Appendix 6. References excluded

A6.1 Qualitative review of ‘views’

The following references were excluded at full text assessment stage for the reasons shown.

Reference Exclusion reason Aagesen D (2000) Rights to land and resources in Argentina's Alerces National Park. Bulletin of Latin American Research. 19(4): 547-569. Exclude - methods not clear Abbot J I. O, Mace R (1999) Managing protected woodlands: fuelwood collection and law enforcement in Lake Malawi National Park. Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Conservation Biology. 13(2): 418-421. views Adams W M, et al. (2004) Biodiversity conservation and the eradication Exclude 3 Not seeking people's of poverty. Science. 306(5699): 1146-1149. views Adhikari K R (2009) Irrigation intervention: a strategy for conserving biodiversity and improving food security in Royal Chitwan National Park Exclude 3 Not seeking people's buffer zone, Nepal. (journal article) views Agbogidi O M, Ofuoku A U (2006) Biodiversity conservation and poverty Exclude 5 Not empirical study - alleviation in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. Agriculturae Conspectus An overview or review of the Scientificus. 71(3): 103-110. literature Agrawal A, Redford K (2006) Poverty, development, and biodiversity Exclude 5 Not empirical study - conservation: shooting in the dark? Wildlife Conservation Society An overview or review of the Working Paper No. 26. literature Akama J S, Lant C L, Burnett G W (1995) Conflicting Attitudes toward State Wildlife Conservation Programs in Kenya. Society & Natural Exclude 4 Publication date pre- Resources. 8(2): 133-144. 1992 Alcorn J B, Zarzycki A, de la Cruz, L M (2010) Poverty, governance and conservation in the Gran Chaco of South America. Biodiversity (Ottawa). 11(1-2, Sp. Iss. SI): 39-44. Exclude - methods not clear Ali I M, Maskill R (2004) Functional wildlife parks: The views of Kenyan children who live with them. Natural Resources Forum. 28(3): 205-215. Exclude - methods not clear Alpizar F (2006) The pricing of protected areas in nature-based tourism: Exclude 3 Not seeking people's A local perspective. Ecological Economics. 56(2): 294-307. views Amita S (2004) Linking conservation with livelihood: lessons from Exclude 3 Not seeking people's management of Gir-protected area in Western India. 42 pp. views Ancrenaz M, Dabek L, O'Neil S (2007) The costs of exclusion: Recognizing a role for local communities in biodiversity conservation. Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Plos Biology. 5(11): 2443-2448. views Anderson, JL, Pariela F (2005) Strategies to mitigate human-wildlife conflicts. Mozambique. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the Exclude 3 Not seeking people's United Nations. views Anitha V, Muraleedharan P K, Binilkumar A S (2006) Human-related constraints in protected area management - manifestations and Exclude 3 Not seeking people's causatives. Economic and Political Weekly. 41(10): 919-924. views Aumeeruddy-Thomas Y (2003) Power conflicts and representations at the interface between societies and protected areas: the Kerinci Seblat Exclude 3 Not seeking people's national park in Indonesia. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques. (278): 77-92. views Axford J C, Hockings M T, Carter R W (2008) What Constitutes Success in Pacific Island Community Conserved Areas? Ecology and Society. 13(2): 45. Exclude - methods not clear Axford J C, Hockings M T, Carter R W (2008) What Constitutes Success in Pacific Island Community Conserved Areas? Ecology and Society. Exclude 2 Not about protected 13(2): 45. areas Badola R, Hussain S A (2003) Conflict in paradise: Women and protected areas in the Indian Himalayas. Mountain Research and Development. Exclude 3 Not seeking people's 23(3): 234-237. views Barbic A (1992) Social typology of (rural) households as an element of rural spatial and economic development planning. Socialna tipologija Exclude 5 Not empirical study - (kmeckih) gospodinjstev kot sestavina strokovnih osnov prostorskega in An overview or review of the gospodarskega nacrtovanja razvoja podezelja. 21-22: 40-55. literature Barkin D (2003) Alleviating poverty through ecotourism: Promises and Exclude 5 Not empirical study - reality in the Monarch butterfly reserve of Mexico. Environment, An overview or review of the Development and Sustainability. 5(3-4): 371-382. literature Basset K-L (2010) Forms, stakeholders and challenges of participation in the creation of the Cevennes National Park (1950-1970). Revue de Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Géographie alpine-Journal of Alpine Research. 98(1): 55-67. views Bateman I J, Langford I H (1997) Non-users' willingness to pay for a national park: an application and critique of the contingent valuation Exclude 3 Not seeking people's method. Regional Studies. 31(6): 571-582. views Bearth T, Baya J (2010) Civil war and ecological resilience: The case of the Mont Sangbe National Park in Western Cote d'Ivoire. Cahiers Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Agricultures. 19(3): 220-226. views Belova S U (2007) Protected areas and benefits: Russian experience. In: Jokimaki J, Kaisanlahti-Jokimaki M-L, Tuulentie S, Laine K, Uusitalo M, Environment, Local Society and Sustainable Tourism. Arctic Centre Reports 50, pp. 119-124. Exclude - methods not clear Bennett N, Lemelin R H, Johnston M (2010) Using the social economy in tourism: a study of national park creation and community development in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Journal of Rural and Community Development. 5(1): 200-220. Exclude - methods not clear Bhatt S (2003) Linking livelihoods with conservation - An enterprise- based approach to Biosphere Reserve management. Journal of the Exclude 3 Not seeking people's National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka. 31(1-2): 147-158. views Bilbao B A, Leal A V, Mendez C L (2010) Indigenous Use of Fire and Forest Loss in Canaima National Park, Venezuela. Assessment of and Tools for Alternative Strategies of Fire Management in Pemón Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Indigenous Lands. Human Ecology. 38(5): 663-673. views Bin Muzaffar S et al. (2011) The endangered forests of Bangladesh: why the process of implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity Exclude 3 Not seeking people's is not working. Biodiversity and Conservation. 20(7): 1587-1601. views Binot A, et al. (2009) The challenge of participatory natural resource Exclude 5 Not empirical study - management with mobile herders at the scale of a Sub-Saharan African An overview or review of the protected area. Biodiversity and Conservation. 18(10): 2645-2662. literature Binot A, Castel V, Caron A (2006) Wildlife/livestock interface in Exclude 3 Not seeking people's subSaharan Africa. Sécheresse (Montrouge). 17(1-2): 349-361. views Blaney S (2009) Nutritional status and dietary adequacy in rural Exclude 3 Not seeking people's communities of a protected area in Gabon. (journal article) views Blaney S, Beaudry M, Latham M (2009) Contribution of natural resources to nutritional status in a protected area of Gabon. Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 30(1): 49-62. Exclude - methods not clear Blaney S, Beaudry M, Latham M (2009) Determinants of undernutrition Exclude - methods not clear in rural communities of a protected area in Gabon. Public Health Nutrition. 12(10): 1711-1725. Blouch R A (2010) Zoning for people within Indonesia's Kerinci Seblat Exclude 3 Not seeking people's National Park. Journal of Sustainable Forestry. 29(2/4): 432-450. views Bodesmo M, et al. (2011) The role of environmental and socio- demographic indicators in the analysis of land use changes in a protected area of the Natura 2000 Network: the case study of Lake Trasimeno, Umbria, Central Italy. Environ Monit Assess. Published on Exclude 3 Not seeking people's line 15 April 2011. views Bolland L P, Drew A P, Vergara-Tenorio C (2006) Analysis of a natural resources management system in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve. Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Landscape and Urban Planning. 74(3-4): 223-241. views Bond A C (2009) Contextual analysis of agroforestry adoption in the buffer zone of Podocarpus National Park, Ecuador. Journal of Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Sustainable Forestry. 28(6/7): 825-843. views Bondya S L, Singh K P, Khanna K K (2009) Exploitation of ethno- medicinal plants and their marketing status in Achanakmar-Amarkantak Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Biosphere Reserve. Journal of Tropical Forestry. 25(1/2): 33-37. views Bonheur N, Lane B D (2002) Natural resources management for human security in Cambodia's Tonle Sap biosphere reserve. Environmental Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Science and Policy. 5(1): 33-41. views Bonta M (2005) Becoming-forest, becoming-local: transformations of a Exclude 3 Not seeking people's protected area in Honduras. Geoforum. 36(1): 95-112. views Bookbinder M P, et al. (1998) Ecotourism's support of biodiversity Exclude 3 Not seeking people's conservation. Conservation Biology. 12(6): 1399-1404. views Booth K (2009) Applying the Beneficial Outcomes Approach (BOA) to protected area management planning on Stewart Island/Rakiura, New Exclude 2 Not about protected Zealand. areas Botha J, et al. (2004) Socio-economic differentiation in the trade of wildlife species for traditional medicines in the Lowveld, South Africa: Implications for resource management initiatives. International Journal Exclude 2 Not about protected of Sustainable Development and World Ecology. 11(3): 280-297. areas Braimah I, Tudzi E P, Baah-Ennumh T Y (2009) Land tenure as a challenge to the sustainability of the Amokwao Community Resource Management Area in Ghana. Journal of Sustainable Development in Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Africa. 11(1): 128-148. views Brandon K E, Wells M (1992) Planning for People and Parks – Design Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Dilemmas. World Development. 20(4): 557-570. views Brandon K, et al. (2005) Reconciling biodiversity conservation, people, protected areas, and agricultural suitability in Mexico. World Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Development. 33(9): 1403-1418. views Brandon K, et al. (2008) Benefits of biodiversity conservation to Exclude 3 Not seeking people's agriculture and rural livelihoods. Biodiversity (Ottawa). 9(1-2): 82-85. views Bray D B, et al. (2008) Tropical Deforestation, Community Forests, and Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Protected Areas in the Maya Forest. Ecology and Society. 13(2). views Brenner L, Job H (2012) Challenges to Actor-oriented Environmental Governance: Examples from three Mexican Biosphere Reserves. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie. 103(1):1-19. Exclude - methods not clear Brockington D, Igoe J, Schmidt-Soltau K (2006) Conservation, human Exclude 3 Not seeking people's rights, and poverty reduction. Conservation Biology. 20(1): 250-252. views Brockington D, Schmidt-Soltau K (2004) The social and environmental Exclude 5 Not empirical study - impacts of wilderness and development. Oryx. 38(2): 140-142. An overview or review of the literature Brown K A, et al. (2011) Assessing Natural Resource Use by Forest- Reliant Communities in Madagascar Using Functional Diversity and Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Functional Redundancy Metrics. Plos One. 6(9): e24107 . views Brown M (2010) Social feasibility and biodiversity conservation: How Exclude 5 Not empirical study - prioritizing the linkage can also establish the conditions for poverty An overview or review of the alleviation. Biodiversity. 11(1-2): 91-97. literature Budhathoki P (2004) Linking communities with conservation in developing countries: buffer zone management initiatives in Nepal. Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Oryx. 38(3): 334-341. views Buergin R (2003) Shifting frames for local people and forests in a global Exclude 5 Not empirical study - heritage: the Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary in the context of An overview or review of the Thailand's globalization and modernization. Geoforum. 34(3): 375-393. literature Burmester A (2005) Socio-economic situation and land use conflicts in the Shirvan National Park Region, Azerbaijan. Archives of Nature Conservation and Landscape Research. 44(4): 101-128. Exclude - methods not clear Burmester A (2005) Socio-economic situation and land use conflicts in the Shirvan National Park Region, Azerbaijan. Archives of Nature Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Conservation and Landscape Research. 44(4): 101-128. views Burns P M, Barrie S (2005) Race, space and 'our own piece of Africa': doing good in Luphisi village?. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 13(5): 468-485. Exclude - methods not clear Bury J (2008) New geographies of tourism in Peru: Nature-based tourism and conservation in the Cordillera Huayhuash. Tourism Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Geographies. 10(3): 312-333. views Bushell R, Eagles P (2007) Tourism and protected areas: benefits beyond Exclude 3 Not seeking people's boundaries. The Vth IUCN World Parks Congress. : . views Exclude 5 Not empirical study - Campbell A, et al. (2008) Protecting the future: Carbon, forests, An overview or review of the protected areas and local livelihoods. Biodiversity. 9(3-4): 117-121. literature Carmody J, Prideaux B (2011) Enhancing the role of host communities in the management of protected areas through effective two-way communications: a case study. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research. Exclude 3 Not seeking people's 16(1): 89-104. views Carr D L (2008) Farm households and land use in a core conservation zone of the Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala. Human Ecology. Exclude 3 Not seeking people's 36(2): 231-248. views Carri C B (1985) The evaluation of the costs and benefits of a natural park. La valutazione dei costi e del benefici di un parco naturale. 48(3- Exclude 3 Not seeking people's 4): 55-64. views Carruthers J (2011) Pilanesberg National Park, North West Province, South Africa: Uniting economic development with ecological design - A Exclude 3 Not seeking people's history, 1960s to 1984. Koedoe. 53(1): . views Castro A J, et al. (2011) Social preferences regarding the delivery of ecosystem services in a semiarid Mediterranean region. Journal of Arid Environments. 75(11): 1201-1208. Exclude - methods not clear Cernea M M, Schmidt-Soltau K (2008) Corrigendum to "Poverty Risks and National Parks: Policy Issues in Conservation and Resettlement" [World Development 34 (2006) 1808-1830] Exclude 3 Not seeking people's (DOI:10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.02.008). World Development. 36(12): views 2966. Cernea M M, Schmidt-Soltau K (2006) Poverty risks and national parks: Policy issues in conservation and resettlement. World Development. Exclude 3 Not seeking people's 34(10): 1808-1830. views Chan K M A, et al. (2007) When agendas collide: Human welfare and Exclude 3 Not seeking people's biological conservation. Conservation Biology. 21(1): 59-68. views Chang C Y, et al. (2008) Psychophysiological responses and restorative values of natural environments in Taiwan. Landscape and Urban Exclude 2 Not about protected Planning. 85(2): 79-84. areas Chantachon S (2009) Luang Prabang, economy, society and culture. Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Social Sciences. 4(1): 91-95. views Chantarat S, et al. (2011) Index insurance for pro-poor conservation of hornbills in Thailand. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Exclude 3 Not seeking people's of the United States of America. 108(34): 13951-13956. views Chardonnet P, et al. (2010) Managing the conflicts between people and lion: review and insights from the literature and field experience. Rome: Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. views Chatelard G (2003) Conflicts of interest over the Wadi Rum Reserve: were they avoidable? A socio-political critique. Nomadic Peoples. 7(1): Exclude 3 Not seeking people's 138-158. views Chicchon A (2009) Working with indigenous peoples to conserve Exclude 3 Not seeking people's nature: Examples from Latin America. Conservation and Society. 7: 15. views Clark S G, Cherney D N, Ashton M S (2009) Development and environmental challenges, Podocarpus National Park, Ecuador. Journal Exclude 3 Not seeking people's of Sustainable Forestry. 28(6/7): 597-613. views Clemmer R O (2004) "The legal effect of the judgment": Indian land claims, ecological anthropology, social impact assessment, and the public domain. Human Organization. 63(3): 334-345. Exclude - methods not clear Colchester M (2004) Conservation policy and indigenous peoples. Environmental Science & Policy. 7(3): 145-153. Exclude - methods not clear Exclude 5 Not empirical study - Colchester M (2004) Conservation policy and indigenous peoples. An overview or review of the Environmental Science & Policy. 7(3): 145-153. literature Collier N, Boedhihartono A K, Sayer J (2009) Indigenous livelihoods and the global environment: Understanding relationships. 18th World IMACS /MODSIM Congress, Cairns, Australia 13-17 July 2009. Exclude - methods not clear Collier N, et al. (2011) Science for action: the use of scoping models in conservation and development. Environmental Science & Policy. 14(6): Exclude 2 Not about protected 628-638. areas Connor T (2005) Place, belonging and population displacement: New Exclude 5 Not empirical study - ecological reserves in Mozambique and South Africa. Development An overview or review of the Southern Africa. 22(3): 365-382. literature Coomes O T, Barham B L, Takasaki Y (2004) Targeting conservation- development initiatives in tropical forests: insights from analyses of rain forest use and economic reliance among Amazonian peasants. Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Ecological Economics. 51(1-2): 47-64. views Cousins B, et al. (2007) A synthesis of sociological and biological perspectives on sustainable land use in Namaqualand. Journal of Arid Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Environments. 70(4): 834-846. views Cox P A, Elmqvist T (1993) Ecocolonialism and indigenous knowledge Exclude 3 Not seeking people's systems: Village controlled rainforest preserves in Samoa. Pacific views Conservation Biology. 1(1): 6-13. Exclude 5 Not empirical study - Curran B, et al. (2009) Are central Africa′s protected areas displacing An overview or review of the hundreds of thousands of rural poor? Conservation and Society. 7: 30. literature Cusack D, Dixon L (2006) Community-based ecotourism and sustainability: Cases in Bocas del Toro Province, Panama and Talamanca, Costa Rica. Journal of Sustainable Forestry. 22(1-2): 157- 182. Exclude - methods not clear Cusack D, Dixon L (2006) Community-based ecotourism and sustainability: Cases in Bocas del Toro Province, Panama and Talamanca, Costa Rica. Journal of Sustainable Forestry. 22(1-2): 157- Exclude 3 Not seeking people's 182. views Cusick J (2009) At the intersection of resident, research and recreation Exclude 5 Not empirical study - stakeholder interests: East Maui, Hawai'i, as a sustainable tourism An overview or review of the destination. Island Studies Journal. 4(2): 183-202. literature Daconto G, Sherpa L (2010) Applying Scenario Planning to Park and Tourism Management in Sagarmatha National Park, Khumbu, Nepal. Mountain Research and Development. 30(2): 103-112. Exclude - methods not clear Dahlquist R M, et al. (2007) Incorporating livelihoods in biodiversity conservation: a case study of cacao agroforestry systems in Talamanca, Costa Rica. Biodiversity and Conservation. 16(8): 2311-2333. Exclude - methods not clear Dahlquist R M, et al. (2007) Incorporating livelihoods in biodiversity conservation: a case study of cacao agroforestry systems in Talamanca, Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Costa Rica. Biodiversity and Conservation. 16(8): 2311-2333. views Dalal-Clayton B, Child B (2003) Lessons from Luangwa - the story of the Luangwa Integrated Resource Development Project, Zambia. IIED Wildlife and Development Series No. 13. 338 pp. Exclude - methods not clear Dalal-Clayton B, Child B (2003) Lessons from Luangwa - the story of the Luangwa Integrated Resource Development Project, Zambia. IIED Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Wildlife and Development Series No. 13. 338 pp. views Davis D, Weiler B (1992) Kakadu National Park - conflicts in a World Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Heritage Area. Tourism Management. 13(3): 313-320. views Exclude 5 Not empirical study - Davis SH (ed.) (1993) The social challenge of biodiversity conservation. An overview or review of the World Bank. Global Environment Facility Working Paper 1 . literature de Koning , F, et al. (2011) Bridging the gap between forest conservation and poverty alleviation: the Ecuadorian Socio Bosque Exclude 3 Not seeking people's program. Environmental Science & Policy. 14(5): 531-542. views Dearden P, et al. (1996) National parks and hill tribes in Northern Thailand: A case study of Doi Inthanon. Society & Natural Resources. Exclude 3 Not seeking people's 9(2): 125-141. views DeFries R, et al. (2007) Land use change around protected areas: Management to balance human needs and ecological function. Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Ecological Applications. 17(4): 1031-1038. views deKoninck V (2007) Deconstructing the stakeholder: A case study from Exclude 5 Not empirical study - Garig Gunak Barlu National Park, Australia. International Journal of An overview or review of the Biodiversity Science & Management. 3(2): 77-87. literature Delang C O (2006) The role of wild food plants in poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation in tropical countries. Progress in Development Studies. 6(4): 275-286. Exclude - methods not clear Delang C O (2006) The role of wild food plants in poverty alleviation and Exclude 3 Not seeking people's biodiversity conservation in tropical countries. Progress in Development views Studies. 6(4): 275-286. Delcore H D (2007) The racial distribution of privilege in a Thai national park. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 38(1): 83-105. Exclude - methods not clear Delgado Herrera, A (2002) From an intuitive to a systematic gender Exclude 5 Not empirical study - perspective: experiences from Peru. Mountain Research and An overview or review of the Development. 22(3): 216-220. literature Deng Xiaomei, et al. (2010) Poverty issues in a national wildlife reserve in China. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology. 17(6): 529-541. Exclude - methods not clear Di Gregorio M (2008) Forest Tenure and Local Well-being: Evidence from Indonesia. IASC 12th Biennial Conference, Governing Shared Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Resources: Connecting Local Experience to Global Challenges. views Exclude 5 Not empirical study - Díaz S, et al. (2006) Biodiversity loss threatens human well-being. PLoS An overview or review of the Biology. 4(8): e277. literature Dovie D B K, (2003) Detaining livelihoods and disputing biodiversity: Whose dilemma? Ethics, Place and Environment. 6(1): 27-41. Exclude - methods not clear Dressler W, et al. (2010) From hope to crisis and back again? A critical Exclude 5 Not empirical study - history of the global CBNRM narrative. Environmental Conservation. An overview or review of the 37(1): 5-15. literature Dressler W, Turner S (2008) The Persistence of Social Differentiation in the Philippine Uplands. Journal of Development Studies. 44(10): 1450- Exclude 2 Not about protected 1473. areas Dudley N Higgins-Zogib L, Mansourian S (2009) The Links between Protected Areas, Faiths, and Sacred Natural Sites. Conservation Biology. Exclude 3 Not seeking people's 23(3): 568-577. views Exclude 5 Not empirical study - Dudley N, et al. (2010) Do protected areas contribute to poverty An overview or review of the reduction? Biodiversity (Ottawa). 11(3-4): 5-7. literature Durbin J C, Ralambo J A, (1994) The Role of Local People in the Successful Maintenance of Protected Areas in Madagascar. Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Environmental Conservation. 21(2): 115-120. views Durrant J O, Shumway J M (2004) Attitudes toward wilderness study areas: A survey of six southeastern Utah counties. Environmental Management. 33(2): 271-283. Exclude - methods not clear Duthy S (2002) Whian Whian – State Forest or National Park: Community Attitudes and Economic Values. Economic Analysis and Policy, 32(2), Special Issue June 2002, pp. 91-111. Exclude - methods not clear Edge S, McAllister M L (2009) Place-based local governance and Exclude 5 Not empirical study - sustainable communities: lessons from Canadian biosphere reserves. An overview or review of the Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. 52(3): 279-295. literature Elisara-Laulu FM (2008) A review of Samoa's implementation of the CBD programme of work on protected areas. Ole Siosiomaga Society Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Incorporated (OLSSI), Samoa. views Elsasser H, Seiler C, Scheurer T (1995) The regional economic impacts of the Swiss National Park. Mountain Research and Development. 15(1): Exclude 3 Not seeking people's 77-79. views Erdeli G, Dinca A I (2011) Tourism - A vulnerable strength in the protected areas of the Romanian Carpathians. Procedia – Social and Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Behavioral Sciences. 19: 190-197. views Ericson J A (2006) A participatory approach to conservation in the Exclude 5 Not empirical study - Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, Campeche, Mexico. Landscape and Urban An overview or review of the Planning. 74(3/4): 242-266. literature Escamilla A, Sanvicente M, Sosa M, Galindo-Leal C (2000) Habitat mosaic, wildlife availability, and hunting in the tropical forest of Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Calakmul, Mexico. Conservation Biology. 14(6): 1592-1601. views Ezebilo E E (2010) Community-Based Preferences for Economic Incentives to Promote Biodiversity Conservation in a Tropical Rainforest. International Journal of Environmental Research. 4(3): 501- 506. Exclude - methods not clear Ezebilo E E (2010) Community-Based Preferences for Economic Incentives to Promote Biodiversity Conservation in a Tropical Rainforest. International Journal of Environmental Research. 4(3): 501- Exclude 3 Not seeking people's 506. views Ezebilo E E (2011) Community Forestry as Perceived by Local People Around Cross River National Park, Nigeria. Environmental Management. Exclude 3 Not seeking people's 49(1):207-18. views Ezebilo E E, (2011) Local participation in forest and biodiversity conservation in a Nigerian rain forest. International Journal of Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Sustainable Development and World Ecology. 18(1): 42-47. views Fairhead J, Leach M (1994) Contested forests: Modern conservation and Exclude 5 Not empirical study - historical land use in guinea's ziama reserve. African Affairs. 93(373): An overview or review of the 481-512. literature Fay D A (2011) Post-apartheid transformations and population change around Dwesa-Cwebe nature reserve, South Africa. Conservation and Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Society. 9(1): 8-15. views Fay D (2009) Land Tenure, Land Use, and Land Reform at Dwesa-Cwebe, Exclude 5 Not empirical study - South Africa: Local Transformations and the Limits of the State. World An overview or review of the Development. 37(8): 1424-1433. literature Ferraro P J (2002) The local costs of establishing protected areas in low- income nations: Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Ecological Economics. 43(2/3): 261-275. Exclude - methods not clear Ferraro P J, Hanauer M M (2011) Protecting Ecosystems and Alleviating Poverty with Parks and Reserves: 'Win-Win' or Tradeoffs? Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Environmental & Resource Economics. 48(2): 269-286. views Ferraro P J, et al. (2011) Conditions associated with protected area success in conservation and poverty reduction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108(34): Exclude 3 Not seeking people's 13913-13918. views Ferraro P J, Kramer R A (1997) Compensation and economic incentives: Exclude 3 Not seeking people's reducing pressure on protected areas. : . views Ferreira S L (2011) Balancing people and park: towards a symbiotic relationship between Cape Town and Table Mountain National Park. Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Current Issues in Tourism. 14(3): 275-293. views Fifanou V G, et al. (2011) Traditional agroforestry systems and biodiversity conservation in Benin (West Africa). Agroforestry Systems. Exclude 3 Not seeking people's 82(1): 1-13. views Fisher B, Polasky S, Sterner T (2011) Conservation and Human Welfare: Exclude 5 Not empirical study - Economic Analysis of Ecosystem Services. Environmental & Resource An overview or review of the Economics. 48(2): 151-159. literature Flaaten O (2010) Nature Reserves as a Bioeconomic Management Tool: Exclude 3 Not seeking people's A Simplified Modelling Approach. (journal article) views Fletcher R, Johnson I, Bruce E, Khun-Neay K (2007) Living with heritage: site monitoring and heritage values in Greater Angkor and the Angkor Exclude 3 Not seeking people's World Heritage Site, Cambodia. World Archaeology. 39(3): 385-405. views Foerster S, et al. (2011) Human livelihoods and protected areas in Gabon: a cross-sectional comparison of welfare and consumption Exclude 3 Not seeking people's patterns. Oryx. 45(3): 347-356. views Fournier A (2011) Consequences of wooded shrine rituals on vegetation conservation in West Africa: a case study from the Bwaba cultural area (West Burkina Faso). Biodiversity and Conservation. 20(9): 1895-1910. Exclude - methods not clear Fraga J (2006) Local perspectives in conservation politics: the case of the Ría Lagartos Biosphere Reserve, Yucatán, México. Landscape and Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Urban Planning. 74(3/4): 285-295. views Fredman P, Friberg L H, Emmelin L (2007) Increased visitation from Exclude 3 Not seeking people's national park designation. Current Issues in Tourism. 10(1): 87-95. views Gachanja M K (2003) Public perception of forests as a motor for change: Exclude 3 Not seeking people's The case of Kenya. Unasylva. 54(213): 59-62. views Gaesing K (2011) Balancing livelihood needs and environmental Exclude 3 Not seeking people's protection. Rural 21. 45(3): 36-39. views Galicia L, Garcia-Romero A (2007) Land use and land cover change in highland temperate forests in the Izta-Popo National Park, central Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Mexico. Mountain Research and Development. 27(1): 48-57. views Garcia-Frapolli E, et al. (2007) Biodiversity conservation, traditional agriculture and ecotourism: Land cover/land use change projections for a natural protected area in the northeastern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Landscape and Urban Planning. 83(2-3): 137-153. Exclude - methods not clear Garcia-Frapolli E, et al. (2007) Biodiversity conservation, traditional agriculture and ecotourism: Land cover/land use change projections for a natural protected area in the northeastern Yucatan Peninsula, Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Mexico. Landscape and Urban Planning. 83(2-3): 137-153. views Garcia-Llorente M, Martin-Lopez B, Montes C (2011) Exploring the motivations of protesters in contingent valuation: Insights for conservation policies. Environmental Science & Policy. 14(1): 76-88. Exclude - methods not clear Garda A A, et al. (2010) Biodiversity conservation and sustainable development in the Amazon. Systematics and Biodiversity. 8(2): 169- Exclude 3 Not seeking people's 175. views Gaveau D L A, et al. (2009) Three decades of deforestation in southwest Sumatra: Effects of coffee prices, law enforcement and rural poverty. Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Biological Conservation. 142(3): 597-605. views Gavin M C, Anderson G J (2007) Socioeconomic predictors of forest use values in the Peruvian Amazon: A potential tool for biodiversity Exclude 3 Not seeking people's conservation. Ecological Economics. 60(4): 752-762. views Geisler C (2003) A new kind of trouble: evictions in Eden. International Social Science Journal. 55(1): 69-+. Exclude - methods not clear Getzner M (2003) The economic impact of national parks: the perception of key actors in Austrian national parks. International Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Journal of Sustainable Development. 6(2): 183-202. views Getzner M (2010) Ecosystem services, financing, and the regional economy: A case study from Tatra National Park, Poland. Biodiversity Exclude 3 Not seeking people's (Ottawa). 11(1-2, Sp. Iss. 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Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Annals of Tourism Research. 24(4): 992-994. views Tomićević J, Zlatić M, Milovanović M (2006) Local attitudes toward Exclude 3 Not seeking people's management of natural resources in the Tara National Park. Zürich. views Tran T (2010) Combining biodiversity conservation with poverty alleviation - a case study in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Aquatic Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Ecosystem Health & Management. 13(1): 41-46. views Trau A, Bushell R (2008) Tourism and indigenous peoples. In: . Wallingford: CABI, pp. 260-282. Exclude - methods not clear Turner M D (1999) No space for participation: pastoralist narratives and the etiology of park-herder conflict in southeastern Niger. Land Exclude 3 Not seeking people's Degradation & Development. 10(4): 345-363. views Turton D (2011) Wilderness, wasteland or home? Three ways of Exclude 5 Not empirical study - imagining the Lower Omo Valley. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 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A6.2 Quantitative review of ‘impacts’

The following references were rejected at full text assessment stage for the reasons shown.

Rejection reason Explanation Comment paper or similar (no Reports no empirical data collection and is not a data) broad, relevant review Important variables have not been accounted for Confounding variables that may be responsible for observed results Reports different results for the same study, Contradictory results possibly the result of error or insufficient detail Data linked with marine ecosystem Results cannot be separated between terrestrial protection and marine protected ecosystems Statistical methods or reported metrics are not Inappropriate statistics appropriate for the data Temporal studies focus on a timeframe that is not relevant to the review question, i.e. establishment Inappropriate time frame of the protected area or ICDP Insufficient detail in methods Methods lack significant details Comparator is not relevant to the presence of the Lack of suitable comparator protected area Lack of suitable intervention A protected area is not the subject of study Results are presented for data that do not relate to Lack of suitable outcome human well-being The study population are not national or not Lack of suitable population ‘users’ Data presented are not comparable between Non-standardised data intervention and control, i.e. they have not been (incomparable) standardised Protected area either too recently established to PA establishment too recent/not detect observable effects as a result of the yet established establishment, or not yet established Articles do not report only qualitative data, Qualitative data referred to qualitative review team Article reports no empirical data collection but is a broad, relevant review, retained for bibliographic Relevant Review checks Small sample size Extremely small sample size (n<10) Data analysed in the article are used in a more Superseded by more recent study recent article Other Details given

Reference Rejection reason Aagesen, D. (2000). "Rights to land and resources in Argentina's Alerces National Park." Bulletin of Latin American Research 19(4): 547-569. Lack of suitable outcome Abbasi Fletcher, S. (1990). "Parks, protected areas and local populations: New international Comment paper or similar (no issues and imperatives." Landscape and Urban Planning 19(2): 197-201. data) Abbot, J. I. O., D. H. L. Thomas, et al. (2001). "Understanding the links between conservation and development in the Bamenda Highlands, Cameroon." World Development 29(7): 1115- 1136. Insufficient detail in methods Abbot, J. I. O., F. G. Ananze, et al. (2000). Promoting Partnerships: Managing wildlife resources in Central and West Africa. Evaluating Eden Series 3. London, IEED. Lack of suitable outcome Abdullah A., A. M. Abdul Rahman et al. (2006). The creation of an eco-tourism site: a case study of Pulau Singa Besar. Design and Nature III: Comparing Design in Nature with Science and Engineering. C. A. Brebbia. 87: 309-316. Lack of suitable intervention Abel T. (2003). "Understanding complex human ecosystems: The case of ecotourism on Bonaire." Conservation Ecology 7(3). Lack of suitable intervention Abidi-Habib M. and A. Lawrence (2007). "Revolt and remember: How the Shimshal Nature Trust develops and sustains social-ecological resilience in northern Pakistan." Ecology and Society 12(2). Qualitative data Abrams, R. W., E. D. Anwana, et al. (2009). "Integrating Top-Down with Bottom-Up Comment paper or similar (no Conservation Policy in Africa." Conservation Biology 23(4): 799-804. data) Adams, V. M., M. Mills, et al. (2011). "Improving social acceptability of marine protected area networks: a method for estimating opportunity costs to multiple gear types in both fished and currently unfished areas." Biological Conservation 144(1): 350-361. Other (Marine PA) Adams, V. M., R. L. Pressey, et al. (2010). "Opportunity costs: Who really pays for Other (Uses data from Naidoo conservation?" Biological Conservation 143(2): 439-448. & Adamowicz 2006) Adams, W. M. and D. H. L. Thomas (1996). "Conservation and sustainable resource use in the Comment paper or similar (no Hadejia-Jama'are Valley, Nigeria." Oryx 30(2): 131-142. data) Adams, W. M. and M. Infield (2003). "Who is on the gorilla's payroll? Claims on tourist revenue from a Ugandan National Park." World Development 31(1): 177-190. Lack of suitable comparator Adams, W. M., R. Aveling, et al. (2004). "Biodiversity conservation and the eradication of Comment paper or similar (no poverty." Science 306(5699): 1146-1149. data) Addisu, A. (2008). "Honey production in Harenna forest of southern Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia: economic and conservation perspectives." Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences 7(1): 17-33. Lack of suitable comparator Addo, F., E. O. A. Asibey, K. B. Quist and M. B. Dyson. 1994. The economic contribution of women and protected areas: Ghana and the bushmeat trade. Pages 99-115 in M.Munasinghe and J.McNeely, editors. Protected area economics and policy: linking conservation and sustainable development. World Bank and World Conservation Union, Washington, D.C Lack of suitable comparator Adhikari, K. R. (2009). "Irrigation intervention: a strategy for conserving biodiversity and improving food security in Royal Chitwan National Park buffer zone, Nepal." (journal article) Lack of suitable comparator Agbogidi, O. M. and A. U. Ofuoku (2006). "Biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation Comment paper or similar (no in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria." Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus 71(3): 103-110. data) Agee, J. K. (1980). "Issues and impacts of Redwood National Park expansion." Environmental Management 4(5): 407-423. Confounding variables Aguirre J. A. G. (2006). "Linking national parks with its gateway communities for tourism development in Central America: Nindiri, Nicaragua, Bagazit, Costa Rica and Portobelo, Panama." PASOS: Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural 4(3): 351-371. Lack of suitable comparator Aguirre J. A. (2006) Estado de las relaciones del Parque Nacional Monumento Arqueologico Guayabo con las comunidades de Santa Cruz de Turrialba y Guayabo, Costa Rica. PASOS 4(1), Other (Archeological park, not 69-83 for conservation) Akama, J. S., C. L. Lant, et al. (1995). "Conflicting attitudes toward state wildlife conservation programs in Kenya." Society & Natural Resources 8(2): 133-144. Lack of suitable comparator Akyeampong, O. A. (2011). "Pro-poor tourism: residents' expectations, experiences and perceptions in the Kakum National Park Area of Ghana." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 19(2): 197-213. Lack of suitable comparator Other (Uses cost-benefit Albers, H. J. and E. J. Z. Robinson (2007). "Spatial-temporal aspects of cost-benefit analysis analysis to model different for park management: an example from Khao Yai National Park, Thailand." Journal of Forest management scenarios, raw Economics 13(2/3): 129-150. data in Albers 1992) Albignac, R. (1991). Project UNESCO-UNDP with Malagasy Government Conservation of Natural Ecosystems Pilot Operations of Ecodevelopment of Communities of BASIS- Comment paper or similar (no BIOSPHERE Reserves. data) Alexander, S. E. and J. L. Whitehouse (2004). Challenges for balancing conservation and Lack of suitable intervention development through ecotourism: insights and implications from two Belizean case studies. Sustainable Tourism. F. D. B. C. A. Pineda. 9: 129-142. Ali, I. M. and R. Maskill (2004). "Functional wildlife parks: The views of Kenyan children who live with them." Natural Resources Forum 28(3): 205-215. Qualitative data Alkan, H., M. Korkmaz, et al. (2009). "Assessment of Primary Factors Causing Positive or egati e Lo al Per eptions of Prote ted Areas.” Journal of En ironmental Engineering and Landscape Management 17(1): 20-27. Lack of suitable comparator Allendorf, T. D. (2007). "Residents' attitudes toward three protected areas in southwestern Nepal." Biodiversity and Conservation 16(7): 2087-2102. Lack of suitable comparator Allendorf, T., K. K. Swe, et al. (2006). "Community attitudes toward three protected areas in Upper Myanmar (Burma)." Environmental Conservation 33(4): 344-352. Lack of suitable comparator Alonso, L. E. (2001). Biological and social assessments of the Cordillera de Vilcabamba, Peru, Conservation International, Center for Applied Biodiversity Sciences, Department of Qualitative data, Lack of Conservation Biology. suitable outcome Alpizar, F. (2006). "The pricing of protected areas in nature-based tourism: A local perspective." Ecological Economics 56(2): 294-307. Lack of suitable population Alvarez, S. and S. L. Larkin (2010). "Valuing ecological restoration and recreational benefits in a mountain protected area: the case of Los Nevados National Park, Colombia." Journal of Lack of suitable intervention, Sustainable Development 3(4): 3-16. Lack of suitable comparator Other (A methods paper Álvarez-Farizo, B., N. Hanley, et al. (2001). "The value of leisure time: a contingent rating rather than focussing on a approach." Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 44(5): 681-699. particular PA) Ambinakudige, S. (2011). "National parks, coffee and NTFPs: The livelihood capabilities of Adivasis in Kodagu, India." Journal of Political Ecology 18(1): 1-10. Qualitative data Amirnejad, H., S. Khalilian, et al. (2006). "Estimating the existence value of north forests of Iran by using a contingent valuation method." Ecological Economics 58(4): 665-675. Lack of suitable intervention Amita, S. (2007). "Management of protected areas: exploring an alternative in Gir." Economic and Political Weekly 42(27/28): 2923-2930. Lack of suitable comparator Anda, R. and Dalabajan, D., Eds. (2009). Against the Tide: Enforcement and Governance in the Sulu Sulawesi Seas. Puerto Princesa City, Environmental Legal Assistance Centre. Other (Marine PA) Andam, K. S., P. J. Ferraro, et al. (2008). "Measuring the effectiveness of protected area networks in reducing deforestation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105(42): 16089-16094. Lack of suitable outcome Andam, K. S., P. J. Ferraro, et al. (2010). "Protected areas reduced poverty in Costa Rica and Thailand." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107(22): 9996-10001. Lack of suitable intervention Andam, K.S. (2008) Essays on the evaluation of land use policy: the effects of regulatory protection on land use and social welfare. PhD thesis. Available at: http://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/1853/22622/1/andam_kwaw_s_200805_phd.pdf Contradictory results Anitha, V., P. K. Muraleedharan, et al. (2006). "Human-related constraints in protected area Relevant Review, Lack of management - manifestations and causatives." Economic and Political Weekly 41(10): 919- suitable outcome, Comment 924. paper or similar (no data) Anthony, B. (2007). "The dual nature of parks: attitudes of neighbouring communities towards Kruger National Park, South Africa." Environmental Conservation 34(3): 236-245. Lack of suitable comparator Anthony, B. and D. Moldovan (2008). "Poised for engagement? Local communities and Macin Mountains National Park, Romania." International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management 4(4): 230-241. Lack of suitable comparator Archabald, K. and L. Naughton-Treves (2001). "Tourism revenue-sharing around national parks in Western Uganda: early efforts to identify and reward local communities." Environmental Conservation 28(2): 135-149. Lack of suitable comparator Arjunan, M., C. Holmes, et al. (2006). "Do developmental initiatives influence local attitudes toward conservation? A case study from the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, India." Journal of Environmental Management 79(2): 188-197. Lack of suitable comparator Ashley, C., N. Mdoe, et al. (2002). Rethinking wildlife for livelihoods and diversification in rural Tanzania: a case study from northern Selous. University of East Anglia. Lack of suitable comparator Asquith, N. M., M. T. Vargas, et al. (2008). "Selling two environmental services: In-kind Lack of suitable intervention payments for bird habitat and watershed protection in Los Negros, Bolivia." Ecological Economics 65(4): 675-684. Aziz, M. A. and M. M. Feeroz (2007). "Damage to agricultural crops by mammalian fauna at the fringes of Lawachara National Park, Bangladesh." Tigerpaper 34(2): 29-32. Lack of suitable comparator Azzoni, C.R. and Isai, J.Y. (1994) Estimating the costs of environmental protection in Brazil. Insufficient detail in methods, Ecological Economics, 11: 127-133. Lack of suitable population Babulo, B. (2009). "Economic contribution of forest resource use to rural livelihoods in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia." Forest Policy and Economics 11 (2): 109-117. Lack of suitable intervention Badola, R. (1998). "Attitudes of local people towards conservation and alternatives to forest resources: A case study from the lower Himalayas." Biodiversity and Conservation 7(10): 1245-1259. Lack of suitable comparator Badola, R. and S. A. Hussain (2003). "Conflict in paradise: Women and protected areas in the Comment paper or similar (no Indian Himalayas." Mountain Research and Development 23(3): 234-237. data) Baird, T. D., P. W. Leslie, et al. (2009). "The Effect of Wildlife Conservation on Local Perceptions of Risk and Behavioral Response." Human Ecology 37(4): 463-474. Lack of suitable comparator Ballantyne R. J. Packer et al. (2009). "Tourists' support for conservation messages and sustainable management practices in wildlife tourism experiences." Tourism Management 30(5): 658-664. Lack of suitable population Ban, N. C., C. R. Picard, et al. (2009). "Comparing and Integrating Community‐Based and Science-Based Approaches to Prioritizing Marine Areas for Protection." Conservation Biology 23(4): 899-910. Other (Marine PA) Bandyopadhyay S. M. Humavindu et al. (2009). "Benefits to local communities from community conservancies in Namibia: an assessment." Development Southern Africa 26(5): 733-754. Lack of suitable intervention Banskota, K. and Sharma, B. (1995). Tourism for mountain community development: case study report on the Annapurna and Gorkha regions of Nepal. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. Lack of suitable intervention Baral N. M., J. Stern et al. (2008). "Contingent valuation of ecotourism in Annapurna conservation area Nepal: Implications for sustainable park finance and local development." Ecological Economics 66(2-3): 218-227. Lack of suitable population Baral, N. and J. T. Heinen (2007). "Resources use, conservation attitudes, management intervention and park-people relations in the Western Terai landscape of Nepal." Environmental Conservation 34(1): 64-72. Lack of suitable comparator Barkin, D. (2003). "Alleviating poverty through ecotourism: Promises and reality in the Monarch butterfly reserve of Mexico." Environment Development and Sustainability 5(3-4): Comment paper or similar (no 371-382. data) Barkmann J., G. Burkard et al. (2010). Land tenure rights village institutions and rainforest conversion in Central Sulawesi (Indonesia). Qualitative data Barnes J. I., C. Schier et al. (1999). "Tourists' willingness to pay for wildlife viewing and wildlife conservation in Namibia." South African Journal of Wildlife Research 29(4): 101-111. Lack of suitable population Barnes, J. I. (1996). "Economic characteristics of the demand for wildlife-viewing tourism in Botswana." Development Southern Africa 13(3): 377-397. Lack of suitable population Barrick, K. A. and R. I. Beazley (1990). "Magnitude and distribution of option value for the Washakie Wilderness, northwest Wyoming, USA." Environmental Management 14(3): 367- 380. Inappropriate time frame Barton D. N., D. P. Faith et al. (2009). "Environmental service payments: Evaluating biodiversity conservation trade-offs and cost-efficiency in the Osa Conservation Area Costa Rica." Journal of Environmental Management 90(2): 901-911. Lack of suitable outcome Bateman, I. J. and I. H. Langford (1997). "Non-users' willingness to pay for a national park: an application and critique of the contingent valuation method." Regional Studies 31(6): 571- 582. Lack of suitable population Batisse, M. (1997). "Biosphere reserves: A challenge for biodiversity conservation and Comment paper or similar (no regional development." Environment 39(5): 6-7+13. data) Bauer I. (2008). "The health impact of tourism on local and indigenous populations in resource-poor countries." Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 6(5): 276-291. Lack of suitable intervention Bauer, H. (2003). "Local perceptions of Waza National Park, northern Cameroon." Lack of suitable comparator Environmental Conservation 30(2): 175-181. Becker C. D., A. Agreda et al. (2005). "Community-based monitoring of fog capture and biodiversity at Loma Alta Ecuador enhance social capital and institutional cooperation." Qualitative data, Lack of Biodiversity and Conservation 14(11): 2695-2707. suitable intervention Bedunah, D. J. and S. M. Schmidt (2004). "Pastoralism and protected area management in Mongolia's Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park." Development and Change 35(1): 167-191. Lack of suitable comparator Belkayali, N., M. Atan, et al. (2010). "Determination of economic value of Goreme Historical National Park via contingent valuation method." Scientific Research and Essays 5(9): 934- 940. Lack of suitable population Belova, S. U. (2007). Protected areas and benefits: Russian experience. Environment, Local Comment paper or similar (no Society and Sustainable Tourism. J. K. M. L. T. S. L. K. U. Jokimaki. 50: 119-124. data) Belsky J. M. (1999). "Misrepresenting communities: The politics of community-based rural ecotourism in Gales Point Manatee Belize." Rural Sociology 64(4): 641-666. Lack of suitable comparator Benjaminsen, T. A., T. Kepe, et al. (2008). "Between global interests and local needs: Conservation and land reform in Namaqualand, South Africa." Africa 78(2): 223-244. Lack of suitable comparator Bennett, D. and C. Ross (2011). Fulani of the Highlands: Costs and Benefits of Living in National Park Enclaves. Lack of suitable comparator Berkes, F. (2009). "Community conserved areas: policy issues in historic and contemporary Comment paper or similar (no context." Conservation Letters 2(1): 20-25. data) Bernard, F. (2005). Ecosystem Services of, and Financing Mechanisms for Protected Areas. Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Centre. Wageningen, UR, Wageningen University. MSc in Environmental Sciences: 216. Lack of suitable outcome Bernard, F., R. S. d. Groot, et al. (2009). "Valuation of tropical forest services and mechanisms to finance their conservation and sustainable use: a case study of Tapantí National Park, Costa Rica." Forest Policy and Economics 11(3): 174-183. Lack of suitable intervention Bezuijen M. R. C. Phothitay et al. (2007). "Wetland Resource Use in Xe Pian National Protected Area Lao PDR in 2005." Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 55(2): 223-234. Lack of suitable outcome Bhattacharya T. and S. Sathyakumar (2011). "Natural Resource Use by Humans and Response of Wild Ungulates." Mountain Research and Development 31(3): 209-219. Lack of suitable outcome Binot A., L. Hanon, et al. (2009). "The challenge of participatory natural resource management with mobile herders at the scale of a Sub-Saharan African protected area." Comment paper or similar (no Biodiversity and Conservation 18(10): 2645-2662. data) Birner R. and M. Mappatoba (2003). Community Agreements for Conservation – Balancing Community and Conservation Interests in the Lore Lindu National Park in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, Policy Matters, 12: 254-263 Lack of suitable comparator Blaikie, P. (2006). "Is small really beautiful? Community-based natural resource management in Malawi and Botswana." World Development 34(11): 1942-1957. Lack of suitable outcome Blanckaert I., K. Vancraeynest, et al. (2007). "Non-crop resources and the role of indigenous knowledge in semi-arid production of Mexico." Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 119(1-2): 39-48. Lack of suitable outcome Blaney, S., M. Beaudry, et al. (2009). "Contribution of natural resources to nutritional status in a protected area of Gabon." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 30(1): 49-62. Lack of suitable comparator Blomley, T. (2000). "Woodlots, Woodfuel and Wildlife: Lessons from Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda." Gatekeeper Series – International Institute for Environment and Development Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods Programme. Lack of suitable comparator Boerner, J., J. Mburu, et al. (2009). "Assessing opportunity costs of conservation: Ingredients for protected area management in the Kakamega Forest, Western Kenya." Forest Policy and Comment paper or similar (no Economics 11(7): 459-467. data) Boggs, L. P. (2000). Community power, participation, conflict and development choice: Community wildlife conservation in the Okavango region of Northern Botswana. Comment paper or similar (no International Institute for Environment and Development, London. data) Bolaane, M. (2004). "The impact of game reserve policy on the River BaSarwa/Bushmen of Comment paper or similar (no Botswana." Social Policy and Administration 38(4): 399-417. data) Bolland, L. P., A. P. Drew, et al. (2006). "Analysis of a natural resources management system in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve." Landscape and Urban Planning 74(3-4): 223-241. Lack of suitable intervention Bond, A. C. (2009). "Contextual analysis of agroforestry adoption in the buffer zone of Comment paper or similar (no Podocarpus National Park, Ecuador." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 28(6/7): 825-843. data) Bondya, S. L., K. P. Singh, et al. (2009). "Exploitation of ethno-medicinal plants and their marketing status in Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve." Journal of Tropical Forestry 25(1/2): 33-37. Lack of suitable outcome Bookbinder, M. P., E. Dinerstein, et al. (1998). "Ecotourism's support of biodiversity conservation." Conservation Biology 12(6): 1399-1404. Lack of suitable comparator Boontho, C. (2008). An Economic Analysis of Phu Kradueng National Park. Proceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol 29. C. Ardil. 29: 337-341. Lack of suitable population Boonzaier, E. (1996). "Local responses to conservation in the Richtersveld National Park, Comment paper or similar (no South Africa." Biodiversity and Conservation 5(3): 307-314. data) Booth, J. E., K. J. Gaston, et al. (2010). "Who Benefits from Recreational Use of Protected Areas?" Ecology and Society 15(3). Lack of suitable outcome Borrie, W. T., W. A. Freimund, et al. (2002). "Winter visitors to Yellowstone National Park: Their value orientations and support for management actions." Human Ecology Review 9(2): 41-48. Lack of suitable comparator Bosetti, V. and G. Locatelli (2005). A Data Envelopment Analysis Approach to the Assessment of Natural Parks' Economic Efficiency and Sustainability. The Case of Italian National Parks. Lack of suitable outcome Boissiere, M., D. Sheil, et al. (2009). "Can engaging local people’s interests redu e forest degradation in Central Vietnam?" Biodiversity and Conservation 18(10): 2743-2757. Lack of suitable outcome Botha, J., E. T. F. Witkowski, et al. (2004). "Socio-economic differentiation in the trade of wildlife species for traditional medicines in the Lowveld, South Africa: Implications for resource management initiatives." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 11(3): 280-297. Lack of suitable outcome Boxall, P. C., et al (1996) Backcountry recreationists' valuation of forest and park management features in wilderness parks of the western Canadian Shield. Lack of suitable population Boxall, P. C., D. O. Watson, et al. (1995). "Analysis of the revealed preferences of backcountry recreationists for forest and park management features in the Canadian Shield Region." Canadian Forest Service Report, Canada-Manitoba Partnership Agreement in Forestry, Winnipeg, Manitoba. Lack of suitable population Braimah, I., E. P. Tudzi, et al. (2009). "Land tenure as a challenge to the sustainability of the Amokwao Community Resource Management Area in Ghana." Journal of Sustainable Comment paper or similar (no Development in Africa 11(1): 128-148. data) Brandon, K., W. R. Turner, et al. (2008). "Benefits of biodiversity conservation to agriculture and rural livelihoods." Biodiversity (Ottawa) 9(1-2): 82-85. Lack of suitable outcome Bro ington, D. (2007) “Forests, Community Conser ation, and Lo al Go ernment Comment paper or similar (no Performan e The Village Forest Reser es of Tanzania.” So iety and Natural Resources 20(9). data) Blomley, T., A. Namara, et al. (2010). Development AND gorillas?: assessing fifteen years of integrated conservation and development in south-western Uganda, International Institute for Environment and Development, London. Lack of suitable comparator Bruyere, B. L., A. W. Beh, et al. (2009). "Differences in Perceptions of Communication, Tourism Benefits, and Management Issues in a Protected Area of Rural Kenya." Environmental Management 43(1): 49-59. Lack of suitable comparator Budhathoki, P. (2004). "Linking communities with conservation in developing countries: Comment paper or similar (no buffer zone management initiatives in Nepal." Oryx 38(3): 334-341. data) Burman P. D. L. Cajee et al. (2007). Potential for cultural and eco-tourism in North East India: a community-based approach. Sustainable Development and Planning III, Vols 1 and 2. A. B. C. A. B. E. Kungolos. 102: 715-724. Lack of suitable intervention Burmester, A. (2005). "Socio-economic situation and land use conflicts in the Shirvan National Park Region, Azerbaijan." Archives of Nature Conservation and Landscape Research 44(4): 101-128. Confounding variables Comment paper or similar (no Burns, G. L. (2004). The host community and wildlife tourism. data) Burns, G. L. (2006). "The fascination of fur and feathers: managing human-animal Comment paper or similar (no interactions in wildlife tourism settings." Australian Zoologist 33(4): 446-457. data) Bury J. (2008). "New geographies of tourism in Peru: Nature-based tourism and conservation Comment paper or similar (no in the Cordillera Huayhuash." Tourism Geographies 10(3): 312-333. data) Bury, J. (2008). "New geographies of tourism in Peru: Nature-based tourism and conservation in the Cordillera Huayhuash." Tourism Geographies 10(3): 312-333. Qualitative data Butler, J. R., G. T. Hvenegaard, et al. (1994). Economic values of bird-watching at Point Pelee National Park, Canada. M. Munasinghe. Washington, D.C., World Bank: 253-262. Lack of suitable population Buyinza, M. (2010). "Income distribution analysis of collaborative forest management programme in Mt. Elgon National Park, Uganda: Dual action for poverty alleviation and environment management." Research Journal of Applied Sciences 5(2): 101-107. Insufficient detail in methods Ca eres D. M. (2009). "Sustainability of Peasants’ Farms Lo ated in a atural Reser e in Central Argentina.” Agro ien ia 43(5) 539-550. Lack of suitable comparator Campbell, K. L. I. and Loiboo i, M. (2000). “Game meat hunting in the Serengeti a problem of sustainable li elihoods.” Lack of suitable comparator Campbell B. M., J. R. A. Butler, et al. (1996). "Elephant damage and safari hunting in Pterocarpus angolensis woodland in northwestern Matabeleland Zimbabwe." African Journal Lack of suitable intervention, of Ecology 34(4): 380-388. Lack of suitable outcome Campbell L. M. (1999). "Ecotourism in rural developing communities." Annals of Tourism Research 26(3): 534-553. Lack of suitable outcome Campbell, A., S. Clark, et al. (2008). "Protecting the future: Carbon, forests, protected areas Comment paper or similar (no and local livelihoods." Biodiversity 9(3-4): 117-121. data) Campos, P., A. Caparrós, et al. (2007). "Comparing payment-vehicle effects in contingent valuation studies for recreational use in two protected Spanish forests." Journal of Leisure Research 39(1): 60-85. Lack of suitable population Carmen Mollinedo, A. d., J. Joaquín Campos, et al. (2001). "Social and economical benefits from the forest in the Mayan Biosphere Reserve, Petén, Guatemala." Revista Forestal Centroamericana (34): 57-60. Lack of suitable comparator Caron, C. M. (1995). "The role of nontimber tree products in household food procurement strategies: Profile of a Sri Lankan village." Agroforestry Systems 32(2): 99-117. Lack of suitable comparator Carr, D. L. (2008). "Farm households and land use in a core conservation zone of the Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala." Human Ecology 36(2): 231-248. Lack of suitable outcome Carr, D. L. (2008). "Migration to the Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala: Why place matters." Human Organization 67(1): 37-48. Qualitative data Caspary, H. U. (1999). When the monkey 'goes butcher': hunting, trading and consumption of bush meat in the region of the Taï National Park, Southwest Côte d'Ivoire. Wageningen, The Tropenbos Foundation: 123-130. Lack of suitable outcome Castillejos, T., E. Baer, et al. (2011). Colombia Field Survey Report, Conservation International and Starbucks. Lack of suitable intervention Castro, A. J., B. Martin-Lopez, et al. (2011). "Social preferences regarding the delivery of ecosystem services in a semiarid Mediterranean region." Journal of Arid Environments 75(11): 1201-1208. Lack of suitable intervention Cernea, M. M. and K. Schmidt-Soltau (2006). "Poverty risks and national parks: Policy issues Lack of suitable comparator, in conservation and resettlement." World Development 34(10): 1808-1830. Insufficient detail in methods Cesareo, K. and J. Daly (2004). "Creating incentives for beneficial private land management in protected areas: conservation programs within the Condor Bioreserve and its buffer zones." Comment paper or similar (no Journal of Sustainable Forestry 18(2/3): 171-195. data) Cetinkaya, G., A. Kambu, et al. "Sustainable Development and Natural Resource Management: An Example from Köprülü Kanyon National Park, Turkey." Sustainable Development. Lack of suitable comparator Chen, K. (1999). "Measuring values of wetlands in Taiwan." Environmental Economics and Policy Studies 2(1): 65-89. Lack of suitable intervention Chen, W. Y. and C. Y. Jim (2010). "Resident Motivations and Willingness-to-Pay for Urban Biodiversity Conservation in Guangzhou (China)." Environmental Management 45(5): 1052- 1064. Lack of suitable intervention Chen, X., F. Lupi, et al. (2009). "Linking social norms to efficient conservation investment in payments for ecosystem services." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(28): 11812-11817. Lack of suitable outcome Chen, Z. G., J. Y. Yang, et al. (2005). "Economic development of local communities and biodiversity conservation: a case study from Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, China." Lack of suitable comparator Biodiversity and Conservation 14(9): 2095-2108. Chhetri, P., A. Mugisha and S. White (2003). Community Resource Use in Kibale and Mt Elgon National Parks, Uganda, Parks 13:1, 28-38. Lack of suitable comparator Chicchón, A. (2009). "Working with Indigenous Peoples to Conserve Nature: Examples from Comment paper or similar (no Latin America." Conservation and Society 7(1): 15. data) Christopoulou, O. G. and E. Tsachalidis (2004). "Conservation policies for protected areas (wetlands) in Greece: A survey of local residents' attitude." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution: Focus 4(4-5): 445-457. Lack of suitable comparator Chukwuone, N. A. (2009). "Socioeconomic determinants of cultivation of non-wood forest products in southern Nigeria." Biodiversity and Conservation 18(2): 339-353. Lack of suitable intervention Cicia, G. and R. Scarpa (2003). Willingness to pay for rural landscape preservation: a case study in Mediterranean agriculture. Agrarökonomische Monographien und Sammelwerke. Kiel, Wissenschaftsverlag Vauk Kiel KG: 97-115. Lack of suitable population Clark, T. W. (2003). "Introduction: finding effective conservation and development in the AMISCONDE initiative at La Amistad, Costa Rica." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 16(1/2): 1- Comment paper or similar (no 14. data) Coad, L., A. Campbell, et al. (2008). "The Costs and Benefits of Protected Areas for Local Livelihoods: a review of the current literature." Cambridge, UK, UNEP World Conservation Relevant Review, Comment Monitoring Centre. paper or similar (no data) Cochrane, K., D. Nkedianye, et al. (2005). "Family fortunes: analysis of changing livelihoods in Maasailand." Final Project Report ZC0275. Livestock Production Programme. UK: Department for International Development. Lack of suitable intervention Colfer C. J. P., R. L. Wadley, et al. (1999). "Understanding local people's use of time: a pre- condition for good co-management." Environmental Conservation 26(1): 41-52. Lack of suitable outcome Connell, J. (2009). "Birdwatching Twitching and Tourism: towards an Australian perspective." Australian Geographer 40(2): 203-217. Lack of suitable intervention Connor, T. (2005). "Locality and belonging in the Sundays River Valley: Farm workers and the Greater Addo Elephant National Park Eastern Cape." Social Dynamics - a Journal of the Centre for African Studies University of Cape Town 31(1): 59-83. Qualitative data Conservation International (2008). Health and Conservation in the Cardamoms in Cambodia: Lessons Learned from the CI-CARE Partnership, Conservation International (Cambodia). Lack of suitable intervention Comment paper or similar (no Conservation International. The First Decade Report 1987-1997. data) Coomes, O. T., B. L. Barham, et al. (2004). "Targeting conservation-development initiatives in tropical forests: insights from analyses of rain forest use and economic reliance among Amazonian peasants." Ecological Economics 51(1-2): 47-64. Lack of suitable comparator Copsey, J. A., L. H. Rajaonarison, et al. (2009). "Voices from the marsh: livelihood concerns of fishers and rice cultivators in the Alaotra wetland." Madagascar Conservation and Development 4(1): 25-30. Lack of suitable comparator Cottrell, S., J. J. Vaske, et al. (2005). Predictors of sustainable tourism: Resident perceptions of tourism in Holland and China. Lack of suitable comparator Coupe, S. (2002). Living with wildlife: sustainable livelihoods for park-adjacent communities Comment paper or similar (no in Kenya, Intermediate Technology. data) Coy, M. and N. Weixlbaumer (2007). "Perception of landscape management: the GroBes Walsertal Biosphere Park." Revue de géographie alpine-Journal of Alpine Research 95(4): 91- Comment paper or similar (no 100. data) Cruz R. E. H., E. B. Baltazar, et al. (2005). "Social adaptation - Ecotourism in the Lacandon forest." Annals of Tourism Research 32(3): 610-627. Lack of suitable intervention Cunningham, P. A. (2005). "Valuing for Ogasawara: implications for sustainable practices within the accommodation sector." Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 10(2): 207-216. Lack of suitable intervention Curran, B., T. Sunderland, et al. (2009). "Are Central Africa's protected areas displacing Comment paper or similar (no hundreds of thousands of rural poor?" Conservation and Society 7(1): 30. data) da Silva, C. A. and L. M. Bellini (2008). "Population remnants in the islands of the Parana river: social and economic aspects." Acta Scientiarum Biological Sciences 30(3): 185-190. Lack of suitable comparator Dahlberg, A. C. and C. Burlando (2009). "Addressing Trade-offs: Experiences from Conservation and Development Initiatives in the Mkuze Wetlands, South Africa." Ecology and Qualitative data Society 14(2). Dalal-Clayton, B. and B. Child (2003). "Lessons from Luangwa - the story of the Luangwa Integrated Resource Development Project, Zambia." IIED Wildlife and Development Series No. 13: xxviii + 338 pp. Lack of suitable comparator Dara, et al. (2009). Lack of suitable comparator Darias, J. A. R. (2007). "Desarrollo , gestión de áreas protegidas y población local . El Parque Comment paper or similar (no Rural de Anaga (Tenerife, España )." PASOS 5(1): 17-29. data) Das, B. K. (2005). "Role of NTFPs among forest villagers in a protected area of West Bengal." Journal of Human Ecology 18(2): 129-136. Lack of suitable comparator Davis, A. (2011). "'Ha! What is the benefit of living next to the park?' Factors limiting in- migration next to Tarangire National Park, Tanzania." Conservation and Society 9(1): 25-34. Qualitative data Dayal, V. (2006). "A microeconometric analysis of household extraction of forest biomass goods in Ranthambhore National Park, India." Journal of Forest Economics 12(2): 145-163. Lack of suitable comparator De Boer, W. F. and D. S. Baquete (1998). "Natural resource use, crop damage and attitudes of rural people in the vicinity of the Maputo Elephant Reserve, Mozambique." Environmental Conservation 25(3): 208-218. Other de Boer, W. F., J. D. Stigter, et al. (2007). "Optimising investments from elephant tourist revenues in the Maputo Elephant Reserve, Mozambique." Journal for Nature Conservation 15(4): 225-236. Lack of suitable outcome de Lopez, T. T. (2003). Economics and stakeholders of Ream National Park, Cambodia. Data linked with marine Ecological Economics 46:269-282 ecosystem protection de Sherbinin, A. and M. Freudenberger (1998). "Migration to protected areas and buffer Relevant Review, Comment zones: can we stem the tide?" Parks (Newbury) 8(1): 38-53. paper or similar (no data) de Sherbinin, A. (2008). "Is poverty more acute near parks? An assessment of infant Confounding variables, mortality rates around protected areas in developing countries." Oryx 42(1): 26-35. Inappropriate statistics DeFries, R., K. K. Karanth, et al. (2010). "Interactions between protected areas and their surroundings in human-dominated tropical landscapes." Biological Conservation 143(12): 2870-2880. Lack of suitable outcome Dekkers, K., R. d. Wolf, et al. (2004). "Natural resources of Piatra Craiului for li elihood impro ement of lo al ommuni es." Anale Ins tutul de Cer et ri i Amenaj ri Sil i e 47: 331-342. Lack of suitable comparator Delang, C. O. (2006). "The role of wild food plants in poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation in tropical countries." Progress in Development Studies 6(4): 275-286. Lack of suitable comparator Delcore, H. D. (2007). "The racial distribution of privilege in a Thai national park." Journal of Comment paper or similar (no Southeast Asian Studies 38(1): 83-105. data) Delgado Herrera, A. (2002). "From an intuitive to a systematic gender perspective: Comment paper or similar (no experiences from Peru." Mountain Research and Development 22(3): 216-220. data) Demaze, M. T. (2008). "The Amazonian park of French Guiana: An example of the difficult compro between nature protection and development." Le parc amazonien de Guyane française: Un exemple du difficile compromis entre protection de la nature et Comment paper or similar (no développement. data) Deng, X., Y. Wang, et al. (2010). "Poverty issues in a national wildlife reserve in China." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 17(6): 529-541. Lack of suitable comparator Déry, S. and M. Tremblay (2008). "The establishment of protected areas in Vietnam: what are the impacts for the local people? A case study in the province of Lam Dong." VertigO - La Comment paper or similar (no Revue Electronique en Sciences de l'Environment 8(3): unpaginated. data) Dhakal, N. P., K. C. Nelson, et al. (2011). "Resident Well-Being in Conservation Resettlement: The Case of Padampur in the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Society & Natural Resources 24(6): 597-615. Lack of suitable intervention Diaw, M. C. (2010). "Fences in our heads: a discourse analysis of the Korup resettlement Comment paper or similar (no stalemate." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 29(2): 221-251. data) Díaz, S., J. Fargione, et al. (2006). "Biodiversity loss threatens human well-being." PLoS Comment paper or similar (no Biology 4(8). data) Dinh Thanh, S., K. Ogata, et al. (2010). "Contribution of Forest Resources to Local People's Income: A Case Study in Cat Tien Biosphere Reserve, Vietnam." Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture Kyushu University 55(2): 397-402. Confounding variables Comment paper or similar (no Dixon, J. A. and P. B. Sherman (1991). "Economics of Protected Areas." Ambio 20(2): 68-74. data) Doilicho, B. (2007). "Population and Major Livelihoods in Silte and Dalocha Woredas of Silte Zone and Dalocha Woredas of Silte Zone." Acta Geographica-Trondheim, Series A(19). Lack of suitable intervention Dolisca F., D. R. Carter, et al. (2006). "Factors influencing farmers' participation in forestry management programs: A case study from Haiti." Forest Ecology and Management 236(2-3): 324-331. Lack of suitable outcome Dolisca, F., J. M. McDaniel, et al. (2007). "Farmers' perceptions towards forests: A case study from Haiti." Forest Policy and Economics 9(6): 704-712. Lack of suitable comparator Dong, X., J. Zhang, et al. (2011). "Measuring recreational value of world heritage sites based on contingent valuation method: A case study of Jiuzhaigou." Chinese Geographical Science 21(1): 119-128. Lack of suitable population dos Santos Brightwell, M. d. G. and C. A. da Silva (2008). "Changes in food provision in rural spaces. A case study of smallholder families of Praia Grande, Santa Catarina, Brazil." Scripta Comment paper or similar (no Nova-Revista Electronica De Geografia Y Ciencias Sociales 12(270). data) Douglas, A. J. and J. G. Taylor (1998). "Riverine based eco-tourism: Trinity River non-market benefits estimates." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 5(2): 136-148. Lack of suitable intervention Dressler, W. H. and M. H. McDermott (2010). "Indigenous peoples and migrants: social categories, rights, and policies for protected areas in the Philippine Uplands." Journal of Comment paper or similar (no Sustainable Forestry 29(2/4): 328-361. data) Dudley, N., S. Mansourian, et al. (2010). "Do protected areas contribute to poverty reduction?" Biodiversity (Ottawa) 11(3-4): 5-7. Relevant Review Dumitras, D. E., F. H. Arion, et al. (2011). "A Brief Economic Assessment on the Valuation of National and Natural Parks: the Case of Romania." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj- Napoca 39(1): 134-138. Insufficient detail in methods Durbin, J. C. and J. A. Ralambo (1994). "The Role of Local People in the Successful Maintenance of Protected Areas in Madagascar." Environmental Conservation 21(2): 115- Comment paper or similar (no 120. data) Durrant, J. O. and J. M. Shumway (2004). "Attitudes toward wilderness study areas: A survey of six southeastern Utah counties." Environmental Management 33(2): 271-283. Lack of suitable comparator Durrant, M. B. and J. O. Durrant (2008). "The influence of location on local attitudes toward community conservation on Mount Kilimanjaro." Society and Natural Resources 21(5): 371- 386. Lack of suitable comparator Duthy, S. (2002). "Whian Whian--State Forest or National Park: Community Attitudes and Economic Values." Economic Analysis and Policy, 32(2), Special Issue June 2002, pp. 91-111. Lack of suitable intervention Eckton, G. D. C. (2003). "Road-user charging and the Lake District National Park." Journal of Lack of suitable intervention, Transport Geography 11(4): 307-317. Lack of suitable outcome Edge, S. and M. L. McAllister (2009). "Place-based local governance and sustainable communities: lessons from Canadian biosphere reserves." Journal of Environmental Planning Comment paper or similar (no and Management 52(3): 279-295. data) Edmond, J., M. Viernes, Jr, et al. (2008). Healthy Families, Healthy Forests: Improving Human Health and Biodiversity Conservation. Arlington, Virginia, USA. Lack of suitable intervention Edmond, J. (2008). Incorporating Gender into PHE Strategies: Experiences from Conservation Comment paper or similar (no International. Washington, DC. data) Elie S. D. (2008). "The waning of Soqotra's pastoral community political incorporation as Comment paper or similar (no social transformation." Human Organization 67(3): 335-345. data) Elsasser, H., C. Seiler, et al. (1995). "The regional economic impacts of the Swiss National Comment paper or similar (no Park." Mountain Research and Development 15(1): 77-79. data) Emerton, L. and L. D. C. B. Kekulandala (2003). Assessment of the Economic Value of Muthurajawela Wetland. Occasional Papers of IUCN Sri Lanka No. 4. Sri Lanka, IUCN. Lack of suitable comparator Emerton, L. (1999). Balancing the opportunity costs of wildlife conservation for communities around Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda. International Institute for Environment and Development, London. Insufficient detail in methods Emerton, L. (2005). Values and rewards: Counting and capturing ecosystem water services Insufficient detail in methods, for sustainable development. IUCN. Data linked with marine ecosystem protection Emphandhu, D. and U. Polpiwat (2006). "Strategic policy options for enhancement of national park and local community linkage in tourism management of Thai National Parks." Kasetsart Journal, Social Sciences 27(2): 347-362. Lack of suitable outcome Eneji, C. V. O., Q. Gubo, et al. (2009). "Socio-economic impacts of the Cross River National Park, Nigeria." Journal of Agriculture, Biotechnology and Ecology 2(1): 57-68. Lack of suitable comparator Engelbrecht, W. G. and P. T. Van Der Walt (1993). "Notes on the economic use of the Kruger National Park." Koedoe 36(2): 113-119. Lack of suitable intervention Englin, J. E., J. M. McDonald, et al. (2006). "Valuing ancient forest ecosystems: An analysis of Lack of suitable intervention, backcountry hiking in Jasper National Park." Ecological Economics 57(4): 665-678. Lack of suitable outcome Erdeli, G. and A. I. Dinca (2011). Tourism - A vulnerable strength in the protected areas of the Romanian Carpathians. Lack of suitable outcome Eriksen, C. (2007). "Why do they burn the 'bush'? Fire, rural livelihoods, and conservation in Zambia." Geographical Journal 173: 242-256. Lack of suitable outcome Escamilla, A., M. Sanvicente, et al. (2000). "Habitat mosaic, wildlife availability, and hunting in the tropical forest of Calakmul, Mexico." Conservation Biology 14(6): 1592-1601. Lack of suitable comparator Ezebilo, E. E. (2010). "Community-Based Preferences for Economic Incentives to Promote Biodiversity Conservation in a Tropical Rainforest." International Journal of Environmental Research 4(3): 501-506. Lack of suitable outcome Ezebilo, E. E. (2011). "Local participation in forest and biodiversity conservation in a Nigerian rain forest." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 18(1): 42- 47. Lack of suitable comparator Other (Investigates a Ezebilo, E. E. (2012). "Community Forestry as Perceived by Local People Around Cross River proposed community forestry National Park, Nigeria." Environ Manage. 49:207. project rather than PA) Ezebilo, E. E. and L. Mattsson (2010). "Contribution of non-timber forest products to livelihoods of communities in southeast Nigeria." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 17(3): 231-235. Lack of suitable comparator Ezebilo, E. E. and L. Mattsson (2010). "Socio-economic benefits of protected areas as perceived by local people around Cross River National Park, Nigeria." Forest Policy and Economics 12(3): 189-193. Lack of suitable comparator Fairhead, J. and M. Leach (1994). "Contested forests: Modern conservation and historical Comment paper or similar (no land use in guinea's ziama reserve." African Affairs 93(373): 481-512. data) Faizi, S. (2006). "An institutional framework for community participation in protected area Comment paper or similar (no management." Biodiversity (Ottawa) 7(2): 16-20. data) Fang, Y. P. (2002). "Ecotourism in Western Sichuan China - Replacing the forestry-based economy." Mountain Research and Development 22(2): 113-115. Lack of suitable intervention Farrelly, T. A. (2011). "Indigenous and democratic decision-making: issues from community- Lack of suitable intervention, based ecotourism in the Bouma National Heritage Park Fiji." Journal of Sustainable Tourism Comment paper or similar (no 19(7): 817-835. data) Fay, D. (2007). "Struggles over resources and community formation at Dwesa-Cwebe South Comment paper or similar (no Africa." International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management 3(2): 88-101. data) Fay, D. A. (2011). "Post-apartheid transformations and population change around Dwesa- Cwebe nature reserve, South Africa." Conservation and Society 9(1): 8-15. Lack of suitable outcome Feder, G., T. Onchan, et al. (1986). "Land policies and farm performance in Thailand's forest reserve areas." Economic Development and Cultural Change 36(3): 483-501. Insufficient detail in methods Fernando, P., E. Wikramanayake, et al. (2005). "Perceptions and patterns of human-elephant conflict in old and new settlements in Sri Lanka: insights for mitigation and management." Biodiversity and Conservation 14(10): 2465-2481. Lack of suitable comparator Ferraro, P. J. and M. M. Hanauer (2011). "Protecting Ecosystems and Alleviating Poverty with Parks and Reserves: 'Win-Win' or Tradeoffs?" Environmental & Resource Economics 48(2): Lack of suitable outcome, 269-286. Other Ferraro, P. J. and R. A. Kramer (1997). Compensation and economic incentives: reducing pressure on protected areas. Last stand: protected areas and the defense of tropical Comment paper or similar (no biodiversity, 187-211. data) Ferraro, P. J. (2002). "The local costs of establishing protected areas in low-income nations: Inappropriate time frame Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar." Ecological Economics 43(2/3): 261-275. Ferreira, M. N. E. and N. C. Freire (2009). "Community perceptions of four protected areas in the Northern portion of the Cerrado hotspot, Brazil." Environmental Conservation 36(2): 129-138. Lack of suitable comparator Figueroa, F., V. Sánchez-Cordero, et al. (2009). "Socioeconomic context of land use and land cover change in Mexican biosphere reserves." Environmental Conservation 36(3): 180-191. Lack of suitable outcome Fisher, B., S. Polasky, et al. (2011). "Conservation and Human Welfare: Economic Analysis of Comment paper or similar (no Ecosystem Services." Environmental & Resource Economics 48(2): 151-159. data) Fitzsimons, J. A. and G. Wescott (2007). "Perceptions and attitudes of land managers in multi-tenure reserve networks and the implications for conservation." Journal of Environmental Management 84(1): 38-48. Lack of suitable outcome Forslund, A. (2009). "Securing water for ecosystems and human well-being: the importance of environmental flows." Securing water for ecosystems and human well-being: the importance of environmental flows: 51. Lack of suitable intervention Forsyth, M. (2000). "On estimating the option value of preserving a wilderness area." Canadian Journal of Economics 33(2): 413-434. Lack of suitable outcome Fortin, M. J. and C. Gagnon (1999). "An assessment of social impacts of national parks on communities in Quebec, Canada." Environmental Conservation 26(3): 200-211. Inappropriate time frame Foucat V. S. A. (2002). "Community-based ecotourism management moving towards sustainability in Ventanilla Oaxaca Mexico." Ocean & Coastal Management 45(8): 511-529. Lack of suitable intervention Franco-Maass, S., G. Nava-Bernal, et al. (2008). "Payments for environmental services: An alternative for sustainable rural development? The case of a National Park in the Central Highlands of Mexico." Mountain Research and Development 28(1): 23-25. Lack of suitable outcome Fredman, P., L. H. Friberg, et al. (2007). "Increased visitation from national park designation." Current Issues in Tourism 10(1): 87-95. Lack of suitable population Freitas Setti, A. F. and C. M. Bogus (2010). "Community Participation in an Intervention Program Developed in a Protected Area." Saude E Sociedade 19(4): 946-960. Qualitative data Freitas, W. K. d., L. M. S. Magalhães, et al. (2002). "Potential for public use in Tijuca National Park." Acta Scientiarum 24(6): 1833-1842. Lack of suitable outcome Fu, B. J., K. L. Wang, et al. (2004). "Entangling the complexity of protected area management: The case of Wolong Biosphere Reserve, southwestern China." Environmental Management 33(6): 788-798. Lack of suitable comparator Fuller D. J. Buultjens et al. (2005). "Ecotourism and indigenous micro-enterprise formation in northern Australia opportunities and constraints." Tourism Management 26(6): 891-904. Lack of suitable intervention Gaesing, K. (2011). "Balancing livelihood needs and environmental protection." Rural 21 Comment paper or similar (no 45(3): 36-39. data) Gaines, S. D., C. White, et al. (2010). "Designing marine reserve networks for both conservation and fisheries management." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(43): 18286-18293. Other (Marine PA) Galvin, M. and M. Thorndahl (2005). "Institutional strengthening of the Amarakaeri Communal Reserve (Madre de Dios River Peruvian Amazon Basin)." Mountain Research and Comment paper or similar (no Development 25(2): 121-125. data) García-Amado, L. R., M. Ruiz Pérez, et al. (2011). "Efficiency of Payments for Environmental Services: equity and additionality in a case study from a Biosphere Reserve in Chiapas, Mexico." Ecological Economics 70(12): 2361-2368. Lack of suitable comparator Garcia-Frapolli, E., V. M. Toledo, et al. (2008). "Adaptations of a Yucatec Maya Multiple-Use Ecological Management Strategy to Ecotourism." Ecology and Society 13(2). Lack of suitable comparator Gardner C. J. (2011). "IUCN management categories fail to represent new multiple-use protected areas in Madagascar." Oryx 45(3): 336-346. Lack of suitable outcome Gareau B. J. (2007). "Ecological values amid local interests: Natural resource conservation social differentiation and human survival in Honduras." Rural Sociology 72(2): 244-268. Lack of suitable outcome Gareau, B. J. (2007). "Ecological values amid local interests: natural resource conservation, social differentiation, and human survival in Honduras." Rural Sociology 72(2): 244-268. Lack of suitable comparator Gaude, A. (2005). "Socio-economic situation and land use conflicts around Ag-Gel National Park (Azerbaijan)." Archives of Nature Conservation and Landscape Research 44(4): 69-99. Lack of suitable comparator Gavin, M. C. and G. J. Anderson (2007). "Socioeconomic predictors of forest use values in the Lack of suitable comparator Peruvian Amazon: A potential tool for biodiversity conservation." Ecological Economics 60(4): 752-762. Geisler, C. (2003). "A new kind of trouble: evictions in Eden." International Social Science Comment paper or similar (no Journal 55(1): 69-+. data) Gentry, K. M. (2007). "Belizean women and tourism work - Opportunity or impediment?" Annals of Tourism Research 34(2): 477-496. Lack of suitable intervention Other (Study estimates hypothetical costs of hydroelectric and degazettment project around Gereta, E. J., E. Wolanski and E. A. T. Chiombola (2003). Assessment Of The Environmental, Serengetti National Park, but Social And Economic Impacts On The Serengeti Ecosystem Of The Developments In The Mara estimates are all approximate River Catchment In Kenya, Tanzania. figures, so not properly National Parks and Frankfurt Zoological Society, Tanzania. analisable data) Getzner, M. (2009). Economic and cultural values related to Protected Areas. WWF. Lack of suitable population Getzner, M. (2003). "The economic impact of national parks: the perception of key actors in Austrian national parks." International Journal of Sustainable Development 6(2): 183-202. Lack of suitable comparator Getzner, M. (2010). "Ecosystem services, financing, and the regional economy: A case study from Tatra National Park, Poland." Biodiversity (Ottawa) 11(1-2, Sp. Iss. SI): 55-61. Lack of suitable population Other (Modelling potential Getzner, M. and M. Jungmeier (2002). "Conservation policy and the regional economy: The impacts of Natura 2000 PA regional economic impact of Natura 2000 conservation sites in Austria." Journal for Nature networks in Austria (no actual Conservation (Jena) 10(1): 25-34. intervention)) Ghate, R. (2003). "Global gains at local costs: Imposing protected areas: evidence from central India." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 10(4): 377-389. Lack of suitable comparator Ghazala, S., K. Ravi, et al. (2007). "Creation of 'inviolate space': lives, livelihoods and conflict in Sariska Tiger Reserve." Economic and Political Weekly 42(20): 1855-1862. Lack of suitable comparator Ghimire, K. B. (1991). "Parks and people: livelihood issues in national parks management in Comment paper or similar (no Thailand and Madagascar." (29): 39pp. data) Gillingham, S. and P. C. Lee (1999). "The impact of wildlife-related benefits on the conservation attitudes of local people around the Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania." Environmental Conservation 26(3): 218-228. Lack of suitable comparator Gillingham, S. and P. C. Lee (2003). "People and protected areas: a study of local perceptions of wildlife crop-damage conflict in an area bordering the Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania." Oryx 37(3): 316-325. Lack of suitable comparator Gockel, C. K. and L. C. Gray (2009). "Integrating Conservation and Development in the Peruvian Amazon." Ecology and Society 14(2). Lack of suitable comparator Golden, C. D. (2009). "Bushmeat hunting and use in the Makira Forest north-eastern Madagascar: a conservation and livelihoods issue." Oryx 43(3): 386-392. Lack of suitable comparator Goldman, R. L. and H. Tallis (2009). A Critical Analysis of Ecosystem Services as a Tool in Conservation Projects The Possible Perils, the Promises, and the Partnerships. Year in Ecology Lack of suitable outcome, and Conservation Biology 2009. R. S. S. W. H. Ostfeld. 1162: 63-78. Other Golluscio, R. A., M. E. Román, et al. (2010). "Aboriginal settlements of arid Patagonia: Preserving bio- or sociodiversity? The case of the Mapuche pastoral Cushamen Reserve." Journal of Arid Environments 74(10): 1329-1339. Lack of suitable comparator Gomez-Baggethun, E., S. Mingorria, et al. (2010). "Traditional Ecological Knowledge Trends in the Transition to a Market Economy: Empirical Study in the Donana Natural Areas." Conservation Biology 24(3): 721-729. Lack of suitable outcome Insufficient detail in methods, Gong, Y. (2004). "Distribution of benefits and costs among stakeholders of a protected area: PA establishment too an empirical study from China." (2004-RR3): 54 pp. recent/not yet established Goodland, R. and G. Ledec (1989). "Wildlands: balancing conversion with conservation in Comment paper or similar (no World Bank projects." Environment 31(9): 6-11,27-35. data) Goodwin, H. J., I. J. Kent, K. T. Parker and M. J. Walpole (1997). Tourism, Conservation and Sustainable Development Volume III, Komodo National Park, Indonesia, Final Report to the Lack of suitable comparator Department for International Development, University of Kent, UK. Goodwin, H. (2002). "Local community involvement in tourism around National Parks: Opportunities and constraints." Current Issues in Tourism 5(3-4): 338-360. Lack of suitable intervention Goodwin, H. and D. Roe (2001). "Tourism, livelihoods and protected areas: opportunities for fair-trade tourism in and around national parks." International Journal of Tourism Research 3(5): 377-391. Lack of suitable comparator Graham, M. D., B. Notter et al. (2010). "Patterns of crop-raiding by elephants Loxodonta africana in Laikipia, Kenya and the management of human-elephant conflict." Systematics and Biodiversity 8(4): 435-445. Lack of suitable intervention Grainger, J. (2003). "'People are living in the park'. Linking biodiversity conservation to community development in the Middle East region: a case study from the Saint Katherine Comment paper or similar (no Protectorate Southern Sinai." Journal of Arid Environments 54(1): 29-38. data) Grando, S. (2007). "A garden or a laboratory? Conflicting views about nature preservation and local development in the Aspromonte National Park, Italy." International Planning Comment paper or similar (no Studies 12(4): 327-342. data) Greenomics Indonesia (2003). Preliminary Economic & Policy Assessment in Northern Sumatra Biodiversity Corridor (NSC). Jakarta, Indonesia. Lack of suitable outcome Grieg-Gran, M., D. de la Harpe, et al. (2008). Sustainable financing of protected areas in Cambodia: Phnom Aural and Phnom Samkos wildlife sanctuaries. International Institute for Environment and Development, London. Lack of suitable intervention Grodzinska-Jurczak, M. and J. Cent (2011). "Expansion of Nature Conservation Areas: Problems with Natura 2000 Implementation in Poland?" Environmental Management 47(1): 11-27. Lack of suitable comparator Groom, R. and S. Harris (2008). "Conservation on community lands: the importance of equitable revenue sharing." Environmental Conservation 35(3): 242-251. Lack of suitable comparator Groot, R. S. d. (1994). Functions and values of protected areas: a comprehensive framework for assessing the benefits of protected areas to human society. Protected area economics and policy: linking conservation and sustainable development. M. Munasinghe and J. A. McNeely. Washington, D.C., World Bank: 159-169. Lack of suitable comparator Grujicic, I., V. Milijic, et al. (2008). "Conflict management in protected areas: The Lazar Canyon natural monument, Eastern Serbia." International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management 4(4): 219-229. Qualitative data Gu, H. and C. Ryan (2010). "Hongcun, China - residents' perceptions of the impacts of tourism on a rural community: a mixed methods approach." Journal of China Tourism Research 6(3): 216-243. Lack of suitable intervention Gubbi, S. and D. C. MacMillan (2008). "Can non-timber forest products solve livelihood problems? A case study from Periyar Tiger Reserve, India." Oryx 42(2): 222-228. Lack of suitable comparator Gui, Y.-l., Y.-g. Fang, et al. (2004). "Community-based ecotourism in a nature reserve of Comment paper or similar (no China." Chinese Geographical Science 14(3): 276-282. data) Guidetti, P. and J. Claudet (2010). "Comanagement practices enhance fisheries in marine protected areas." Conservation Biology 24(1): 312-318. Other (Marine PA) Gunatilake, H. M., D. M. A. H. Senaratne, et al. (1993). "Role of non-timber forest products in the economy of peripheral communities of Knuckles National Wilderness Area of Sri Lanka: a farming systems approach." Economic Botany 47(3): 275-281. Lack of suitable intervention Gurr, B. (2003). Review of Markets for Ecosystem Services and Sustainable Agricultural and Forestry Products: Opportunities for Market Expansion in the Sierra Madre of Chiapas, Comment paper or similar (no Mexico, Conservation Invernational (Mexico). data) Gurung, B., K. C. Nelson, et al. (2009). "Impact of grazing restrictions on livestock composition and husbandry practices in Madi Valley, Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Environmental Conservation 36(4): 338-347. Lack of suitable comparator Gurung, D. B. and K. Seeland (2011). "Ecotourism benefits and livelihood improvement for sustainable development in the nature conservation areas of Bhutan." Sustainable Development 19(5): 348-358. Lack of suitable comparator Gusset, M., M. J. Swarner, et al. (2009). "Human-wildlife conflict in northern Botswana: livestock predation by Endangered African wild dog Lycaon pictus and other carnivores." Non-standardised data Oryx 43(1): 67-72. (incomparable) Gutierrez, E., K. Lamoureux, et al. (2005). Linking Communities, Tourism and Conservation: A Tourism Assessment Process, Conservation International and The George Washington Comment paper or similar (no University. data) Habibah, A., J. Hamzah, et al. (2010). "Sustainable livelihood of the community in Tasik Chini PA establishment too Biosphere Reserve: the local practices." Journal of Sustainable Development 3(3): 184-196. recent/not yet established Haenn, N. (2000), Biodiversity is Diversity in Use: Community-Based Conservation in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, USA. Lack of suitable comparator Hanks, J. (2003). "Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) in South Africa: Their role in conserving biodiversity, socioeconomic development and promoting a culture of peace." Comment paper or similar (no Journal of Sustainable Forestry 17(1-2): 127-148. data) Harada, K. (2005). "Local use of agricultural lands and natural resources as the commons in Gunung Halimun National Park, West Java, Indonesia." International Journal of Sustainable Lack of suitable comparator, Development and World Ecology 12(1): 34-47. confounding variables Harris, R. W. (2009). "Tourism in Bario Sarawak Malaysia: A Case Study of Pro-poor Community-based Tourism Integrated into Community Development." Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 14(2): 125-135. Lack of suitable intervention Harrison, D. (2007). "Cocoa conservation and tourism - Grande Riviere Trinidad." Annals of Tourism Research 34(4): 919-942. Qualitative data Hartter, J. and A. Goldman (2011). "Local responses to a forest park in western Uganda: alternate narratives on fortress conservation." Oryx 45(1): 60-68. Confounding variables Hartter, J. and A. Goldman (2011). "Local responses to a forest park in western Uganda: alternate narratives on fortress conservation." Oryx 45(1): 60-68. Confounding variables Other (Survey of farmers' Hartter, J., A. Goldman, et al. (2011). "Responses by households to resource scarcity and fears regarding yield loss due human-wildlife conflict: Issues of fortress conservation and the surrounding agricultural to animal conflict in buffer landscape." Journal for Nature Conservation 19(2): 79-86. zone around PA) Hawken, I. F. and I. M. E. Granoff (2010). "Special Issue: People in parks - beyond the debate: achieving conservation in human-inhabited protected areas." Journal of Sustainable Forestry Comment paper or similar (no 29(2/4): 109-476. data) He, G., X. Chen, et al. (2008). "Distribution of Economic Benefits from Ecotourism: A Case Study of Wolong Nature Reserve for Giant Pandas in China." Environmental Management 42(6): 1017-1025. Lack of suitable comparator Heberling, M. T. and J. J. Templeton (2009). "Estimating the Economic Value of National Parks with Count Data Models Using On-Site, Secondary Data: The Case of the Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve." Environmental Management 43(4): 619-627. Lack of suitable intervention Hegde, R. (2010). Payments for Ecosystem Services and Farm Household Behaviour: The Case of Carbon in Mozambique’s Agroforests. The Fa ulty of Graduate Studies (Forestry). Lack of suitable intervention, Vancouver, University of British Columbia, PhD. Lack of suitable outcome Hegde, R. and T. Enters (2000). "Forest products and household economy: a case study from Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern India." Environmental Conservation 27(3): 250-259. Lack of suitable comparator Hein, L. (2011). "Economic Benefits Generated by Protected Areas: the Case of the Hoge Veluwe Forest, the Netherlands." Ecology and Society 16(2). Lack of suitable comparator Heinen, J. T. (1993). "Economics of Protected Areas – A New Look at Costs and Benefits - Comment paper or similar (no Dixon, J.A., Sherman, P.B." Population and Environment 14(3): 315-319. data) Heinen, J. T. (1993). "Park-people relations in Kosi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal: a socio- economic analysis." Environmental Conservation 20(1): 25-34. Lack of suitable comparator Heinen, J. T. (2010). "The Importance of a Social Science Research Agenda in the Management of Protected Natural Areas, with Selected Examples." Botanical Review 76(2): Comment paper or similar (no 140-164. data) Heinen, J. T. and R. J. Shrivastava (2009). "An analysis of conservation attitudes and awareness around Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India: implications for conservation and development." Population and Environment 30(6): 261-274. Lack of suitable comparator Hemson, G., S. Maclennan, et al. (2009). "Community, lions, livestock and money: A spatial and social analysis of attitudes to wildlife and the conservation value of tourism in a human- carnivore conflict in Botswana." Biological Conservation 142(11): 2718-2725. Lack of suitable comparator Herath, G. and J. Kennedy (2004). "Estimating the economic value of Mount Buffalo National Lack of suitable intervention Park with the travel cost and contingent valuation models." Tourism Economics 10(1): 63-78. Herrera A. D. (2002). "From an intuitive to a systemic gender perspective - Experiences from Comment paper or similar (no Peru." Mountain Research and Development 22(3): 216-220. data) Herrold-Menzies, M. (2006). "From adversary to partner: The evolving role of Caohai nature reserve in the lives of reserve residents." Canadian Journal of Development Studies-Revue Comment paper or similar (no Canadienne D Etudes Du Developpement 27(1): 39-50. data) Heyes, C. and A. Heyes (1999). "Willingness to pay versus willingness to travel: assessing the recreational benefits from Dartmoor National Park." Journal of Agricultural Economics 50(1): 124-139. Lack of suitable intervention Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2011). "Death by a thousand cuts: governance and environmental trade-offs in ecotourism development at Kangaroo Island South Australia." Journal of Other (Plan for proposed Sustainable Tourism 19(4-5): 553-570. ecolodge) Hill, J. L. and R. A. Hill (2011). "Ecotourism in Amazonian Peru: uniting tourism conservation and community development." Geography 96: 75-85. Lack of suitable intervention Himayatullah (2003). "Economic valuation of the environment and the travel cost approach: the case of Ayubia National Park." The Pakistan Development Review 42(4(II)): 537-549. Insufficient detail in methods Hitchcock, R. K. (2000). "The Nata Sanctuary of as a community-based natural resource Comment paper or similar (no management project." Botswana Notes and Records 31: 101-104. data) Hodgkinson, C. and H. Schneider (2010). "Linking Biodiversity Conservation and Poverty Comment paper or similar (no Reduction: What, Why and How." Oryx 44(3): 322-323. data) Holl, K. D., G. C. Daily, et al. (1995). "Knowledge and perceptions in Costa Rica regarding environment, population, and biodiversity issues." Conservation Biology 9(6): 1548-1558. Lack of suitable intervention Holladay, P. J. and A. A. Ormsby (2011). "A comparative study of local perceptions of ecotourism and conservation at Five Blues Lake National Park, Belize." Journal of Ecotourism 10(2): 118-134. Lack of suitable comparator Holland, M. B. (2009). Biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction in Central America: Lack of suitable intervention, the influence of protected areas. Madison, University of Wisconsin. Lack of suitable outcome Holmern T. A. B. Johannesen et al. (2004). "Human-wildlife conflicts and hunting in the western Serengeti Tanzania." NINA Project Report 26: 1-26. Lack of suitable comparator Holmes et al. (1998) The Effect of Response Time on Conjoint Analysis Estimates of Rainforest Protection Values. Lack of suitable intervention Holmes, C. M. (2003). "Assessing the perceived utility of wood resources in a protected area of Western Tanzania." Biological Conservation 111(2): 179-189. Lack of suitable comparator Homewood, K. (1993). Livestock economy and ecology in El Kala, Algeria: evaluating ecological and economic costs and benefits in pastoralist systems, ODI. Lack of suitable outcome Homewood, K. and D. Brockington (1999). "Biodiversity, conservation and development in Comment paper or similar (no Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania." Global Ecology and Biogeography 8(3-4): 301-313. data) Hoole, A. and F. Berkes (2010). "Breaking down fences: Recoupling social-ecological systems for biodiversity conservation in Namibia." Geoforum 41(2): 304-317. Lack of suitable comparator Hope, R., G. Jewitt, et al. (2004). "Linking the hydrological cycle and rural livelihoods: A case study in the Luvuvhu catchment, South Africa." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 29(15-18): 1209-1217. Lack of suitable intervention Horton L. R. (2009). "Buying Up Nature Economic and Social Impacts of Costa Rica's Comment paper or similar (no Ecotourism Boom." Latin American Perspectives 36(3): 93-107. data) Hough, J. L. (1988). "Obstacles to Effective Management of Conflicts between National Parks and Surrounding Human Communities in De eloping Countries.” En ironmental Comment paper or similar (no Conservation 15(2): 129-136. data) Hovardas T. and G. P. Stamou (2006). "Structural and narrative reconstruction of rural residents' representations of 'nature' 'wildlife' and 'landscape'." Biodiversity and Conservation 15(5): 1745-1770. Qualitative data Hovardas T., K. J. Korfiatis, et al. (2009). "Environmental Representations of Local Communities' Spokespersons in Protected Areas." Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 19(6): 459-472. Lack of suitable outcome Hughes M., D. Newsome, et al. (2005). "Case study: visitor perceptions of captive wildlife tourism in a Western Australian natural setting." Journal of Ecotourism 4(2): 73-91. Lack of suitable intervention Huhtala, A. (2004). "What price recreation in Finland? A contingent valuation study of non- Lack of suitable population market benefits of public outdoor recreation areas." Journal of Leisure Research 36(1): 23- 44. Huhtala, A. and E. Pouta (2008). "User fees, equity and the benefits of public outdoor recreation services." Journal of Forest Economics 14(2): 117-132. Lack of suitable intervention Huhtala, M. (2007). "Assessment of the local economic impacts of national park tourism: the case of Pallas-Ounastunturi National Park." Forest Snow and Landscape Research 81(1-2): 223-238. Lack of suitable population Humavindu M. N. and J. I. Barnes (2003). "Trophy hunting in the Namibian economy: an assessment." South African Journal of Wildlife Research 33(2): 65-70. Lack of suitable intervention Hunt C. A. and A. L. Stronza (2011). "Missing the Forest for the Trees? Incongruous Local Perspectives on Ecotourism in Nicaragua Converge on Ethical Issues." Human Organization 70(4): 376-386. Lack of suitable intervention Hussain S. (2000). "Protecting the snow leopard and enhancing farmers' livelihoods: A pilot insurance scheme in Baltistan." Mountain Research and Development 20(3): 226-231. Lack of suitable intervention ICEM (2003), Regional Report on Protected Areas and Development, Review of Protected Areas and Development in the Lower Mekong River Region. ICEM, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia Lack of suitable outcome Idol, T., J. Haggar et al. (2011). Ecosystem Services from Smallholder Forestry and Lack of suitable intervention, Agroforestry in the Tropics. Integrating Agriculture Conservation and Ecotourism: Examples Comment paper or similar (no from the Field. W. B. O. S. L. Campbell. 1: 209-270. data) Idrissou, L., A. van Paassen, et al. (2011). "From cohesion to conflict in participatory forest management: The case of Oueme Superieur and N'Dali (OSN) forests in Benin." Forest Policy and Economics 13(7): 525-534. Qualitative data Infield, M. (1993). "Socio-economy, natural resource use, and attitudes towards the park of communities living in and around Lake Mburo National Park : report of a rapid rural Comment paper or similar (no appraisal." (journal article) data) Infield, M. 1988. Attitudes of a rural community towards conservation and a local conservation area in Natal, South Africa. Biological Conservation 45(1):21-46 Lack of suitable comparator Jabarin, A. S. and S. A. Damhoureyeh (2006). "Estimating the recreational benefits of Dibeen National Park in Jordan using contingent valuation and travel cost methods." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 9(12): 2198-2206. Lack of suitable intervention Jarosz, L. (1999). "Imposing wilderness: Struggles over livelihood and nature presentation in Comment paper or similar (no Africa." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 89(4): 805-807. data) Jew, E. and C. Bonnington (2011). "Socio-demographic factors influence the attitudes of local residents towards trophy hunting activities in the Kilombero Valley Tanzania." African Journal of Ecology 49(3): 277-285. Lack of suitable intervention Jewett, F. I. (1968). "The impact of a National Park upon a county's economy." The Annals of Regional Science 2(1): 274-287. Lack of suitable intervention Jimura, T. (2011). "The impact of world heritage site designation on local communities - A case study of Ogimachi, Shirakawa-mura, Japan." Tourism Management 32(2): 288-296. Lack of suitable intervention Jing xxxx Lack of suitable outcome Job, H. (2008). "Estimating the regional economic impact of tourism to national parks - Two case studies from Germany." Gaia-Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society 17: 134- 142. Lack of suitable comparator Johannesen, A. B. and A. Skonhoft (2004). "Property rights and natural resource conservation. A bio-economic model with numerical illustrations from the Serengeti-Mara Comment paper or similar (no ecosystem." Environmental and Resource Economics 28(4): 469-488. data) Jones, C. B. and J. Young (2004). "Hunting restraint by Creoles at the Community Baboon Sanctuary Belize: A preliminary survey." Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 7(2): 127- 141. Lack of suitable outcome Jones, J. L. (2005). "Transboundary conservation: Development implications for communities in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 12(3): 266-278. Qualitative data Jones, S. (2007). "Tigers, trees and Tharu: An analysis of community forestry in the buffer zone of the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Geoforum 38(3): 558-575. Lack of suitable comparator Joppa, L. N., S. R. Loarie, et al. (2009). "On Population Growth Near Protected Areas." PLoS Lack of suitable outcome One 4(1). Joshi, R. and R. Singh (2009). "Gujjar Community Rehabilitation from Rajaji National Park: Moving Towards an Integrated Approach for Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) Conservation." Journal of Human Ecology 28(3): 199-206. Lack of suitable outcome Judez, L., R. de Andres, et al. (2000). "Influence of bid and subsample vectors on the welfare measure estimate in dichotomous choice contingent valuation: Evidence from a case-study." Journal of Environmental Management 60(3): 253-265. Other Jumbe, C. B. L. and A. Angelsen (2010). "Modeling choice of fuelwood source among rural households in Malawi: A multinomial probit analysis." Energy Economics 33(5): 732-738. Lack of suitable intervention Kabra, A. (2009). "Conservation-induced Displacement : A Comparative Study of Two Indian Protected Areas." Conservation and Society 7(4): 249-267. Lack of suitable comparator Kala, C. P. and R. K. Maikhuri (2011). "Mitigating People-Park Conflicts on Resource Use through Ecotourism: A Case of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Indian Himalaya." Journal Comment paper or similar (no of Mountain Science 8(1): 87-95. data) Kamoto, J. and I. Guijt (2007). "Improving forest beekeeping through monitoring in Chimaliro, Malawi." Negotiated learning: collaborative monitoring in forest resource Comment paper or similar (no management: 105-113. data) Kanapaux, W. and B. Child (2011). "Livelihood activities in a Namibian wildlife conservancy: a case study of variation within a CBNRM programme." Oryx 45(3): 365-372. Lack of suitable comparator Kanchan, C. (2002). The valuation of biodiversity within protected areas: alternative approaches and a case study. New Delhi, Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd: 349-371. Lack of suitable intervention Kant, S. (1997). "Integration of biodiversity conservation in tropical forest and economic development of local communities." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 4(1-2): 33-61. Lack of suitable intervention Karanth, K. D. (2003). Forest use and human-wildlife conflicts in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, India. New Haven, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies: 48-58. Lack of suitable comparator Kaswamila, A. (2009). "Human-wildlife conflicts in Monduli District, Tanzania." International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management 5(4): 199-207. Lack of suitable comparator Keitumetse, S. and O. Nthoi (2009). "Investigating the impact of world heritage site tourism on the intangible heritage of a community: Tsodilo Hills World Heritage site, Botswana." International Journal of Intangible Heritage 4: 143-150. Lack of suitable intervention Kepe, T., B. Cousins, et al. (2000). Resource tenure and power relations in community wildlife contexts: the case of the Mkambati area on the Wild Coast of South Africa, International Institute for Environment and Development, London. Lack of suitable comparator Kepe, T., M. Saruchera, et al. (2004). "Poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation: a Comment paper or similar (no South African perspective." Oryx 38(2): 143-145. data) Keskitalo, E. C. H. and L. Lundmark (2010). "The Controversy Over Protected Areas and Forest-Sector Employment in Norrbotten, Sweden: Forest Stakeholder Perceptions and Statistics." Society & Natural Resources 23(2): 146-164. Inappropriate time frame Khadka, D. and S. K. Nepal (2010). "Local Responses to Participatory Conservation in Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal." Environmental Management 45(2): 351-362. Lack of suitable outcome Khan, F. and D. Mustafa (unknown). Water based ecosystems services and poverty linkages within the Desakota Phenomenon: The case study of Arid Highland Ecosystems in the Lack of suitable intervention, Balochistan Province of Pakistan, PART II F4. Lack of suitable outcome Khan, M. S. and S. A. Bhagwat (2010). "Protected Areas: A Resource or Constraint for Local People? A Study at Chitral Gol National Park, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan." Mountain Research and Development 30(1): 14-24. Lack of suitable comparator Khatri, T. B. (2010). "Conservation governance in Nepal: protecting forest biodiversity and Comment paper or similar (no people's livelihoods." Unasylva (English ed.) 61(236): 34-40. data) Kideghesho, J. R. and P. E. Mtoni (2008). "Who compensates for wildlife conservation in Serengeti?" International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management 4(2): 112-125. Lack of suitable comparator Kideghesho, J. R., E. Roskaft, et al. (2007). "Factors influencing conservation attitudes of local people in Western Serengeti, Tanzania." Biodiversity and Conservation 16(7): 2213-2230. Lack of suitable comparator Kijazi, M. H. and S. Kant (2010). "Forest stakeholders' value preferences in Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania." Forest Policy and Economics 12(5): 357-369. Lack of suitable comparator Killeen, T. J. (2007). "A perfect storm in the Amazon wilderness." Adv. Appl. Biodivers. Sci. 7: 1-102. Lack of suitable intervention Kim, S. S., K. K. F. Wong, et al. (2007). "Assessing the economic value of a world heritage site and willingness-to-pay determinants: A case of Changdeok Palace." Tourism Management 28(1): 317-322. Lack of suitable intervention King D. A. and W. P. Stewart (1996). "Ecotourism and commodification: Protecting people Comment paper or similar (no and places." Biodiversity and Conservation 5(3): 293-305. data) King, B. H. (2007). "Conservation and community in the new South Africa: A case study of the Mahushe Shongwe Game Reserve." Geoforum 38(1): 207-219. Lack of suitable comparator Kipuri, N. and C. Sørensen (2008). "Poverty, pastoralism and poli y in gorongoro." People’s Comment paper or similar (no Self-Determined Development: 349. data) Kirby, K. J. (2006). "Changing perceptions of the role and value of upland woods for nature Lack of suitable intervention, conservation: Past, present and future." International Journal of Biodiversity Science and Comment paper or similar (no Management 2(3): 166-169. data) Kirkby, C. A., R. Giudice-Granados et al. (2010). "The market triumph of ecotourism: an economic investigation of the private and social benefits of competing land uses in the Peruvian Amazon." PloS One 5(9). Lack of suitable comparator Kiyingi, I. and M. Bukenya (2010). "Community and ecotourist perceptions of forest conservation benefits: a case study of Mabira Central Forest Reserve Uganda." Southern Forests 72(3-4): 201-206. Lack of suitable intervention Klein, R. J. T. and I. J. Bateman (1998). "The recreational value of Cley Marshes nature reserve: An argument against managed retreat?" Journal of the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management 12(4): 280-285. Lack of suitable population Kluvankova, T. (1999). "Sustainable tourism in the Mala Fatra National Park, the Slovak Republic." International Journal of Sustainable Development 2(2): 323-340. Lack of suitable population Knoke, T., B. Calvas, et al. (2009). "Can tropical farmers reconcile subsistence needs with forest conservation?" Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7(10): 548-554. Lack of suitable intervention Knoke, T., M. Weber, et al. (2009). "Effectiveness and Distributional Impacts of Payments for Redu ed Carbon Emissions from Deforestation.” Erd unde 63(4) 365-384. Lack of suitable intervention Kock, M. D. (2005). The health paradigm and protected areas: Linkages between people and Comment paper or similar (no their livelihoods, ecosystems and natural communities, and health and disease. data) Lack of suitable intervention, Koens, J. F., C. Dieperink, et al. (2009). "Ecotourism as a development strategy: experiences Comment paper or similar (no from Costa Rica." Environment Development and Sustainability 11(6): 1225-1237. data) Koziell, I. and C. Y. A. Inoue (2006). Mamirauá sustainable development reserve, Brazil: Lessons learnt in integrating conservation with poverty reduction. International Institute for Environment and Development, London. Insufficient detail in methods Kramer, R., M. Munasinghe, et al. (1994). Valuing a protected tropical forest: a case study in Madagascar. Protected area economics and policy: linking conservation and sustainable development. M. Munasinghe and J. A. McNeely. Washington, D.C., World Bank: 191-219. Lack of suitable intervention Kremen, C., Niles, J.-O., et al. 2000. Economic incentives for rainforest conservation across scales. Science 288:1828-1832 Lack of suitable intervention Krozer Y., M. Lordkipanidze et al. (2007). Income generation from tourism in national parks: European experience. Sustainable Development and Planning III Vols 1 and 2. A. B. C. A. B. E. Kungolos. 102: 1019-1028. Lack of suitable outcome Kufner, M. B. and S. Claver (2002). "Nacunan biosphere reserve and sustainable Comment paper or similar (no development in the Monte Desert, Argentina." Gestion Ambiental(8): 45-56. data) Kumar, S. (2008). Analyzing Linkages between Ecosystem Services and Poverty: South Asian Perspectives. Regional analysis Annexure 3. A project report prepared for NERC, DFID and Comment paper or similar (no ESRC by the EPASSA Consortium 25 April 2008, EPASSA Consortium. data) Kusova, D., J. Testel, et al. (2008). "Biosphere reserves - An attempt to form sustainable landscapes - A case study of three biosphere reserves in the Czech Republic." Landscape and Urban Planning 84(1): 38-51. Lack of suitable comparator Lacher, R. G. and S. K. Nepal (2010). "From Leakages to Linkages: Local-Level Strategies for Capturing Tourism Revenue in Northern Thailand." Tourism Geographies 12(1): 77-99. Lack of suitable intervention Lacy, T. d. and M. Lockwood (1994). Estimating the non-market conservation values of protected landscapes in Australia. Protected area economics and policy: linking conservation Comment paper or similar (no and sustainable development. M. Munasinghe and J. A. McNeely. Washington, D.C., World data) Bank: 181-189. Ladio, A. H. and M. Lozada (2001). "Nontimber forest product use in two human populations from northwest Patagonia: A quantitative approach." Human Ecology 29(4): 367-380. Lack of suitable comparator Lagendijk, D. D. G. and M. Gusset (2008). "Human-Carnivore Coexistence on Communal Land Bordering the Greater Kruger Area, South Africa." Environmental Management 42(6): 971- 976. Lack of suitable comparator Lagunas-Vázquez, M., L. F. Beltrán-Morales, et al. (2008). "Evaluation of rural participation: use of natural resources in the El Vizcaíno biosphere reserve, BCS, México." Economía Sociedad y Territorio 8(26): 451-476. Qualitative data Lamprey R. H. and R. S. Reid (2004). "Expansion of human settlement in Kenya's Maasai Mara: what future for pastoralism and wildlife?" Journal of Biogeography 31(6): 997-1032. Lack of suitable outcome Langholz, J. (1999). "Exploring the effects of alternative income opportunities on rainforest use: Insights from Guatemala's Maya Biosphere Reserve." Society & Natural Resources 12(2): 139-149. Lack of suitable comparator Lasso, C. A. (2004). Evaluación rápida de la biodiversidad y aspectos sociales de los ecosistemas acuáticos del delta del río Orinoco y golfo de Paria, Venezuela, Conservation Comment paper or similar (no International. data) Laudati, A. A. (2010). "The encroaching forest: struggles over land and resources on the boundary of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda." Society & Natural Resources Comment paper or similar (no 23(8): 776-789. data) Lawrence (ed.) (2000). Lack of suitable intervention Lee C.-K., J.-H. Lee, et al. (2009). "Assessing the Economic Value of a Public Birdwatching Interpretative Service Using a Contingent Valuation Method." International Journal of Tourism Research 11(6): 583-593. Lack of suitable intervention Lee, T. H. (2007). "An ecotourism behavioural model of national forest recreation areas in Taiwan." International Forestry Review 9(3): 771-785. Lack of suitable intervention Lee, C. K. and S. Y. Han (2002). "Estimating the use and preservation values of national parks' tourism resources using a contingent valuation method." Tourism Management 23(5): 531- 540. Lack of suitable intervention Lee, T. M., N. S. Sodhi, et al. (2009). "Determinants of local people's attitude toward conservation and the consequential effects on illegal resource harvesting in the protected areas of Sulawesi (Indonesia)." Environmental Conservation 36(2): 157-170. Lack of suitable comparator Lekmkuhl, J. F., R. K. Upreti, et al. (1988). "National parks and local development: grasses and people in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Environmental Conservation 15(2): 143-148. Lack of suitable comparator Lepetu, J., J. Alavalapati, et al. (2009). "Forest Dependency and Its Implication for Protected Areas Management: A case Study From Kasane Forest Reserve, Botswana." International Journal of Environmental Research 3(4): 525-536. Lack of suitable comparator Lepper C. M. and J. S. Goebel (2010). "Community-based natural resource management poverty alleviation and livelihood diversification: A case study from northern Botswana." Development Southern Africa 27(5): 725-739. Lack of suitable intervention Li, L., J. Wang, et al. (2010). Factors influencing local people's attitudes towards wild boar in Taohongling National Nature Reserve of Jiangxi Province, China. Lack of suitable outcome Lindberg, K. (2001). Tourist "Consumption" of Biodiversity: Market Characteristics and Effect on Conservation and Local Development, Paper presented at the World Bank/OECD Workshop on Market Creation for Biodiversity Products and Services, Paris, France. Lack of suitable outcome Lindberg, K. (2003). Market behavior of nature tourists in South Africa - a visitor survey in KwaZulu-Natal and Kruger National Park. Washington, World Bank: 91-129. Lack of suitable intervention Linkie, M., Dinata, Y., et al. (2007). Patterns and perceptions of wildlife crop raiding in and around Kerinci Seblat National Park, Sumatra. Animal Conservation 10(1):127-135 Lack of suitable comparator Liston-Heyes, C. and A. Heyes (1999). "Recreational benefits from the Dartmoor National Park." Journal of Environmental Management 55(2): 69-80. Lack of suitable intervention Liu, J. e., H. Zhou, et al. (2009). "Comparisons of ecosystem services among three conversion Other (No human population systems in Yancheng National Nature Reserve." Ecological Engineering 35(5): 609-629. investigated) Liu, J., Z. Ouyang, et al. (2010). "Environmental attitudes of stakeholders and their perceptions regarding protected area-community conflicts: A case study in China." Journal of Environmental Management 91(11): 2254-2262. Lack of suitable comparator Lo Cascio, A. and R. Beilin (2010). "Of biodiversity and boundaries: a case study of community-based natural resource management practice in the Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia." Environmental Conservation 37(3): 347-355. Qualitative data Lomas, J. (1994). "The role of management agreements in rural environmental Comment paper or similar (no conservation." Land Use Policy 11(2): 119-123. data) Lopes P. F. M., R. A. M. Silvano et al. (2011). "Extractive and Sustainable Development Reserves in Brazil: resilient alternatives to fisheries?" Journal of Environmental Planning and Qualitative data, Comment Management 54(4): 421-443. paper or similar (no data) Love, T., E. Jones, et al. (1998). "Valuing the temperate rainforest: Wild mushrooming on the Olympic Peninsula Biosphere Reserve." Ambio 0 (special issue 9): 16-25. Lack of suitable comparator Lu, X.-l. and H.-f. Yu (2006). Resident's perceptions of tourism impacts: An analysis of fuzzy synthetic evaluation. Lack of suitable outcome Lu, X.-l., C.-y. Wu, et al. (2006). "Fuzzy syntheti e aluation on resident’s per eptions of tourism impacts – Case of Jiuzhaigou National Park, Sichuan Province, China." Chinese Geographical Science 16(1): 87-94. Lack of suitable outcome Lü, Y., Chen, L., et al. (2003). A framework for evaluating the effectiveness of protected areas: the case of Wolong Biosphere Reserve. Landscape and Urban Planning 63:213-223 Lack of suitable outcome Ly, O. K., J. Bishop, et al. (2006). Estimating the value of ecotourism in the Djoudj National Bird Park in Senegal, World Conservation Union. Lack of suitable population Lynagh, F. M. and P. B. Urich (2002). "A critical review of buffer zone theory and practice: a Philippine case study." Society & Natural Resources 15(2): 129-145. Qualitative data Ma, X.-L., C. Ryan, et al. (2009). "Chinese national parks: Differences, resource use and tourism product portfolios." Tourism Management 30(1): 21-30. Lack of suitable outcome Ma, Z., B. Li, et al. (2009). "Conflicts between biodiversity conservation and development in a Other (No human population biosphere reserve." Journal of Applied Ecology 46(3): 527-535. investigated) Machlis, G. E. and D. L. Tichnell (1987). "Economic development and threats to National Parks: a preliminary analysis." Environmental Conservation 14(2): 151-156. Lack of suitable outcome Macura, B., F. Zorondo-Rodríguez, et al. (2011). "Local community attitudes toward forests outside protected areas in India. Impact of legal awareness, trust, and participation." Ecology and Society 16(3): 15. Lack of suitable intervention Lack of suitable intervention, Magole L. I. (2009). "Common pool resource management among San communities in Comment paper or similar (no Ngamiland Botswana." Development Southern Africa 26(4): 597-610. data) Magome, H., D. Grossman, et al. (2000). Partnerships in conservation: the state, private sector and the community at Madikwe Game Reserve, North-west Province, South Africa. Discussion Paper, Evaluating Eden Series-International Institute for Environment and Development, London. Lack of suitable comparator Mahawar, M. M. and D. P. Jaroli (2006). "Animals and their products utilized as medicines by the inhabitants surrounding the Ranthambhore National Park, India." Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2: 46. Lack of suitable comparator Makame, M. K. and E. K. Boon (2008). "Sustainable Tourism and Benefit-Sharing in Zanzibar: The Case of Kiwengwa-Pongwe Forest Reserve." Journal of Human Ecology 24(2): 93-109. Lack of suitable intervention Maller, C., M. Townsend, et al. (2002). "Healthy Parks Healthy People: The health benefits of contact with nature in a park context." Burwood (Australia): Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Deakin University. Relevant Review Mannigel, E. (2008). "Integrating parks and people: How does participation work in protected Comment paper or similar (no area management?" Society & Natural Resources 21(6): 498-511. data) Other (Study does not give date for survey, but RRA part of study published in 1991, so Marquardt, M. A. (1994). "Socio-economic survey of communities in the buffer zone of Lake very close to 1992 cutoff if Mburo National Park." (journal article) not before.) Marshall, E. and A. C. Newton (2003). "Non-timber forest products in the community of El Terrero, Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve, Mexico: Is their use sustainable?" Economic Botany 57(2): 262-278. Lack of suitable comparator Martin-Lopez, B., C. Montes, et al. (2007). "Influence of user characteristics on valuation of Lack of suitable population ecosystem services in Do(n)over-tildeana Natural Protected Area (south-west Spain)." Environmental Conservation 34(3): 215-224. Martín-López, B., M. García-Llorente, et al. (2011). "The conservation against development paradigm in protected areas: valuation of ecosystem services in the Doñana social-ecological system (southwestern Spain)." Ecological Economics 70(8): 1481-1491. Lack of suitable intervention Mason, J. J. and E. Y. Danso (1995). "PRA for people and parks: the case of Mole National Park, Ghana." PLA Notes - International Institute for Environment and Development (22): 76- Qualitative data, Comment 79. paper or similar (no data) Masozera, M. K. and J. R. R. Alavalapati (2004). "Forest dependency and its implications for protected areas management: A case study from the Nyungwe Forest Reserve, Rwanda." Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 19: 85-92. Lack of suitable outcome Massyn, P. J. and N. Swan (2002). A Case-study of the Lekgophung Tourism Lodge, South Africa, Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, School of Government, University of the Comment paper or similar (no Western Cape. data) Matarrita-Cascante, D. (2010). "Beyond Growth: Reaching Tourism-Led Development." Annals of Tourism Research 37(4): 1141-1163. Lack of suitable intervention Matarrita-Cascante, D. (2010). "Changing Communities, Community Satisfaction, and Quality of Life: A View of Multiple Perceived Indicators." Social Indicators Research 98(1): 105-127. Lack of suitable intervention Matarrita-Cascante, D., M. A. Brennan, et al. (2010). "Community agency and sustainable tourism development: the case of La Fortuna Costa Rica." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 18(6): 735-756. Lack of suitable intervention Mather, A. S. (1993). "Protected Areas in the Periphery – Conservation and Controversy in orthern S otland.” Journal of Rural Studies 9(4): 371-384. Lack of suitable comparator Matthew, R. A., M. Halle, et al. (2002). Conserving the peace: Resources, livelihoods and Comment paper or similar (no security. Winnipeg, CA, IISD. data) Maxime, N. N. L., J. Ge, et al. (2010). "Assessment of socioeconomic factors and stakeholders involved in Dzanga Sangha Complex Protected Area, Central African Republic." Journal of Sustainable Development 3(2): 273-290. Lack of suitable comparator Mayer, M., M. Mueller, et al. (2010). "The economic impact of tourism in six German Lack of suitable population, national parks." Landscape and Urban Planning 97(2): 73-82. Lack of suitable outcome Mbaiwa, J. E. (2003). "The socio-economic and environmental impacts of tourism development on the Okavango Delta north-western Botswana." Journal of Arid Lack of suitable intervention, Environments 54(2): 447-467. Lack of suitable outcome Mbaiwa, J. E. (2005). "Wildlife resource utilisation at Moremi Game Reserve and Khwai community area in the Okavango Delta, Botswana." Journal of Environmental Management 77(2): 144-156. Lack of suitable comparator Mbaiwa, J. E. and A. L. Stronza (2010). "The effects of tourism development on rural livelihoods in the Okavango Delta, Botswana." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 18(5): 635-656. Insufficient detail in methods Mbaiwa, J. E. and A. L. Stronza (2011). "Changes in resident attitudes towards tourism development and conservation in the Okavango Delta, Botswana." Journal of Environmental Management 92(8): 1950-1959. Lack of suitable comparator Mbaiwa, J. E., B. N. Ngwenya, et al. (2008). "Contending with unequal and privileged access to natural resources and land in the Okavango Delta, Botswana." Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 29(2): 155-172. Qualitative data Mbile, P., M. Vabi, et al. (2005). "Linking management and livelihood in environmental conservation: case of the Korup National Park Cameroon." Journal of Environmental Management 76(1): 1-13. Lack of suitable outcome Mburu, J., R. Birner, et al. (2003). "Relative importance and determinants of landowners' transaction costs in collaborative wildlife management in Kenya: an empirical analysis." Ecological Economics 45(1): 59-73. Insufficient detail in methods McCabe, J. T. (2003). "Sustainability and livelihood diversification among the Maasai of northern Tanzania." Human Organization 62(2): 100-111. Lack of suitable outcome McCrary, J. K., A. L. Hammett et al. (2004). "Illegal extraction of forest products in Laguna de Apoyo Nature Reserve Nicaragua." Caribbean Journal of Science 40(2): 169-181. Lack of suitable comparator McElwee, P. D. (2008). "Forest environmental income in Vietnam: household socioeconomic factors influencing forest use." Environmental Conservation 35(2): 147-159. Lack of suitable comparator McElwee, P. D. (2010). "Resource Use Among Rural Agricultural Households Near Protected Areas in Vietnam: The Social Costs of Conservation and Implications for Enforcement." Environmental Management 45(1): 113-131. Lack of suitable comparator McLean, J. and S. Straede (2003). "Conservation, relocation, and the paradigms of park and people management - A case study of Padampur Villages and the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Society & Natural Resources 16(6): 509-526. Lack of suitable comparator McMillan, C. L., K. D. O'Gorman et al. (2011). "Commercial hospitality A vehicle for the sustainable empowerment of Nepali women." International Journal of Contemporary Qualitative data, Lack of Hospitality Management 23(2): 189-208. suitable intervention McNamara, K. E. and B. Prideaux (2011). "Experiencing 'natural' heritage." Current Issues in Tourism 14(1): 47-55. Lack of suitable outcome McShane, T. O. (1990). "Wildlands and human needs: Resource use in an African protected area." Landscape and Urban Planning 19(2): 145-158. Lack of suitable outcome Mehta, J. N. and J. T. Heinen (2001). "Does community-based conservation shape favorable attitudes among locals? An empirical study from Nepal." Environmental Management 28(2): 165-177. Lack of suitable comparator Mendes, I. and I. Proença (2011). "Measuring the social recreation per-day net benefit of the wildlife amenities of a national park: a count-data travel-cost approach." Environmental Management 48(5): 920-932. Lack of suitable intervention Metcalfe, S (2005), Transboundary Protected Area Impacts on Communities: Case Study of Three Southern African Transboundary Conservation Initiatives, AWF Working Papers, AWF, Comment paper or similar (no Nairobi, Kenya. data) Meza, L. E. (2009). "Mapuche struggles for land and the role of private protected areas in Comment paper or similar (no Chile." Journal of Latin American Geography 8(1): 149-163. data) Mfunda, I. M. and E. Roskaft (2010). "Bushmeat hunting in Serengeti, Tanzania: An important economic activity to local people." International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 2(9): 263-272. Lack of suitable comparator Mfunda, I. M. and E. Røskaft (2011). "Wildlife or crop production: The dilemma of conservation and human livelihoods in Serengeti, Tanzania." International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystems Services and Management 7(1): 39-49. Lack of suitable comparator Mikhailova, I. and J. Mulbeier (2008). "Ecotourism in conservation units: a case study of Turvo State Forest Park, Derrubadas - RS." Caderno Virtual de Turismo 8(3): 1-21. Lack of suitable comparator Misra, S., R. K. Maikhuri, et al. (2009). "Assessment of traditional rights, local interference and natural resource management in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 16(6): 404-416. Lack of suitable comparator Mitsuda, H. and C. Geisler (1992). "Imperiled parks and imperiled people: lessons from Japan's Shiretoko National Park." Environmental History Review 16(2): 23-39. Lack of suitable outcome Mkanda, F. X. and S. M. Munthali (1994). "Public Attitudes and Needs around Kasungu ationsl Par , Malawi.” Biodiversity and Conservation 3(1): 29-44. Lack of suitable comparator Mmopelwa, G., D. L. Kgathi, et al. (2007). "Tourists' perceptions and their willingness to pay for park fees: A case study of self-drive tourists and clients for mobile tour operators in Moremi Game Reserve, Botswana." Tourism Management 28(4): 1044-1056. Lack of suitable intervention Lack of suitable outcome, Mollett S. (2006). "Race and natural resource conflicts in Honduras - The Miskito and Comment paper or similar (no Garifuna struggle for Lasa Pulan." Latin American Research Review 41(1): 76-101. data) Mombeshora, S. and S. Le Bel (2009). "Parks-people conflicts: the case of Gonarezhou National Park and the Chitsa community in south-east Zimbabwe." Biodiversity and Comment paper or similar (no Conservation 18(10): 2601-2623. data) Moorman, R. S. (2006). "Benefits of local residents visiting La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica." Environmental Conservation 33(2): 89-99. Lack of suitable comparator Morris, J., Le Thi Phi, et al. (2004) Linking Poverty Reduction with Forest Conservation: Case Studies from Vietnam. IUCN. Lack of suitable intervention Mostafa, M. and K. Zainab (2010). "Local community attitudes toward social and economic impacts of tourism: a case study of Bisotun, Iran." World Applied Sciences Journal 10(10): 1160-1166. Lack of suitable intervention Movcan, J. (1982). "Development and economics in Plitvice National Park (Yugoslavia)." Lack of suitable comparator Ambio 11(5): 282-285. Muhwezi, O., A. B. Cunningham, et al. (2009). "Lianas and Livelihoods: The Role of Fibrous Forest Plants in Food Security and Society around Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda." Economic Botany 63(4): 340-352. Lack of suitable comparator Mukul, S. A., M. B. Uddin, et al. (2010). "Integrating livelihoods and conservation in protected areas: understanding the role and stakeholder views on prospects for non-timber forest products, a Bangladesh case study." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 17(2): 180-188. Lack of suitable comparator Muller-Boker, U. and M. Kollmair (2000). "Livelihood strategies and local perceptions of a new nature conservation project in Nepal - The Kanchenjunga Conservation Area Project." Mountain Research and Development 20(4): 324-331. Qualitative data Other (Relevant chapters of this book have been added as Munasinghe M. and McNeely, J. (eds.) (1994). Protected area economics and policy: linking secondary articles by author conservation and sustainable development. Washington, D.C., World Bank. name) Mundial, B. (2002). Community Management of the Bio-Itza Reserve, Medium-sized Project, ProPeten Foundation. Lack of suitable intervention Mutamba E. (2004). "Community participation in natural resources management: Reality or Qualitative data, Lack of rhetoric?" Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 99(1-3): 105-113. suitable outcome Mvula, C. D. (2001). "Fair trade in tourism to protected areas - a micro case study of wildlife tourism to South Luangwa National Park, Zambia." International Journal of Tourism Research 3(5): 393-405. Lack of suitable comparator Nagendra, H., D. Rocchini, et al. (2010). "Beyond parks as monoliths: Spatially differentiating park-people relationships in the Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve in India." Biological Conservation 143(12): 2900-2908. Lack of suitable comparator Nahuelhual, L., P. Donoso, et al. (2007). "Valuing ecosystem services of Chilean temperate rainforests." Environment Development and Sustainability 9(4): 481-499. Lack of suitable comparator Naidoo, R. and W. L. Adamowicz (2006). "Modeling opportunity costs of conservation in transitional landscapes." Conservation Biology 20(2): 490-500. Lack of suitable outcome Naidoo R., L. C. Weaver, et al. (2011). "Effect of biodiversity on economic benefits from communal lands in Namibia." Journal of Applied Ecology 48(2): 310-316. Lack of suitable intervention Namara, A. (2007). Case Study: Impacts of Creation and Implementation of National Parks and of Support to Batwa on their Livelihoods, Well-Being and Use of Forest Products. Impact Evaluation Information Document No. 10. Washington, DC, GEF Evaluation Office. Lack of suitable comparator Narendran, K., I. K. Murthy, et al. (2001). "Nontimber forest product extraction, utilization and valuation: A case study from the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, southern India." Economic Botany 55(4): 528-538. Lack of suitable comparator Nath, T. K. and M. Alauddin (2006). "Sitakunda Botanical Garden and Eco-park, Chittagong, Bangladesh: Its impacts on a rural community." International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management 2(1): 1-11. Lack of suitable comparator Nations, J. D. (1993). "Does conservation condemn the poor to perpetual poverty? A Comment paper or similar (no nongovernmental organization perspective," pp. 245-250. data) Naughton, L. (1993). "Conservation versus artisanal gold mining in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica: land use conflicts at neotropical widerness frontiers." Yearbook - Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers 19: 47-55. Qualitative data Naughton-Treves, L. (1998). "Predicting patterns of crop damage by wildlife around Kibale National Park, Uganda." Conservation Biology 12(1): 156-168. Lack of suitable comparator Nautiyal, S. and H. Kaechele (2009). "Natural resource management in a protected area of the Indian Himalayas: a modeling approach for anthropogenic interactions on ecosystem." Confounding variables, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 153(1-4): 253-271. Insufficient detail in methods Nautiyal, S., K. S. Rajan, et al. (2005). "Interaction of Biodiversity and Economic Welfare - A Case Study from the Himalayas of India." Journal of Environmental Informatics 6(2): 111-119. Lack of suitable comparator Nautiyal, S., K. S. Rao, et al. (2003). "Transhumant pastoralism in the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, India - A case study in the buffer zone." Mountain Research and Development 23(3): 255-262. Lack of suitable intervention Ndibalema, V. G. and A. N. Songorwa (2008). "Illegal meat hunting in serengeti: dynamics in Lack of suitable comparator consumption and preferences." African Journal of Ecology 46(3): 311-319. Nelson, A. and K. M. Chomitz (2011). "Effectiveness of strict vs. multiple use protected areas in reducing tropical forest fires: A global analysis using matching methods." PloS One 6(8): e22722. Lack of suitable outcome Nelson, F. (2007). Emergent or illusory?: community wildlife management in Tanzania, Comment paper or similar (no International Institute for Environment and Development, London. data) Nelson, F., C. Foley, et al. (2010). "Payments for Ecosystem Services as a Framework for Community-Based Conservation in Northern Tanzania." Conservation Biology 24(1): 78-85. Qualitative data Nelson, G. C., V. Harris, et al. (2001). "Deforestation, land use, and property rights: Empirical evidence from Darien, Panama." Land Economics 77(2): 187-205. Lack of suitable outcome Nepal, S. and A. Spiteri (2011). "Linking Livelihoods and Conservation: An Examination of Local Residents' Perceived Linkages Between Conservation and Livelihood Benefits Around Nepal's Chitwan National Park." Environmental Management 47(5): 727-738. Lack of suitable comparator Nepal, S. K. (1997). "Sustainable tourism, protected areas and livelihood needs of local communities in developing countries." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Comment paper or similar (no World Ecology 4(2): 123-134. data) Nepal, S. K. (2002). "Involving indigenous peoples in protected area management: Comparative perspectives from Nepal, Thailand, and China." Environmental Management Comment paper or similar (no 30(6): 748-763. data) Nepal, S. K. (2002). "Linking parks and people: Nepal's experience in resolving conflicts in parks and protected areas." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Comment paper or similar (no Ecology 9(1): 75-90. data) Nepal, S. K. and K. E. Weber (1995). "Propsects for Coexistence – Wildlife and Local People." Ambio 24(4): 238-245. Qualitative data Nepal, S. K. and K. E. Weber (1995). "The Quandry of Local People-Par Relations in epal’s Royal Chitwan ational Par .” Environmental Management 19(6): 853-866. Inappropriate time frame Nepali, S. C. (2010). "Assessing the causes of conflict and its effect on livelihoods: a study from Bardia National Park and Khata Corridor, Nepal." Banko Janakari 20(1): 37-43. Lack of suitable intervention Newby, J. E. and J. F. Grettenberger (1986). "The Human Dimension in Natural Resource Comment paper or similar (no Conservation – A Sahelian Example from iger.” Environmental Conservation 13(3): 249-256. data) Newmark, W. D. and J. L. Hough (2000). "Conserving wildlife in Africa: Integrated Comment paper or similar (no conservation and development projects and beyond." Bioscience 50(7): 585-592. data) Newmark, W. D., N. L. Leonard, et al. (1993). "Conservation Attitudes of Local People Living Adjacent to Five Protected Areas in Tanzania.” Biological Conservation 63(2): 177-183. Lack of suitable comparator Ngene, S. M. and P. O. M. Omondi (2008). "The costs of living with elephants in the areas adjacent to Marsabit National Park and Reserve." Pachyderm 45: 77-87. Lack of suitable comparator Ngeno, V., W. Rop, et al. (2011). "Residents decision-making in tourism at Sitatunga's swampy habitat: Saiwa National Park, Kenya." Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics 3(5): 190-193. Lack of suitable comparator Nicholas, L. N., B. Thapa, et al. (2009). "Resident’s Perspe ti es of a World Heritage Site. The Pitons Management Area, St. Lucia." Annals of Tourism Research 36(3): 390-412. Lack of suitable comparator Nicholson, K., X. Li, et al. (2006). "Community-based commercial enterprise development for the conservation of biodiversity in Mount Emei World Heritage Site, Sichuan, China." 63 pp. Lack of suitable comparator Nielsen, M. R. (2006). "Importance, cause and effect of bushmeat hunting in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania: Implications for community based wildlife management." Biological Conservation 128(4): 509-516. Lack of suitable comparator Ninan, K. N. (2009). Non Timber Forest Products and Biodiversity Conservation: A Study of Tribals in a Protected Area in India, with foreword by Achim Steiner. London and Sterling, Virginia, USA: Earthscan Publications. Lack of suitable intervention Nlom, J. H. (2011). "The economic value of Congo basin protected areas goods and services." Other (Review and estimation Journal of Sustainable Development 4(1): 130-142. of total forest value, not PA) Noe, F. P. and W. E. Hammitt (1992). "Environmental attitudes and the personal relevance of management actions in a park setting." Journal of Environmental Management 35(3): 205- 216. Lack of suitable outcome Norgrove, L. and D. Hulme (2006). "Confronting Conservation at Mount Elgon, Uganda." Comment paper or similar (no Development and change 37(5): 1093-1116. data) Norton, D. A. (2007). "Using biodiversity offsets to obtain "win-win' outcomes for biodiversity conservation and economic production." New Zealand Journal of Forestry 52(3): Comment paper or similar (no 36-40. data) Noss, A. J. (1997). "Challenges to nature conservation with community development in Comment paper or similar (no central African forests." Oryx 31(3): 180-188. data) Novelli, M. and Scarth, A. (2007). “Tourism in Protected Areas: Integrating Conservation and Community Development in Liwonde National Park (Malawi).” Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development 4 (1): 47-73. Lack of suitable comparator Novelli, M. and K. Gebhardt (2007). "Community based tourism in Namibia: 'reality show' or Comment paper or similar (no 'window dressing'?" Current Issues in Tourism 10(5): 443-479. data) Nucci, J. C. and O. A. Fávero (2003). "Sustainable development and conservation of the nature in protected areas: The case of Ipanema National Forest (Iperó/SP)." Desenvolvimento sustentável e conservação da natureza em unidades de conservação: o Comment paper or similar (no caso da Floresta Nacional de Ipanema (Iperó/SP) 7(7): 63-77. data) Nunez, D., L. Nahuelhual, et al. (2006). "Forests and water: The value of native temperate forests in supplying water for human consumption." Ecological Economics 58(3): 606-616. Lack of suitable intervention Nuva, R., S. Mad Nasir, et al. (2009). "Willingness to pay towards the conservation of ecotourism resources at Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, West Java, Indonesia." Journal of Sustainable Development 2(2): 173-186. Insufficient detail in methods Nyahongo J. W., M. L. East, et al. (2005). "Benefits and costs of illegal grazing and hunting in Lack of suitable intervention, the Serengeti ecosystem." Environmental Conservation 32(4): 326-332. Lack of suitable outcome Nyaupane G. P. D. B. Morais et al. (2006). "The role of community involvement and number/type of visitors on tourism impacts: A controlled comparison of Annapurna Nepal and Northwest Yunnan China." Tourism Management 27(6): 1373-1385. Qualitative data Nyaupane, G. P. and S. Poudel (2011) "Linkages among biodiversity, livelihood, and tourism." Annals of Tourism Research. Lack of suitable comparator Nygren, A. (2004). "Contested lands and incompatible images: The political ecology of struggles over resources in Nicaragua's Indio-Maiz reserve." Society & Natural Resources 17(3): 189-205. Qualitative data Odindi, J. O. and G. K. Ayirebi (2010). "Communities and conservation: in search for a win- win situation in the Great Fish River Reserve." Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa 12(1): 13-26. Lack of suitable comparator Oglethorpe, J. (2007). People on the move: Reducing the impact of human migration on Comment paper or similar (no biodiversity. World Wildlife Fund. data) Ogra, M. V. (2008). "Human-wildlife conflict and gender in protected area borderlands: A case study of costs, perceptions, and vulnerabilities from Uttarakhand (Uttaranchal), India." Geoforum 39(3): 1408-1422. Lack of suitable comparator Ogutu, Z. A. (1997). "Conflicts over resources: Saiwa Swamp National Park (Kenya) and its environs." GeoJournal 41(1): 25-31. Lack of suitable comparator Ohl-Schacherer, J., E. Mannigel, et al. (2008). "Indigenous ecotourism in the Amazon: A case study of 'Casa matsiguenka' in Manu National Park, Peru." Environmental Conservation 35(1): 14-25. Lack of suitable comparator Okojie, L. O. and B. T. Amujo (2011). "Socio-economic determinants of on-day site demand for recreation in old Oyo National Park, Nigeria." Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics 3(6): 230-235. Lack of suitable population Olsen, N., J. Bishop, et al. (2011). Exploring ecosystem valuation to move towards net positive impact on biodiversity in the mining sector. Gland, Switzerland, IUCN. Lack of suitable intervention Ongugo, P., Njguguna, J., et al. 2002. Livelihoods, natural resources entitlements and protected areas: the case of Mt Elgon Forest in Kenya. Kenya IFRI Collaboratve Research Centre. http://www.cbd.int/doc/case-studies/for/cs-ecofor-ke-02-en.pdf. Accessed 19 May 2008. Lack of suitable comparator Oonyu, J. C. (2009). "Conservation education and the attitudes of local communities living adjacent to Mt. Elgon National Park, Uganda." Applied Environmental Education and Communication 8(3-4): 153-164. Lack of suitable comparator Oracion, E. G. and M. C. Hiponia (2009). "Nature and people matter: Conservation and ecotourism in Balanan Lake, Negros Oriental." Philippine Studies 57(1): 105-136. Lack of suitable intervention Ormsby, A. and B. A. Kaplin (2005). "A framework for understanding community resident perceptions of Masoala National Park, Madagascar." Environmental Conservation 32(2): 156- 164. Lack of suitable comparator Ouma, O. K. and C. Stadel (2006). Kakamega Forest, ecotourism and rural livelihoods: linkages and interactions for the Kakamega Forest region, Western Kenya. Sustainable Tourism II. C. A. P. F. D. Brebbia. 97: 149-158. Insufficient detail in methods Padoa-Schioppa, E. and M. Baietto (2008). "Effects of tourism pressure on herd composition in the Sherpa villages of Sagarmatha National Park (Everest, Nepal)." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 15(5): 412-418. Lack of suitable outcome Padwe, J. (2004). "Participatory conservation in the Condor Bioreserve, Ecuador: Representations, decision processes, and underlying assumptions." Journal of Sustainable Comment paper or similar (no Forestry 18(2-3): 107-137. data) Painemilla, K., A. Rylands, et al. (2010). Indigenous Peoples and Conservation: From rights to Comment paper or similar (no resource management. Arlington, Virginia, USA. data) Pandey, S. (2008). "Linking ecodevelopment and biodiversity conservation at the Great Himalayan National Park, India: lessons learned." Biodiversity and Conservation 17(7): 1543- Comment paper or similar (no 1571. data) Pandey, S. and M. P. Wells (1997). "Ecodevelopment planning at India's Great Himalayan National Park for biodiversity conservation and participatory rural development." Comment paper or similar (no Biodiversity and Conservation 6(9): 1277-1292. data) Parker, P. and B. Thapa (2011). "Distribution of benefits based on household participation roles in decentralized conservation within Kanchenjunga Conservation Area Project, Nepal." Environment, Development and Sustainability 13(5): 879-899. Lack of suitable comparator Pathak, N., A. Kothari, et al. (2005). Conservation with social justice? The role of community conserved areas in achieving the Millennium Development Goals, International Institute for Comment paper or similar (no Environment and Development, London. data) Pattanayak, S. K. and K. J. Wendland (2007). "Nature's care: diarrhea, watershed protection, and biodiversity conservation in Flores, Indonesia." Biodiversity and Conservation 16(10): 2801-2819. Lack of suitable intervention Pattanayak, S. K., C. G. Corey, et al. (2010). Biodiversity Conservation and Child Malaria: Microeconomic Evidence from Flores, Indonesia. Lack of suitable intervention Paudel, N. S. (2002). "Integrating people and nature: a perspective for environmental conservation and livelihoods in the context of Nepal." Journal of Forest and Livelihood 2(1): Comment paper or similar (no 62-67. data) PCCC (Chinese People’s Politi al Consultati e Conferen e) (2004). Additional Environmental Impact Assessment for Three Communes in the Buffer Zone of Ke Go Nature Reserve, Ha Tinh Province, PCCC. Lack of suitable comparator Peralta, N. and E. F. Alencar (2008). "Ecoturismo e Mudança Social na Amazônia Rural : Comment paper or similar (no efeitos sobre o papel da mulher e as relações de gênero." Campos 9(1): 109-129. data) Perpar, A. and A. Udo (2007). "Rural tourism and prote ted areas - factors to increase resilience of rural areas." Acta Agriculturae Slovenica 89(1): 115-128. Qualitative data Persha, L., A. Agrawal, et al. (2011). "Social and Ecological Synergy: Local Rulemaking, Forest Livelihoods, and Biodiversity Conservation." Science 331(6024): 1606-1608. Lack of suitable intervention Peters, J. (1999). "Understanding conflicts between people and parks at Ranomafana, Comment paper or similar (no Madagascar." Agriculture and Human Values 16(1): 65-74. data) Petrova, S., S. Bouzarovski-Buzar, et al. (2009). "From inflexible national legislation to flexible local governance: Management practices in the Pelister National Park, Republic of Macedonia." GeoJournal 74(6): 589-598. Qualitative data Pfueller, S. L., D. Lee, et al. (2011). "Tourism Partnerships in Protected Areas: Exploring Lack of suitable intervention, Contributions to Sustainability." Environmental Management 48(4): 734-749. Lack of suitable outcome Phuc, T. X. (2009). "Why did the forest conservation policy fail in the Vietnamese uplands? Forest conflicts in Ba Vi National Park in Northern Region." International Journal of Environmental Studies 66(1): 59-68. Qualitative data Phuthego T. C. and R. Chanda (2004). "Traditional ecological knowledge and community- based natural resource management: lessons from a Botswana wildlife management area." Qualitative data, Lack of Applied Geography 24(1): 57-76. suitable outcome Picard, C. H. (2003). "Post-apartheid perceptions of the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park, South Africa." Environmental Conservation 30(2): 182-191. Lack of suitable comparator Comment paper or similar (no Pinel, D. P. (2002). “Create a good fit: A community-based tourism planning model.” data) Pipinos, G. and P. Fokiali (2009). "An assessment of the attitudes of the inhabitants of Northern Karpathos Greece: towards a framework for ecotourism development in environmentally sensitive areas." Environment Development and Sustainability 11(3): 655- 675. Lack of suitable intervention Pires, A. (2006). Community Timber Enterprises in the Mamiraua Sustainable Development Reserve, Brazil (unpublished). Prepared for ITTO/RRI/FT scoping study. Inappropriate time frame Plavsic, M. (1998). "Integrating conservation and development in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar." TRI News 17: 5-7. Qualitative data Plumptre, A.J., A. Kayitare, et al. (2004) The Socioeconomic Status of People Living near Protected Areas in the Central Albertine Rift. CARE, IGCP, WCS, 127 pp. Lack of suitable comparator

Pop, O. G., A. Marculescu, et al. (2010). "Management of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Piatra Craiului ational Par .” Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 9(12): Qualitative data, Lack of 1671-1679. suitable outcome Poulsen M. K. and K. Luanglath (2005). "Projects come projects go: Lessons from participatory monitoring in southern Laos." Biodiversity and Conservation 14(11): 2591-2610. Lack of suitable outcome Pretorius, G., V. Harley, et al. (2011). Handbook for Implementing Rooibos Sustainability Comment paper or similar (no Standards, WWF-SA. data) Prins, H. H. T. (1987). "Nature conservation as an integral part of optimal land use in East Africa: The case of the Masai ecosystem of Northern Tanzania." Biological Conservation 40(2): 141-161. Lack of suitable outcome Puhakka, R., S. Sarkki, et al. (2009). "Local discourses and international initiatives: sociocultural sustainability of tourism in Oulanka National Park, Finland." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 17(5): 529-549. Qualitative data Pyhala, A., Brown, K., Adger, W.N. (2006). “Implications of livelihood dependence on nontimber products in Peruvian Amazonia.” Ecosystems 9: 1328-1341 Lack of suitable comparator Quang Thong, L. (2008). An Analysis of the Livelihoods in Selected Villages around the BD – NB National Park with a Particular Emphasis on Establishing the Opportunities for Community Based - Tourism Enterprises, WWF Greater Mekong, Vietnam Country Programme. Lack of suitable comparator Rabearivony, J., E. Fanameha, et al. (2008). "Taboos and social contracts: tools for ecosystem management - lessons from the Manambolomaty Lakes RAMSAR site, western Madagascar." Madagascar Conservation & Development 3(1): 7-16. Lack of suitable comparator Radachowsky, J., V. H. Ramos, et al. (2012). "Forest concessions in the Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala: A decade later." Forest Ecology and Management 286: 18-28. Lack of suitable comparator Rai, R. K. (2003). "Management issues in Indian biosphere reserves, with special reference to alternative livelihood options for the dependent population." Journal of the National Science Comment paper or similar (no Foundation of Sri Lanka 31(1-2): 99-103. data) Rajwar, G. S. and M. Kumar (2011). "Fuelwood consumption in two tribal villages of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve of the Indian Himalaya and strategies for fuelwood sustainability." Environment Development and Sustainability 13(4): 727-741. Lack of suitable comparator Rannikko, P. (1999). "Combining social and ecological sustainability in the Nordic forest Comment paper or similar (no periphery." Sociologia Ruralis 39(3): 394-410. data) Rao, K. S., R. K. Maikhuri, et al. (1999). "Participatory approach to rehabilitation of degraded forest lands: a case study in a high altitude village of Indian Himalaya." International Tree Crops Journal 10(1): 1-17. Lack of suitable comparator Rao, K. S., S. Nautiyal, et al. (2000). "Management conflicts in the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, India." Mountain Research and Development 20(4): 320-323. Contradictory results Rao, M. et al. (2010). "Hunting, Livelihoods and Declining Wildlife in the Hponkanrazi Wildlife Sanctuary, North Myanmar." (Journal Article). Lack of suitable comparator Rao, M., T. Zaw, et al. (2011). "Hunting for a Living: Wildlife Trade, Rural Livelihoods and Declining Wildlife in the Hkakaborazi National Park, North Myanmar." Environmental Lack of suitable comparator Management 48(1): 158-167. Ratanak, O. and M. Yabe (2008). "Analyzing decision making of tourists and ecotourism development in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia." (Special Issue): 513-520. Inappropriate statistics Reading, R. P., T. W. Clark, et al. (1994). "Attitudes and knowledge of people living in the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem." Society & Natural Resources 7(4): 349-365. Lack of suitable outcome Reid, R., M. Stone, et al. (1995). "Economic value of wilderness protection and recreation in British Columbia." FRDA Working Paper (Victoria BC)(WP-6-012). Lack of suitable intervention Reid, H. (2001). "Contractual national parks and the Makuleke community." Human Ecology Comment paper or similar (no 29(2): 135-155. data) Rescia, A. J., B. A. Willaarts, et al. (2010). "Changes in land uses and management in two Nature Reserves in Spain: Evaluating the social-ecological resilience of cultural landscapes." Landscape and Urban Planning 98(1): 26-35. Lack of suitable outcome Reza, L. M., A. Aryan, et al. (2010). "Investigating the Perceptions of Residents in Golestan National Park , Iran." Asian Social Science 6(9): 64-73. Qualitative data Richards, M. (1996). "Protected areas, people and incentives in the search for sustainable forest conservation in Honduras." Environmental Conservation 23(3): 207-217. Qualitative data Rishi, P. (2007). "Eco-development planning through psychological analysis: a study of perceptions and motivations." Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 17(3): 223-243. Lack of suitable comparator Rishi, P., S. Moghe, et al. (2008). "Analysis of hierarchy of needs and motivational strategies for eco-development planning in two national parks of India." Resources Conservation and Recycling 52(5): 707-718. Lack of suitable comparator Robinson, C. A. J., L. L. Daspit, et al. (2011). "Multi-faceted approaches to understanding changes in wildlife and livelihoods in a protected area: a conservation case study from the Central African Republic." Environmental Conservation 38(2): 247-255. Lack of suitable comparator Rodary E. (2009). "Mobilizing for nature in southern African community-based conservation Comment paper or similar (no policies or the death of the local." Biodiversity and Conservation 18(10): 2585-2600. data) Rodela R. (2012). "Advancing the deliberative turn in natural resource management: An analysis of discourses on the use of local resources." Journal of Environmental Management 96(1): 26-34. Qualitative data Rodela, R. and A. Udovi (2008). "Participation in nature protection: does it benefit the local community? A Triglav National Park case study." International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management 4(4): 209-218. Lack of suitable comparator Rodriguez-Izquierdo E. M. C. Gavin et al. (2010). "Barriers and triggers to community participation across different stages of conservation management." Environmental Conservation 37(3): 239-249. Lack of suitable comparator Roe, D (2003), The Millennium Development Goals and natural resources management: reconciling sustainable livelihoods and resource conservation or fuelling a divide?, in: Satterthwaite, D. (ed.), The Millennium Development Goals and Local Processes: Hitting the Comment paper or similar (no target or missing the point? IIED, London, UK. data) Roe, D. and J. Elliott (2004). "Poverty reduction and biodiversity conservation: rebuilding the Comment paper or similar (no bridges." Oryx 38(2): 137-139. data) Roe, D., M. Walpole, et al. (2010). "Linking biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction: What, where and how? Summary and conclusions from an international symposium held at Comment paper or similar (no the Zoological Society of London, 28th-29th April 2010." Biodiversity 11(1-2): 107-110. data) Roger, A., R. Calaque, et al. (2006). "An evaluation of ecotourism potential in the Batéké Comment paper or similar (no Plateaux National Park." Bois et Forêts des Tropiques (290): 13-30. data) Rollins, K. (1997). "Wilderness canoeing in Ontario: using cumulative results to update dichotomous choice contingent valuation offer amounts." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroéconomie 45(1): 1-16. Lack of suitable population Romanach S. S., P. A. Lindsey, et al. (2007). "Determinants of attitudes towards predators in central Kenya and suggestions for increasing tolerance in livestock dominated landscapes." Oryx 41(2): 185-195. Lack of suitable intervention Romano, B. (1995). "National Parks Policy and Mountain Depopulation – A Case Study In the Abruzzo Region of the Central Apennines, Italy.” Mountain Research and Development 15(2): 121-132. Lack of suitable outcome Rosales, R. M. P. (2003). Developing pro-poor markets for environmental services in the Lack of suitable intervention Philippines. International Institute for Environment and Development, London. Saayman, M. and A. Saayman (2006). "Estimating the economic contribution of visitor spending in the Kruger National Park to the regional economy." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 14(1): 67-81. Lack of suitable comparator Saayman, M. and A. Saayman (2009). "Why travel motivation and socio-demographics Lack of suitable population, matter in managaing a national park." Koedoe 58(1). Lack of suitable outcome Saberwal, V.K., J.P Gibbs, et al. (1994). Lion-human conflict in the Gir forest, India. Conservation Biology 8(2):501-507 Confounding variables Sachedina, H. and F. Nelson (2010). "Protected areas and community incentives in savannah ecosystems: a case study of Tanzania's Maasai Steppe." Oryx 44(3): 390-398. Lack of suitable comparator Sælemyr, S. T. (2004). "People, park and plant use: Perception and use of Andean 'nature' in the southern Ecuadorian Andes." Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift 58(4): 194-203. Qualitative data Sah, J. P. and J. T. Heinen (2001). "Wetland resource use and conservation attitudes among indigenous and migrant peoples in Ghodaghodi Lake area, Nepal." Environmental Conservation 28(4): 345-356. Lack of suitable intervention Salafsky, N. and E. Wollenberg (2000). "Linking livelihoods and conservation: A conceptual framework and scale for assessing the integration of human needs and biodiversity." World Development 28(8): 1421-1438. Lack of suitable outcome Salo, M. and A. Pyhala (2007). "Exploring the gap between conservation science and protected area establishment in the Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve (Peruvian Amazonia)." Environmental Conservation 34(1): 23-32. Lack of suitable outcome Salum, L. A. (2009). "Ecotourism and biodiversity conservation in Jozani-Chwaka Bay National Park, Zanzibar." African Journal of Ecology 47: 166-170. Lack of suitable comparator Samdin, Z., A. Yuhanis Abdul, et al. (2010). "Factors influencing the willingness to pay for entrance permit: the evidence from Taman Negara National Park." Journal of Sustainable Development 3(3): 212-220. Lack of suitable population Samos Juarez, A. and R. Bernabeu Cañete (2011). "Economic valoration of the Natural Park ‘Los Calares del Mundo y de la Sima’ (Albacete, Castilla-La Mancha)." Forest Systems 20(2): 278-292. Lack of suitable population Samuelsson E. and J. Stage (2007). "The size and distribution of the economic impacts of Namibian hunting tourism." South African Journal of Wildlife Research 37(1): 41-52. Lack of suitable intervention Sanches K. L., A. N. de Souza, et al. (2011). "Economic Evaluation of Indirect Use Activities in a Pri ate atural Heritage Reser e.” Cerne 17(2): 223-229. Lack of suitable outcome Sanches, K. L., A. N. de Souza, et al. (2011). "Economic evaluation of indirect use activities in a private natural heritage reserve." Avaliação econômica das atividades de uso indireto em uma reserva particular do patrimônio natural 17(2): 223-229. Lack of suitable outcome Sanches, R. A. (2001). "Caiçara communities of the southeastern coast of São Paulo State (Brazil): Traditional activities and conservation policy for the Atlantic Rain Forest." Human Ecology Review 8(2): 52-64. Qualitative data Sanchez-Arias, L. E. and J. P. Rodriguez (2008). “Creation of mangrove ‘Productive Oases’: Community participation for the sustainable utilization of halophytes.” Lack of suitable outcome Sanchez-Azofeifa, G. A., M. Quesada, et al. (2009). "Land cover and conservation in the area of influence of the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve, Mexico." Forest Ecology and Management 258(6): 907-912. Lack of suitable outcome Sandbrook, C. G. (2010). "Local economic impact of different forms of nature-based tourism." Conservation Letters 3(1): 21-28. Lack of suitable comparator Sandbrook, C. G. (2010). "Putting leakage in its place: the significance of retained tourism re enue in the lo al ontext in rural Uganda.” Journal of International Development 22(1): 124-136. Lack of suitable comparator Sander, K. and M. Zeller (2007). Protected area management and local benefits - A case study from Madagascar. Stability of Tropical Rainforest Margins: Linking Ecological, Economic and Social Constraints of Land Use and Conservation. T. L. C. Z. M. G. E. B. A. Tscharntke: 365-387. Lack of suitable comparator Sanderson, S. E. and K. H. Redford (2003). "Contested relationships between biodiversity Comment paper or similar (no conservation and poverty alleviation." Oryx 37(4): 389-390. data) Sanfiorenzo-Barnhard, C., L. Garcia-Barrios, et al. (2009). "Woody Cover and Local Farmers' Lack of suitable intervention, Perceptions of Active Pasturelands in La Sepultura Biosphere Reserve Buffer Zone, Mexico." Lack of suitable outcome Mountain Research and Development 29(4): 320-327. Other (Estimation of ecosystem services value Santos, J.E., F. Nogueira, et al. (2001). “The Value of the Ecological Station of Jataí’s based on literature values (no E osystem Ser i es and atural Capital.” Revista Brasileira de Biologia 61(2). primary data)) Sarin, M. (2005). Laws, lore and logjams: Critical issues in Indian forest conservation, Comment paper or similar (no International Institute for Environment and Development. data) Scheepers K., L. Swemmer et al. (2011). "Applying adaptive management in resource use in South African National Parks: A case study approach." Koedoe 53(2). Lack of suitable outcome Schelhas, J. (1991). "A Methodology for Assessment of External Issues Facing National Parks, with an Appli ation in Costa Ri a.” Environmental Conservation 18(4): 323-330. Qualitative data Schelhas, J., R. E. Sherman, et al. (2002). "Linking community and national park development: a case from the Dominican Republic." Natural Resources Forum 26(2): 140-149. Qualitative data Schermer, M. (2005). "The impact of eco-regions in Austria on sustainable rural livelihoods." Comment paper or similar (no International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 3(2): 92-101. data) Schmidt-Soltau, K. (2001) Human Activities in and around the Takamanda Forest Reserve. Socio-economic Baseline Survey. Lack of suitable comparator Schmidt-Soltau, K. (2003). "Conservation-related resettlement in Central Africa: environmental and social risks." Development and Change 34(3): 525-551. Qualitative data Schmidt-Soltau, K. (2004). "The costs of rainforest conservation: local responses towards integrated conservation and development projects in Cameroon." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 22(1): 93-117. Lack of suitable comparator Schmidt-Soltau, K. and D. Brockington (2007). "Protected areas and resettlement: What scope for voluntary relocation?" World Development 35(12): 2182-2202. Qualitative data Schultz, L., A. Duit, et al. (2011). "Participation Adaptive Co-management and Management Performance in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves." World Development 39(4): 662- 671. Lack of suitable outcome Schuyt, K. (2005). "Freshwater and poverty reduction: Serving people, saving nature." An economic analysis of the livelihood impacts of freshwater conservation initiatives. Lack of suitable intervention Schwarze, S. and M. Zeller (2005). "Income diversification of rural households in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia." Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture 44(1): 61-73. Lack of suitable comparator Schwarze, S., B. Schippers, et al. (2007). Forest products and household incomes: Evidence from rural households living in the rainforest margins of Central Sulawesi. Stability of Tropical Rainforest Margins: Linking Ecological, Economic and Social Constraints of Land Use and Conservation. T. L. C. Z. M. G. E. B. A. Tscharntke: 209-224. Lack of suitable comparator Sekhar, N. U. (2003). "Local people's attitudes towards conservation and wildlife tourism around Sariska Tiger Reserve, India." Journal of Environmental Management 69(4): 339-347. Lack of suitable comparator Senaratne, A., P. Abeygunawardena, et al. (2003). "Changing role of non-timber forest products (NTFP) in rural household economy: The case of Sinharaja World Heritage site in Sri Lanka." Environmental Management 32(5): 559-571. Lack of suitable comparator Shackleton C. M., S. E. Shackleton, et al. (2007). "The importance of dry woodlands and forests in rural livelihoods and poverty alleviation in South Africa." Forest Policy and Lack of suitable intervention, Economics 9(5): 558-577. Lack of suitable outcome Shackleton, S. (2011). "Linking livelihood and ecosystem vulnerability in Southern Africa: Consequences for conservation and development." South African Journal of Botany 77(2): Comment paper or similar (no 556-557. data) Shah, A. S. (2006). "Conservation through sustainable agriculture: the case of the Cerro Punta watershed, Panama." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 22(1/2): 143-156. Qualitative data Shahwahid, H., A. Awang Noor, et al. (1997). "Economic Benefits of Watershed Protection and Trade-Off with Timber Production: A Case Study in Malaysia." Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia Research Report Series, Singapore. Lack of suitable outcome Shanker, K., A. Hiremath, et al. (2005). "Linking biodiversity conservation and livelihoods in Comment paper or similar (no India." Plos Biology 3(11): 1878-1880. data) Sharma, U. R. (1990). "An overview of park-people interactions in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Landscape and Urban Planning 19(2): 133-144. Lack of suitable comparator Shechter, M., B. Reiser, et al. (1998). "Measuring passive use value – Pledges, donations and Lack of suitable population CV responses in connection with an important natural resource." Environmental & Resource Economics 12(4): 457-478. Shepard, G. H., Jr., K. Rummenhoeller, et al. (2010). "Trouble in paradise: indigenous populations, anthropological policies, and biodiversity conservation in Manu National Park, Comment paper or similar (no Peru." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 29(2/4): 252-301. data) Shibia, M. G. (2010). "Determinants of Attitudes and Perceptions on Resource Use and Management of Marsabit National Reserve, Kenya." Journal of Human Ecology 30(1): 55-62. Lack of suitable comparator Shillington, L., J. K. McCrary, et al. (2005). Complex connections: the role of non-timber forest products in urban and rural livelihoods in Nicaragua. Auburn, Auburn University: 254-259. Lack of suitable comparator Shova, T. and K. Hubacek (2011). "Drivers of illegal resource extraction An analysis of Bardia National Park, Nepal." Journal of Environmental Management 92(1): 156-164. Lack of suitable outcome Shrestha, R. K., T. V. Stein, et al. (2007). "Valuing nature-based recreation in public natural areas of the Apalachicola River region Florida." Journal of Environmental Management 85(4): 977-985. Insufficient detail in methods Shyamsundar, P. (1996). "Constraints on socio-buffering around the Mantadia National Park in Madagascar." Environmental Conservation 23(1): 67-73. Qualitative data Shyamsundar, P. and R. A. Kramer (1996). "Tropical forest protection: An empirical analysis of the costs borne by local people." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 31(2): 129-144. Lack of suitable population Shyamsundar, P. and R. Kramer (1997). "Biodiversity conservation - At what cost? A study of households in the vicinity of Madagascar's Mantadia National Park." Ambio 26(3): 180-184. Inappropriate time frame Sibanda, B. M. C. and A. K. Omwega (1996). "Some reflections on conservation, sustainable development and equitable sharing of benefits from wildlife in Africa: The case of Kenya and Comment paper or similar (no Zimbabwe." South African Journal of Wildlife Research 26(4): 175-181. data) Siebert, S. F. and J. M. Belsky (2002). "Livelihood security and protected area management." International Journal of Wilderness 8(3): 38-42. Lack of suitable comparator Siebert, S. F., J. M. Belsky, et al. (1994). Rattan Management for Sustainable Livelihoods and Forest Conservation: The Case of Kerinci-Seblat National Park, Indonesia. Protected area economics and policy: linking conservation and sustainable development. M. Munasinghe and J. E. McNeely, Washington, D.C.: World Bank for the World Conservation Union. Lack of suitable comparator Siikamäki, J. (2011). "Contributions of the US state park system to nature recreation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108(34): 14031-14036. Lack of suitable comparator Sikor, T. and N. Q. Tan (2011). Realizing Forest Rights in Vietnam: Addressing Issues in Community Forest Management, The Center for People and Forests. Lack of suitable comparator Silori, C. S. (2001). "Biosphere reserve management in theory and practice: Case of Nanda Devi biosphere reserve, Western Himalaya, India." Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy 4(3): 205-219. Insufficient detail in methods Silori, C. S. (2007). "Perception of local people towards conservation of forest resources in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, north-western Himalaya, India." Biodiversity and Conservation 16(1): 211-222. Confounding variables Silori, C. S. and R. Badola (2000). "Medicinal plant cultivation and sustainable development: a case study in the buffer zone of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, western Himalaya, India." Mountain Research and Development 20(3): 272-279. Lack of suitable comparator Silva, H. P., O. H. Boscolo, et al. (2005). "Biodiversity conservation and human well-being: Challenges for the Populations and protected areas of the Brazilian Atlantic forest." Ecohealth 2(4): 333-342. Lack of suitable comparator Simpson, G. (2011). "Perceptions of the Impact of Wildlife on the Health and Livelihood of Humans and Domesticated Animals Near the Limpopo National Park, Mozambique." Ecohealth 7: S87-S88. Lack of suitable comparator Sims, K.R.E. (2008) Evaluating the local socio-economic impacts of protected areas: A system- level comparison group approach. Report prepared for the GEF Evaluation Office, Superceded by more recent Washington DC. study Slater, R. (2002). "Between a rock and a hard place: contested livelihoods in Qwaqwa National Park, South Africa." Geographical Journal 168: 116-129. Qualitative data Sodhi, N. S., T. M. Brooks, et al. (2006). "Biodiversity and human livelihood crises in the Comment paper or similar (no Malay archipelago." Conservation Biology 20(6): 1811-1813. data) Sodhi, N. S., T. M. Lee, et al. (2010). "Local people value environmental services provided by forested parks." Biodiversity and Conservation 19(4): 1175-1188. Lack of suitable comparator Soto, B., S. M. Munthali, et al. (2001). "Perceptions of the forestry and wildlife policy by the local communities living in the Maputo Elephant Reserve, Mozambique." Biodiversity and Conservation 10(10): 1723-1738. Inappropriate time frame Spenceley, A. and H. Goodwin (2007). "Nature-based tourism and poverty alleviation: impacts of private sector and parastatal enterprises in and around Kruger National Park, South Africa." Current Issues in Tourism 10(2/3): 255-277. Lack of suitable outcome Spergel, B. (2001). "Raising revenues for protected areas: a menu of options." Center for Comment paper or similar (no Conservation Finance, World Wildlife Fund. data) Spiteri, A. and S. K. Nepal (2008). "Distributing conservation incentives in the buffer zone of Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Environmental Conservation 35(1): 76-86. Lack of suitable intervention Steele, N. (1993). "Development and Management of Rhino Sanctuaries in South Africa – The Effe ts of So ioe onomi and Politi al Changes in Southern Afri a on De elopments.” Comment paper or similar (no Rhinoceros Biology and Conservation: Proceedings of an International Conference: 183-185. data) Stein A. B. T. K. Fuller et al. (2010). "Farm management and economic analyses of leopard conservation in north-central Namibia." Animal Conservation 13(4): 419-427. Lack of suitable comparator Stern, M. J. (2008). "The Power of Trust: Toward a Theory of Local Opposition to Neighboring Protected Areas." Society & Natural Resources 21(10): 859-875. Lack of suitable comparator Stone, M. and G. Wall (2004). "Ecotourism and community development: Case studies from Hainan, China." Environmental Management 33(1): 12-24. Lack of suitable comparator Straede, S. and F. Helles (2000). "Park-people conflict resolution in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal: buying time at high cost?" Environmental Conservation 27(4): 368-381. Lack of suitable comparator Straede, S. and T. Treue (2006). "Beyond buffer zone protection: A comparative study of park and buffer zone products' importance to villagers living inside Royal Chitwan National Park and to villagers living in its buffer zone." Journal of Environmental Management 78(3): 251- 267. Small sample size Strickland-Munro, J. K., S. A. Moore, et al. (2010). "The impacts of tourism on two communities adjacent to the Kruger National Park, South Africa." Development Southern Africa 27(5): 663-678. Lack of suitable comparator Strier, K. B. (2010). "Long-Term Field Studies: Positive Impacts and Unintended Lack of suitable intervention, Consequences." American Journal of Primatology 72(9): 772-778. Lack of suitable outcome Stronza, A. (2008). "Through a new mirror: Reflections on tourism and identity in the Amazon." Human Organization 67(3): 244-257. Lack of suitable comparator Struhsaker, T. T., P. J. Struhsaker, et al. (2005). "Conserving Africa's rain forests: problems in protected areas and possible solutions." Biological Conservation 123(1): 45-54. Lack of suitable outcome Studsroed, J. E. and P. Wegge (1995). "Park-people relationships: the case of damage caused by park animals around the Royal Bardia National Park, Nepal." Environmental Conservation 22(2): 133-142. Lack of suitable comparator Stycos, J. M. and I. Duarte (1995). "Parks, Resettlement, and Population – a Case Study in the Qualitative data, Lack of Domini an Republi .” Society & Natural Resources 8(3): 243-260. suitable outcome Suarez, E., M. Morales, et al. (2009). "Oil industry, wild meat trade and roads: indirect effects of oil extraction activities in a protected area in north-eastern Ecuador." Animal Conservation 12(4): 364-373. Lack of suitable comparator Comment paper or similar (no Sun, R., S. Liu, et al. (2009). Study on the Benefit Protection of Residents in Ecotourism Area. data) Surkin, J. (2007). Transboundary Conservation in the Andes, Corridor Learning Initiative: Comment paper or similar (no Lessons Learned From Four Conservation Corridors, Conservation International. data) Svarstad, H., K. Daugstad, et al. (2006). "New protected areas in Norway: Local participation without gender equality." Mountain Research and Development 26(1): 48-54. Lack of suitable comparator Swain, D. (2001). "Joint protected area management: a proposal for the management of Sanctuaries and National Parks in India." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 8(3): 257-265. Lack of suitable comparator Sweeting, J. E. N., A. G. Bruner, et al. (1999). The green host effect: An integrated approach Comment paper or similar (no to sustainable tourism and resort development, Conservation International. data) Tambe, S. and G. S. Rawat (2009). "Ecology, Economics, and Equity of the Pastoral Systems in the Khangchendzonga National Park, Sikkim Himalaya, India." Ambio 38(2): 95-100. Lack of suitable comparator Tambe, S. and G. S. Rawat (2009). "Traditional livelihood based on sheep grazing in the Khangchendzonga national park, Sikkim." Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 8(1): 75- 80. Lack of suitable comparator Tanner, R. J., W. A. Freimund, et al. (2008). "A meta-study of the values of visitors to four protected areas in the western United States." Leisure Sciences 30(5): 377-390. Qualitative data Tapela, B. N. and P. H. Omara-Ojungu (1999). "Towards bridging the gap between wildlife conservation and rural development in post-apartheid South Africa: The case of the Makuleke community and the Kruger National Park." South African Geographical Journal 81(3): 148-155. Lack of suitable comparator Tapsuwan, S., M. Burton, et al. (2010). "A multivariate probit analysis of willingness to pay for cave conservation: a case study of Yanchep National Park, Western Australia." Tourism Economics 16(4): 1019-1035. Lack of suitable population Taylor J. E., J. Hardner, et al. (2009). "Ecotourism and economic growth in the Galapagos: an island economy-wide analysis." Environment and Development Economics 14: 139-162. Lack of suitable outcome Taylor, C. N., J. Gough, et al. (1999). "Social and economic impacts of Kahurangi National Park." (119): 62 pp. Lack of suitable outcome Tessema, M. E., R. J. Lilieholm, et al. (2010). "Community Attitudes Toward Wildlife and Protected Areas in Ethiopia." Society & Natural Resources 23(6): 489-506. Lack of suitable comparator Thapa, S. and D. S. Chapman (2010). "Impacts of resource extraction on forest structure and diversity in Bardia National Park, Nepal." Forest Ecology and Management 259(3): 641-649. Lack of suitable comparator Thomas, D. H. L., F. Ayache, et al. (1991). "Use and Nonuse Values in the Conservation of I h eul ational Par , Tunisia.” Environmental Conservation 18(2): 119-130. Inappropriate time frame Thompson, A., B. Lovelock, et al. (2009). "Traditional livelihoods, conservation and recreation: Reflections on managing visitation in New Zealand conservation parks." Tourismos 4(4): 163-179. Lack of suitable population Thompson, J. (2010). "Harnessing national parks for health." Nursing New Zealand Comment paper or similar (no (Wellington, N.Z. : 1995) 16(4): 5. data) Thongmanivong, S., Y. Fujita, et al. (2005). "Resource use dynamics and land-cover change in Ang Nhai Village and Phou Phanang National Reserve Forest, Lao PDR." Environmental Management 36(3): 382-393. Lack of suitable outcome Thwaites, R., T. De Lacy, et al. (1998). "Property rights, social change, and grassland degradation in Xilingol Biosphere Reserve, Inner Mongolia, China." Society & Natural Resources 11(4): 319-338. Qualitative data Tiani, A. M., G. Akwah, et al. (2005). Women in Campo-Ma'an National Park: uncertainties and adaptations in Cameroon. Washington, Resources for the Future: 131-149. Lack of suitable comparator Timko, J. and T. Satterfield (2008). "Criteria and indicators for evaluating social equity and ecological integrity in national parks and protected areas." Natural Areas Journal 28(3): 307- Comment paper or similar (no 319. data) Tisdell, C. and J. Wen (1997). "Total economic evaluation of protected areas." Annals of Comment paper or similar (no Tourism Research 24(4): 992-994. data) Tobey, J., E. Torell, et al. (2005). "HIV/AIDS and threats to coastal biodiversity in Tanzania: cross-sectoral dimensions of HIV/AIDS, gender, and population dynamics in critical areas." Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA: University of Rhode Island Coastal Resources Center. Lack of suitable comparator Tomicević, J., I. Bjedov, et al. (2011). "Exploring the Park-People Relation: Collection of Vaccinium Myrtillus L. by Local People From Kopaonik National Park in Serbia." Environmental Management 48(4): 835-846. Lack of suitable comparator Tomicević, J., M. A. Shannon, et al. (2010). "Socio-economic impacts on the attitudes towards conservation of natural resources: Case study from Serbia." Forest Policy and Economics 12(3): 157-162. Lack of suitable comparator Torn, A., P. Siikamaki, et al. (2008). "Local People, Nature Conservation, and Tourism in Northeastern Finland." Ecology and Society 13(1). Lack of suitable comparator Tovar, C. and M. Lockwood (2008). "Social Impacts of Tourism: An Australian Regional Case Study." International Journal of Tourism Research 10(4): 365-378. Lack of suitable intervention Trakolis, D. (2001). "Perceptions, preferences, and reactions of local inhabitants in Vikos- Lack of suitable comparator Aoos National Park, Greece." Environmental Management 28(5): 665-676. Tran, T. (2010). "Combining biodiversity conservation with poverty alleviation - a case study in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 13(1): 41-46. Qualitative data Comment paper or similar (no Treves, A. (2008). The human dimensions of conflicts with wildlife around protected areas. data) Triguero-Mas, M., M. Olomi-Sola, et al. (2009). "Urban and rural perceptions of protected areas: a case study in Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats, India." Environmental Conservation 36(3): 208-217. Lack of suitable comparator Tropenbos International Ghana (2010). Timber legality, local livelihoods and social safeguards: implications of FLEGT/VPA in Ghana. Proceedings of an international workshop held in Accra, Ghana on 8th and 9th October 2009. Kumasi, Ghana. Lack of suitable comparator Tsaur S.-H., Y.-C. Lin, et al. (2006). "Evaluating ecotourism sustainability from the integrated Lack of suitable intervention, perspective of resource community and tourism." Tourism Management 27(4): 640-653. Lack of suitable outcome Tudela Mamani, J. W., M. A. Martinez Damian, et al. (2011). "Economic Valuation of the Benefits of a Recovery and Conservation Program in Molino de Flores National Park, Mexi o.” Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales Y Del Ambiente 17(2): 231-244. Lack of suitable population Tumusiime, D. M., P. Vedeld, et al. (2011). "Breaking the law? Illegal livelihoods from a Protected Area in Uganda." Forest Policy and Economics 13(4): 273-283. Lack of suitable comparator Turner, et al. (2012). Lack of suitable intervention Twyman, C. (2000). "Livelihood opportunity and diversity in Kalahari Wildlife Management Areas, Botswana: Rethinking community resource management." Journal of Southern African Studies 26(4): 783-806. Qualitative data Twyman, C. (2001). "Natural resource use and livelihoods in Botswana's Wildlife Management Areas." Applied Geography 21(1): 45-68. Qualitative data Uddhammar E. (2006). "Development conservation and tourism: conflict or symbiosis?" Review of International Political Economy 13(4): 656-678. Relevant Review Other (Assessment of distribution of PAs across Upton, C., R. Ladle, et al. (2008). "Are poverty and protected area establishment linked at a different countries based on national scale?" Oryx 42(01): 19-25. poverty indices) USAID (2006a). Protected Area Policy Working Group: Conflict Management and Dispute Comment paper or similar (no Resolution Strategy and Action Plan. USAID. data) USAID (2006b). Issues in Poverty Reduction and Natural Resource Management. USAID. Insufficient detail in methods Usongo, L. and B. T. Nkanje (2004). "Participatory approaches towards forest conservation: the case of Lobéké National Park, southeast Cameroon." International Journal of Sustainable Comment paper or similar (no Development and World Ecology 11(2): 119-127. data) Vabi, M. B. and N. Tchamou (1999). "A farming system's perspective to NWFP exploitation in the support zone of the Korup National Park of Cameroon: determining the connections between the household and the forest." 171-179. Lack of suitable comparator Valaoras G., K. Pistolas, et al. (2002). "Ecotourism revives rural communities - The case of the Comment paper or similar (no Dadia Forest Reserve Evros Greece." Mountain Research and Development 22(2): 123-127. data) Van Der Merwe, P. and M. Saayman (2003). "Determining the economic value of game farm Lack of suitable intervention, tourism." Koedoe 46(2): 103-112. Lack of suitable outcome van der Merwe, P. and M. Saayman (2005). "Game farms as sustainable ecotourist attractions." Koedoe 48(2): 1-10. Lack of suitable outcome van Vliet, N. (2010). "Participatory Vulnerability Assessment in the Context of Conservation and Development Projects: A Case Study of Local Communities in Southwest Cameroon." PA establishment too Ecology and Society 15(2). recent/not yet established Vaughan, D. R., H. Farr, et al. (2000). "Estimating and interpreting the local economic benefits of visitor spending: an explanation." Leisure Studies 19(2): 95-118. Lack of suitable comparator Vayda, A. P. and A. Sahur (1996). "Bugis settlers in East Kalimantan's Kutai National Park: their past and present and some possibilities for their future." 54 pp. Qualitative data Velasco, M. J. P. and C. V. Ramos (2010). "Naturbanization and population changes on the Doñana and Sierra Nevada national parks." Naturbanización y cambios en la población de los espacios naturales de doñana y sierra nevada 56(3): 435-460. Lack of suitable outcome Vigneshwarie, R. and B. B. Singh (2011). "Awareness and the Perceived Socio-Economic Lack of suitable comparator Outcomes of ‘E o-tourism’ A Study in the Corbett Area.” Indian Forester 137(1): 57-65. Vila Subiros, J., A. Ribas Palom, et al. (2009). “Half a entury of landscape changes in the Mediterranean mountains. Social Perception and Assessment of Landscape in High Garrotxa (Girona).” Pirineos 164: 69-92. Lack of suitable outcome Vodouhe, F. G., O. Coulibaly, et al. (2009). "Estimating the Local Value of Non-Timber Forest Products to Pendjari Biosphere Reserve Dwellers in Benin." Economic Botany 63(4): 397-412. Lack of suitable comparator Vodouhe, F. G., O. Coulibaly, et al. (2010). "Community perception of biodiversity conservation within protected areas in Benin." Forest Policy and Economics 12(7): 505-512. Lack of suitable comparator Walpole, M. J. and H. J. Goodwin (2000). "Local economic impacts of dragon tourism in Indonesia." Annals of Tourism Research 27(3): 559-576. Lack of suitable comparator Walpole, M. J. and H. J. Goodwin (2001). "Local attitudes towards conservation and tourism around Komodo National Park, Indonesia." Environmental Conservation 28(2): 160-166. Lack of suitable comparator Wandersee, S. M., L. An, et al. (2012). "Perception and decisions in modeling coupled human and natural systems: A case study from Fanjingshan National Nature Reserve, China." Ecological Modelling 229:37-49. Lack of suitable outcome Wang, S. W., J. P. Lassoie, et al. (2006). "Farmer attitudes towards conservation in Jigme Lack of suitable comparator, Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan." Environmental Conservation 33(2): 148-156. Insufficient detail in methods Wang, X., Z. Piao, et al. (1998). "Impacts of tourism and developmental potential of ecotourism in and around the Changbaishan Biosphere Reserve." Journal of Forestry Research 9(3): 211-216. Lack of suitable outcome Wangchuk, S. (2002). "Grazing managment in national parks and protected areas: science, Comment paper or similar (no socio-economics and legislation (tenure)." Journal of Bhutan Studies: 61-81. data) Waylen K. A., P. J. K. McGowan, et al. (2009). "Ecotourism positively affects awareness and attitudes but not conservation behaviours: a case study at Grande Riviere Trinidad." Oryx 43(3): 343-351. Lack of suitable outcome Weaver, D. B. and L. J. Lawton (2008). "Perceptions of a nearby exurban protected area in South Carolina, United States." Environmental Management 41(3): 389-397. Lack of suitable comparator Weckerle, C. S., Y. Yang, et al. (2010). "People, money, and protected areas: the collection of the caterpillar mushroom Ophiocordyceps sinensis in the Baima Xueshan Nature Reserve, Southwest China." Biodiversity and Conservation 19(9): 2685-2698. Lack of suitable comparator Weizenegger S. and A. Wezel (2011). Sustainable Development of an Agricultural Region - The Case of the Allgau Southern Germany. Integrating Agriculture Conservation and Comment paper or similar (no Ecotourism: Examples from the Field. W. B. O. S. L. Campbell. 1: 271-298. data) Weladji, R. B. and M. N. Tchamba (2003). "Conflict between people and protected areas within the Benoue Wildlife Conservation Area, North Cameroon." Oryx 37(1): 72-79. Lack of suitable comparator Wendland, K. J., M. Honzak, et al. (2010). "Targeting and implementing payments for ecosystem services: Opportunities for bundling biodiversity conservation with carbon and water services in Madagascar." Ecological Economics 69(11): 2093-2107. Lack of suitable intervention West, P., J. Igoe, et al. (2006). Parks and peoples: The social impact of protected areas. Comment paper or similar (no Annual Review of Anthropology. 35: 251-277. data) Western, D. (1982). "Amboseli National Park: enlisting landowners to conserve migratory Comment paper or similar (no wildlife ( Masai, Kenya)." Ambio 11(5): 302-308. data) Western, D. (1994). Ecosystem Conservation and Rural Development – The Case of Comment paper or similar (no Amboseli.. data) Western, D. and W. Henry (1979). "Economics and Conservation in Third World National Comment paper or similar (no Parks." Bioscience 29(7): 414-418. data) White, D. (1993). "Tourism and Economic Development for Native People Liviing in the Shadow of a Protected Area – A orth Ameri an Case Study.” Society & Natural Resources 6(4): 339-345. Lack of suitable intervention Wilfred, P. (2010). "Towards sustainable wildlife management areas in Tanzania." Tropical Comment paper or similar (no Conservation Science 3(1): 103-116. data) Wilkie, D. S., G. A. Morelli, et al. (2006). "Parks and people: Assessing the human welfare effects of establishing protected areas for biodiversity conservation." Conservation Biology Comment paper or similar (no 20(1): 247-249. data) Williamson, D. (2006). "Ecotourism and protected areas: making the most of the Comment paper or similar (no opportunities." Bois et Forêts des Tropiques (290): 3-12. data) Wilton, J. J. and N. P. Nickerson (2006). "Collecting and using visitor spending data." Journal of Travel Research 45(1): 17-25. Lack of suitable population Winer, N (2003), Co-management of protected areas, the oil and gas industry and indigenous empowerment the experien e of Boli ia’s aa Iya del Gran Cha o, In: IUCN Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy (2003), Policy Matters, Issue 12, IUCN, Gland, Comment paper or similar (no Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. data) Winter S. J., K. J. Esler, et al. (2005). "An index to measure the conservation attitudes of landowners towards Overberg Coastal Renosterveld a critically endangered vegetation type in the Cape Floral Kingdom South Africa." Biological Conservation 126(3): 383-394. Lack of suitable intervention Wittemyer, G., P. Elsen, et al. (2008). "Accelerated human population growth at protected area edges." Science 321(5885): 123-126. Lack of suitable outcome Wittmayer J. M. and B. Buescher (2010). "Conserving Conflict? Transfrontier Conservation Development Discourses and Local Conflict Between South Africa and Lesotho." Human Comment paper or similar (no Ecology 38(6): 763-773. data) Wolmer, W. (2003). "Transboundary conservation: the politics of ecological integrity in the Comment paper or similar (no Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park." Journal of Southern African Studies 29(1): 261-278. data) World Bank (2011). Implementation Completion and Results Report (TF-53110) on a Grant in the Amount of US$ 5.5 Million to the Republic of South Africa for the Greater Addo Elephant National Park Project. Report No: ICR00001883, The World Bank, Environment and Natural Resource Management Unit. Lack of suitable comparator Wu, G., H. Xiao, et al. (2002). "Forest ecosystem services of Changbai Mountain in China." Science in China Series C-Life Sciences 45(1): 21-32. Lack of suitable intervention Wu, W. and D. Fan (2011). The relationship between the biodiversity conservation and the traditional beliefs of the native people in dalai lake biosphere reserve. 295-297: 574-580. Qualitative data Wunder, S. (1999). Promoting forest conservation through ecotourism income? CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia. Lack of suitable comparator Xu, J. Y., L. D. Chen, et al. (2006). "Local people's perceptions as decision support for protected area management in Wolong Biosphere Reserve, China." Journal of Environmental Management 78(4): 362-372. Lack of suitable comparator Yang, M., L. Hens, et al. (2009). "Tourism: An Alternative to Development?" Mountain Research and Development 29(1): 75-81. Lack of suitable comparator Yang, X. and M. Xu (2003). "Biodiversity conservation in Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve, northeastern China: Status, problem, and strategy." Biodiversity and Conservation 12(5): 883-903. Qualitative data Yasuda, A. (2011). "The Impacts of Sport Hunting on the Livelihoods of Local People: A Case Study of Benoue National Park, Cameroon." Society & Natural Resources 24(8): 860-869. Lack of suitable comparator Yonariza and E. L. Webb (2007). "Rural household participation in illegal timber felling in a protected area of West Sumatra, Indonesia." Environmental Conservation 34(1): 73-82. Lack of suitable comparator Yoskowitz, D. W. and P. A. Montagna (2009). Socio-economic factors that impact the desire to protect freshwater flow in the Rio Grande USA. Ecosystems and Sustainable Development Vii. C. A. T. E. Brebbia. 122: 547-558. Lack of suitable intervention Youn, Y.-C. (2009). "Use of forest resources, traditional forest-related knowledge and livelihood of forest dependent communities: Cases in South Korea." (journal article) Lack of suitable intervention Young, E. (1999). "Local people and conservation in Mexico's El Vizcaino Biosphere Reserve." Relevant Review, Comment Geographical Review 89(3): 364-390. paper or similar (no data) Yuan, J., L. Dai, et al. (2008). "State-Led Ecotourism Development and Nature Conservation: a Case Study of the Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve, China." Ecology and Society 13(2). Lack of suitable comparator al, . and . Breda (20 0). "Tourism in prote ted areas obser a ons from u enne Comment paper or similar (no National Park." Anatolia 21(1): 73-87. data) Zapata, M. J., C. M. Hall, et al. (2011). "Can community-based tourism contribute to development and poverty alleviation? Lessons from Nicaragua." Current Issues in Tourism 14(8): 725-749. Lack of suitable intervention Zhang, C., D. Robinson, et al. (2011). "Factors Influencing Farmers' Willingness to Participate in the Conversion of Cultivated Land to Wetland Program in Sanjiang National Nature Reserve, China." Environmental Management 47(1): 107-120. Lack of suitable intervention Zhu, L., Y. Chen, et al. (2011). "Economic value evaluation of wetland service in Yeyahu Lack of suitable intervention, Wetland Nature Reserve, Beijing." Chinese Geographical Science: 1-9. Insufficient detail in methods Zuo, P., S. W. Wan, et al. (2004). "A comparison of the sustainability of original and constructed wetlands in Yancheng Biosphere Reserve, China: implications from emergy evaluation." Environmental Science & Policy 7(4): 329-343. Lack of suitable outcome Zupan, S. (2004). An investigation of agency perceptions of transboundary protected area Comment paper or similar (no cooperation: A case study of Wrangell-St.Elias and Kluane protected area complex. data) Zurc, J. (2009). "Local inhabitants' opinion about quality of life inside and outside the Triglav National Park." (journal article) Lack of suitable comparator Zwick, K. L., D. Sivell, et al. (1998). "Pian-Upe Wildlife Reserve. Biological and socio-economic survey." Frontier-Uganda Wildlife Protected Areas Project Baseline Surveys Programme Report 12: i. Qualitative data