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Lataa Tiedosto Laura Leden Laura Adaption av Flickboken är en genre som handlar om och förhåller sig till att vara ficka, att göra fickskap i en viss tid fickskap och på en viss plats. Flickskap är både anpassning fickskap av Adaption till och uppror mot samhällets normer eller Normbekräftande och normbrytande förväntningar. Flickboksgenren hade sin guldålder i fickböcker översatta från engelska 1945–1965, då en stor mängd översatta fickböcker från till svenska och fnska 1945–1965 L.M. Montgomerys klassiska diktarficka Emily Starr till Helen Wells mysterielösande sjuksköterska Cherry Ames utgavs i Sverige och Finland. Adapterades eller anpassades gestaltningen av fickskap när fickböcker översattes från engelska till svenska och fnska och i så fall hur? Var översättningarna källtrogna eller målanpassade? Framhävdes normbekräftande eller normbrytande drag? Var praktikerna enhetliga i Sverige och Finland? Denna tvärvetenskapliga studie söker svar på dessa frågor genom en kombination av översättningsvetenskapens, litteraturvetenskapens, språkvetenskapens och arkivforskningens metoder. Laura Leden Acta Translatologica Helsingiensia Vol. 6 Helsingfors universitet Skrifter utgivna av Svenska barnboksinstitutet nr 154 Humanistiska fakulteten 2021 ISBN 978-951-51-7319-5 Acta Translatologica Helsingiensia Vol. 6 Skrifter utgivna av Svenska barnboksinstitutet nr 154 Acta Translatologica Helsingiensia Vol. 6 Skrifter utgivna av Svenska barnboksinstitutet nr 154 Adaption av flickskap Normbekräftande och normbrytande i flickböcker översatta från engelska till svenska och finska 1945–1965 Laura Leden Akademisk avhandling som med tillstånd av Humanistiska fakulteten vid Helsingfors universitet framlägges till offentlig granskning i Språkcentrets sal 115 fredagen den 18 juni 2021 kl. 13. Finskugriska och nordiska avdelningen Helsingfors universitet 2021 © Laura Leden och Finskugriska och nordiska avdelningen vid Helsingfors universitet 2021 Boken utgör Vol. 6 i serien Acta Translatologica Helsingiensia (ATH). ISSN-L 1799-3156 ISSN 1799-3156 http://hdl.handle.net/10138/17462 (e-publikation) Boken utgör nr 154 i serien Skrifter utgivna av Svenska barnboksinstitutet. ISSN 0347-5387 Tryckt med Kopiosto-bidrag som finansieras med de upphovsrättsersättningar Finlands översättar- och tolkförbund rf får från upphovsrättsorganisationen Kopiosto. Utgivare: Finskugriska och nordiska avdelningen Nordica PB 24 (Unionsgatan 40) FI-00014 Helsingfors universitet Omslag: Lina Leden Omslagsillustrationer: L.M. Montgomery, Emily (Gleerup 1955) © Eva Laurell 2021 L.M. Montgomery, Pieni Runotyttö (WSOY 1961) © Maija Karma 2021 Baksidans mönsterillustration: Olga Mezhevich ISBN 978-951-51-7319-5 (hft.) ISBN 978-951-51-7320-1 (PDF) http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-51-7320-1 Tryck: Unigrafia, Helsingfors 2021 The Faculty of Arts uses the Urkund system (plagiarism recognition) to examine all doctoral dissertations. HELSINGFORS UNIVERSITET Humanistiska fakulteten Doktorandprogrammet i språkforskning (HELSLANG) Laura Leden, 2021, Adaption av flickskap: Normbekräftande och normbrytande i flickböcker översatta från engelska till svenska och finska 1945–1965. Sammanfattning I denna tvärvetenskapliga avhandling, som är den första mer omfattande studien av flickboks- översättningar i Sverige och Finland, undersöks adaption av flickskap i flickböcker översatta från engelska till svenska och finska 1945–1965. Flicklitteraturen och flickboken är en barnlitterär genre som handlar om flickskap, om flickors liv och villkor, vad det innebär att vara flicka i en viss historisk kontext. Gestaltningen av flickskap sker i relation till normer för hur flickor förväntas vara och uttrycker ofta både normbekräftande anpassning och upproriskt normbrytande. Översättningar av flickböcker påverkas av normer för flickskap, normer för berättande och översättningsnormer. Dessa leder till adaption, som innebär att översättningar anpassas till målkontextens (målkulturens och det utgivande förlagets) normer och översättningens målgrupp, som består av unga flickor. Denna studie utgår från ett polysystemiskt perspektiv som innebär att alla genrer och verk ingår i det litterära polysystemet, ett nätverk av delvis överlappande system, där spänningar uppstår mellan centrum med högre prestige och periferier som flickboksgenren med lägre prestige. Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka hur flickbokens perifera position inom det övergripande litterära polysystemet och de interna relationerna mellan centrum (bildningsromaner med högre status) och periferi (långserieböcker med lägre status) inom det flicklitterära polysystemet påverkar mängden och typen av adaption i flickböcker och hur detta inverkar på framställningen av flickskap. Därtill har en avsikt varit att analysera om det finska flickboksfältet har påverkats av det svenska till följd av Finlands perifera position på det nordiska översättningsfältet. Det kvalitativa materialet består av tre bildningsromaner av L.M. Montgomery, Jean Webster och Laura Ingalls Wilder och tre långserieböcker av Helen D. Boylston, pseudonymen Carolyn Keene och Helen Wells samt deras svenska och finska översättningar. Dessa böcker representerar de serier som enligt en inledande kvantitativa analys var mest framträdande bland de flickböcker som utgavs på både svenska och finska under perioden 1945–1965 (52 böcker). För att kontextualisera materialet har en paratextuell analys dels av förlagskorrespondens, dels av översättningarnas omslag och omslagstexter utförts. Analysen visar att Norden under perioden utgjorde ett enhetligt fält med Sverige och Norge som centrum, då författarskapen kom till Finland via dessa länder, och svenska och norska översättningar användes som källtexter för tre av de finska översättningarna i materialet. Denna tvärvetenskapliga studie har tre metodologiska utgångspunkter i syfte att kunna komma åt effekterna av adaptionen av flickskap. Den primära deskriptiva översättningsvetenskapliga metoden består av en jämförande och kategoriserande adaptionsanalys, den språkliga metoden av en språklig analys av semantisk-pragmatiska drag och pragmatiska språkfunktioner och den litteraturvetenskapliga metoden av en narrativ analys av karaktärsindikatorer i relation till stereotypscheman för normbekräftande maskulint och normbrytande feminint berättande. Resultaten visar att både målkontextanpassade förkortade översättningar och källtrogna över- sättningar förekommer i såväl bildningsroman- som långseriematerialet. Därmed korrelerar mängden adaption inte med översättningens polysystemiska position. Detta tyder på att polysystem- hypotesen att översättningar med en perifer position anpassas till målkontexten inte får stöd inom flickboksgenren. Anpassning sker enligt kommersiella, didaktiska och pedagogiska översättnings- normer oberoende av översättningens polysystemiska position. I de anpassade översättningarna påverkas framställningen av flickskap dels genom att karaktärsdrag som förknippas med norm- brytande flickskap nedtonas, dels genom att berättandet blir mer handlingsorienterat, vilket är normen inom barnlitteratur. Nyckelord: flickböcker, flicklitteratur, flickskap, könsroller, adaption, normer, polysystemteori, klassiker, bildningsromaner, långserieböcker, engelska, skönlitterär översättning, svensk översättning, finsk översättning, indirekt översättning, översättningsforskning, flickforskning, arkivforskning UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI Faculty of Arts Doctoral Programme for Language Studies (HELSLANG) Laura Leden, 2021, Adaption av flickskap: Normbekräftande och normbrytande i flickböcker översatta från engelska till svenska och finska 1945–1965. [Adaption of Girlhood: Norm- Confirming and Norm-Breaking in Girls’ Books Translated from English to Swedish and Finnish 1945–1965.] Abstract This interdisciplinary thesis is the first more comprehensive study of girls’ book translations in Sweden and Finland. The study examines adaptation of the image of girlhood in girls’ books translated from English to Swedish and Finnish between 1945–1965. Girls’ literature and girls’ books are children’s literary genres about girlhood, about girls’ lives and what it means to be a girl in a certain historical context. Girlhood is depicted in relation to norms for how girls are expected to behave, which means that the girl protagonists often both confirm norms by adapting to the expectations of society and rebelliously challenge these norms. Translations of girls’ books are influenced by norms of girlhood, narrative norms, and translations norms. These result in adaptation, a translations practice where translations are adapted to the norms of the target context (the target culture and the publisher) and to the target audience, in this case young girls. The frame of reference is the polysystem theory, according to which all genres and literary works belong to the literary polysystem, a network of partly overlapping systems in which tensions arise between the center with higher prestige and the periphery with lower prestige. The objective of this study has been to analyze how the peripheral position of girls’ literature within the general literary polysystem and the internal relations between the center (Bildungsromane with higher status) and the periphery (series books with lower status) within the girls’ literary polysystem influences the amount and type of adaptation in girls’ books. The ways in which this peripheral position impacts the image of girlhood in the books is also examined. A further aim has been to analyze whether the Finnish girls’ book system has been influenced
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