Topic ­ Gender and the Nation State

 This topic looks at various theories and conceptual approaches that consider the ways in which national belonging and state ideologies are gendered: roles that tend to be assigned to women and men in nation­building and how definitions of femininity and masculinity can become linked to conceptualization of national sovereignty and modernity. Sexuality and gender interact with other categories of social differentiation, namely race, ethnicity, and class, to help maintain group boundaries and reproduce hierarchies within states. National(ist) discourses that project a particular vision of gender norms and relations, attention will be given to international discourses and transnational actors that challenge or reaffirm gendered imaginations of nations and states.  Feminists have critically examined the early Marxist feminist conception of the state, its development, and provided alternative feminist approaches; state feminism is also a topic that can be explored.

Agulhon, Maurice. 1981. Marianne into Battle: Republican Imagery and Symbolism in France, 1789­1880. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Anderson, Benedict R. 2006. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. New ed. London: Verso. Chapters 1 and 2. Banaszak, Lee Ann, Karen Beckwith and Dieter Rucht (eds.). 2003. Women’s Movements Facing the Reconfigured State. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Introduction. Berlant, Lauren. 1991. The Anatomy of National Fantasy: Hawthorne, Utopia, and Everyday Life. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Chappell, Louise. 2003. Gendering government: Feminist engagement with the state in Australia and Canada. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. Connell, Robert W. 1990. "The state, gender, and sexual politics." Theory and society 19(5): 507-544. De Groot, Joanna. 1989. "’Sex' and 'Race': The Construction of Language and Image in the Nineteenth Century." In Susan Mendus and Jane Rendall (eds.). Sexuality and Subordination. London and New York: Routledge, 89­128. Hilden, Patricia. 1991. "The Rhetoric and Iconography of Reform: Women Coal Miners in Belgium, 1840­1914." Historical Journal 34(2): 411­436. Hoffman, John. 1995. Beyond the State. Cambridge: Polity Press. Chapter 5. Lovenduski, Joni. 1995. "An emerging advocate: the equal opportunities commission in Great Britain." In Dorothy M. Stetson and Amy G. Mazur (eds.). Comparative State Feminism. London: Sage, 114-131. Martin, Angela K. 2000. “Death of a Nation: Transnationalism, Bodies and Abortion in Late Twentieth­century Ireland.” In Tamar Mayer (ed.). Gender Ironies of Nationalism: Sexing the Nation London and New York: Routledge, 65–86. McClintock, Anne. 1993. “Family Feuds: Gender, Nationalism and the Family.” Feminist Review 44: 61–80. McIntosh, Mary. 1978. "The State and the Oppression of Women.” In Annette Kuhn and Ann Marie Wolpe (eds.). Feminism and Materialism. London: Routledge. MacKinnon, Catharine A. 1982. "Feminism, Marxism, method, and the state: An agenda for theory." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 7(3): 515-544. MacKinnon, Catharine. 1989. Toward a Feminist Theory of the State. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Chapter 12. Mazey, Sonia. 2001. Gender mainstreaming in the EU: principles and practice. Kogan Page Limited, 2001. Outshoorn, Joyce. 1994 “Between movement and government: ‘Femocrats’ in the Netherlands.” In Hanspeter Kriesi (ed.). Yearbook of Swiss Political Science. Berne, Stuttgart and Vienna: Paul Haupt Verlag, 141- 165. Pateman, Carol. 1989. “The Patriarchal Welfare State.” In Carol Pateman (ed.). The Disorder of Women. Cambridge: Polity Press, 134-151. Pringle, Rosemary, and Sophie Watson. 1990. “Women's interests and the post­structuralist state.” In Michele Barrett and Anne Phillips (eds.). Destabilizing theory: Contemporary feminist debates. Cambridge: Polity Press, 203-223. Rai, Shirin (ed.). 2001. National Machineries for the Advancement of Women: Mainstreaming Gender, Democratising the State? Manchester: Manchester University Press. Randall, Vicky, and Georgina Waylen (eds.). 1998. Gender, Politics and the State. London: Routledge. Rees, Teresa. 1998. Mainstreaming Equality in the European Union. London: Routledge. Russell, Diana E.H. (ed.). 1993. Making Violence Sexy: Feminist Views on Pornography. Buckingham: Open University Press. Sawer, Marion. 1995. “’Femocrats in Glass Towers?’: The Office of the Status of Women in Australia.” In Dorothy M. Stetson and Amy G. Mazur (eds.). Comparative State Feminism. London: Sage, 22-39. Schaeffer, Denise. 2001. "Feminism and liberalism reconsidered: The case of Catharine MacKinnon." American Political Science Review 95(3): 699-708. [See also: Catharine Mackinnon’s reply, “’The Case’ Responds." American Political Science Review 95(3) (2001): 709-711.] Schwartzman, Lisa. 1999. "Liberal rights theory and social inequality: A feminist critique." Hypatia 14(2): 26-47. Squires, Judith, and Mark Wickham‐Jones. 2002. "Mainstreaming in Westminster and Whitehall: from Labour's ministry for women to the Women and Equality Unit." Parliamentary Affairs 55(1): 57-70. Stetson, Dorothy M., and Amy G. Mazur (eds.). 1995. Comparative State Feminism. London: Sage. Introduction and Conclusion. Walby, Sylvia. 1989. "Theorising patriarchy." Sociology 23(2): 213-234. Wilson, Elizabeth. 2002. Women and the welfare state. Routledge. Chapter 1. Yuval­Davis, Nira. 1997. “Theorizing Gender and Nation.” In Nira Yuval­Davis (ed.). Gender & Nation. London: Sage Publications, 1-25.

Nationalisms and Sexualities

Cameron, Vivian. 1991. "Political Exposures: Sexuality and Caricature in the French Revolution." In Lynn Hunt (ed.). Eroticism and the Body Politic. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 90­107. Dwyer, Leslie K. 2000. “Spectacular Sexuality: Nationalism, Development and the Politics of Family Planning in Indonesia.” In Tamar Mayer (ed.). Gender Ironies of Nationalism: Sexing the Nation. London and New York: Routledge, 25–62. Mosse, George. 1985. Nationalism and Sexuality: Middle Class Morality and Sexual Norms in Modern Europe. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Peterson, V. Spike. 1999. “Sexing Political Identities/nationalism as Heterosexism.” International Feminist Journal of Politics 1(1): 34–65. Sekuler, Todd. 2013. “Convivial Relations between Gender Non­Conformity and the French Nation­State.” L’Esprit Créateur 53(1): 15–30.

Citizenship

Amos, Valerie, and Pratibha Parmar. 1984. "Challenging Imperial Feminism." Feminist Review 17: 3­19. Banks, Olive. 1981. Faces of Feminism: A study of feminism as a social movement. Oxford: Martin Robertson. Barrett, Michele, and Mary MacIntosch. 1985. "Ethnocentrism and Socialist­FeministTheory." Feminist Review 20: 23­47. Burton, Antoinette. 1992. "The White Woman's Burden: British Feminists and 'The Indian Woman,' 1865­1915." In Nupur Chaudhuri and Margaret Strobel (eds.). Western Women and Imperialism: Complicity and Resistance. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Canning, Kathleen. 1994. "Feminist history after the linguistic turn: Historicizing discourse and experience." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 19(2): 368-404. Chaudhuri, Nupur, and Margaret Strobel (eds.). 1992. Western women and imperialism: Complicity and resistance. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Davin, Anna. 1978. "Imperialism and Motherhood." History Workshop Journal 5: 9­65. Dietz, Mary G. 1987. "Context is all: Feminism and Theories of Citizenship." Daedelus 4: 1­24. Dubois, Ellen Carol. 1978. Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an Independent Women's Movement in America, 1848­1869. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Honeycutt, Karen. 1979. "Socialism and Feminism in Imperial Germany." Signs: Journal of women in culture and society 5(1): 30-41. Mohanty, Chandra. 1991. "Under Western Eyes." In Chandra Mohanty, Ann Russo and Lourdes Torres (eds.). Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 51­80. Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. 1992. "Feminist Encounters: Locating the Politics of Experience." In Michele Barrett and Anne Phillips (eds.). Destabilizing theory: Contemporary feminist debates. Stanfrod: Stanford University Press, 68-86. Morrison, Toni (ed.). Race­ing Justice, Engendering Power. New York: Pantheon. Phillips, Anne. 1991. Engendering Democracy. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. Rabine, Leslie Wahl. 1988. "A feminist politics of non-identity." Feminist Studies 14(1): 11-31. Ramusack, Barbara N. 1990. "Cultural missionaries, maternal imperialists, feminist allies: British women activists in India, 1865–1945." Women's Studies International Forum 13(4): 309-321. Spillers, Hortense (ed.). 1991. Comparative American Identities, Race, Sex, and. Nationality in the Modern Text. New York: Routledge

Men and masculinities

Brown, Wendy. 1992. “Finding the Man in the State” Feminist Studies 18(1): 7­34. Elliston, Deborah A. 2004. “A Passion for the Nation: Masculinity, Modernity, and Nationalist Struggle.” American Ethnologist 31(4): 606–630. Karlin, Jason G. 2002. “The Gender of Nationalism: Competing Masculinities in Meiji Japan.” Journal of Japanese Studies 28(1): 41–77. Nagel, Joane. 1998. “Masculinity and Nationalism: Gender and Sexuality in the Making of Nations.” Ethnic & Racial Studies 21(2): 242–269.