॳ 47-73Ȅ ȯȂಒ 1 ьȂॳ 381-388ȄړւᅵᝯȈȮЉлᄃဏȯȂԞΤȮЉᏱߒ 34 35 ӤαਫȂॳ 564-565Ȅ НȈȲ݃ҒϜ՚ς΢Ӷȶ౪ȷୱܮ๢ᇴȂၐُܓࢆ᏾ٿ࢑૗௱፤౪޲ܓᜱܼւᅵᝯп΢ 36 ಒ 2 ෉Ȟ2004 ԒȟȂॳ 1-42Ȃ੬ڣ ᎐ႅȈпւᅵᝯ࣐Ӓ៯ȳȂȮΟԏᏱݔȯȂಒ 2ޠᚡα ๢ᇴȷȂॳ 16-ܓхڦ࣐૗௱፤౪޲ܓ᎐ႅȈп΢ޠ፤αܓր࢑ಒѳ࿾ȶϜ՚ς΢Ӷ΢ 22Ȅ ୆೪ȂޠܓϜ՚Рᜱܼ΢ܼښڨӪȂҐ፵αڦቌঅޠᜌᒶᐆޤيߗ΢֕থηࡿяȂȶఁ 37 ȯȂॳښᜌᅌϾᇅަཽ௢ޤϸրȄȷ֕থȈȮޠ΢ޠȷܓ΢ᇅȶ኉ޠȷܓȶ౪ܼښڨ 248Ȅ ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧ 91ޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃

ጓ൝ϲՍดলي឵ܼീ໰೾ᜌఁٳȮޫርੀयȯ๊Ȃ38 ೼ע౲ȯȃାΚ ޠϛӤيႇᇅϜ୾༉ಜఁڨណձȂࣲЇ࢏яуউ෇௦ޠᏱȃ኶ᏱᇅЉНᏱ Ȅي՚Рീ໰೾ᜌఁ ݃Ғढᑚཽς༉Τ՚ᏱਣȂη࢑ॷԪ஡՚Рຠម༉ಜޠձࠣϮಞ๞Ϝ -τᏱȞCoimbra Uniܝ٩ලӼ኉লᏱձࠣȂီຊвऌӱҁٴ୾ς΢Ȅᜱܼ ఁऌਫȂᡘұढޠΚ৉ຠមԓޏΫΝзखߒяژversityȟ෇ܼΫϳзखҒ ๽ढᑚཽςരԸርȞFranciscus Furtado, 1587-ٿϟ२ຝȄڐᄈيᑚཽఁ ڐ঩Ґ൸࢑ޠᐄٸܛȮᏲԥၜȯ39ᇅȮӫ౪௥ȯ40Ȃޠ1653ȟᇅ؄ϟ᝾Ӭណ ఁऌਫȄޠጢቹٿ፤ᜍȂޠ֐ۢܗҐȂ௵ңςݔলᏱРݳණяМࡼڎޠϜ 41 !ϮಞϜܓΚૢޠيѳȃȮ՚ᏱδȯӶᄈ՚Рఁ !ஆᙄᇅӶϜρᎵԚϟᄻདྷޠيᄕᡘઢᏱఁ

ႇΚᆎᇅϜ୾ϛڨϜНձࠣЇ࢏яуউ෇௦ޠ๽ढᑚཽςٿҒ݃ݏԄ ༉ಜيఁޠ৥౫я՚РϛӤޠ௦ޣ؂Ϯಞޠي༉ಜȂуউᄈ՚РఁيӤఁ ຀ձȮ՚ᏱδȯȃȮᙜРѵखȯȃȮ่҃يѳҐϮಞఁޠᇅϲৡȄӶ༉Τ ࢑ՕᏑ౲ޠܓхߓڏϜഷڐȯᇅȮ՚ᏱঔٙȯȂࣲᇅஆ࿝ఁဏԥᜱȂيఁ ي༉ఁ௒ძȂ਴ᐄ՚РϜзखτᏱఁޠȮ՚ᏱδȯȂӱ࣐ԫਫ߾୥ྲ࿌ਣ Р਱Ȅܓڟ׃ޠઢᏱ΢Ϙي፟โϲৡᇅ๗ᄻȂഷࡤණяΚঐӶϜρஊޠ

ȯȂಒ 3 ьȇړᇴȃ৹ӏః์ଅȃ؄ϟ᝾ॐҔȈȮ੏՚ЬݳȯȂԞΤȮЉᏱߒ㏟ܧᅫή 38 ㏟ܧȯȂಒ 5 ьȇᅫήړᅮஷ์ଅȈȮߓ࡚ᇴȯȂԞΤȮЉᏱߒڠφཎȃڻπ௳Ȃܧᅫή ȯȂಒ 5 ьȇ໩ᅵᒜȈȮЉୱ౲ȯȂԞړᇴȃ৹ӏః⨬ଅȈȮᙐ҂቉ᇴȯȂԞΤȮЉᏱߒ ༉Нᝧήݎኦȃᗻ໵ॐȈȮޫርੀयȯȂԞΤȮЉлఁעȯȂಒ 5 ьȇାΚړΤȮЉᏱߒ ȟȂಒ 2 ьȄޏጢȯȞᇄіȈᇄᢋᏱҢਫ׌Ȃ1984 ԒኈӠӕ രԸርኦȂ؄ϟ᝾ណȈȮᏲԥၜȯȞᇄі୾ঢ়შਫᓣᙡ݃஥ᆋϰԒȦ1628ȧёҐȟȄ 39 ьȞᇄіȈᇄᢋ୧ଡ଼ӠਫᓣȂ1965ڎരԸርណဏȂ؄ϟ᝾ႁ᜞ȈȮӫ౪௥ȯȂαί 40 ԒȟȄ 41 Commentarii Collegii Conimbricensis, Societatis Iesv, in qvatvor libros De coelo, Meteorologi- cos & Parua naturalia, Aristotelis Stagiritae. Hac qvinta in Germania editione, partim Graeci contextus Latino e regione respondentis accessione auctiores, partim per omnia correctiores in Studiosorum gratiam editi (Coloniae: Impensis Lazari Zetzneri, 1603); Commentarii Collegii Conimbricensis e Societate Jesv: In Vniversam Dialecticam Aristotelis Stagiritae nunc Primum in Germania in lucem editi (Coloniae Agrippinae, Apud Bernardvm Gualterivm, 1611). Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 92

ȉȮ՚ᏱঔٙȯԠںࣽȂαख़ѳҐਫࣲᇅஆ࿝ఁဏԥᜱٿ௄Ϩቅᢏᘉ ϸݚȄ42Ȯ่ޠӶӪϜ୾ς΢Ϯಞ෾ᅵලঘ౪ᏱȂ೼Р८؄҅࿰ϑԥၐಡ ӶҔጃகࡆᒶᐆژ࢑கࡆȂ੬րණޠϟ঩ȳϜȂፚيȯॷതȲఁيఁ҃ ێȂЇ࢏ΠЉлఁཽᄈ࢒ќᇅાێᇴݳȂηϛ्ાޠঢ়ڽίȂϛ्ࣻ߭࢒ ΚಒΝതȲᏱϟۗȳϜȂл஼ᏱີҦҐՅІҒȄȶҐ޲Ȃڣл஼Ȅ43Ӷޠ ϧηȄȌȌϧϟᏱέҐιЉлȂ֊пིࣨЉл࣐ॷѓȄȌȌ΢ܓ঩߾ιЉ זޠȂӶᗻᓓٿҐ਴ȂಥᘫЉл޲ȂဏηȄȷ44ᝓੀᇴڐлȂࠍ΢ۗᏱߖ ಒΚۡԠȂఓૅིٙϟ጖ۧႥΚቺȄȷ45ԫٿϜϑࡿяȶིࣨЉлȂЏ՚ ਫȄ46ޠР८يঘ౪ఁڌፚ҃ٿਫѠпࣽԚ࢑ΚҐ௄ஆ࿝ఁဏ ȞDiego de Pantoja, 1571-1618ȟᙛណӵშਣשȮᙜРѵखȯ঩࢑ᛂड़ ਑Յೞ៯ᚕՎᐭߟࡤȂ48စՕᏑ౲ቩܴژఁ਱Ϝу᎐ٶ၍ᇴȂ47Ӷࠓޠђܛ ၚۊлϟઢϾณ໕Ȃ࢑ࢉϥР࿳୾ϟޑណࡤՅԚਫȄԫਫϬ஽።ȶЊ௚ആ ޤϛሊȄȷ49ଷΠϮಞӵ౪ڿカȂߖҐᗚ঩Ȃ৸ܛȂࡧു܉ϛጐȄ঒Κᙾ ᜌѵȂӶȲዊᛴВᖃᇴȳϟϜȂϮಞዊᛴВޠ໾ॶȃՙ݉ȃয়ࡊᇅЉлఁ Ȅ50يпѵȂᗚԥ஡ߗѳॳѿѢᙐ्ᇴ݃Ᏹਯఁ ࣽȂՕᏑ౲࣐Ϩቅ्ӶԫਫϜл୞ٿȮ՚Ᏹδȯޠ஠ߟϮಞ՚ᏱژӲ ጐ౪ȷϟӫޑւᅵᝯᙥȶੀ៊۾ȉ์޲ᇰ࣐ȂуଷΠںيఁޠӵϮಞ՚Р ஠ཿઢᙜ΢সȂՕᏑ౲ၑშӶᄈ՚ޠ༉Τ՚ᏱпѵȂ࣐ٙ༉ክஆ࿝ఁဏٿ

Thomas H. C. LeeȞ؄҅࿰ȟ, “Alphonsus Vagnoni and His Western Laerning on Personal 42 Cultivation: The First Introduction of St. Thomas’ Ethical Ideas in Chinese,” in Chou Chih-p’ing ፵҂ȟȃWillard PetersonȞᇥ኉ҢȟጢȈȮ୾ѭਜ਼੖໡ུ፤Ȉնऽਣఁ௳ᄹଞ፤НڻȞ ໲ȯȞᇄіȈ ᖓစяޏަȂ2002 ԒȟȂॳ 347-377Ȅ ȯȂԞΤយቂҎȃ؈Ⴢջȃ༂Κၼȃણ҂Κ๊ጢȈȮ৹ঢ়༙ᙡਫዃيȈȮ่҃ఁעାΚ 43 ݃ఽЉлఁНᝧȯȞᇄіȈРᔽяޏަȂ1996 ԒȟȂಒ 1 ьȂॳ 253-257Ȅ 44 ӤαਫȂॳ 295Ȅ 45 ӤαਫȂॳ 241Ȅ ȶԫߩᑀ่҃ਫηȂঔቇݾ҂ᅿӶ࢑ؽȄȷȶᗷᒞԫਫ࣐ЄಒђϟӓਫȂѠηȄȷӤα 46 ਫȂॳ 239, 241-242Ȅ ᇅשȯȂಒ 3 ьȂॳ 1306ȇ஼㋂ȈȮᛂड़ړՕᏑ౲ቩណȈȮᙜРѵखȯȂԞΤȮЉᏱߒ 47 Ȃ1997 ԒȟȂॳ 306-307ȄަޏშਫᓣяٶȈіٶϜ୾ȯȞі ఁ਱ȳȄٶᇅࠓשᇅϜ୾ȯȂಒ 11 തȲᛂड़ש஼㋂ȈȮᛂड़ 48 49 ՕᏑ౲ቩណȈȮᙜРѵखȯȂॳ 1308-1309Ȅ 50 ӤαਫȂॳ 1360-1364Ȅ ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧ 93ޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃

ஆᙄȂ߾೾ႇНऌᇅ౪ऌՅޠيϮಞϜȂᄕᡘяઢᏱఁޠܓ୉ΚૢيРఁ ༉ఁ௒ძȂණޠȄуᗚଭᄈ࿌ਣيఁఁۡޠΚᆎ஠ཿޠІܼєࢃၿऌӶϲ яΚᆎஊᎵϜ୾ઢᏱ΢ϘޠᎵԚᄻདྷȄ ༉ΤпࠊȂ֏΢ூӒ൸ུᏱᜌ༉Τ౵НϾਣȂ௄ԟ෉يӶϸݚ՚Рఁ ࣽȂ݃ఽϟር༉ٿୱᚡޠӡᓏܗᄈࢌԥНϾ࢑֐ԥңژНϾһࢻளཽ᎐ႅ Τޠ՚Ᏹη८ᖞԫΚୱᚡȄࣻᄈܼΫΟзखᏊб᏾ލࡤΚഀ՜ޠѷւȂᡲ ӡᓏίȂӱՅ௱ޠോ᠍κ୾ژࡅૐȂӶឍញޠ८ᖞ՚Рȶ಼஁જւȷיఽ ޠӽȄ݃ఽϟር༉ΤښٿగпӽϟߞוՍ஽ၽ୞Ȃޠ୞єࢃ೪ҴུԓᏱਯ ՚ᏱȂ८ᖞޠࠍ࢑ѫΚᆎѻᄈϜᏱ࢑ԥңޠܗ࢑ӡᓏޠՄ໕Ȅ ճН݃ΚኻȂକߒ࢑ӱ࣐ᚃᏱܝߢޠ᛹Ᏹᜌ༉ΤѫΚᆎ౵፵ו൸჌ѡ ޠճН݃ϜၷߴԉܝֆȄѠ࢑Ȃѻᇅߢ᜔ޠיয়ژڨሰ्ȂՅޠӶᄃңα ሰ्Ȃۗಥґޠ८ӪϛࣻৡȂՅϛಓަ๊ཽيΚ८Ȃ჌࢑ۡఁȃঘ౪ᇅఁ ޠ᛹ᏱᜌȄ51᜹ծӵȂᗷดढᑚཽς༉Τו༉ክᇅึ৥ѡٿஆӵيᕖூఁ ఁ਱ηЇ࢏ΠϜ୾ߴԉ༗ٶࠓޠঔ׾ԥңȂ1616 ԒޠЉНᐎᆘձࠣᄈᐎݳ Ωᄈ՚ఁޠЇ୞Ȅ݃Ғढᑚཽς८ᖞޠ࢑Ӷ࿲ఁᇅ༉ఁ໣ᘜᕞޠୱᚡȂႉ ᐄᘉȄيӶϜρ൷ூ࢛ᆎఁي፤࣐՚Рఁ ౲ίȂஆ๋ܼޠ༉ఁٿጐ౪ȷޑ࢑ȂӶւᅵᝯᙥ຀ȶੀޠԪڐଞՅؒ ጐޑȶੀޠ࡛Ҵܛпดȷܛၜមȶ౪ȷᇅȶٿРԓޠւᅵᝯпςݔলᏱ Ȯ՚ᏱδȯȂҔԂѠᙥޠي၍ȂՕᏑ౲೾ႇϮಞ՚Ᏹᇅ՚Рఁُޠ౪ȷ ஆᙄϮಞ๞Ϝ୾ς΢Ȅޠيጐ౪ȷ஡ઢᏱఁޑȶੀ ϟ፟โϸ࣐ϳऌȈНऌȞঔ᜞Ᏹȟȃ౪ऌȞলيȮ՚Ᏹδȯ஡՚Рఁ ᏱȟȃᚃऌȃݳऌȞߺзݳȟȃఁऌȞఁ೤ݳȟȃၿऌȞઢᏱȟȂпІή Ȉ೾ႇѡх܉౪يढᑚཽςఁޠ෇ණяܝ໧ࢳȂ֊ಓӬढᑚ഻ཽۗ΢ᛴ᝻ ஽ϾහᜌҢࣁȄНऌ຀२ٿ٩ලӼ኉লᏱᇅ෾ᅵලઢᏱٴᏱಭНᏱȃڑစ লᏱࡤȂϘ૗׿᠟ᚃܗറȄঔႇ౪ऌྦޠଌጜȂ࢑Ᏹ౪ऌޠᇮّᇅН᛻ ౪ܗऌȃݳऌȞߺзݳȟȃఁऌȞఁ೤ݳȟȃၿऌȞઢᏱȟȄӱԫȂলᏱ ஆᙄ፟โȄԫΚ፟โ๗ᄻϬпീ໰ޠᚃᏱȃݳᏱȃఁ೤ᏱᇅઢᏱ܂ऌ࢑೾ ፟โ࣐ஆᙄȂα८ԥݳࡢȃᚃᏱȃᇅઢᏱ๊ା઼Ᏹ஀ȄѬ࢑஡ീ໰፟โϸ

51 David C. Lindberg, The Beginnings of Western Science, pp. 171-173. Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 94

࣐Нऌᇅ౪ऌȂᚃᏱᇅઢᏱϛᡑȂݳࡢϸ࣐ݳऌȞߺзݳȟᇅఁऌȞఁ೤ ݳȟȄ52 ᏱಭࡤȂໍΤԪΚ໧ࢳȂη൸ޠȃНݳȃঔ᜞๊ڑӶ׈ԚНऌᄈစ ȂphilosophiaȟȄ൸჌ւᅵᝯӶȮЉлᄃဏȯٴຳܛ඼ᓄܗ࢑౪ऌȞলᏱ ңٻጐ౪ȂՕᏑ౲ޑяึȂໍ՘ੀܓ౪ޠϜᇰ࣐΢࢑૗௱፤౪޲Ȃ૗௄΢ пጐூᗵᙡϟ౪ȄуᒴඊޑϏձӶܼੀޠ஽።লᏱٯলᏱȂ53ڴᆏٿ౪Ᏹ ٿூ՚РলᏱࣽٻስ஀ȂޠᐍঐলᏱژի۾ڐ஡ٯጐ౪ُ၍Ȃޑւᅵᝯੀ ΚഌϸȄ54ޠԚ࣐౪Ᏹܗ჌࢑؂

ᚃऌ !!ݳऌ ఁऌ !!!ၿऌ!!! Medicine ! Civil Law Canon Law Theology ٴ୛ဏල ! ! ђᒜ⚭ල ଴࿱С ! ! ᓷಒᔽ٦ ! ! Medicina Legis Canonis Theologia | ౪ऌ Philosophy ٴຳܛ඼ᓄ Philosophia | Нऌ Rhetoric ୛៤౪ђ Rhetorica

ߓΚ! Ȯ՚ᏱδȯϜ՚Ᏹޠή໧ࢳᇅϳऌ

ȶΚ࣐ݳऌȂᒞϟ୛ဏලȇΚ࣐ఁऌȂᒞϟђᒜ⚭ලȄȷՕᏑ౲ȈȮ՚ᏱδȯȂԞΤ 52 ȯȂಒ 1 ьȂॳ 27ȄړȮЉᏱߒ ϟޑȂՅ࣐࿳ޑ౪ᏱȄ౪Ᏹ޲Ȃဏ౪ϟτᏱηȄ΢пဏ౪ົܼ࿳ܼໍٻȶНᏱϑԚȌȌ 53 ᡺Ȅੀޑጐ౪ࠍܼ΢ӓȂՅܼЉߗȄดޑϟ౪ᙡӶޑϜȂԄߝӶंȂԄҞӶᑅȂ໹౎ϟȃ ϟᏱȄȷӤαਫȂॳ 31Ȅٴຳܛঢϟп඼࿱ Ᏹަȃήᖓਫٶ༉ΤȳȂԞΤࠥդᐹޠጐ౪ȷϟӫȈ݃Ғఽߒ՚Ᏹޑ৹ӏѯȈȲᙥȶੀ 54 Ȃ2003 ԒȟȂॳ 165-208ȄۺȈήᖓਫٶȯȞіښ४ڐлဏІܓлጢȈȮ౪ۺ ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧ 95ޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃

঩౪Ȃу࢑՚Ᏹܗ঩ӱޠޑٲف௥ٿ٩ලӼ኉௄౫ຬٴ਴ᐄՕᏑ౲Ȃ লᏱۡ৲Ȃ 55 Ȯ՚ᏱδȯϜ౪ऌϸ࣐ϥঐϸऌȈᡓᒯȞဤСђȂޠϜ αᏱȞᓷႁຳ՚ђȂם౪ᏱȞຳ՚ђȂphysica ȟȃޑlogica ȟȃ metaphysicaȟȃ኶ᏱȞ଼ூ଼ಒђȂmathematicaȟȃঘ౪ᏱȞЄಒђȂ ஆҐȇޠᜌޤϸ᜹τयࣻӬȄᡓᒯ࣐ΚϹޠ٩ලӼ኉ᄈᏱऌٴethicaȟȂᇅ ήМȇᄃңऌᏱєࢃΠစᔽȃ࢈ݾᇅޠαᏱ࢑౪፤ऌᏱם౪Ᏹȃ኶Ᏹȃޑ ౪Ᏹȯȃޑ౪ᏱձࠣϜȂєࢃȮޑܗՍดলᏱޠ٩ලӼ኉ٴঘ౪ᏱȄ56Ӷ Ȯ፤ЉȯȃȮ፤ҢԚᇅྒྷྟȯȃȮ੊ຬᏱȯᇅȮ᡺ቁ፤ȯܗҢޑᏱР८ޠ ܓ౪Ᏹȟϸ࣐ϳঐഌϸȈᆹޑԫȂȮ՚ᏱδȯϜ஡ຳ՚ђȞٸ ຀ձȄ57 Ᏹȃ፤Љȃ፤ҢԚྒྷྟȃѳϰ՘ᇴȃ੊ຬᏱȃҢޑᇅ᡺ቁȄ58 Ӓঔ፟ཿޠলᏱܗ፟โ๗ᄻȂӶ׈Ԛ౪Ᏹޠ௦຀ᒴඊ຀ϜзखτᏱ ࡤȂ൸ໍΤಒή໧ࢳȂᏱಭᚃऌȞᚃᏱȟȃݳऌȞзߺݳȟȃఁऌȞఁ೤ ஆᙄαȂȶಭᚃϟ৷ȷ૗஋ޠၿऌȞઢᏱȟ๊஠ཿ፟โȄӶলᏱܗݳȟ ȶၜមѡᚃϟᒹစȂึ݃΢ܓϟҐ঩Ȃ៞ѵᡞԼ޵ϟੇȂϲ᠛፞௒ϟᡜȂ ౪Ȅ60ดՅȂڐᏱҢȂၷܿΤޠఁ೤ݳܗпดȄȷ59ᏱಭзߺݳܛІ࿳੿ϟ লᏱᇅ೼ήᏱऌޠᜱ߾ࠔϛ࢑๙ᄈϛѠܗુޠȄȶҼԥϛӓᏱ඼ᓄՅ࣐ϟ ޲Ȃด҇෇ҦԫᏱȂՅࡤήᏱΞԥ᏶ᐄȄȷ61 ٿϮಞᚃऌȃݳऌᇅఁऌȂȮ՚ᏱδȯңΥॳٿࣻᄈܼ༊өңΚॳӼ ၐಡϮಞၿऌȂՅй੬ր຀२ѻᇅ౪ऌ໣ޠᜱ߾Ȃη൸࢑ઢᏱᇅলᏱ໣ޠ

Ȃϛ௕ၩຳпؒޑۊȄδ඾ЉϟίԥΚڦ௵౪ලӼȌȌ໲ထਫӼР୥ଫٴȶԥΚτ፲ӫ 55 ґܛڐࢌ݃ȂՅઊೣڐпดȄӱܛڐ࿌ดȂՅ҇સڐُޑȌȌȂؑفூȂϛ᜞༖ഽп൷ ȄȌȌՎϭΡξᎸԒณ΢ϛۡ݉ϟȄȷՕᏑ౲ȈȮ՚ᏱδȯȂॳ 42Ȅ݃ 56 James A. Weisheipl, O. P., “The Nature, Scope, and Classification of Sciences,” David C. Lindberg ed., Science in the Middle Ages (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1978), pp. 461-482, esp. pp. 468, 471, 474, 480. 57 See Jonathan Barnes ed., The Complete Works of Aristotle, 2 vols. (Princeton: Princeton Univer- sity Press, 1984), vol. 1. 58 ՕᏑ౲ȈȮ՚ᏱδȯȂॳ 31-41Ȅ 59 ӤαਫȂॳ 45Ȅ 60 ӤαਫȂॳ 47ȃ49Ȅ 61 ӤαਫȂॳ 58Ȅ Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 96

ϟᏱ޲Ȃࠍᘟґԥᚕ඼ᓄՅ৸ആౚ޲ηȄȷ62ٴᜱ߾Ȅȶस௄଴࿱С Ᏹऌϸ᜹ϜȂ௵ңޠ٩ලӼ኉ٴ—Ϋήзखਣ՚ዊᏱ޲ϑစӶஆ࿝ఁ ෈хȶЉȷȂၽңٿңȶЉлȷٻୣϸȄ63࿌Ӷ๽ढᑚཽςޠ΢ᏱᇅઢᏱ ୣրࠍᙾඳ࣐΢ᏱᇅޠȶઢᏱȷȂ΢ᏱᇅઢᏱڴᆏٿᇮມȶЉᏱȷޠϜ୾ л஼Ȃޠᔗ௵ң෾ᅵලઢᏱي෇ණяढᑚཽςఁܝୣϸȄᄈܼᛴ᝻ޠЉᏱ Ȅ64ଷΠϮಞ෾ᅵල৲ۡޠᔗ࢑Ȃ෾ᅵලೞຝ࣐࢑ઢᏱڴޠȮ՚ᏱδȯϜ ΩᢛजȈ྄ٯτ्ϲৡѵȂޠȮઢᏱτӓȯ

౪Ȃڐ૗ᅹȂᜱ߾ܼఁ޲Ȃೄϛ࿾࿾ᄃၐܛ૗དྷȃܛᖃϟȂδ΢ ࿾Ԫڐดџ٤ᘫҔηȄկץϟҐҒۗಥȂՅޑٲ΢Πดഇᄖܼٻ ҭᓄȂՍԥѳҐȂєࢃήξϳԼᚡȄؑΚᚡөԥ៞Ї၍๏ȂՅτ ԫؽȄ65ܼڏ౲्

ூೲ೾লᏱᇅઢᏱϘᆘ׈ي೾ЉᏱ޲ூӒစҦ΢ᏱΤߟȂӱԫȂઢᏱఁ् ԚȄ

ЉᏱϛூ΢ᏱȂณп࣐ΤߟȇӒၦ΢ᏱȂϛூЉᏱȂณп࣐ᘫ஝ п௄৲҇໹ΡᏱೲ՜ȂᏱΞԥԚȄ66ܛഥȄف

Ϝ୾ಝ਴Ȃ჌ᐚޠ࢑֐ԥѠ૗Ӷ࿌ਣيઢᏱఁޠ೼ᆎೲ೾লᏱᇅઢᏱ ޠ೩෇Ӷढᑚཽςউܗȉ೼ঐୱᚡںᆎφૢစҦဤӵ຃߄ȃҢ਴Յाֶޠ ဟ੖Ϝਜ਼କȂӶւᅵᝯംзࡤᐋӉϜ୾ఁୣढᑚཽཽߞޠᓹ๽ҖȞNicolas ፝ᛴ଼ٯᄻདྷȂޠშਫᓣٶLongobardi, 1559-1654ȟȂ෇ණяΚঐ഻Ҵі ఁۡᔔԕȈ

࡛ҴΚშਫᓣȂগϜ୾ΚϹۣӣᇅᏱٶగ૗ӶіוΞޠ֏΢ϟҭ

62 ӤαਫȂॳ 59Ȅ 63 Weisheipl, O. P., “The Nature, Scope, and Classification of Sciences,” p. 480. ࠊဒϟّȂࢃڦ໣ԥΚτဒȂӫ࣐ӼᅵලȂ຀ਫࣦീȂέڐវȂܛဒဒٿȶԫᆎᏱୱѡ 64 䌕Κ᜞Ȅȷ؂ഷ݃ȃഷᙐȃഷጃȂՅԫࡤᏱЉᏱ޲Ȃோࣲ࿹ӊȂϛ૗ّܛ౲Ȅٴ࣐଴࿱С ՕᏑ౲ȈȮ՚ᏱδȯȂॳ 51Ȅ 65 ӤαਫȂॳ 56Ȅ 66 ӤαਫȂॳ 56Ȅ ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧ 97ޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃

܅ٻᕤ၍֏ఁఁဏȄӱԫȂйѠٯ޲ூᒧԫშਫᓣՅᇰᜌ֏΢Ȃ ॹᐡ፝ؒ֏΢ᙛណԫ໷ਫᝳȄᙛណϟਫȂᗷ࣐኶ϛӼȂկϑя๊ ؽȄ࣐ԫȂ֏΢஁߭ԫ࣐ᇷЖᏱ΢܉޲ȂཿӶϜ୾੽ίҘεଅޏ ԥ᠍ࡅȂណਫϏձಥڏᎇӶណਫϏձα܅ϟًԂРݳȂيΤఁໍ ஡Ԛ࣐֏΢ӶϜ୾༉ոᆌॲϟߟ৸Ȅ67

Ȃϑᜍᄃٿఌਤ௦пڻȶՍ֏΢ᇅϜ୾Ᏹ΢ٿᄻདྷ࢑ޠуژᓹ๽Җණ შਫᓣϟሰ्Ȃᇅ֏΢ഷࡤҭޠІӶөӵ࡛ҴཽଲȂᔗϛϸଗၺηȷȂ68 уٻᄃርစᡜાΤՄ໕Ȃޠծоϑ஡৹ӏఃȃ؄ϟ᝾፝ؒւᅵᝯᙛណ՚ਫ ϟًԂРݳȷȄ࿌ߝѼረيॏฬ࢑ȶᇷЖᏱ΢ໍΤఁޠញூ࡛Ҵშਫᓣ ᛴ଼ȂӶਤُఁۡߴ࿱ژȞNicolas Trigault, 1577-1628ȟܼ 1614 ԒэЉӲ ϟΚȂ൸࢑፝ؒఁ࣐ۡіٲޠϥзȞPaul V, 1605-1621 ԒӶ՞ȟਣഷ२् შਫᓣ፴ᜓᙡਫȄޠᔤ࡛ٶ ᄻདྷϟαȂޠᇷᏳϜ୾΢ᏱಭઢᏱٿშਫᓣޠగ೾ႇᔤ഻וӶᓹ๽Җ ॴݱޠ՚ਫΝξӼьߖ๽ࡤȂ1623 Ԓਣ࿲ఁٿߝѼረܼ 1620 Ԓ௄ዊࢹឺ يఁޠਫ׏೏ȂණяΚ໷ஊᎵϜρઢᏱ΢ϘޠᗎጦȂՕᏑ౲ӶȮ՚Ᏹδȯ ٳᒶٯណ࣐ϜНȂٿϏЊޠਫȂ߇ΫංԒٳਫϜᒶᐆΚٳᄻདྷȂ൸࢑௄೼ ᏱಭȂՅໍܼၿऌȄזԪޠᏱ่ȂඊНऌᇅ౪ऌޠၦ፵ϛᓀ

ᙘп๽ّȂၑ୆Ϋ኶ԒϟעȂ᜺஡пࠊ፞፤ᇅӤٿਢ΢Ο࿳٩ሊ Ȃ֊ഃྒ؟஡ऽԒज፵ϟςȂॹ่Зϟґ؂ѓȂ࿌ѠԪಒណяȄ ሏໍϟѓȂࢿᄖҐזࣻӱՅಭϟȂۗϟпϛޫ㨐ϟُȂ᝸ঢ়ඊ ੖՚੖ထဒϟᏱȂΚ૖ᒋ೾Ȅԫ઎ဒ݃ெݎٻ঩ȂវึՍኅȂᅛ ԥ࿌ιૣ௵֐ޤԈȂξၸϟΚਣȄఙ૟຿ਗ਼Ȃܳԫૌ଀ȂՅґ ηȄ69

ᄻདྷ࢑֐ႇܼ዆ᢏȂՎЎу୥يఁޠϛ፤ՕᏑ౲ᄈஊᎵϜρઢᏱ΢Ϙ ፟โϲৡᇅ๗ᄻȂණяΚޠي༉ఁ௒ძȂ਴ᐄ՚РϜзखτᏱఁޠ࿌ਣྲ

РᇻȈȲ݃۠՚ਫΝξഌࢻΤϜ୾ՄȳȂєᒴඈлጢȈȮ݃хۡఁȯȞᇄіȈᇄᢋᏱҢ 67 ਫ׌Ȃ1968 ԒȟȂॳ 58-59Ȅ 68 ӤαਫȂॳ 59Ȅ 69 ՕᏑ౲ȈȮ՚ᏱδȯȂॳ 59Ȅ Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 98

ȄٲҔԓᏱਯΚޠي೪Ҵ՚Рఁ्ژණءР਱Ȃۗಥޠܓڟ׃ঐ

!ЇᔗޠيϥȃϜ୾ς΢ᄈढᑚཽς༉Τ՚Рఁ

ఐఽӶ಼஁ࣖւϟίȂೞय़໡ܺ෬π೾୧ᇅঠ೩՚΢೪ҴᏱਯȄӶӤ ᐡཽȂࣦՎ੽Ᏹѵ୾Ȃᒒٙᡞᡜ՚РޠݾпࡤȂϜ୾ς΢ԥ፞Ӽ஀ѵՄᄇ ϜȂ܂Ȃ݃Ғς΢༊૗௄ᇅ՚ςһޠ׾९ȄࣻᄈيఁޠȂࡧસᡑ׌ίيఁ ਣȂזቹܗ຀ձࡤȂࣦՎӶጢӠ՚Ᏹ຀ձޠيᎨ᠟ढᑚཽςϮಞ՚Рఁܗ ࣽݳȄҐ࿾ၑ຀೾ႇ৹ӏఃޠႮ࢒ٳΚي՚РఁޠЇ࢏яуউᄈ༉Τ Їޠيࣽуᄈ՚РఁٿᇅጢȮ஥ᆋᐎਫȯਣȂזȞ1562-1633ȟ࣐኶Ᏹਫቹ ᔗȄ ȶ࿳ژȳϜȂᗷดණၘޠ፤຀ᒶȯȲጢ޲يлጢȮ݃хఁڐାਣًӶ ՚РН݃ȂॷӒ࢑ՍดऌᏱȂԄЉױᐎпࡤȂዊࢹढᑚཽςւᅵᝯ๊ȌȌ Ȅѻ໡ᗰΠςτЊಂࣩȂٿϜ୾ژНȃ኶౪ȃӵᏱпІݢᏣᇨആ๊ȂϮಞ ৥Ȅȷ70௄೼ࢳၘϜȂึيఁڸ՚НϾһࢻȂηழ୞Π࿌ਣऌᏱݎߵໍΠ Р८Ȃي৥ȄѠ࢑ȂӶऌᏱఁึޠي՚Ᏹծоழ୞ΠऌᏱᇅఁޠ༉Τٿࣽ НȂ71ז጖ڎȳᇅȲංե঩ҐᚖឋȳזԫਫࠔѬԞΤΠ৹ӏఃȲᙐ҂቉ᇴ ኈ៫ȂϬดԥࡠϸݚȄޠ৥ึيՎܼ՚Ᏹ༉Τ࢑֐ᄈϜ୾౱Ңఁ ؄ϟ᝾ᄈ՚Рఁޠࣽᄈ՚Ᏹ౐དᑺ፹ٿউӒשӶϮಞ৹ӏఃϟࠊȂᡲ ԇȂҢܼპႯѳΫשЇᔗȄ؄ϟ᝾Ȟ1565-1630ȟȂԆਐϟȂέԆޠ༉Τي ᑫ΢Ȃ࿳ᐎΡΫΡԒȞ1594ȟϜᖟȂ࿳ᐎΡΫϳڸѳԒȞ1565ȟȂ݋ԏϧ ϏഌᕋᙓѨসѵٶԒȞ1598ȟཽၑାϜಒϥӫȂՅᆏȶ҈ԘཽቀȷȂ௳ࠓ ᜌȂᄈ኶ᏱᇅЉН౐དᑺ፹ȂᗷԥΤఁཏ᜺ȂѠ௕ޤȄ؄ϟ᝾ዦནӵ౪ॣ ȄѫѵȂуᗚԥঐഭྯȂ൸࢑ȶуҢࣁܺᒁϛᡮȂೞᇰ࣐ԥѷۣێԥા ௦ᜱޣҐࣹȄȷ72؄ϟ᝾ߞܼណਫȂծоґُуޠуژጔȂ߰ೞືۣՅӲ ޠ࢑Κᆎၷ࣐֥ᇌޠȯਣȂ௵ңړ຀ख़ȄӶулጢȮЉᏱߒޠيϹ՚Рఁ

Ȃ1990 ԒȟȂॳ 11ȄަޏяيȈ΢Җఁٶ፤຀ᒶȯȞіيାਣًлጢȈȮ݃хఁ 70 71 ӤαਫȂॳ 15Ȅ ȈϜ๽ਫٶւᅵᝯȃߝѼረኦȂեାᔽȃеᒴӇȃ؄ҨណȈȮւᅵᝯϜ୾ғଅȯȞі 72 ׌Ȃ1983 ԒȟȂॳ 432-433Ȅ ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧ 99ޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃

ϲৡϸ࣐౪጖ᇅᏣ጖ȂޠȯړࣽݳȄȮЉᏱߒޠي೏౪уᄈ՚РఁٿРԓ ձࠣȂ؄ϟ᝾஡ѻܺӶȶ౪ȷޠȮ՚Ᏹδȯ࢑ҐඊНऌᇅ౪ऌՅໍܼၿऌ ңޠ຀ձيጐ౪ȷఁޑॷҐ຀ձȂҼᡘұяуᄈ೼ҐϮಞ՚Рȶੀޠ጖ ЗȄ ᜱϹȄӶȲංե঩ޠ׺п੬ੇي኶ᏱఁޠࣻᄈՅّȂ৹ӏఃᄈ՚ᏱϜ ᙾख़௄ढᑚཽςٯѓਞȂޠҐᚖឋȳϜȂу൸஽።ංե೼ߟᏱୱᄈᏱ౪޲ ࢑Ȃϛᔘංե޲्ؒޠშᏱ༫ȟᄈΤᏱ޲ܝѡхτᏱȞࢨܛ᠚ூ༉ᆹϜ࢛ ȄӶ࿳ᐎήΫΟ्ؒޠԥ೼ኻାيϽΤȂ73᠝ԝя՚Р௄ѡх൸ᄈ኶Ᏹఁ ᝛ੇޠαيȳϜȂ৹ӏఃདოϜ՚Ӷ኶Ᏹ΢ϘஊזԒȞ1611ȟȲᙐ҂቉ᇴ ৰրȂӶܼ՚Р༉ಭᗀᏱϟ౿ȂᐤεՅϛ૿ȄࣻᄈӵȂϜρ΢ϘુнȂᜳ пЩၷȄ

࣐ࢉ޲ȂࠍᘟՍ՚੏φϟΤϜ୾ۗȄӒҢლ࣐նّȂܛڐՅ૗ّ ڐ՚ςϟᆡܼᐎȂณуᙳѾηȂξԼ࣐ᎇȂ༉ಭᗀؒ޲ήξԒȂ ّڐߨܼᙣՅ൲ܼЬ޲ȂਣਣԥϟȂпࢉّ౪ᔕཌྷҼᔕᙐȄնᆹ ξԼ࣐ᎇȂ༉ಭᗀؒ޲ήξԒȂ֏й຺ԼၸΚ΢܅Յ൒ดȄп Ѡၷ፤ࠛȊ74ܮ໣եϏڐΡήԼၸΚ΢ౚȂԫܗౚȂ

ȳϜȂ৹ӏఃໍΚؐ஡Ϝ՚זӤНᆘࡿڔӶ࿳ᐎѳΫΡԒȞ1614ȟȲ ЩၷȄуᇰ࣐Ϝ୾ᆘᏱܼۗ༂ࡕਣޠ୉ΠΚঐࣻ࿌ᙐ౲ي኶Ᏹఁޠ༉ಜ ςȷϟΚȂЍߟϬ஡ȶ኶ȷӗ࣐ϳ᛻ϟڦϵਣ஡኶ᏱӗΤȶᏱۣڻ෉Ȃ ᏑޠভхਣȮᆘਫΫစȯᗚ࢑஠ߟऌҭϜᆘᏱϟఁ؆Ȃࠔӱᗀӫ౪ژΚȄ ςϛࣽ२ȂпІ኶೛Р८ᕁңՅ૥ኁȄ

оȉܼۗΚȂಥܼΫȂΫࡿຬϟȂۨՅॏٿᇅҢ΢঎ڐ኶ϟ঩ ᗶॷձᆘȂпէৡԚȂՎڽϜᆘՍ༂ࡕש፞ȂϛѠാңηȄȌȌ ϟȄЍߟٻςȂᇾᑺ፲૗ȂՅۣڦϵңϟȂӗܼᏱۣڻτറȄڻ ⽕Ѝϟఁڻ኶ᏱѠኁȂࠍٻφٙ೾ϳ᛻޲ȂᒞϟีஇΤࡊȂכ

ۢڐ޲ၦٲᆡЗȇᏱڐਜ਼੊Ȃጜڐ⌋Ȅԫਫ࣐ઊȂ૗цᏱ౪޲ٲȶίᏱϏЊȂԥ౪ԥ 73 Ᏹ޲ӒୱٿѾࡧȂࢉᖟзณΚ΢ϛ࿌ᏱȄᆹ՚୾ѡԥτᏱȂ৲ߟҢள኶Լξ΢ȂڐݳȂึ яӫς྄ӼȄȷ৹ӏఃȈȲංեܛߟίڐЗࡧಡஞՅϑȄڐ૗೾ԫਫȂΞ᠚ΤȄեࢉȉమ ȯȂಒ 4 ьȂॳ 1941Ȅړ঩ҐᚖឋȳȂȮЉᏱߒ ȯȂಒ 5 ьȂॳ 2721-2722ȄړȳȂȮЉᏱߒז৹ӏఃȈȲᙐ҂቉ᇴ 74 Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 100

ᒞၸᝳ⹬ܼទЫȂήхϟᏱӼϛ༉Ȃࠍ଼᎓፞ᏑӒȂࣻܗؽȄՅ φϥԒՅᏱԚ޲ȂέեਫηȉכӗΫစȂീςܛڑȉভϳޑե௳ ΚڐҦ࢑ّϟȂᆘ኶ϟᏱ੬ኁܼߗз኶ԼԒ໣ᅮȄኁϟጣԥΡȈ ӿϟ೛ᙳّ኶ԥઢ౪Ȃ૗־Κ࣐ڐȇٲ࣐ӫ౪ϟᏑρẠЉίϟᄃ ϛਞȄ75ܛȂ᜶܂ᙡٿޤ

ᐤѭྜڐຬ኶ϟᏱԥޠၿ՚РޤࡤȂ܂ࣻᄈӵȂ৹ӏఃӶᇅւᅵᝯһ ࢻȂѬ्߇ຳංԒޠਣ໣ӶᏱਯᏱ኶ᏱȂ൸૗஋ᏱԥܛԚȄ

ّڐȌȌࢌέࣻᇅ௄՚୾ւӒҢ෭Ȃ፤ၿϟራȂਣਣІܼ౪኶Ȅ ၿّ౪ȂࢌࣲߖҐ㊢ᄃȂ๙џΚϹຏҝГӿϟᇴȂՅຬ኶ϟᏱҼ ȂӶܼ՚୾ጳ࡙ϟٲࢻȂ਴ߤဩ຀ȂαጐΟЉȂਡ၏࿳ܜࣲ䁕ྜ ϜȂҼ኶ԒՅᏱԚ޲ηȄ76

ӵ՞ȂђޠϜي೩࢑ΜӒҢӶᛴ଼ᏱଲयΩණା኶ᏱӶീ໰೾ᜌఁܗ Սւٿᕤ၍ӼޠఁܼΜӒҢȂ৹ӏఃᄈ՚Р኶Ᏹڨαւᅵᝯ෇Ӷᛴ଼Ᏹଲ ூ৹ӏఃණяᄈ՚Р኶ᏱȶߖҐٻࣻЩȂܓϮಞȂӶᇅ౪Ᏹፚ፤Зޠᅵᝯ ౪དྷϾي኶ᏱఁޠᢛजȂуѠ૗஡՚Рޠ㊢ᄃȂ๙џΚϹຏҝГӿϟᇴȷ ΠȄ пดܛҦܼ༉ಜݾᐎ޲ϛ݃ᕤژӶ 1629 ԒȲݾᐤ౶ጉȳϜȂ৹ӏఃණ ϟࢉȂՅ೼Р८Ҕ࢑ւᅵᝯ༉Τޠ՚ᏱѠп၅щޠȂӱԫӶᐎᆘαޠᇳৰ ঔᐎȄٿң՚Рစᡜ௵्

пৰϟࢉՅ׾ҔϟȄࠊѭܛڐفȂӱৰࢉ׾Ȃ҇໹ٲಒϭ׾ᐎΚ ৰ࡚ϸȂҴΚђ෶ॹܛดȂϛႇᄡࠊՎࡤȂ೾ॏڐ׾ᐎϟ΢ࣲϛ пดηȄՌ๊ܾԒ෇ܛڐفଷȂְࣃөྒϟίȂᒞϟ׾ؽȂᄃґ ᡞτϊםڐІڂႅ՚ࢸւᅵᝯȂᇅϟᗀ፤Љӵ঩ۗȂΝ࢈ၽ՘Ȃ пด೏ȂࡿұጃดϛܿܛڐሊߗȂᇅЊ࡚኶ϟ໸ଜᒷ੾ȂΚΚ௄

ȯȂಒ 5 ьȂॳ 2771-2773ȄΫစ࢑ভ්ЋѭцړȳȂȮЉᏱߒזӤНᆘࡿڔ৹ӏఃȈȲ 75 ڻȮᆘစΫਫȯȂєࢃȮޠЋᏱֆఁе઎Ꮡݨមڸ؄వॴȞ602-670ȟ୾φᆀᆘᏱീςఘख़ ㋿ᆘစȯȃȮΟതᆘ೛ȯȃȮ੖৭ᆘစȯȃȮϥకᆘစȯȃȮ৙φᆘစȯȃȮৈ߯໩ᆘ စȯȃȮ஼к࡛ᆘစȯȃȮϥစᆘ೛ȯȃȮᒯѡᆘစȯȃȮᆩ೛ȯ๊ΫҐձࠣȂାۡਣԚ ࣐୾φᆀᆘᏱ፟ҐȄ ȳȂॳ 2774-2775ȄזӤНᆘࡿڔ৹ӏఃȈȲ 76 ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧ 101ޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃

!ݳᡜڐґᆹȄՌ๊ՍࡤؑᆹһॶȂ֊пܛȂӼᝳ܂୾שϟ౪Ȃၷ ϟȂᇅ၏ᆀܛ௱ᆘȂϛณ౵ӤȂՅτ౦ᇅЉࣻӬȄࢉՌ๊ᡆп࣐ ӫဏȂ௄ᐎݳϟש఩෢Ȃ൸܅ϭ૮ঔ׾Ȃ҇໹୥՚ݳՅңϟȂп τҐτ঩Ȃវึ݃඿ȂՅࡤѠпّ׾ՇȄ77

-ȞJean Terړᓹ๽Җᇅ᎔Ҟޠ΢ϘР८ȂଷΠӒࠊ࡛ឋޠሰܛӶঔᐎ ૗ਫ๢ᆘ޲ȷϟѵȂуᗚ࡛ڦrenz, 1576-1630ȟпѵȂӶȶᐎऌЉНҢՄ ᐎ΢ȂϛܴӣᆀҢᏑȂ঩ᚡঠᒶңȌȌ૗࡚݃኶Ґ঩Ȃᗀޤኊңڦឋȶᒶ ၍ཏဏ༉ఁۣҢ޲ȷȂ78೼ᆎȶ૗࡚݃኶Ґ঩ȷȂᗚѠпȶᗀ၍ཏဏ༉ఁ пดϟࢉϟ΢ȄܛҢ޲ȷȂ൸࢑૗೾՚ݳۣ уԚ࣐ॷ՞ᄈ՚ٻϡпା࡚ຠቌȂي፵ّϟȂ৹ӏఃᄈ՚ᏱϜ኶Ᏹఁ Ϝ୾ς΢Ȃഌӌ঩ӱ࢑ஆܼঔᐎሰ्ஊᎵޠᢛ፭ᇅԂຠޠϵ໡ڦ௵يРఁ пดϟࢉϟ΢Ȅܛ೾՚ݳ

!ᐤѭЇࡧޠ༉Τيϳȃ๗ᇮȈᄈ՚Рఁ

ᙦഞȄᇅढᑚཽςһޠ༉ಜيఁڐڨҒϜ՚ς΢᎐ႅਣȂϑөՍ౐݃ Ϝ୾ς΢Ȃณ፤࢑৹ӏఃȃ؄ϟ᝾ȃᅫ݃ႅȞ1579-1649ȟ๊ȂӼ࢑Ӓޠ܂ ڨȂՅࡤ೾ႇऌᖟՄၑؐαтഋȂуউϛ෇௦ي౪ᏱఁޠᏑᏱ༉ಜϜڨ௦ ՚Ᏹձࠣϟኈޠуউ༉ΤژڨՅ܂һޠȂѬ࢑೾ႇᇅढᑚཽςيႇ՚Рఁ ΠᇅϜ୾༉ಜٿ๽ழٿᇴढᑚཽςڐᇴȂᇅٿαז໸ޠݏ៫ȄӱԫȂ௄ӱ ႇڨ๽༉ఁࠊȂ൸ϑစٿȂϽᄀᇴ࢑Ȃढᑚཽςي՚Рఁޠৰ౵ሴτيఁ ஆᙄȂޠί҉يȄуউ᏶ᙥ຀೼ᆎఁي՚Рఁޠৰ౵ሴτيᇅϜ୾༉ಜఁ ޠৰ౵ሴτيႇโϜȂᡘ౫ΠԫᆎᇅϜ୾༉ಜఁޠ܂๽ࡤᇅϜ୾ς΢һٿ ȄݏԚي՚Рఁ Ӷ݃ҒϜ୾ަཽᇅНϾϜȂढᑚཽς࢑৶༗ޠΚထѵ୾༉ఁςȂ८ᖞ ՚ᏱȄӱԫȂӶ஡஀ޠ࢑ԄեӶ๽Ҵ٘Ȃᇅ༉Τ౵НϾϜєࢃஆ࿝ఁဏޠ ѵНϾ༉ΤϜ୾ਣȂւᅵᝯ८ᖞԄե஡єࢃஆ࿝ఁဏӶϲޠ՚ᏱϜ୾Ͼޠ

৹ӏఃȈȲঔ׾ᐎ፝೥ң෾सగȃᛴ໰ْ౶ȳȂُе२ҖᒯȈȮ৹ӏః໲ȯȞα੖Ȉα 77 ੖ѡᝳяޏަȂ1984 ԒȟȂॳ 344Ȅ θນ౶ȳȂӤαਫȂॳ 240ȄۤٲԠঔ׾ᐎݳ໡ӗۉ৹ӏఃȈȲ 78 Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 102

՚Ᏹٻጐ౪ȷȂޑၜមȶੀٿୱᚡȄӶȮЉлᄃဏȯϜȂу௵ңςݔলᏱ ܓ΢ޠႲ೪ܛيϜ՚ఁژጐ౪ȷՅϜ୾ϾȄуη࢑ഷԟݨཏޑூпᙥȶੀ ၍Ȃл஼΢ُܓ΢ޠϛӤȂԚ࣐ॷ՞ЖΤΚᆎུޠ፤຀२Ӷ኉՘ᇅහᜌα ቺԪ࣐༉ޠ፤ܓ๢፤ȂၑშӶ΢ܓޠցᇅࢆ᏾Ꮡঢ়״ٯ࢑૗௱፤౪޲Ȃܓ Τ՚Ᏹޠ፤౪൩ஆȄ ᏱਯȂӱԫޠيᐤѭ௒ძϛϱ೩ढᑚཽςӶ๽೪ҴӉե՚Рఁޠ࿌ਣ ՕᏑ౲ӶȮ՚ᏱδȯϜȂ੬ր࢑೾ႇւᅵᝯၜមࡤޠȶੀޑጐ౪ȷ૖๝Ȃ ޠጐ౪ȷޑ٩ලӼ኉লᏱȃ኶Ᏹ๊ાΤȶੀٴᡓᒯȃޠϜي஡ീ໰೾ᜌఁ ߾೾ႇНऌيᄕᡘяઢᏱఁٿϮಞȂޠூу૗஋೾ႇᄈ՚Ᏹٻ౪ऌጓ൝Ȃ ༉ఁ௒ძȂᇅߝѼረឺޠଭᄈ࿌ਣٯȂيΚᆎ஠ཿఁޠᇅ౪ऌՅІܼၿऌ ᄻདྷȄޠஊᎵϜ୾ઢᏱ΢ϘٿΝξӼഌ՚ਫȂණяΚᆎ೾ႇណਫޠΤ يఁޠϜҴ٘Ȃႉ፤ᒰΤᄃርيґ෇ӶϜ୾༉ಜఁيҒ՚Рఁ݃ݏԄ ࡚ȃఁᏱऌҭȃఁᏱРݳ๊ȄӱԫȂӶΫΝзखࠊљȂϜ՚НϾॷԪτښ ᄃ፻ي఩ጤȂӶఁڎޠ࢑҂՘يᇅϜ୾༉ಜఁي෉໣Ȃ՚Рఁޠ೤ዂ௦ដ ԥ౱Ңᄃ፵һࢻᇅኈ៫ȄءР८ծо Ȃծоηґ෇Ӷ݃يᗷดढᑚཽς೾ႇȮ՚Ᏹδȯ๊ձࠣϮಞ՚Рఁ ׿ᔟޠ८॓ܗჃ֛ޠҒϜ୾ς΢ϟϜЖକଇ፤ȂηґُϜ୾ς΢Ҕ८ᑗ྄ ຠࣦΩ״ࣽȂӶ݃Ғᄈ༉ఁςٿᢏᘉޠȄ௄॓८ي՚РఁޠढᑚཽςЖΤ ђيຠӼ໲ϜӶ՚ఁȂծоґُԥ΢ଭᄈ՚Рఁ״Ȯဒ්ખ٤໲ȯϜȂޠ ޠ๽ٿᚈ୾࢈๋ᄈࡠढᑚཽςȂՅڦ௵ຠȄ79ࣻᄈӵȂ݃ఽϟር්ᘁ״п ഷ२्ᆔၿȄȮᙜРѵޠ՚ᏱਫЖΤ්ᘁޠ՘ࠔԚ࣐஡Ϝ୾ᙛណٻٶ॔ བྷޠΠΫΥзखߒȂ౐ԂโԨ౪Ᏹژखȯङܼ 1631 ԒҦ᎓ОྜழӲ්ᘁȄ Ȅ80ي՚РఁޠຠȮᙜРѵखȯϜ״ٿӮ⊹યӶԨφᏱᢏᘉ ϲৡȂկ࢑ٳΚޠيউѠᇴȂᗷดȮ՚Ᏹδȯ๊ਫϮಞ՚Рఁש೩ܗ ϸ्ݏ๽ढᑚཽςȂӱԫȂԄٿޠيԫఁڨ࢑ޠݏԚيᄃርα৥౫՚Рఁ ޠϜ՚ς΢໣ژউூӲשϟኈ៫ȂيᄈϜ୾ఁيݚԫΚਣ෉՚Ᏹᇅ՚Рఁ Ϥ୞ᇅኈ៫Ȅ

Ȃ1972 ԒȟȄަޏഎȈϜНяٶ৹݀ݾॐȈȮဒ්ખ٤໲ȯȂԞΤȮ៧٤໲ȯȞ 79 ȂަޏȈϜ୾ަཽऌᏱяٶȯȞіفȦᗻȧ؄ϰవ຀ȂеҞḍ๊ណȈȮ්ᘁ՚Ᏹѭः 80 2001 ԒȟȂॳ 246ȃ249ȃ252ffȄ ༉ΤІᐤѭЇࡧ 103ޠيҒ՚Рఁ݃

ς΢ȂឌԄ৹ӏఃȃ؄ϟ᝾ᇅᅫ݃ႅޠ܂࿌ਣѬԥߞ෉ᇅढᑚཽԥһ ޠίଢؒ܉ᜌ౪ޤ٩ලӼ኉ٴႇโȂӶޠ२ຝ௱౪ᇅଇ፤يȂᄈ՚Рఁ๊ ໣௦ٳЇᔗȄ೼ޠ໣௦ٳᜌȂ୉яΠΚޤᄃϟٲ၍ᇴٿ঩ӱܗ࢑਴ᐄ঩౪ ਫᝳՅ֖౫ȄឌԄȂ৹ӏఃӶංҐԥᜱ኶ᏱޠЇᔗл्࢑೾ႇϮಞ՚Ᏹޠ ᢛजȂഌӌ঩ӱ൸Ӷܼ༉ΤޠيϜȂߓႁяуᄈ՚Р኶Ᏹఁّזᙛណޠਫ ᜍ݃๗፤Ȅٿ౪ۢܗᜌȂ௄ϵ೪ȃۢဏޤޠпดϟࢉܛΠٽ՚Р኶Ᏹණޠ ఃᇍȂ२ᘉӶܼ჌Ȯ੏՚ЬݳȯȃȮߓ࡚ᇴȯȃȮЉޠ՚Ᏹ༉Τ뽸݃ႅ Π၍ᇴ೩ӼՍด౫ٽୱ౲ȯȃȮᏲԥၜȯᇅȮޫርੀयȯ๊՚ᏱਫᝳȂණ ຬޠܛпดϟࢉȄ81 ٿਫޠϲৡي౪ऌఁܗলᏱޠيढᑚཽςഇႇᙛណෛஆӶീ໰೾ᜌఁ ȮᏲԥޠȄឌԄȂരԸርᇅ؄ϟ᝾ӬណޠȂ೼࢑Ѡп౪၍يϮಞઢᏱఁ τᏱȞCoimbra UniversityȟяܝҐီຊвऌӱҁڎၜȯᇅȮӫ౪௥ȯ൸࢑ ٽఁऌਫȂစҦጢណࡤȂѬ࢑ණޠңٻϜيఁऌਫȄ82Ӷढᑚཽςఁޠޏ ձࠣȂґ෇ޠ౪ऌܗϜলᏱيീ໰೾ᜌఁޠෛஆܛϜ୾ς΢ᕤ၍ઢᏱᇅѻ ఁऌਫȄ83ޠقᡞيԚ࣐݃ҒϜ୾ఁ ႇڨढᑚཽς௦ޠ๽༉ఁٿϸݚໍ՘ᐤѭЇࡧȂ์޲ᇰ࣐ޠஆܼӒࠊ РݳଌጜȂޠȂݽ᠜ϜзखςݔলᏱيఁޠ༉ಜৰ౵ሴτيΚᆎᇅϜ୾ఁ ෛஆӶീ໰೾ي౪ҦȂ੬ր࢑஡ઢᏱఁܗ঩ӱޠпดܛ຀२ܼ࣐๗፤ණя ூւᅵᝯ๊ढᑚཽςூп༉Τ࿌ਣϬӗٻϟαȂي౪ऌఁܗলᏱޠيᜌఁ ࡛ᄻԥւٿජඬԥւᇅ௷ଷϛւᢏᘉȂٯᜌȂޤऌᏱޠϜيӶീ໰೾ᜌఁ ܼ༉ክఁဏޠ፤ᜍȄ ༉ΤȂ߾࣐Π༉ي՚Рఁޠ๽஡ѫΚᆎН݃ٿ፵ّϟȂ݃Ғढᑚཽς ༉ಜ२ຝ௄঩يȄҦܼ՚РఁيՅϮಞ՚РఁޠҭޠઢᏱ΢Ϙيఁᇅஊ ޤޠпดϟࢉܛٽ๗፤Ȃη൸࢑ණܗ၍ᇴ౫ຬٿဏۢܗ౪ȃ঩ӱȃϵ೪

ȳȂԞΤԨᅖپఃᇍ࣐ޠ᎐ႅȈпᅫ݃ႅޠ༉ಜي৹ӏѯȈȲ݃Ғఽߒ౪Ᏹᇅढᑚཽఁ 81 Ȃ2003 ԒȟȂಒ 5 ᒯȂॳ 445-471ȄަޏяيҖлጢȈȮϜ୾ਫଲȯȞߞؔȈ෺ࠓτᏱఁ ພ 41Ȅُ 82 йҐٙ൸࢑ΚҐఁऌਫȂ࢑྄τѠٯхߓձȂޠకݖҢᇰ࣐ȂȶȮӫ౪௥ȯ࢑؄Ыᙛណ 83 ԥᜍءᇴݳȂӱ࣐ޠȄȷ೼࢑Κᆎુн਴ᐄޠኈ៫ܛңȂ௄Յᄈަཽԥٻ૗Ӷ٦၈࿌ఁ؆ ኈ៫ȳȂȮϜ୾ᡓᒯڐᙛណІޠᐄᡘұϜណҐ෇࣐ఁɊऌਫȄకݖҢȈȲ౲፤Ȯӫ౪௥ȯ Ȃ1982 ԒȟȂॳ 285-302Ȃ੬ր࢑ॳ 294ȄަޏȈϜ୾ަཽऌᏱяٶȯȞіفѭः Ᏹё! 2004 Ԓ 12 УفН݃ःٴݎᇄᢋ 104

ȂՅ຀Ωيϟ੬ՔȂηᇴ࣐݃Π༉ΤઢᏱఁي՚РఁޠᜌȂ೼࢑݃Ғ༉Τ ձࠣȄޠي౪ऌఁܗϜলᏱيീ໰೾ᜌఁޠෛஆܛᒰΤѻܼ ! ! ʳ !