h35 OPEN DOOR For those who enter and those who leave

THE MAGAZINE OF THE SWINBURNE TECHNICAL COLLEGE f-cJ^^cAp^ &?-

NUMBER SIXTEEN NOVEMBER, 1935 THE OPEN DOOR The Magazine of The Swinburne Technical College •** Hawthorn, Victoria

"Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, but wise men use them.'

Off ice-Bearers of the College: Patroness: .Mrs. Swinburne. President: Cr. H. Coleman Vice-President: Cr. J. A. Gray, M.L.A. Hon. Treasurer: H. R. Hamer, Esq. Registrar : S. V. Robertson Director - - - - F. W. Green, B.Sc, Whit. Ex., Assoc. M. Inst. C.E.

PRINCIPAL DEPARTMENTS: Engineering: The Director. Graphic and Applied Art: S. W. Tompkins Carpentry and Joinery: A. McK. Cousland. Domestic Arts: Miss M. G. Kirkhope. Plumbing and Sanitary Engineering: C. H. Wright. Architecture: W. G. Brodie. A.R.V.I.A. Girls' Junior Technical School: Miss H. F. Gilpin. Boys' Junior Technical School: T. R. White.

STUDENT ASSOCIATIONS: President Parents Guild: W. J. Middleton, Esq., Burwood Road, Hawthorn. Hon. Sec, Old Engineering Swinburnians: E. Marston, Swinburne Technical College. Hon. Sec, Old Swinburne Collegians: H. Baxter, 54 Urquhart Street, Hawthorn Hon. Sees. Old Girls' Gub: Miss L. Mathers, Edgevale Road, Kew; and Miss C. Buckle, 224 Prospect Hill Road, Camberwell. Hon. Sees. Art Clubs: Misses B. Cole and G. Crockett, Art School.

COMMITTEE OF MANAGEMENT, "THE OPEN DOOR." Editor and Manager: H. Brunskill. Mrs. Clark, S. W. Tompkins, A. Green. Sales: Miss Watts. Organisers: H. Brunskill, N. Lewes. 116 per copy Contributory matter should be in the hands of the Editor one month prior to date of publication. Contributions may bear a "nom-de-plume," but the actual name of the contributor must be disclosed Page 2 THE OPEN DOOR

the so-called ideal should or should not be attainable. It seems stupid to go on romanc­ ing about frankly impossible ideals, such as 2 and 2 might make 5: and it is criminal to spend so much time dreaming about other ideals which are assumed unattainable because they do not, say, belong to the ''state of life in which we are pleased to live" or because we have never seriously considered The traditional way to start an article is whether they can or should be attained. a gentle way, by means of a nice mixture of Many earnest workers in vocational train­ sweetly blended words and phrases Which ing have from time to time set reasonable suggest to the innocent reader that some­ standards to attain to—just as has been the thing good will be put before him in due case in less specialised education. The stan­ course. It is principally designed to allow dard was a pure ideal when formulated but one's breakfast to go through the first an accepted fact now. manoeuvres preparatory to digestion: for For example, it was a noble ideal burning after breakfast, is an ideal time for reading in the breasts of a very limited few some articles, especially important articles such, as sixty years ago that the initiate to a trade this one. The stomach being now in tem­ or craft needed any formal education or porary ease, thefirst paragraph has been got training at all. rid of and the real subject may now be Now we have our technical schools almost brought forward. at every street corner waiting to put the As most technical students have not time youngster on the right way. to allow their breakfasts to settle before I will now venture a statement of an ideal tackling the day's duties I can go forward relative to matters that concern us vitally immediately, with my subject which, is, Ideals, either as trainers or trainees in the technical or Some Ideals as they appear or should world. appear in Technical Education. You will It would be ideal for a technical trainee to notice by the way that I have already intro­ get up at a reasonable time in the morning duced my subject in the preparatory meander. to prepare his body and mind without undue What is an Ideal, children? Picture your­ haste for the day's duties and labours. Then self in a stuffy classroom with the sweet having done, so it would be ideal for him or scented spring air occasionally blowing gently her to proceed harmoniously with the train­ across your face. Listen to the twittering ing period, whether in industry or in class, of the birds sporting in the bright sunlight. or in both. It would be ideal if that training If the teacher would only stop talking you period were so planned and spaced that no might even hear in fancy the click of leather undue strain was placed upon the candidate on bat. You will agree that it would be ideal for industrial honours: and it would be ideal to be outside on such a day playing games if that training period left sufficient time for or rambling by the creek. Yes but there is bodily and mental leisure and if that period work to do. of preparation left the initiate with a stimu­ What is an Ideal, fathers and mothers? lus for further mental or physical effort on You, father, are trying to fit a £5/10/- per his or her part. week list of needs and necessities into a I see nothing unreasonable in that rather £4/10/ wage. Mother is trying to persuade long statement. Nor do I find any one part herself that patched shoes are as good as of its aim not attempted in some part or the best; that "fresh" eggs are as good as other of the civilised industrial world. But new laid. You both agree that it would be I cannot say and you cannot say that it is all ideal to have £20 in the bank instead of £20 embodied in the Victorian Training System. of unpaid bills with the tradespeople. I will admit that the training scheme for What is an ideal? From tie way we are Diploma students goes a long way towards wont to use the word it appears to be an satisfying these aims. A day student can unattainable state. It is not remarkable that comfortably prepare for a day commencing a school boy should not be able to attain at 9 a.m. He has reasonably harmonious unlimited play in the midst of school work. conditions of work during the training ses­ The idea however is not unattainable, but sion. He has the encouragement and time rather represents a deferred activity. for bodily leisure both in and out of school But we all know that the average house­ hours. He has also reasonable time, and we holder's ideal too often quite reasonable, is hope, a stimulus for further mental activity not a deferred activity, but quite definitely of his own. But we are wilfully blinding something unattainable. ourselves if we consider that the main issue. It is the unattainable that seems to attract The majority of technical trainees do not us and cause us to weave webs of fancy enjoy those benefits. around. Yet we seldom ask ourselves whether They are described as evening students. Is there any ideal working as a yeast in their THE OPEN DOOR Page 3 case, lightening and. leavening their con­ the college and each advance made gave him ditions? Let us see. endless pleasure and satisfaction. His in­ Is it ideal to get up with sleep half finished terest did not cease at his retirement but —youth requires much sleep—to rush around when able he came to college functions and and get to breakfast with the aroma of bed was frequently in touch with the Director as still clinging to the body? Is it ideal to to the progress of the institution. He was "wolf" one's breakfast so as to catch the a splendid type of earnest public-spirited early train or tram which brings one to the citizen and he will be very much missed by workshop at 8 a.m., or if lucky at 8.30? Is this and othfcr institutions. At his funeral it ideal to be a trainee in mind and be paid at the Boroondara Cemetery the college was wages for work done? Is it ideal after work­ represented by the President, Cr. Lord, Mr. ing 40 to 48 hours per week to hurry three Warren Kerr and the Director. Our heart­ or four times a week over a tea so as to felt sympathy is extended to his widow and spend a further six, eight or ten hours a family. week in an evening class? Mr. Wm. Wishart. Where is the time for leisure or for mental Early in 1907 the late Mr. Swinburne called activity? Where is the time for anything upon Mr. Wm. Wishart, then Mayor of Kew, but a weary body and a fuddled mind? Does at his office in Collins Street, and discussed the industrial system here demand the atten­ the proposal to found a technical college in dance of the trainee eight hours per day the eastern suburbs. This appears to be the either for his own good or for his employer's initial public step which was taken by Mr. benefit? Methinks I have heard it said there Swinburne in the foundation of the institu­ is barely enough work to go round, and I tion. The late Mr. Wishart joined the Col­ am speaking of trainees, youths learning the lege Council to represent the Municipality of bechnique of their work not of workers. Kew in December, 1911, and continued to be It seems to me that the status quo has a a member until August 1931, when he deal to answer for. It would be a kindly resigned owing to his failure to secure act to suppose that the idea and the develop­ re-election to the Kew Council. During all ment of the training of youths for technology these years he was regular in attendance at has appeared and grown surreptitiously Council meetings and took a very lively without heed or ken. Until now we can interest in everything pertaining to the only carry on by pretending it does not exist: advancement of the College. He passed or if we must acknowledge it, then we can away in September and the sympathy of all say "Night school keeps them out of whCHANGEo knew Shi ImN i sTH extendeE COLLEGd to hiEs familyCOUNCIL. . mischief," or we can fall back on the sound At the adjourned general meeting held in standby, ''When I was a boy . . ." September, Cr. H. Coleman, who has repre­ But, excuse my persistence, is that rather sented the Municipality of Kew upon the long statement of ideal one that you would Council for thirteen years, was elected presi­ subscribe to as even a far distant possibility? dent in succession to Cr. Lord, who retired If so, should you feel any great pride in the by effluxion of time. Cr. Gray, M.L.A., of existing state of affairs? Director's Notes Hawthorn, was elected vice-president. It is hoped that these gentlemen, both of whom have the welfare of the college very much at OBITUARY. heart, will have a pleasant and successful term of office. Mr. G. G. Mercy. At the August meeting of the Council Mr. One of the pioneers associated with the R. G. Parsons was elected as a subscribers' early days of the institution, in the person representative in place of the late Mr. T. of George Granville Mercy, passed away at Rust. his residence in Camberwell in August. He Cr. W. J. Payne, of Camberwell, not having was present at the first meeting of the been re-elected to the Municipal Council at College Council held at the Hawthorn Town the last municipal elections automatically Hall on the 13tE July, 1908, when the late vacated his seat, which has beenfilled by the Hon. George Swinburne was elected presi­ appointment of Cr. W. R. Warner. dent, the late Sir Wm. McPherson treasurer, After having represented the Municipality and Mr. Mercy vice-president of the Council. of Hawthorn upon the Council for twelve From this time until November, 1930, when years and havingfilled severa l offices, includ­ he was obliged to resign his seat owing par- ing those of president and vice-president, Cr. ticulaily to deafness, he took a keen and G. W. Simpson resigned in June last, and his active interest in the affairs and progress of place was taken by the appointment of Cr. J. B. Pridmore. During his membership of Page 4 THE OPEN DOOR

the Council he did a great amount of work to know that the class in Electricity and in looking after the upkeep and repair of the Magnetism, Grade I, has been taken by an college premises, and it was largely through old student, H. File, who is now relinquish­ his agency and enthusiasm that the recent ing the work to go to South Africa on behalf extension to the Engineering Department and of Nicholas Aspro Pty. Ltd., with whom he the establishment of the McPherson Engi­ has been associated for some years. neering School was made. His absence from the college precincts and council meetings has been a distinct loss and at the June meeting CABINET MAKING. of the council the following resolution was The college being well placed to teach cariied: "The Council notes with regret the this subject by virtue of its well equipped resignation by Cr. Simpson of his member­ Woodworking and Art Departments, a begin­ ship of this Council and desires to place on ning was made with an evening class in record its high appreciation of the service March last. Mr. E. R. Best, who has had rendered by him to the college during the considerable experience at the trade and also twelve years that he gave for the benefit of from a technical standpoint, was appointed technical education in this district." as instructor, and some very good work is being done by the students. The class has ILLNESS OF MISS HARDESS. commenced in a small way, but it is hoped Old students of the Girls' Junior Technical to build it up as time goes on. School and of the Art Department will be very sorry to learn that Miss Hardess, who has been in ill-health for some time, has found it necessary to take a long rest. In March last the Council granted her leave of Engineering School absence for a year and she sailed for Eng­ land with a friend. Letters from her show that she is making only slow progress to O.E.S. complete recovery. Her position in the The Old Engineering Swinbumians is in meantime has beenfilled b y the appointment the midst of what promises to be a most of Mr. Louis McCubbin, who is well known successful year. in the Art world, and whose artistic abilities During recent years, the difficulties of car­ are proving a great asset to the Art Depart­ rying on has been the common lot of asso­ ment. We are very pleased to have him ciations of any kind. That the O.E.S. has among us as a member of the staff. come through this period of stringency still very much alive is a tribute to the spirit MARRIAGE OF MISS ANDERSON. which animates its members. There has been Old students of the Girls School will be a gratifying increase of interest by the pleased to know that Miss Jessie Anderson younger men and it is certain that with their resigned her position in the college office in sustained activity in not only the doings of January last to be married to Mr. V. E. the association, but also its management the Diggins. She had been with the college in O.E.S. will continue to generate, with in­ the office since 1928, and was veiy popular creasing output, that unique biand of good- with, the staff and students. She has the fellowship to be found among Engineering best wishes of all of us for happiness in her Swinbumians. married life. Her place has been taken by The varied activities for the vear included Miss M. Bell, whose father was a member of a well attended and highly interesting visit the staff in the Engineering Department in of inspection of the Totalization equipment the early days of the college. at the Caulfield Racecourse. Both the dances held were, in every way, successful functions: ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY. while the Annual Reunion was in the nature To meet a demand on the part of old of a record. The Social Hall was crowded students and advanced students generally an to capacity and the evening progressed with evening class devoted to higher work in ever-inc.easing vivaciousness, to end in a electrical technology has been instituted this tumultuous appreciation of the efforts of the year and is proving a great success. It has students to maintain the enviable reputation been taken by Mr. Nicholls and deals with of years gone past. advanced alternating current mathematics COLLEGE REUNION. and more complete theory of a.c. machines Once more we assemble in the Social Hall and the design of transformers and induction to meet and "quiz" those who have preceded motors. It will be interesting to old students us. How sedate and "man of affairs" some of THE OPEN DOOR Page 5 them look. It is hard to realise that not so ing to make such a course asfitting a s agree­ many years ago they too were dodging autho­ able and stimulating as is at present possible. rity and making much of work. As time But to a large number of boys about to leave wears on we find their seriousness is just an Secondary, Public and Technical school such outer cover, for they enjoy the quips and courses are not necessary. jests of the evening with the best of us. What has the Engineering School here, to A joyous evening it was, too; eating, sing­ offer such a boy, who has, it is to be pre­ ing and making merry in our now time- sumed, shown some desire or bent fox applied honoured way at the expense of those in science:—a thorough training in the branch authority. Pity it will be if increased num­ he choses, a diploma carrying certain bene­ bers make it impossible to continue in the fits where the conditions of the course are Hall. For the Hall is now a place of asso­ complied with; and a very definite expecta­ ciations.. Better for us to canvass thofee tion that on completing the academic side of wealthy "old boys" and make the Hall large his work he will gain a position commensu­ enough to cope with such a possibility. rate with his knowledge. ENGINEERING SCHOOL REUNION. Moreover, to those students who may feel that the diploma course is too rigorous for List of Awards, Etc. their needs, a course in general engineering Diplomas: M. F. Bradly, H. W. Bragge, R. practice is offered covering a tiaining in the Burkett, J. J. Crawford, H. T. File, K. A. workshops, laboratories and drawing office Forbes, E. Kennewell B. H. Miller, H. W. coupled with the science necessary for such McGown, F. J. Nott, R. W. Rolland, K. 0. work. We may say that there is a definite Stewart, H. G. Tribe, W, B. Tulley. demand' for students taking up such work: although obviously, the future progress in Course Certificates: A. W. Fergusson, G. W. industry of such students is more limited. Laby. Let us consider the diploma day course of O.E.S. Medals: H. E. Steele (Scholarship), three years' duration. The qualification set J. Donaldson (Athletics). down for entry is the University Interme­ Workshop Prizes: R. L. Roberts (Day), G. S. diate certificate or the Intermediate Techni­ Ramsden (Evening). cal certificate. This will be seen to be neces­ Sports Prizes and Trophies. sary when one realises that thefirst yea r of the course includes mathematics., English, Championship: J. Donaldson, 1; B. Habbard, physics and chemistry of Leaving certificate 2; J. Barrett 3. standard. In special cases, however, students Swimming Champion: A. Cousland. may be admitted without this qualification if Handicaps: J. W. Wyatt, 100 yards, 220 their previous education clearly shows they yards; R. Beeston, 440 yards; E. Murray, are likely to derive full benefit from the one mile; H. Daff, high jump; L. Hubbard, course. long jump; A. Eberbach, weight putt, hop, Schools and parents likely to be interested, should note also that the Intermediate cer­ THE ENGINEERING SCHOOL step and jump. tificate requirement does not preclude entry And the Further Education of the Boy. Swimming: 1, R. Orme; 2, W. G. Sherwood; at a later age with the Leaving certificate. An Article addressed to Parents, Teachers, 3 G. Pullen. For such entrants are excused the Leaving and all concerned with the Technical Educa­ subjects they have already passed with the tion of the boy of 15 Years and Over. proviso that Honour physics is required for How many parents of boys attending Physics I and that Leaving chemistry only Secondary school courses, or Intermediate covers Chemistry I Theory. Thus the later technical school courses, realise the full im­ entrant with the full Secondary school course portance of senior technical education in behind him can reasonably hope to complete planning the future career of their charges? his diploma work in two years. In the former case, the secondary student, The diploma courses referred to are Civil, the horizon in many, many instances is Mechanical, Electrical and Chemical Engi­ limited to the safe, quite useful, but some­ neering. The fees for these courses are very what dullfield o f the Public Service, bank or moderate, being 15/ per annum, plus fixed insurance company. For the junior technical charges for sport, material, etc., of about £1. boy a commencement is hoped for in some Scholarship schemes are in operation or trade or craft, to be accompanied by the under consideration for students from Sec­ uphill work of many years in evening classes. ondary schools; and in addition certain To many various considerations make this the scholarships are offered yearly by the only course, and education authorities, Government and the College Council. Enquiry Apprenticeship Boards and others are striv­ in thefirst cas e should be made of the Head­ master of the school at which the boy attends and in the second case to the college Secre­ tary. Having completed his course, the student has two paths open to him. A brilliant Page 6 THE OPEN DOOR student may look to the University for fur­ EDUCATIONAL EXCURSION TO NEW ther knowledge and greater opportunity. SOUTH WALES, DECEMBER, 1935. Here again his path is made smooth. Firstly, Proposed Itinerary: he is qualified for matriculation by his FRIDAY. diploma work, secondly he is exempt fiom 5.30 p.m.: Departure from Melbourne (Syd­ sufficient subjects to reduce his work there ney Express). Seymour—Tea. Albury— by at least a year and thirdly, certain Supper. scholarships and free places are available to SATURDAY. reduce thefinancial burden . Moss Vale—Breakfast. The other alternative which to the majo­ 11 a.m.: Arrival in Sydney. rity may be the, only course is to seek 1.15 p.m.: Departure from hotel for Bun­ employment in the engineering world. Ex­ nerong Power Station. perience shows that the engineering diploma 5.30: Tea at hotel. is the natural introduction to the junior posi­ 7.30: Departure from hotel for Manly. tion in such work, and experience also shows SUNDAY. that engineering executives primarily recruit 10.45 a.m.: Leave hotel for Church. their staff from such graduates. The diploma 12.30 p.m.: Dinner at hotel. graduate also finds that the conditions for 1.15 p.m.: Leave hotel for Watsons Bay (via gaining membership of the various technical underground railway). bodies such as the Institute of Engineers, is 3.15 p.m.: Leave Watsons Bay via Circular materially lightened. Quay for Tooronga Park. He will alsofind that greater and increas­ 6.15 p.m.: Tea at hotel. ing attention is being paid to the holding or 7.30 p.m.: Leave hotel for Coogee. otherwise of a diploma in engineering when MONDAY. consideration is being given to thefilling o f 8.45 a.m.: Leave hotel for Cockatoo Island the higher executive positions. Dockyard. The following list of positions held by ex- 12.30 p.m.: Dinner at hotel. students of this Engineering School speaks 1 30 p.m.: Leave hotel for North Shore for itself and shows that to the earnest Bridge. diploma graduate everything is possible. 5.30 p.m.: Tea at hotel. Assistant Engineer (various departments), 7.30 p.m.: Leave hotel for Bondi. M.M. Bd. of Wprks. TUESDAY. Chief Diaughtsman, Consulting and Struc­ 8.45"a.m.: Leave hotel for Eveleigh Railway- tural Engineers. Workshops. Chief of Staff, Consulting and Electrical 12.15 p.m.: Dinner at hotel. Engineers. 1 p.m.: Leave hotel for Lever Bros.' Factory. Designing Engineer to large block of mines 5.30 p.m.: Tea at hotel. (Queensland). 7.30 p.m.: Leave hotel for theatre. Assistant Manager, Boiler Makers (New WEDNESDAY. South Wales). 7.50 a.m.: Leave hotel for Blue Mountains, Factory Manager and Engineer (South Katoomba and Echo Point. Africa). Lunch at All British, Cafe at Katoomba. Research Engineer, G.P.O. Motor trip to Echo Point and Wentworth Technical Assistant, Power House, Vic. Falls. Railways. Tea at All British Cafe at Katoomba. Assistant Engineer (testing of materials), 7.20 p.m.: Leave Katoomba for Sydney. Vic. Railways. Extract from a plumber's invoice: "To 11.30 p.m.: Leave Sydney for Newcastle (by Assistant Engineer, Electrical Engineers ninepennyworth of solder . . . 1/6," as re­ steamer). Branch, Vic. Railways. ported in a country newspaper. Further on, THURSDAY. Consulting Engineer, Heating and General. the paper went on to say: "The plumbers 7.30 a.m.: Leave boat at Newcastle. Technical Assistant Commonwealth Serum havefinished their part of the contract on 7.45 a.m.: Breakfast. Laboratory. the new building, and there now remains only 8.30 a.m.: Leave Newcastle by tram for Geophysicist, Commonwealth Suivey Party. the plumbing to be done." Broken Hill Steel Works. Assistant Elect. Superintendent, Yallourn, 4.45 p.m.: Leave Steel Works for Ocean S.E.C. Baths. Classification Engineer, S.E.C. 6 p.m.: Leave baths. Works Engineer, Manfrs. of Photographic 6.30 p.m.: Tea. Material. 8711.37.4 steamer)a.m.50 p.m.:p.m. BreakfastLeav::. Theatre Leave boae.FRIDAY t .Newcastl for hotel. e .fo r Sydney (bv THE OPEN DOOR Page 7

8.30 a.m.: Leave hotel for Lane Cove River understood and hoped, something entirely of and Fig Tree. his own invention. 11.45 a.m.: Leave Fig Tree for Sydney. Birthdays. 12.30 p.m.: Dinner at hotel. Birthday celebrations have been veiy fre­ Afternoon: Free period. quent recently. One in particular was 5.30 p.m.: Tea at hotel. attended with rather unfortunate consequen­ 7.25 p.m.: Leave Sydney for Melbourne by ces. A poor, unsuspecting third year student Express. wandered into the second year drawing class. SATURDAY, 16th DECEMBER. There must have been something about his Breakfast at Albury. appearance which gave the impression that 12, noon: Arrival in Melbourne. it was his birthday—perhaps he was particu­ Enquiries by day and evening students larly elated. Anyhow, he was immediately should be made early to Mr. Page, as the set upon, turned upside down, and his shoes number in the party is limited. and socks taken off. At this point the pro-

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ENGINEERING DAY STUDENTS.

SECOND YEAR NOTES. ceedings were interrupted by footsteps in the Inventions. passage, and he was hastily dropped by his Hearing a rumour that a certain member well-wishers—and "Heil!" Authority entered! of the Staff had invented a new contraption, The unfortunate consequence was that we and that it was being tried out, we hurried were all imprisoned until 5 p.m., innocent and round to the 'tin shed' where it was said to guilty alike. We cannot profess to like these be undergoing test. Nazi methods! On entering the yard we found the place reeking with a pall of black smoke, which we THIRD YEAR NOTES. imagined came from a certain gentleman's We may be very good at some things; but pipe, which convinced us we were on the calculus is not one of them. We appear to right track. After all, however, it turned have only one student with any grasp of the out not to be his pipe, but the exhaust of a subject, as this episode will show. Recently modified Fordson tractor, with which he and our instructor was getting very worried his satellites, some of our second year about the extraordinary density of students students, were experimenting. in absorbing the elements of differential and The mystery of its not being constructed integial calculus:— entirelv of angle iron was explained when.it • "Why, my dear boys/' he exclaimed, "You turned out that it was only a machine under­ could not have had motor cars, for instance; going test by the college, and not^ as we Page 8 THE OPEN DOOR the internal combustion engine would never been one of the immediate consequences of have existed, and you'd still have been going this institution. about in buggies!" We could wish, however, that such a brain "Oh, yes," exclaimed the above-mentioned would return to its normal channels—or student brightly. "All cars have differentials, angles—they at least are harmless to us poor haven't they?" third years! Wit wasted on the desert air, as the re­ mark was apparently not heard by the much LETTERS, ETC., FROM O.E.S. MEMBERS. harried instructor of maths., who would pro­ "Seeing Life" bably have made some sarcastic remark on (With a Capital "L"). the specific density of some students. The "management" of "The Open Door" Our numbers have sadly dwindled in the has told me not to hesitate in telling him last few months. There are now only four whether I care a damn for him or not! I and a half "students." Note, this does not don't—hence the celerity with, which I recall mean that one has been cut in half in the his colossal ignorance, his acid strictures, and machine shop, or come to bits in a chemical his dire and dirty punishments. explosion; but half of him goes to the second By way of introduction let me say that year. and half to the third. One student has Griff once referred to me as the "Arch- to face long bombardments of hydraulics and Bounder" of the Swinburne Engineering sewage unsupported by any of his comrades. School. But he didn't say "bounder" and he The classes started well; but there have didn't mean ''maybe." been severe casualties. Hill Buck and Dean I have now given up my former reprobate to the S.E.C, Clyne to Kodak, and Daly to ways, and have tackled the straight and Johns & Waygoqd. One of these had pre­ narrow, which may suggest to many that pared for himself for the Donna Buang hike Griff picked the wrong horse—and occupa­ a grand pair of skis; but the day before the tion, I'm led to believe, he frequently indulges hike received notification of a job. This he in; much to the horror of a certain dark accepted with considerable heart-searching on gentleman who does not teach surveying, by account of the expected bucking he was going the way, but who lays particular stress on to do on the marvellous skis. Perhaps, how­ the last syllable of "dictionary," and recites ever, he will be somewhat comforted to hear "Gunga Din." that there was no snow when we got there, "Seeing Life" is of course, the wrong title so he did not miss much. In any case, it is for anyone to use who has really seen life. likely that any bucking he did would have For the reason, that seeing life in the social been painful. We have heard that that is the sense, is to be absolutely blind—to the inci­ usual lot of learners! dents of life around one; whilst in actual fact, We of the third year consider that we one must have arrived "broke" in every capi­ have been very hardly treated in the matter tal city of the Commonwealth. A distinction of football selection. We claim that the which I share with many other "victims of second year stole an unwarranted march on our social system." us in holding the meeting before the majo­ To indulge in a detailed description of the rity of us had time to turn up. The result vaiied incidents in a chequered career would is that the captain and the majority of the at once prove boring to both reader and selection committee are second year, and writer, and I'm afraid, in my case, would not there seems in consequence to be an undue be accepted as truth, on account of the extra­ preponderance of second years in the team— ordinary nature of the things that would be of course, we do not mention the fact that written. Not that I'm suggesting you would this may be due to our own lack of players! call me a liar—far from it—in fact, I've We have heard much of the inventive never yet heard the term used at Swinburne genius of a certain gentleman. This has (that is, without a descriptive in front of it). unfortunately he has recently been looking at I must perforce select one of many inci­ generally been comparatively harmless; but dents for your epicurian and Aristotelian life from a new angle! This is what hap­ tastes. Perhaps I'd better start with the one pened. Fines had been so enormous both about the sergeant and the colonel's daughter. in quantity and quality that the fine keeper On second thoughts perhaps I'd better not; could bear it no longer. At Assembly the as I've just remembered you have an Art other morning it was announced that a new School, and Mr. Calcutt knows that one!! device had been instituted, thanks to a cer­ Ahaha!! the mighty brain is working—at tain gentleman's fertile brain namely a fines last?? Who knows! Who knows!! book! In the spring of 1931, four young men That finished round No. 1, but not the bought for £10 a T model Ford delivery, with match. It yet remains for the said fertile a dickey seat (very dickey) in which they set brain to invent a means to prevent fines of off, and did, tour the Eastern portion of this large magnitude being paid in the least valu­ great unwashed continent of ours, "where the able coin of the realm, which we believe has I.O.U. are credit, and only the Postman THE OPEN DOOR Page 9 knows" (I quote Dennis, or is it Schoepawa- Dear Sir,—I have before me your circular haeur?). They subsisted on cheques received written in the inimitable style of the one and from a certain Melbourne weekly,, for articles only "Bruno" (thank goodness). Your pathe­ written about the trip. When we hadn't any tic plea for news has touched my tender heart, cheques to eat, or anything else; well, we just and I am making due haste to helpfill the waited for the next cheque, or went on the wide open spaces. dole. Furthermore, the marauding instincts You know, it is wonderful how a chap's of "Lang's Unemployed" had left nothing in health picks up on leaving the good old pre­ the way of rabbits, wild fowl or fish; even cincts. Perhaps it is the relief at escaping the chooks were locked up on the back veran­ from the sarcastic remarks of the maths. dahs of houses, we very soon discovered. teacher or the smoke screen so immortally Suddenly, as we surveyed the uninteresting associated with Griff. landscape around Swansea, N.S.W., we At present I am whiling away my hours noticed a goanna looking at us, with the of leisure at the office of Clive S. Steele, comically keen look, and curious demeanour consulting engineer, and have Bill Mitchell which they affect. The warning to keep mov­ as a colleague. ing was at once given. This is thefirst thing As you feared, I am one of those bashful to do in goanna cases, as if not, the reptile, youths and so will refrain from going into thinking you are a post, will fly at you, and anything more intimate. in a trice will be sitting on your head. I think you are on dangerous ground when However, to cut this long tale short—we you ask what we think of you, so I will killed, cooked and ate that Godsend in very politely maintain a discreet silence. much quicker time than it takes for a one- Please forgive the phraseology of this let­ armed man with the itch to get out of a ter, but as you know, "the standard of Eng­ bunker with a toothpick. Gathering up the lish in an institution such as this is simply remains, we solemnly interred him, where he appalling." now requiascats in pieces, in the heart of Trusting you are setting a noble example the bush where he was wont to gamble—on to the staff, I am—Your old worrry, his life. (Country papers please copy.—Ted). J. Daly. As a food, goanna is quite palatable—if one is very hungry. Whiteflesh like a snake or eel; butflavoured wit h a subtle something that reminds one of anything. But definitely NOT roast pork. Yes! Seeing life is great fun—in retro­ spect. Every Australian should see it—from the depths of an armchair, in a house which is not invaded by the crawling army, and where the roof doesn't leak:— "All things bright and beautiful, "HOBO'S RETREAT" All creatures great and small. __ When you wake up in the nigh't, Dobbyn North Queensland, Sept. 2, 1935. You think you've got them all." Dear Mr. Brunskill,—I was pleased to get To resume—bowling merrily along in the your personal circular last Sunday. It is the Ford without a care (at least, the care that first I have heard from Swinburne Technical money brings), you are nearly up to the top College for, I suppose, two or three years. of a hill from which you could coast down to, I was beginning to think the college had gone say, Newcastle, 15 miles away, when—splut­ off the map. I suppose it is because I have ter!—out of juice. Solution! turn the old bus been away from Melbourne for quite a long round, go down to the bottom of the hill— time that I have got out of touch. As a mat­ and stay there for three weeks. At least, ter of fact, I was in Melbourne in May last, that's what we did. The goanna^ incident and fully intended to look in, but somehow occurred at this camp; and our precious lives didn't manage it in the rush to get up here. were only saved by the timely arrival of two In response to your appeal for news, I boys from Sydney on bicycles, bearing with might say that I have become involved in the them, not apes, peacocks, spices or precious gold mining boom now, in thefield o f applied stones, but something infinitely more pre­ electrical geophysics. I have been doing cious, to wit, three pints of shrimps. Yessir! nothing but electrical prospecting since about Shrimps!! September, 1932, and am at present officially Solomon, being a wise man I've no doubt designated as party leader, No. 1 Geophysical would have preferred these to the wealth of his girl-friend Sheba; and would have, in his Kingly manner, spat the outsides of these crustaceans all over the scenery, same as we Page 10 THE OPEN DOOR

Party, of the above organisation. know and I will do my worst considering the You know, probably, that I was a member limitations imposed by the Government. As of the late Imperial Geophysical Experimen­ a matter of fact, I think the outback of tal Survey of 1928-1930, and subsequently Northern Australia has been very erroneously joined the staff of the Electricity Commission described and the average Melbourne inhabi­ for about 2i years. Then Great Britain went tant has either no idea of Queensland or a off the Gold Standard, and the price of gold false one. It is only necessary to tell the rose to its present high level of about £7 an truth about this country to be taken for a ounce. This had the effect of stimulating liar. interest in geophysical prospecting again, and However, I must stop now to catch the I reverted to this profession after a lapse of mail. There is only one mail a week from 2i years. I began with several electrical here (Dobbyn). I should like to see how surveys at Cassilis (near Omeo) and your magazine gets on, also to hear any news Bethanga (near Albury) for Sir Herbert about the school, and the people I used to Gepp. This led to my accepting an engage­ know. With kind regards—Yours faithfully, ment with the Mt. Lyell M. & R. Co. to E. L. Blazey. undertake a geophysical survey at Queens- Dear Mr. Brunskill,—Having perused your town. It was hoped that some higher grade distinctly impersonal letter and concluded ore might be discovered which might turn that by the term "alive" you refer to those a loss into a profit. I was fortunate enough whom, by devious means, are subscribers to to stumble on an orebody in the early stages, the "league "of benedicts." it occurs to me that which is now under production. I remained perhaps there are some people who would be at Queenstown for about 18 months, and left interested to learn of an ex-student's where­ there early in May this year to take up my abouts, vices, and occupation; hence this present duties. effusion. You perhaps are aware that on my The geophysical survey at Queenstown is return to Tasmania I joined the staff of the still in progress, and is being continued by a Municipal Tramways Hobart, as assistant member of the staff over there, who was engineer and held that position until the appointed bv the management to study the death of my father, and to maintain his busi­ methods I was using. ness interests, viz., timber milling, necessi­ Unfortunately, I am not at liberty to say tated my leaving the department to learn much about the work being done by this how to make sawdust fly. Government prospecting survey. No member In conjunction with our sawmilling in­ of the staff is allowed to make any public terests I formed a construction company and statements concerning the survey except successfully carried out several extensive through the recognised channels. I am not works—Bell Bay harbour works, Seymour at liberty, either to publish anything con­ coal wharf, Rapson factory, foundations and cerning the vital details of the electrical wharf. methods used by the Swedish Electrical Pros­ The parlous times having stopped construc­ pecting Co., who are contractors with the tion programmes, I have been devoting my Government for the geophysical equipment energies to the engineering problems encoun­ and methods. The members of the geophysi­ tered in the milling business and I might say cal staff have had to sign agreements not to that the problems are many. In the first disclose any details considered by the com­ place the methods hitherto employed have pany to be trade secrets. been those as carried on for the pastfive or I have not yet forgotten the training which six decades, and severe antagonism was ex­ I got at Swinburne in the principles of engi­ perienced with our old-time manager when neering and consider that a thorough train­ employing modern machinery. However the ing in elementary principles is more valuable writer has successfully installed ball and than an imperfect knowledge of the higher roller bearing shafting, Vee belt drives, Die­ and more specialised branches of the art. The sel loco, propulsion and is gradually restoring former sticks and the latter is soon forgotten. order to what was once an oil man's dream of However, I supnose every student knows this heaven, as far as lubricant waste was con­ or learns it afterwards (often too late). cerned. Will you please convey my compliments to Talking of iocos, an amusing story I have Mr. Edwards and tell him, that I haven't for­ to relate which may be worthy of insertion gotten that I have to thank him for quite a in the "Open Door." Our Raminea mill, lot? Had it not been for his advice and situated at Port Esperance, which is credited help, I should not ever have engaged in as being the oldest mill in the southern geophysics. hemisphere to have cut continuously (85 I don't know whether any of this will be years), is served on the bush end by a steel of interest; if not, you may consign it to the tram line running approx. 11 miles from the W.P.B. without hesitation. If, however, you mill site on the Esperance River, through the think that anything I could write about Wes­ valley to the foot of Adamson's Peak. The tern Queensland, gold prospecting or geo- ph-slcs would help your magazine, let me THE OPEN DOOR Page 11

gauge is 3 ft. 6 in., and the loco, commonly The brakeman on the other hand, feeling referred to as "Buyers," is an articulated the breakaway, applied the brakes harder type supported on bogies and weighs about with little effect, decided discretion was the 14 tons. The drive is a weird contraption of better part of valour and took a header into roller chains which try to describe impossible the bracken fern, to emerge, except for curves when the bogies swing to traverse a bruises and a fright, scathless. But Casey bend on the track, and altogether was more left on the engine cab on a runaway loco, than sufficient until altered recently to cause designed to top speed at 10 m.p.h. and already strong men to invoke the Deity to extort exceeding 30 m.p.h. on a rough road, still vengeance on the constructor, who, having gaining speed and rolling about like a ship passed over the Divide some years before, in a gale, the position was serious. He would not be worrying much. (Casey) still holding the whistle cord, tied It is on record that a new engine driver same down and endeavoured to crawl back having been advertised for and arriving in over the logs to the brakes, but what with the darkness, went down early next morning the rolling of the logs and the insecurity of to the loco shed to oil and light up, but on his legs (Casey was repatriated with trench taking a look at Buyers returned, picked up feet), he soon crawled back into the cab, his luggage and took to his heels. Such was and if his name was not Casey Jones, he must the case when Paddy Casey arrived to take have felt like him. the position of loco driver but he decided to The mill hands by this time hearing the at least have one run on Buyers before pass­ approaching roar and certain also by the ing final judgment—and strange to relate, screaming of the oncoming whistle that Buyers was in a benevolent mood and per­ something untoward had happened, rushed to formed that day in admirable style, so Casey the points which side-tracked the main line decided to stay. Next day the lady was a three into the loco shed instead of to trifle fractious, only broke two links in the the mill dead-end. driving chains, which entailed hard work re­ To return to Casey. Alone in the cab, he placing, as each link weighs about 10 lbs. and decided to chance the loco leaving the rails the complete chain about 5-6 cwt. and be ready to throw himself off on to a Casey, who, as an ex-member of the A.I.F., tree which grew near the line about a quar­ had picked up some choice expressions in the ter of a mile from the mill. rhetoric in alien languages, to an awe- As the tree approached the speed seemed inspired audience told his thoughts and his to increase and must have been approaching opinion of Buyers the constructor, etc., but 40 m.p.h., the log bogies swaying and buffet- he still continued as driver. Now the load to ting behind. As the loco passed the sapling be brought in from the bush usually runs Casey, with a spring, clasped the trunk in his five logs of 5-6000 super each, making a load arms and the momentum spun him around the of 70-80 tons, which on the down grades trunk like a Catherine wheel six or eight needs careful handling, and the braking is times, turning him quite giddy, but otherwise done solely on the log bogies and by the use unscathed. The loco careers on and the mill of steam. The day my story is concerned hands wait with bated breath as the train with, Casey is proceeding back to the mill hits the points, which diverts the train into with a full rake of logs, in a seething temper, appears over the cutting and, with a roar, having been delayed for about four hours the shed. "Crash!" The end of the shed is with broken links, and is just on the last burst like a paper bag and the complete train, long slope, locally known as "Slippery Chute," still intact, flashes through on to the soft which runs for about a mile and a half to ground, where the loco stands on its nose, the mill. with a scream still emanating from its With the heavy rake of logs on the down­ whistle, but otherwise unharmed. grade., the train started to gain momentum, A general search then took place to find so Casey popped the whistle for the brake- the wild Irishman, and a party started back man on the rear to brake heavier; as the up the line for a few hundred yards, to meet brakes were aoplied little retardation was the missing Casey, white to the gills and felt, so Casey attempted to hold the loco invoking all the gods from the nether regions with the steam and swung the link motion to witness that if he ever was found on over, when there was heard a sharp bang and Buyers again he could be dealt with in any next thing the train increased its paces. The approved manner. geouslthwhistlsombetweemaireWit enyexpreswhistl hemilelinwhiln beingakth seese drivdespairin awaatraianengin! eroablowdy n hath rewerwa ndegansuggeste sbrokeeimildhow n approachingsurprise roalshor lhandn d d Casetan wheel thablastsdd y tan s .tooclawes a heawath couplincontinupassenser d leftmilth aet­gl.­ keecrawlebacnostudena tNexIlo kn mattagaineartdym o Imorningfbacforteafrais aamusement,coulkm breathin ,dtowardawar budtha, thavae tthit s oga.e jusf sth rolthreatitolincidenetThn ebusdTasmanidawn eotha shfonl t ,oastorywrite t fcause yaperso Caseasvengeance othe ithsd yn erWall quit wawitlocrex is-ohye. Page 12 THE OPEN DOOR

Senior, whom I see occasionally. He is engi­ The present Government, not satisfied with neer to the Briseis Tin Mining Co. at Derby, the dole system, has put into operation the N.E. Coast. Best wishes to "The Open Unemployment Relief Camps. Remunerative Door."—Sincerely yours, work is being done by men in these camps, Douglas R. Chesterman. and they are being paid with loan money set aside for the purpose. The camp I will discuss is typical of many OH YEAH! forestry camps. They tell me that joke about angle iron is It is situated in the North-East of Vic­ a back number now. toria at an altitude of about 2,250 ft. Beech- They also tell me that one of our venerable worth is its railhead, 175 miles from Mel­ instructors is going into the milk trade. The bourne and the camp is about nine miles to students will then get the cream of every­ the South-East of this town. Men coming thing. to the camp travel by truck from Beechworth We understand that students wishing to over six miles of good road, but what of the collect their caution money must in future last three miles! What an impression is first produce a deed of assignment from their placed on these workers minds when they see parents and a certificate of identification the road over which they have to travel to signed by both parents and witnessed by a reach the camp. These last three miles of responsible instructor, if any. the track run through a young pine plan­ In view of the fact that the third term is tation. It is a real bush track, too, unmade, a swot term, the suggestion is put. forward rutted, with mud and slush everywhere. The that staff meetings be held each week on the holes are very deep, as they have been cut mornings on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, out b^ drays carting the young pines to the Thursday, Friday. new grounds. It is a hundred to one chance The student who recently secured a refund if they get through in any nature of trans­ of excess fees paid, is now slowly recovering port, as the weather during the winter in a rest home. months is not kind in this area. I hear that electricity has now become a Wind, rain and snow are present most of study of Nick Nacks. the time, either together or singly. This is It is said that one cannot understand the not a bright welcome to city, dwellers. frame of mind of a student who pushes doors Arriving at the camp, long lines of canvas open with his feet. This frank acknowledge­ tents built in streetsfirst greet s their eyes, ment of presence of mind is refreshing. t;en a couple of bark drying sheds and in the And do you know the difference between distance hills, hills, and more hills. The tents a wireless set and our English class? Well, are warm and each man is supplied with a wireless set "howls" sometimes. blankets, but the fire flues and cooking Did -">u know that the study of mathe­ appointments are weird and wonderful, as matics apparently leads nowhere. each man has his own ideas about these. And did you know that Griff was related Once these men are in camp they are prac­ to Royalty? Well, he should at least be tically isolated for three months and their Vice-Regal by now. daily routine is really very dreary. Have you heard that one, about the fellow It means up early, cook your own break­ who was told there was no smoking allowed? fast, cut your own lunch, and out into the He said he was keeping quiet about it. biting cold weather to work. And do you notice that the use of the Their jobs consist of planting, digging letters A.S.T.C. is the sole perogative of the holes for the pines or felling, but most Mel­ Sydney Technical College? That leaves us bourne men are not axemen and accidents do with Ass.S.T.C. often occur. After their day's work they Did they tell you about the student who return to no fire and no meal, but have to swots during lunch hour? Now, now! Con­ turn to and make both—a very unwelcome VICTORIAN RELIEF CAMPS. trol yourself. They were only flies. job to any man after the day's work, espe­ TheiDird Conditionyou know, anI dcoul Hodw keewep Mighthis tgoin Improvg foer cially when he is wet and cold. Most of hours ? It. them plod on while they can work, but what Unemployment; one of the biggest prob­ happens when continued wet weather sets in, lems facing present-day governments all over days of snow and sleet. the world is also Victoria's greatest problem. They have to stay in their tents; they can The solution has not been found, although do nothing but think, brook, curse the wea­ there have been many attempts made by ther, the camp and everything connected with different governments which have been but it. Sometimes they walk aimlessly about but partially successful. have no mutual interest in one another, but all are thinking of home. There are all sorts and kinds, isolated together and nothing to do does not bring the best but in man. Many are tradesmen and some have held professions, but through some unfortunate THE OPEN DOOR Page 13 circumstance and world depression have been curiosity on some point—of which maybe he forced to take the dole. were better ignorant—his shadow would dash In all these camps I think there should be ahead and betray him. Which you will agree a large shed so that at night or during wet was most annoying. So it came to be under­ weather the men could get together and hold stood that the most esteemed were those some sort of entertainment amongst them­ whose shadows were the shortest. selves, or they could be supplied with a wire­ It so happened that one member of this less so that they may have something to in­ community was more than usuallv incon­ terest themselves in. A supply of periodicals venienced by the size and length of his and papers would help a lot tofill i n the shadow. It not only made it impossible for workless hours. him to be curious, but it even came between The Salvation Army officers visit this camp him and his work—to his great confusion once a week and do a lot of good, and apart and annoyance. Many were the times he from the tradesmen who generally get exorcised his "familiar" with "Get thee be­ bogged going through, they are the only hind me." But to no permanent purpose. At human contact they have. Could not the length he bethought himself of the man of other churches and philanthropic societies learning, and, seeking him out, implored his help in some way? assistance. The wise man, seeing the youth's Now, what of accidents? They occur and great distress, advised him to go south—far the men have to be carried on stretchers to south—to a far away warm country. By so transport three miles from the camp. When doing, he would find that his shadowy encum­ one hour may mean life or death to a man brance would get paler and paler and might it seems ridiculous that he has to be taken even die through lack of notice. The youth by stretcher. The road to the camp should was overjoyed at the simple truth of this be the first consideration because of the advice and hastened to put it into effect. In element of accidents and sickness among men due course he arrived at the Southern Land: new to the conditions. and to his great content found that it was Two things that have improved the lot of even as the wise man said. Only, by looking the men since the early winter is the supply closely, could he see a shadow at all—grovel­ of oilskins and the carting of wood to the ling humbly at his feet—small in size and in camp. Previously the men had to look for spirit. their own wood. One hundred men soon So intoxicated was he at this state of diminish the supply of nearby chips and sap­ affairs, that he spent most of his time in lings, and these were wet and sodden, so the bright, warm sunlight, even going so far you may imagine the trouble they had to as to taunt his shadow for its much reduced light a fire when they arrived in camp at circumstances of life. But alas, this state, night. blessed as it might seem, was most unsatis­ Fortunate!", most of their cheque is paid fying in time. There was nothing to see to their wives in Melbourne, so that they or interest him beyond himself. All life was know they are warm and well fed. asleep during the heat and glare of the day. As most of the work is done in the middle The unusual circumstances, moreover, were of winter, let's remember as we sit over our taking toll of his body, which was becoming warm fires what the other chap is doing out almost as thin as a shadow itself. He was out there in thTHe Ehills SHADOW, and furthermore. , try forced at last to do as others did—retire to and think of some way to brighten their lot the house in the day and take his work and Once upon a time—before people grew up before winter, 1936, is here. pleasure in the cool of the evening. The and knew more than was good for them— —M.A.J. change brought him great content and rest, there was a learned man who lived in a cold and much needed sleep . . . .It must have northerly country. This man was not only been dawn when he awoke—and feeling much learned but wise withal. For he did not go refreshed—he arose, went to his door, and to and fro, making other people uncomfort­ stretched himself in the morning air. Look­ able with all he knew. Instead he kept to ing about him as he did so, he saw—on the his own fireside, where his shadow was wall of the house opposite—a shadowy form, always behind him and hardly noticed at all. mocking him as he stretched—laughing as he This was a great convenience. You must laughed. understand that the people of this country This was most annoying and not to be were sorely plagued by their shadows. The tolerated for one moment. So he retreated truth of the matter was that the inhabitants inside. To his , surprise the shadow also re­ of this far-off land were most inquisitive: treated—through the door of the house oppo­ but their shadows were still more so. For, site. Alas for curiosity, the fatal charac­ whenever one would be about to satisfy his teristic of his race. Now, why should a shadow behave so? What was through that door, to entice a shadow to enter. His shadow, too—and prying about in this unauthorised manner. Forgetting his late desire to be rid of his incubus, he returned to his door- Page 14 THE OPEN DOOR

way and called: 'Shadow, come forth." But foul blow was dealt. With a terrible cry of no shadow appeared. In a fine rage at this agony the shadow vanished and the youth defiance, he stepped out and in a loud voice woke from his nightmare. commanded: "Thou Shadow (shadows always O.D.E. crawl and squirm at Thee and Thou), Thou TELEVISION: ITS DEVELOPMENT AND shadow, come forth and render to me Thy PRESENT STATE. master, an account of Thyself." Alec. H. dyne, Stud.I.E.Anst. Lo, the shadow appeared once more upon Introductory. the wall, a little excited at its recent freedom, Ever since man first began to take an but not a little awed at all this Theeing and active interest in the natural phenomena Thouing. ''Master," he said "There were around him he has been seeking a means of great and wonderful things behind that door. seeing at distances beyond his normal range Let us get together again and I will tell you." of vision, but for centuries he has sought in So thev did—and such was the tale that vain. However, man was destined to hear at was told, that the yduth commanded his great distances before he was able to see shadow to enter once more and seek out fur­ beyond the range of the horizon. Perhaps ther wonders. Which the shady one did with this was inevitable, for without some of. the great eagerness. great inventions in the realm of wireless Days passed; but the shadow returned not. telephony made during the last half-century, Not to the most forcible Thee and Thou did, television would be now as far off as ever it he respond. The youth grew lonely, for in was. those days no one was above spending _ a In this paper it is proposed to deal with pleasant hour in condescending speech with the more outstanding developments in tele­ such lowly and shady companions. He pined vision made up to the present time, and to for the land of his birth and in due course outline some of the systems now in the hands returned—shadowless He found himself in of research engineers, with their attendant consequence voted as a man of importance. difficulties. Being no better than he should be, he b°gan It must be understood, however that des­ to strut and take on an air. As he did this pite the tremendous advances which have day by day, he noticed that, as others grew been made during thefirst par t of this cen­ whiskers, he began to grow a little shadow tury, television as a form of public enter­ aerain: a mere rumour as it were—but a tainment is yet many years away, not "just shadow nevertheless. Others noticed too. around the corner," as the popular press has Ha, they said, this is no wise man after all. been telling us for some time. But a mountebank who tries to hide his Historical. shadow. So they drove him forth. Dejected The story of television, though equally as and forlorn he was. Too miserable even to interesting, is not nearly as well known as upbraid his young new shadow . . . till at that of wireless, possibly because in this age length he fell in with a fine figure of a man of amazing scientific achievements people are —a fine figure—but unsubstantial looking. inclined to take every new wonder as a mat­ It was his old shadow, much puffed out with ter of course. long independence. So much depressed was Credit for thefirst ste p in practical tele­ bur hero that he submitted to the humiliation vision belongs to a Polish scientist, Nipkow. of walking behind and trailing his scrubby He was the first to devise a system for little new shadow after him. In time they breaking up the image to be transmitted into came to the outskirts of a town where our a number of elements., or as the process is miserable friend was commanded to wait with technically known, scanning. Nikow's scan­ much Theeing and Thouing. His former ning disc had a number of holes drilled in it wraith then proceeded to thefinest in n of the in a spiral. The image to be scanned is place, and boldly entered. focussed on the disc and the latter rotated at Ho! There! And forthwith a woman a constant speed, thus causing each hole in appeared—comely offigure but calculating of the disc to pass over a vertical strip of the eye. "So, half a man. Thou hast returned!" image. It is significant that Nipkow's disc A newfire wa s in the wraith's eye. "Half a is still very much in the forefront to-day man with no shadow you called me. Come although its inventor, who is still living, is and I will show you that I am greater than rarely mentioned. the greatest. For I have a shadow so great Shortly after Nipkow came Weiller, who that it casts a shadow, too." They hastened conspireabominatiotshadow'anoTogethe Timdth weakeree outskirtsdpasse lasrtn o .thet bi dscruplesen syBu rianthcrepantdde o d hithfwoman't .lo hiseupo! youtmmeeknesin tan s wath hd eyes esovercamgre youthsso .w . wa Sweake.o es Th shthaenr mirrorferancslightlithaalsn onuse inventethesy. greateplaceeoH fon ead e dusea rdrumtangentiallbefore anglescannind ,a ,,eaclarg tsgoho th ydevicethamirro erounnumbe axite rdaswhic s thrbeino fthe hoth fcircumegie s smaldruadru tstil aml-m l THE OPEN DOOR Page 15 rotates, the reflected ray from each succeed­ behind the disc and the cell in front. This ing mirror is projected at a greater angle made possible the use of numbers of cells than that of the one before it, until the drum instead of asingle one as before, thus reduc­ has made one revolution, when the process ing the amplification necessary, with a resul­ is repeated. The Weiller mirror drum has two tant drop in distortion. Another innovation distinct advantages as compared with the was the lens disc which was simply a Nipkow Nipkow scanning disc;firstly, that it is more disc with lenses in the holes. difficult to make because of the great accu­ Baird was also thefirst t o televise an out­ racy necessary in aligning the tiny mirrors, door scene, which he did when he televised and secondly a larger percentage of the light the finish of the English Derby some five or striking the mirrors is absorbed, and so as six years ago. This time a Weiller mirror far as we are concerned is lost. However, drum was used and the transmission was this type of scanning is in use to-day, but made over a land line to London. as with Nipkow's disc, the name of its inven­ The next important move was the introduc­ tor is rarely mentioned. tion of cathode ray scanning by French Thus far went the early experimenters, scientists. This we will deal with later, to­ and then they were confronted with a blank gether with the polarised light system wall. They were able to break the image up developed in America. into a large number of elements, but they had This completes the brief summary of tele­ no means of changing the light into a form of vision history up to the present time. Many energy which could be carried fiom one place great strides have been made in the last five to another, and it was not until the selenium or six decades but the obstacles to be over­ cell and the photo-electric cell came into come are still many and formidable, and until being that this problem was really anywhere at least some of these difficulties are con­ near solution. quered television will remain in the hands of The selenium cell was tried first and found the research engineer. to be unsuitable, although it has not been A Short Outline of Some Present Day entirely rejected. It was found to have a Systems. serious time lag, that is to say, the effect of The Baird System. change of resistance due to light falling on Baird makes use of a number of systems, the selenium continues for a fraction of a but by far the commonest is that built up second after the cause has been removed. around the Nipkow scanning disc. The photo-electric cell, which relies for its At the transmitter end is a motor-driven action on the fact that certain metals when disc rotating in front of an arc lamp, caus­ sealed in a vacuum and acted upon by light ing a spot of light to travel in vertical lines emit negative electrons, was found to be par­ over the subject about which is grouped a ticularly suitable to television requirements, number of photo-electric cells. These cells and is now used almost exclusively. each cover only a small portiqn of-the visible With the addition of a vacuum tube ampli­ light spectrum, so that a much better trans­ fier to bring the impulses from the photo­ mission of detail can be obtained than when electric cell to a magnitude sufficient for using a single cell which could not cover all transmission, practical television became pos­ the spectrum and therefore would have to sible, and in 1925 John L. Baird gave the first leave out all the detail at one end, or portion television demonstration ever held in pubhc. at both ends. This took place at Selfridge's, in London, and Mounted on the shaft of the scanning disc consisted of the transmission of outlines from is a smali alternator which, when the disc is one room to another by wire. running at its standard speed of 750 r.p.m., The following year Baird held another generates A.C. at 750 cycles per min. This demonstration; this time before members of is used to modulate a separate carrier wave the Royal Institution. On this occasion an to those carrying the speech and vision image of a living human face in full detail impulses. was transmitted from one room to the next, At the receiving end is another motor- not over wires as before, but using a radio driven disc and on the shaft of this is a transmitter and receiver. toothed wheel of soft iron which rotates be­ These early demonstrations were followed tween a pair offield poles. A radio receiver by a transmission from London to New York, is tuned to the carrier wave bearing the 750 and from London to the liner Berengaria in cycles per minute A.C. and the received im­ mid-ocean, on which occasion the wireless pulses are amplified and fed to the windings operator had the distinction of being the first in the field poles. Thus the toothed wheel man to see hisfiancee by wireless. becomes a synchronous motor having a syn­ About this time Baird introduced the "fly­ chronous speed of 750 r.p.m. It is not power­ ing spot" method of scanning, in which, in­ ful enough to drive the scanning disc of its stead of illuminating the whole of the subject own accord but it keeps the receiving disc at as before, and placing the photo-electric cell the same speed as the transmitting disc the behind the scanning disc, the positions were larger motor doing the actual work necessary reversed, the source of illumination being now Page 16 THE OPEN DOOR

to run the disc against frictional resistance. filled with nitro-benzol to a second Nicol Situated behind the scanning disc is a neon prism whose plane of polarisation is per­ lamp with a rectangular flat plate electrode pendicular to that of the first. Thus in the and it is to this lamp that the amplified normal state of affairs no light passes vision impulses are fed from the radio re­ beyond the second prism. ceiver. Now, a property of nitro-benzol is that In front of the scanning disc is a lens when electrostatically stressed it will cause through which the "looker-in" views the a rotation of the plane of a light wave pass­ image, which consists of a number of strips ing through it. In the light valve nitro- (depending on the number of holes in the benzol forms the dielectric of a condenser disc) of light varying in intensity along their and the output from the receiver is applied respective lengths. These are presented to across the plates. Thus the polarised light the eye in rapid succession, and due to the is given a phase shift and on reaching the defect of the eye known as persistence of second prism the component in the plane of vision, they are seen as a whole picture. the prism is allowed to pass through. An From this may be readily seen the impor­ important feature of the nitro-benzol light tance of synchronism between the transmit­ valve is that the component of the phase ting and receiving discs. If the discs rotate shift which is perpendicular to the original at the same speed but not together, the pic­ plane of vibration bears a linear relation to ture will be wrongly framed, that is the left the voltage applied to the valve, which means hand side will appear at the right, and vice- that the amount of light passing through the versa. If the discs are rotating at slightly second prism is directly proportional to the different speeds the picture will move slowly strength of the signal received. from one side to the other continuously. In After passing the second prism the rays practice the receiver is run at such a speed are projected through lenses in a Nipkow disc with the synchronising motor out of action on to a screen, or, alternatively, reflected and the picture is allowed to move across from the mirrors of a Weiller drum. Syn­ until it is centred properly and the synchro­ chronising of the scanning equipment is nising motor then switched on. Further effected in the same way as in the Baird framing adjustment is made by rotating the system. field poles about the shaft axis. Baird has also made use of this system in Mechanically the Baird-Nipkow system is a small receiver brought out in 1931. The simple to construct and indeed many amateur optical system used a high power gas filled experimenters in England and elsewhere have lamp a nitro-benzol valve, a small mirror built very successful receivers. The chief drum and a ground glass screen about 6 in. drawback to this system, however, is that the wide and 8 in. high. picture is limited to a size about 4 inches Good results have been obtained with this square. system on screen up to 8 ft. square. The Polarised Light System. Cathode Ray Scanning. The chief drawback of the neon lamp as a Television engineers have long had notions light source in a receiver is that the inten­ of using the cathode ray tubes as a scanning sity of the light given out is not sufficient device in a similar manner to its use in the to permit the picture to be projected on to cathode ray oscillograph, and many claim a screen, and this definitely limits the origi­ that this is the most perfect form of scan­ nal Baird system in the field of public enter­ ning yet devised, chiefly because the cathode tainment. ray is inertialess and therefore lends itself It was in order to overcome this difficulty to very high scanning frequencies. that research engineers of General Electric The cathode ray certainly gives very good in America developed the polarised light sys­ results, although at the present time it suf­ tem. In this system an arc lamp or a high fers from two rather important defects from power filament lamp is used as a light source the point of view of the public. In the first the light being regulated before scanning by place the time base apparatus used to deflect passing it through a light valve. the ray to bring about scanning is rather ex­ A word about polarisation of light may be pensive, and secondly the image is rather of use here. Light is a form of wave radia­ small, being about 5 in. square. tion in which the vibrations are perpendicu­ The Iconoscope*. lar to the line of propagation. Light from An American research engineer, Dr. an ordinary source vibrates in an infinite Zworykin, has devised a form of cathode ray ationnumbedependdeflected INicoprisns threxceplsm e . oprisligh oknowfn tplanes tmththos nvalveie s a, epositiopasses bu ,ia nth t Nico daben y polarisethrougsingl olpassin f pristhe heplane dgm a prismlighi altcontaine ,througlt vibra whic,fro aremhr­ focussesmalscanninsamseemTheles sidtdscreegapparatuo e anhavfo bndry e whic usaogrea snecathod hiconsistt n oma possibilities thewhic yerays b transmitterhe.essentiall scannethTh.e e imagscreed y, owhicnoen f th oiarsh e THE OPEN DOOR Page 17

"mosaic" is the most important part of the THE INDIAN ROPE TRICK. instrument and consists of a sheet of very The world has never lost its interest in thin mica backed by a sheet of tinfoil and stories of magic and famous illusions even sprayed on the front side with an emulsion, though the spell of the witch doctor is broken the composition of which is secret. This and the man of science has ousted the astro­ emulsion is light-sensitive; when light falls loger. To the modern Western world, the on it the emulsion collects a small negative province of the conjuror is the theatre, and charge. Now the emulsion, when sprayed on the illusionist laughs at his audience while the mica sheet, deposits on the surface in the he mystifies them. To many Eastern minds, form of very small globules. When light however, belief in magical happenings is falls on the mosaic thus formed, each globule essential to religion and philosophy. The is negatively charged and with the tinfoil lives of Buddha and the saints and of all the backing forms a tiny condenser. As the great men of legend are full of miraculous cathode ray scans the mosaic these charges happenings. It is recorded of Medea, Empe- are collected and their influence is felt on the docles and Simon Magus that they could cathode of the tube. Leads are taken walk above the ground without touching it, from the cathode and from the tinfoil move inanimate objects at command and re­ backing. surrect dead bodies. The Iconoscope is mounted on a tripod and Travellers to the East from the days of is similar in appearance to a tripod camera. the Greeks to the present century have told For outdoor work the transmitter proper is of remarkable illusions which, were it not carried in a motor van,flexible leads being for the fact that they are reported at wide taken to the Iconoscope. An amplifier is intervals of time and space, would seem the carried with the instrument as the signals wildest fabrications. But the very details of from it are very small. many performances have remained unchanged The Noctovisor. for centuries. Strabo, the Greek geographer During his experiments, Baird found it heard tales of mysteries very similar to those very convenient to illuminate the subject with witnessed by Marco Polo. Odoric tells of infra red light. As infra red light is invisible jugglers who "cause cups of gold full of good the inconvenience of sitting before a battery wine tofly through the air and to offer them­ of arc lamps is avoided, the illumination being selves to all who list to drink." The same filtered through thin ebonite screens behind feat was witnessed by the Venetian traveller which are light sources of a conventional at the court of one of Kublai Khan's viceroys. nature. Many of the famous tricks such as the Mango This led to the invention of Noctovision trick and the Basket-Murder trick which which may be briefly described as a means have been familiar to Europeans for many of seeing lights which are normally obscured centuries, have a religious origin. by fog. The apparatus is simply a television Among the Lamas, or monastic Buddhists scanner having a photo-electric cell which is of Tibet, exorcism and magic have always very sensitive to infra red radiations. The played a prominent part in religious exer­ impulses are amplified and fed straight to a cises. All the important monasteries in this receiving scanner on the same shaft as the land of mystery employ professional jugglers other one, this time using a neon lamp. whose secrets have been handed down by Thus the navigator or master of a ship is word of mouth or in written codes for cen­ enabled to see the lights of other ships or turies, and whose ancestors performed their lights on shore even through the densest fog mysteries before powerful Lamas and secular because of the high penetrating powers of potentates long before Alexander's army in­ infra red light, which is given out by nearly vaded India. all of the common light sources. The magic arts of some codes were of the Conclusion. utmost importance and were thought to open In the above the writer has endeavoured to a short road even to the Buddhahood itself. deal as fully as circumstances permit with To attain that perfection of power and wis­ the optical side of television, chiefly for the dom, culminating in the cessation of sensible benefit of the non-technical reader, but it is existence, required, according to the ordinary hoped that the information will be of some paths, a period of three asankhyas (or, say, use to the technical reader also. Unaccountable Time multiplied by three), Bibliography.* The writer is indebted to the Proceedings whereas by means of the magic of one sect, ofTelevisio The Institutn To-dae y oanf dRadi To-morrow.o Engineer. .Mosels fory it could be reached in the course of three particular& Chappies. o fTelevision. the Iconoscope. .Reyner. . rebirths only. It is not to religious houses, however, bift to purely secular jugglers that we owe the origin of the illusion which has most appealed to European minds, the famous Indian Rope Trick. There is indeed a fine field of un- worked romance in the annals of Indian jug- Page 18 THE OPEN DOOR

glery, but it seems certain that this most scarcely venture to insert here had it not famous of all illusions is Chinese in origin been witnessed by thousands before mine and so is improperly named. Though most of own eyes." Then follows a description of a the later records of its performance come performance identical with that described by from India, it seemsfiist to have come from the Moor except for the fact that the dis­ Cathay in the time of the great Ghenghiz membered parts of the body were placed in a Khan. The earliest performances recorded basket and gradually crept together again were at the courts of the viceroys of the when they were tipped out. Khans, and were always performed by A very similar record was made by the Chinese jugglers. There is, for example, the traveller Valentyn and it is not until the very detailed account given by Ibn Batutu, a Memoirs of the Emperor Jahangir that a Moorish traveller, who witnessed the illusion substantial variation in detail is reported. The at the court of the Viceroy of Khansa. in Emperor recorded the marvellous tricks per­ Cathay, in 1348. The "Rope Trick" has' al­ formed before him by seven jugglers from ways been a very complicated illusion, being Bengal. Though the victims were not human associated generally with dismemberment and beings, in this case, but animals, the result resurrection, but it is the simple, nature- was even more terrifying, for the animals defying act of throwing a rope into the air failed to return from the mysterious regions so that it remains upright, which has made at the end of the rope. "They produced a its appeal to our imaginations. chain of 50 cubicts in length, and in my Ibn Batutu witnessed the illusion duiing presence threw one end of it towards the sky, the hottest season of the year when the Vice­ where it remained as if fastened to something roy's court was assembled in the courtyard of in the air. A dog was then brought forward the palace. A Chinese juggler appeared and, being placed at the lower end of the before the Amir and, attaching a wooden ball chain, immediately ran up and reaching the to a piece of rope, threw it into the air, where other end, immediately disappeared in the air. it remained upright. He then ordered his In the same manner, a hog a lion and a tiger assistant to ascend the rope, and the boy, were successively sent up the chain, and all climbing with incredible rapidity, soon dis­ equally disappeared at its upper end. At last appeared. The juggler called him loudly, and they took down the chain and put it into a receiving on reply, seized a knife and follow­ bag, no one ever discovering in what way ed the boy in great anger. Soon he too dis­ the animals were made to vanish into the appeared, and, in a few moments, the head, air in the mysterious manner above des­ limbs and trunk of his assistant fell to the cribed." ground. The juggler then descended rapidly, After such accounts as these, it is rather bowed to the Amir, made some remark in amusing to read the somewhat naive comment Chinese and kicked the dismembered parts of the "Weekly Despatch" in 1899 on a trick together until, to the astonishment of the reported by one Siddeshur Mitter in the spectators, the boy came to life again and "Times of India." The performance reported likewise made his bow to the Amir. is identical with the earlier performances The comments of Ibn Batutu are amusing except that a long piece of bamboo was used and contain what most of us will, I think, re­ instead of the rope and the comment was: gard as the true explanation of such magic: Is this not rather a severe strain on one's "All this astonished me beyond measure and credulity even for an Indian jugglery story?" I had an attack of palpitation like that Like very many famous things, the great which overcame me once before in the pre­ trick is in modern times known more by sence of the Sultan of India when he showed report than by actual experience and no me something of the same kind. They gave traveller with whom we come into contact me a cordial: however, which cured the ever seems to have heard more of the trick attack. The Kazi Afkharuddin was next to than that an acquaintance of his once wit­ me, and quoth he, "Wallah!' 'Tis my opinion nessed it. Lord Frederick Hamilton indeed, there has been neither going up nor coming m Here, There and Everywhere," tells of a down, neither marring nor mending. 'Tis all Colonel Barnard who witnessed a perfor­ hocus pocus!'" mance very similar to the one described by An almost identical performance was wit­ Ibn Batutu. The hard-headed colonel took nessed in 1670 by Edward Melton, an Anglo- photographs of the various stages of the Dutch traveller. This writer describes many Iu1CT ?nd later deyeloped them, only to find illusions, including the Mango trick and the that they revealed no record of the supposed Basket-Murder trick already familiar in performance at all. India and Europe, and tells of the marvellous This seems the only explanation of the bamboo balancing feats of Japanese acro­ great illusion, that, as the Kazi Afkharuddin bats, but he gives the famous Rope Trick had said: "'.Tis all hocus pocus " or, in other pride of place. "But now I am going to words, hypnotic suggestion. relate," the narrative continues, "a thing —H.P.C. which surpasses all belief, and which I should THE OPEN DOOR Page 19

MY MOST TERRIFYING EXPERIENCE. pistol in his hand. A few words convinced By "Father of Two." us he was on the side of law and order: and in a very short time the two assassins, for I am sure it must be very nice being an such they were, and their victim, were safely editor. Apparently alL he has to do is to seek in our Daimler. The man with the pistol gave out suitable victims and then pester them us directions for getting home and some very until in despair they scrape the rust off their pungent advice about wandering round cer­ pens and, in his cneery words, "get busy." tain parts, even in a car. Then they left His only excuse for ''picking on me" is that us to hoof it as best we could, whilst they I am the father of two and have travelled a snorted off in a cloud of smoke. The car bit. However, when once you get started, it came back in due course from the Waterside isn't as bad as it seemed. police. My most terrifying experience—it seems so This, I might say, was the beginning of in retrospect—occurred some years before the our troubles. For when we eventually got war, when I was finishing an engineering to my friend's home, we found the whole course in a Lancashire town. The holidays house in a state of frantic hysteria which were just about to commence and we, my was hardly lessened by our arrival. When friend and I, were to spend a few days wan­ things calmed down a little we read with dering about Liverpool. My friend knew horror the front page of the evening paper. someone who knew someone else, with the "Terrible disaster on the Liverpool Electric result that we were to be shown over the Railway. Last afternoon train crashes into new power station at Ormskirk. This station buffers. Twenty passengers killed." (The possessed many unique features for the times train we had missed). and supplied the current for the new Liver­ Next morning we read that "Two desperate pool to Southport electric railway, one of the criminals, leaders of a gang of shanghaiers fiist of its kind in Europe. It does not say and opium dealers," had been arrested the much for my memory, for all I can remem­ evening before outside the East Dock Arms. ber of it now is a vast row of switchboards, The account went on to say that the "unwit-, huge dynamos, and an apparatus for analys­ ting assistance of two strangers in. a car" ing flue gases. However, we spent so much had "greatlSPRINy aideGd HEEthe Lpolic JACKe in. their cap­ time there that we missed, the last afternoon ture.Strang" e as it may seem to you after read­ train back to Liverpool on the new electric ing. I can vouch for this tale I am telling. line. Much to our disappointment, as electric For it was told me as a boy, by a great traction was very much of a novelty. So we uncle of mine, "Sap" Hira by name. Sap had to go back the way we came, on an was well known in the state of New York in eauallv wonderful novelty, a Daimler motor the late ''nineties." I believe he got his name car—two cylinders, I believe, and "replete fiom the brightness of his inventive ideas— with every comfort," including the smell of their euteness, as they say over there. our badly consumed petrol. Although he had undoubtedly a proper We got back to Liverpool at dusk and Christian name, I don't remember ever hear­ slightly lost. For my (friend, wishing to ing it. So I must continue to call him Sap. create the greatest possible impression in It is concerning one of his most striking his "car," had not bothered to make sure of inventions that this short narrative is writ­ his direction. So at last we were "there" at ten. the corner of a dingy street, obviously part Sap had a small income, sufficient to keep of Dockland. After a little argument, my him from starving, and had periods of greater friend confessed his ignorance of the sur­ comfort, following on the marketing of one roundings, and proposed getting down, to or other of his bright ideas. Although Eng­ enquire at a large rambling building nearby lish by birth, he had lived long enough which, by all appearances, was a "pub." Just among the "Yanks" to know their little ways. as he was about to do so, with a terrific roar, He had been putting a little of his small the pub. doors swung open and three men profits sideway for some while now, to "put in sailors' clothes lurched out. Before we one over them" with his newest and to his could say "boo," two of them set on the third mind "his best invention. This particular with fists and feet and a most businesslike invention was a little contrivance of rubber show of knives. Like a thunderbolt he drop­ and springs tofit on one's heels to lessen the ped with a howl and they bending over him. everyday jars and shocks of life. Not a Before we could collect our wits two terrific rubber heel, bear in mind, but a much more cracks came from somewhere behind us, and elaborate and efficient affair. one of the attackers dropped on one knee Now, in N'York the selling of an idea is and then rolled over. The other, apparently not a simple affair. You must set your stage shot through the wrist, was making off, when and produce your effect. The better the he was most neatly tripped by his "victim." Then came a gruff voice at our ears: ''Thanks for the loan of the car mates," and a man stood on the running board with a smoking Page 20 THE OPEN DOOR

advertising and the more striking the effort The control for ^speed purposes mav be the greater your chances of a dip in the obtained in many ways; in the geared type, moneybag. So Sap proceeded to set the by varying the speed of the motor by arma­ stage with his savings. He hired a room ture andfield, resistances ; by two or three- high up in a building at a busy corner, speed motors for alternating current supply, squared flhe "precinct captain" and duly or by motor-generator sets. With the gear- advertised the demonstration of his great less type, there is always a motor generator invention. He would, on a certain day, so set provided. The speed of the lifting motor the press notices ran, jump from that tenth is varied from starting to full speed and vice floor window in his spring heels (somewhat versa by gradually increasing or decreasing fortified) and land safely on the pavement. the voltage of the motor generator set. This Good enough! as you might say. The is preferable to any other method, as crowds were there, eager to witness the mad acceleration and deceleration are more act. gradual and also, it is much more electrically Sap duly appeared at the window. With efficient. Geared lifts run at a maximum a roar from below he stood on the ledge. speed of 400 ft. per minute and, in this coun­ The precinct captain and his allies formed a try, gearless run at a maximum of 600 ft. ring. A hush like a pall fell as he jumped. "er minute. These speeds seem unduly slow With a slap he struck the ground, legs when it is realised that they are somewhere slightly bent. He was safe. The experiment in the region of 4J and not quite 7 miles per was a success. Up he went again with the hour respectively. lesilience of his heels: further than he In vertical transportation it is hot so much anticipated, for the crowd roared as he a question of speed as acceleration and de­ almost reached his window again. Down he celeration due to the frequency of starting came in a hush. But he couldn't stop down. and stopping particularly when a lift has The heels were too good. So up he went and to stop at every floor. It will be realised, down he came until the crowd got tired of then, that the honours lie with the gearless watching. Up and down. Up and down. type, as, due to the slow speed of the motor, In the end some people in the building there is not so much inertia to overcome, found a rope and lassoed him. hence starting and storming are much more Sap did tell me it took three men to hang easily controlled, even at varying loads, also on to the rope when he bounced the last nuick reversals are Possible and, last but not time. But that seems a bit far fetched, don't leas* higher rates of speed are more easily you think? ELECTRIC LIFTS. obtained. It may be of interest to know that The word "lifts" is no doubt wel—"Hebel known" a gearless lift running at 450 ft. per minute to many a school-fellow; in fact, the word will attain its full speed in 8 ft. of travel. may even have some significant meaning to The ultimate control of lifts is obtained the reader. The one the writer has in mind by use of a switch in the car, or by push is that referring to some types of electric buttons, or both. These are known as car lifts as installed nowadays in modern city switch, automatic and dual control respec­ buildings. tively. These dp not call for any special com­ The first consideration when planning an ment. There is, however, a special type of installation is the selecting of the most suit­ control, which is used on automatic or dual able position, the type of equipment and control lifts and is rather interesting. If number of lifts required to suit the building. several buttons are pressed in the car the Actually this is rather an involved business, lift will travel to and answer thefirst cal l but as the average person seems to know just in its direction of travel, irrespective of the what should have been done, we won't waste order in which the buttons are pressed. It any more time, but will get on to describe will also stop at any of thefloors fo r which some of the types of equipment which have a button on the landings has been pressed, recently been installed. but if a landing button has been pressed for Broadly speaking, electric lifts are of two a floor in an opposite direction to which the types, known as "geared" and "gearless." In lift is travelling, it will not stop then, but the former the driving motor transmits its will stop on its return journey. This control power to the rope wheels through a gear applies when the lift is travelling in both reduction. In the latter, the motor is direct up and down directions. Additional equipment coupled to the rope wheel. Hence it will be is also provided so that in the .mornings, seen that the motor speed of the geared type when the traffic is all in an "up" direction is considerably higher than that of the gear- the car will automatically come down to the less type. Usually the speeds are 750 r.p.m. ground floor after it has answered the last for the geared and 60 or 120 r.p.m. for the Up call. It may also be set at night so ^earless. that when the traffic is from the "up" floors down to the ground floor, it will automati­ cally return to the top floor. Other equip­ ment is also provided so that during slack periods, when the motor-generator set is THE OPEN DOOR Page 21 stopped, the pressing of a car or hall button CAPITOL THEATRE. will automatically start up the motor-genera­ The Capitol Theatre; long ques straggling tor set and, when this attains its full speed, through the bustling mass of humanity, a the lift will proceed to answer a call. The commissionaire in grey trying to make him­ motor-generator set will continue for some self heard above the traffic, and overhead three or four minutes before automatically gleams a miniature Milky Way. We are shutting down. This naturally saves a conr going to see just what it is that can enter­ siderable amount of current. tain all these people for three hours. The There are numerous other features which lift takes us up three stories, then around are now standard practice. A few of these winding passages on leaving it, and through will be briefly described. a four-foot high doorway into the holy of In automatic lifts which have hand holies; the projection room of the Capitol operated doors, selfish people do not close Theatre. collapsible gates or car doors, resulting in A small room packed with apparatus, fuses the lift being inoperative. To overcome this, and glowing tubes meets our eyes. Two floatingfloors arefitted so that lifts can be busy operators are attending two large called to any floor with the collapsible gate "talkie" machines; one is just going into or car door open. Then, as a person steps operation. It will take eleven minutes for the on to thefloor, contacts are closed, making it thousand feet of film to wind off its large necessary for the collapsible gate or car door overhead spool. to be closed, in addition to the outside door, The film runs direct from the spool to the before normal operation is possible. aperture, a small opening with sloping sides, Floor levelling devices which automatically from where a brilliant arc lamp projects each bring the lift level with the floor are also positive onto the screen. The sloping sides of fitted. There are various ways of doing this the aperture are necessary because ^he height —some by using switches in the well, other of the projectors above the screen would by mechanical or electrical means. One make the projection wider at the bottom method is to use steel plates in the well which than at the top. Twenty-four positives pass interrupt induced current coils which are through the aperture per second, between attached to the lift. The interruption is each positive a circular shutter shuts off the picked' up by valves, which operate relays light till the following positive is in the on the control panel, which in turn control centre of the aperture; the human eye is not the levelling devices. sensitive enough to detect this flickering. A floor selecting device is sometimes fitted A complete system of cogs ensures that the so that when on car switch control the cen­ tension on the film is constant, this maintains tering of the car switch handle will utomati- a constant speed through the aperture. These cally stop the lift at the next floor. cogs, and also the circular shutter, are driven Some of the indicating devices are worthy from a master motor whose speed is per­ of note. One type, known as cross-cancelling, fectly controlled by a complicated impedence- warrants special mention. When there are resistance balance. This motor also drives two or more lifts together on car switch the receiving spool through a spring clutch control an "up" and "down" button is pro­ which is necessary owing to the varying cir­ vided on each landing for each lift. On an cumference as the spool fills. "up" or "down" button being pressed, the On leaving the cogs, the film passes call is recorded in each car, usually on an through a light-proof box. In this a ray of electric light type indicator, which shows the light is focussed onto the sound track which floor calling and the direction of travel re­ is, a narrow strip situated alongside the posi­ quired. Upon the call being answered it is tives. This track is somewhat like a minia­ automatically cancelled in all cars. ture ladder to look at, being made up of all The most recent equipment which has been shades from black to colourless; the light provided is that of power operated doors. that penetrates this strip depends upon the The power door operating machine opens the density of the strip that it is focussed on, this collapsible or car gates and the outside ser­ varies, of course, as the film is fed down. vice doors simultaneously, and this equip­ The varying light falls on a photo-electric ment is now beingfitted to both car switch cell, causing the cell to vary its internal re­ and automatic lifts. Where there are wide, sistance, this in turn varies a small voltage heavy doors much time is saved. On auto­ that is across the cell, and swings the grid matic control all that is necessary is to press of a radio valve. A small two-valve ampli­ a button. The doors open themselves the fier is situated alongside the cell to boost lift proceeds to a floor and stops level and the signal before it is fed into the main the doors open automatically. Truly a modern "talkie", amplifier. lift is almost human and at times it is even Before the output of the two-valve ampli­ much more reliable than the human element. fier is fed to the main amplifier, it is passed —W. through a volume control, which is common to both machines, and operated by a member Page 22 THE OPEN DOOR

of the staff situated in the theatre, per media audience do not notice any interruption in the of push buttons actuating a simple system of continuity of the film. solenoids and ratchets. The audio frequency The spools are hurriedly reversed on the passes from this control into the main ampli­ idle machine and the film run back so as to fier situated at the end of the room and also be ready for the next performance. Then common to both machines. Three valves in the new length of film is put in position, parallel receive the signals and lift it suffi­ carefully threaded through the aperture, cogs ciently to drive two large valves in push-pull, and photo-cell box, the carbons in the arc with their own rectifiers alongside. This pair lamp are changed if necessary, and the feed a large panel consisting of four tubes operator stands ready to receive the change­ and four rectifiers. The four power tubes over signal once again. may be used as pairs in single push-pull or —R.G.M. all four coupled for parallel push-pull ampli­ fication; a single pair in push-pull are gene­ State Electricity Commission of rally used,, giving an undistorted output of Victoria. twenty watts, this being equivalent to having the power output of ten average home radio High Tension Transmission Line sets. Practice. The sound thus produced through the Per favour of E. L. M. WALKER, Esq., speakers is in synchronism with the pic­ Overhead Mains Engimer. tures showing, as the sound track on the film is sixteen inches ahead of the picture track; Insulator Testing. this means that the photo-electric cell, when It is necessary to maintain the insulating placed sixteen inches of film after the aper­ value of an insulator at a high standard to ture, will be receiving the impulses that cor­ obtain continuity of supply. respond to the positive showing in the Insulators are affected by dirt smoke and aperture and as the process of amplifying salt spray or vapour, and under fog or light and reproducing is instantaneous, members rain conditions will allow a heavy creepage of the audience receive the picture and the over the dirty surface, quite sufficient, with sound in synchronism. a suspension insulator {string, to cause a Eleven speakers are situated behind the flashover on 132 and 66 kV. lines, and, with a screen some are normal reproducers, and the pin insulator on 22 kV. lines on wooden poles others are "tweeters," that is, speakers that to cause a pole fire. only handle the output when it is above 3000 Experiments have shown that it is possible, cycles. This battery of reproducers is under light rain or fog at 12,500 v. to ground, capable of handling all frequencies between to get a leak of 15 milliamps over a dirty thirty and six thousand cycles, above which standard 22 kV. two-shed pin insulator, which the sound strip is incapable of producing; is quite sufficient to set a pole alight in a generally three speakers are found sufficient very short time. tofill the theatre. It is just possible to detect the faint Both of the projectors have a turntable threads of light associated with this creepage attachment for the reproduction of disc on a dark night, and after periods of dry ''talkies"; these are driven off the constant weather it is usual to have night inspections speed motor when in use, which is seldom made in suspected areas by the patrolmen, these days, although with the new "hill and so that these danger points are quickly found. dale" system of recording, so-called because In addition, all high-tension insulators the needle vibrates in a vertical plane instead should be regularly tested every 12 months of a horizontal plane as in the present-day with an aislometer. This instrument, which gramophone, it is possible to reproduce is simpl- a specially designed static volt­ sound up to 10,000 cycles. The picture "One meter, tests insulators alive. Night of Love" utilises the "hill and dale" B- varying the adjustment the instrument disc system. A drawback of the system is may be used with equal success on 132 kV. the expense, as a new set of records needs lines, using 8 disc, and 6.6 kV. lines, using a to be used every twenty performances. single disc. Some ten minutes after starting a large To test a disc insulator the instrument is black dot appears on the top right hand put in parallel with the disc. If the insu­ corner of the screen, warning our operator lator is good, there is the working difference that he has one minute left before switching of potential between the two sides and the over to the other machine for the next thou­ sight vane of the aislometer shows a full sand feet. One second before the change­ deflection. If, however, the sight vane does over is necessary, a black dotflashes again , not move, it indicates that the insulator is bur shutter is dropped and the other completely broken down. A partial deflec­ machine's shutter is opened simultaneously. tion of the vane indicates that, although the At the beginning of each new length there is insuiator is not completely broken down, it always a change of scene on thefilm, and the "talkie" is silent for the second, so that the THE OPEN DOOR Page 23 is at all events not in perfect order. ed with 4/ worth of COa (the labour not The instrument is equally applicable to pin being counted in because the patrolman car­ insulators of the multi-shed type and can ries out the washing during his normal test each section independently. patrol). In the hands of an expeit tester surprising The special value of the method is that results can be obtained. the work is done at any time in the day A disc insulator giving only a partial without an interruption to supply and no deflection will, instead of flashing over at overtime work is required. approximately 90,000, frequently puncture The heavy water jet impregnated with COs through the porcelain at, say, 30,000, but the has a much greater cleaning action than the incipient defect is shown by the aislometer. air mist in the case of hard caked deposits. Insulator Cleaning. Insulator Changing Under Live Conditions. Having detected a dirty insulator, the next The success of the insulator washing natu­ problem is to clean it. rally led to the development of a method of Originally this was done during a shut­ changing strain discs on 22 kV. lines alive. down by a linesman with a chamois leather The essential portion of the equipment is and a bucket of water, and this method is the insulated ladder. still in force on lines where it is possible to The only additional equipment is an auxi­ get an interruption during the ordinary work­ liary string of insulators fitted to a steel ing day. hauling line to take the strain of the line, In the case of many 22 kV. lines, however, and some specially designed clamps which such a shutdown is not possible, and the work could be attached to the line by means of would have to be done between midnight and insulated sticks. b a.m., or at week-ends, at a heavy cost. The tools necessary for removing the split After considerable experiment a most pin and cotter pin between the insulators and satisfactory method has been evolved for clamp and for reconnecting them after the carrying out this work "alive," insulators were changed only total six, _ and The complete apparatus, which is mounted these are mounted on either end of three on a standard patron truck, consists of a insulating sticks. ten-gallon water tank, a 50 lb. cylinder of **ter a little practice two competent men liquid COa and a 30 ft. extension ladder. The can change a strain set in less than one head of the ladder isfitted wit h heavy rubber hour and without interrupting the supply. blocks and the operator wears rubber boots. This process is exceedingfy valuable in the The nozzle is a standard paint spray gun case of long single circuit lines. mounted on a 9 ft. stick, having an insulator Changing Suspension Insulators under Live in the centre with a wet flashover of 25 kV. Conditions—Also Changing a Crossarm. The trigger of the gun is operated by a Suspension insulators on intermediate pole bakelite rod. The water is conveyed to the structures, and the crossarms also, may be gun by a heavy duty rubber tube. Electrical changed under live conditions by the use of tests proved that no appreciable leak back a small quantity of special apparatus. along the water in the rubber tube could take The following method is quite effective, place so long as the nozzle is 6 in. from the and although it takes some time, this is of line and the jet will work as far off at 5 ft. no importance as the line is on load1 through­ The jet projected is about in. in diameter out the whole operation. and works at 160 lb. pressure. It is not a jet A short square timber derrick is required of COa with a fine spray of water, but a (the section to be of a size safe for the load heavy water jet impregnated with C02. to be lifted). A crossarm is fitted to the COjs was chosen forfive reasons: — top of the derrick slightly longer than the 1. It is the cheapest form of gas pressure standard arm on the pole. and its use is considerably cheaper than a The derrick is securely fixed to the pole by petrol driven compressor, and higher pres­ strong rope lashings or chains fitted with sures can be obtained. timber cramps, so that the temporary arm 2. CO^ is soluble in water to a consider­ is lying at an angle of about 10 deg. to the able extent under pressure; ... arm on the pole. Each end of the temporary 3. H2 C03 is a weak acid which has a arm is fitted with an eyebolt to which is marked solvent action on greasy deposits, attached a tackle, and below the tackle a but it is too weak to affect galvanized steel; standard string of insulators terminating in 4. H2 C03 is non-stable at atmospheric a broad hook. pressure, so that having done its work the The tackles are lowered and the hooks are gas floats off; and steered under the cables by means of long 5. COss is a fire extinguisher and can be insulated sticks. The conductor is then pulled used with advantage on a pole already on up by means of the tackles till the weight fire. on the main clamp is released. Insulator washing by this method is ex­ By means of special tools attached to the ceedingly cheap—1,000 insulators being wash­ Page 24 THE OPEN DOOR

insulated sticks the pin holding the insulator water, but if your milkman is clever it may string and clamp together is removed and contain 97 per cent. the tackles are then slacked out to allow Fats and carbohydrates are organic com­ the conductors to recede from their original pounds of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. position. The oxygen and hydrogen in carbohydrates It is then possible to either change one or are in the same proportions as in water. both insulator strings or individual units, or These foods supply energy to the system to change the crossarms completely. owing to the oxidation of the carbon which, By reversing the above detailed method, the as you know, produces heat. An excess of conductors may be re-attached in the original these foods, in some systems, remains in the clamps and the work is completed. tissues, causing fat, so people indulging in The foregoing matter will give some idea this type of diet, beware lest the tram con­ of the problem encountered in maintaining ductor says "Two fares for two seats." a long distance high-tension, transmission Cream, butter, egg yolk, cheese, fat pork, system and some of the more up-to-date cocoa, chocolate and spices, are all rich in methods in use. fat; while the carbohydrates are starchy and sugary foods, such as cereals, jam, honey THOUGHTS ON A CHEMICAL MEAL. and sugar in all forms. Who^ ever heard of such a thing? Surely Proteins work to build the tissues, so be­ that pie enjoyed at lunch has no connection ing generous little fellows, they help also to with the bugbear chemistry! Certainly not furnish energy. These little men are full in regard to^ taste, interest, desire or aroma. of surprises. Mother Nature is jealous for Aroma! An inspiration! Is not the chemistry her children, although we hold the inert laboratory redolent of bewhiskered eggs? nitrogen in contempt as a lazy bones, plants Maybe that is the analogy. No, no, a thou­ absorb it and thus we consume it in the mole­ sand times no! Science is a cruel taskmaster, cule of protein whose other constituents vary she pays no heed to the desire of the senses, somewhat, oxygen, hydrogen, sulphur, phos­ but taking the excelsior of life—do we eat phorus being most common. So different to live or live to eat?—tells us that it is proteins are found in various foods. Milk really a combination of our friends oxygen, conljains 3.3 per cent, protein as casein; hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, sodium, cheese contains 30 per cent., eggs .12 per chlorine, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, cent, and meat and fish are other rich sources iron, fluorine, silicon and iodine. These of it. The amount of protein necessary for elements are compounded in food in the form human consumption is a matter of contro­ of water> fat, carbohydrate, protein and versy. Some authorities are of the opinion mineral matter or ash, so-called as it repre­ that we can live and are healthier with only sents the remains after all the organic a small nrotein diet, while others state proofs material has been burnt away. to show that a large amount in the diet helps Why not, then, prepare our foods artifi­ to combat disease. cially, for it is quite possible to make synthe­ The building of the body, and regulation of tic carbohydrates, fats and protein-like its working, is the work of mineral matter. substances, even the health giving elusive, Calcium builds bone, teeth and nails, phos­ food accessories vitamins can be isolated; but phates iron and iodine are needed for the we require such a large amount of these blood, the enamel of your teeth is a fluoride that the cost would be so great that the compound, and to have nice eyes, skin and chemist contents himself in preserving hair silicon is needed. Maybe this is in the Mother Nature's food; so that instead of bottle of hair restorer sold with a free comb. opening meals with grace, we use a tin- Sodium chloride, or common salt, stimulates opener, and great Berthlot's dream of a little the appetite, supplies the chlorine for the tabloid is only a fantasy. ^"drochloric acid used in the gastric juices, Water, the oxide of hydrogen, is perhaps and causes a thirst, so that you may desire the largest item in our diet. It is estimated the water necessary for the maintenance of that we require at least four pints a day, in health. How this desire is satisfied depends what form it is not stated. It not only works on the individual; some people prefer their to give elasticity, to furnish firmness to the water coloured. All foods contain a small tissues, and carry nutriment through our percentage of ash. systems, but it helps to build up new tissues Vitamins are vital to health, also to a and as two-thirds of our body and four-fifths chemist's business and boring discussions by of our blood is water, maybe we do need a lecturers. Little is known about them, and little. Vegetables and fruits furnish the as they are found in most natural foods any greatest amount of water in food, watermelon well balanced diet contains both sufficient ash containing 97 per cent., asparagus 94 per and vitamin to preserve health. cent., cucumber, celery, apples, and cabbages One authority states that 96 per cent, of similar amounts. Milk contains 87 per cent. our food is utilized in supplying energy, while the other 4 per cent, is needed to re­ place and build up tissues. Thus it can be THE OPEN DOOR Page 25 seen why most foods are spoken of in calori­ Remember only such things, that an apple a fic value. Now, that phrase has always day keeps the doctor away, and an onion a intrigued me. and it only means this, that day keeps everyone away—at last we have a calory is the amount of heat necessary to found a use for the onion. raise one gram of water 1 deg. C. Father, —"Junior Chemist." who works hard, needs 2820 calories per day. Mother, who works just as hard but not so "THE GLACY." strenuously, needs 2220 calories per day, I wonder how many of you Glaciarium while your needs depend on your age and enthusiasts have skated on that large expanse exercise; if you are 13 years of age, maybe of ice, or waltzed to the excellent reproduc­ 2500 calories would suffice. So now you know tion of recorded music, without thinking of why father has a chop more for his break­ the engineering that lies behind such feats. fast than you. The freezing plant, a Werner Refrigeration To show you the contents of popular foods, Co. production is as modern as anything in I will tabulate their relative food values. use elsewhere, and the amplifiers are the last bfi v. Oi word. in radio engineering; all this is to 3 a a o ensure trouble-free sessions for their patrons. 'C * fes_" 1 For those who are not familiar with the re­ Water • • 65.5 63.0 12 93.7 58.5 87 Protein 11.9 27.5 14 m1.m1 10.6 3.5 frigerating process, it is as follows:— Carbo­ Ammonia (sulphur dioxide is also used) is hydrate — — 71.2 3.8 — 50 compressed and gives off heat; as much as Fat . . . 9.3 7.7 1.9 .1 .2 4 possible of this heat is transferred to the Mineral atmosphere and the cooling water, this being Matter .9 1.8 .9 1.3 .8 .7 the function of the condenser. The com­ Refuse 11.2 — .8 .5 29.9 — pressed ammonia is then expanded through a No. of valve to almost atmospheric pressure; just as Calories 596 815 1625 93 210 It is not necessary to have a variety of when compressed it gave out heat, it must foods at one meal but the same foods be­ now have heat to expand and will take heat come a drug to the appetite. Do not worry, from any body of higher temperature than however, for with eggs, pro exemplum, itself, in its vicinity. It is at this point that Mother may surprise you with a new dish, as the Sydney and Melbourne Glaciariums differ. there are over two hundred ways to serve The Sydney Glaciarium allows the ammonia them. to cool a tank of brine, which, in turn, is I am not intending to plan any diet for passed through the pipes under thefloor and you, for I desire popularity, but I will give freezes the water. The Melbourne Glaciarium you someone else's opinion. Have you ever expands the ammonia actually in the pipes been hungry and taken a sun bath? Well, under the floor; this method necessitates the was your appetite appeased? It shouM have careful adjustment of the expansion valve for been, for it is stated in good faith that the each nipe, to ensure even freezing. The use sun will give us energy, so why eat food if of brine eliminates the valve adjusting, but P6 per cent, of it just employed to produce it also corrodes the piping whereas ammonia energy? If we eat less we will get does not affect the steel pipes. The brineless smaller bodies and then require smaller legs system, under expert supervision, has proved to carry us and thus require less food, and itself superior. the sun is always there for the energy, the Situated at the rear of the rink is the need of which is diminishing, and so on till refrigerating plant, consisting of three large we become so light that in truth we will be compressors, each of 35 tons capacity and able to fly and thereby create a traffic prob­ driven by a fifty-five horsepower electric lem for aviators, being just a little lower motor through a 10-inch wide laminated than angels. leather belt. Here also are the pumps neces­ Uncooked food is also supposed to be very sary to eleyate the water from the river up good for us. Experiments on xats have shown to the cooling condenser, which is situated that raw food goes four or five times further on the roof of the plant room. than when it is cooked, so the Scotch plough­ Each compressor crank does 325 r.p.m. and man was right when he ate his oats half compresses the ammonia to 120 lbs. per sq in. cooked because they stayed longer with him. The clearance between the piston and safety Of course, we may think our meals require head is l-32nd inch; the stroke of the piston no planning, but this hint is helpful. Do not being 8 inches. The pistons are of especial pat what you don't like or what dislikes you. interest in that the ammonia enters through Forget all this technicality in regard to food slots in their sides and into the cylinder unless you are interested in its scientific con­ through a suction valve situated in the piston trol, for we will give you well-balanced diets. head. No ammonia enters the sump as the pistons are fitted with rings at each end. Oiling of the cylinder walls is carried out through the gudgeon pin and uses forced Page 26 THE OPEN DOOR

feed. A safety valve is fitted inside each in making such a visit possible, and may I piston and opens if the sump pressure be­ congratulate Mr. Molloy and the engineers comes too great; this, of course, being a on the excellent condition of their compressor precaution for starting up the plant. A novel room? feature of the compressors is that the con­ —R. G. Maddison ventional stuffing box is done away with and two metal plates take its place. These plates TEMPERATURE CONTROL. have forced lubrication between them, one Temperature is by far the most important of them being mounted in rubber to maintain condition met in industry to-day. Its a high pressure between them, sufficient to attempted control, for the sake of bodily overcome any tendency to leak on the part of comfort, goes back to prehistoric ages, and oil in the sump. the intelligent observation of its effects by After leaving the compressor the ammonia, ancient cooks, potters, smiths and smelters at a temperature of 70 deg. F., is passed was noted and handed down from generation through a large tank in which all oil and to generation. It is only in modern days, heavy matter settle. This heavy mixture is however, with the development of accurate drawn, off and heated in a small bath to drive indicating instruments, that temperature con­ ont any moisture; it is then put through a trol has assumed such tremendous importance separator in which the best part of the oil in everyday life. Few people realise this is drawn off and returned to the sump cases. and perhaps some of its many applications, Due to this process, nine gallons of oil, the which are here quoted, will serve as a re­ capacity of each sump, is sufficient to run minder that the heating and ventilating engi­ each compressor for the whole season, with­ neer has probably of all engineers, close out the addition of fresh oil. association with the greatest variety of in­ The condenser stands some 8 feet high and dustries. contains 7,000 feet of piping, through which The hot house, supplying us with out-of- the ammonia is passed for cooling, this being season vegetables and flowers; mass produc­ effected by river water flowing over the pipes tion chickens per incubator; theatres and and carrying off a considerable amount of other large buildings warm on the coldest heat. night and cool on the hottest; and timber Under that section of the rink termed kilns are all problems confronting the heat "Mugs' Alley" is situated the large manifold engineer, and all have the added complica­ from which the ammonia is expanded into tion of humidity control. Refrigeration is the pipes under the floor. On expanding from one of the largestfields ope n to the budding" a pressure of 120 lbs. per sq. in. to near heating engineer, and here humidity may atmospheric, the ammonia must absorb heat, enter into consideration, depending on the Which it does from the ice itself. The pipes class of article requiring cool storage. Mass under thefloor are of 1J inch bore, placed at production has led to a necessity for accurate 4 inch f>f>ntres, and are 2 inches under the lineal measurement and now all better class surface of the ice, being firmly bedded in toolrooms are maintained at a temperature screenings. In all, the ammonia in circula­ closely approximating to 68 deg. F. A much tion weighs a ton, and is worth approximately closer control is needed in the laboratory and one hundred and twenty pounds. it is obvious that the ultimate refinement in Following the expansion and circulation temperature control will be necessary where through thefloor, the ammonia is returned, the standard of length is the wavelength of through heavily lagged pipes, to the com­ light. Finally, for best results, heat treat­ pressors, entering these at an approximate ment of metals requires an efficient and accu­ temperature of 22 deg. F. The lagging on rate control. the return pipes consists of three layers of Let us now deal with certain considerations bitumen-impregnated felt bound with canvas. which apply to all classes of temperature con­ As most of you probably know, the music trol and also to all instruments. The placing and speech amplifier is situated to one side of the thermometric device is of major im­ of the rink and some ten feet above it. There portance. This must be so placed that it are two variable-speed electric turntables, the gives an accurate indication of what is going output being fed into a three-stage amplifier on inside the controlled chamber. Time lag with its own power supply alongside. A of chamber and instrument and temperature microphone, situated in Mr. Molloy's office, frradients must both be investigated. While may be connected by the turn of a switch. it is manifestly useless to place the device Some distance from the first amplifier is deep in the wall of a furnace used for tem­ situated the push-pull output stage, with its pering, this setting is quite satisfactory in a large mercury vapour rectifiers. This stage, furnace used for melting glass. Then again, delivering some 50 watts undistorted output, lf.the ^mber is likely to have large bodies feeds four large exponential speakers which of a different temperature suddenly placed are arranged in fan shape. in it, i£ is essential that the controlling Before concluding I would like to sincerely instrument comes into action rapidly and thank Mr. P. R. Sutherland for his generosity THE OPEN DOOR Page 27

that it has a considerable range on the valve sparking and accuracy of control is lost. controlled; or alternatively that a "booster" The sparking may be lessened by connecting may be switched in. Heat insulation is of the a condenser across the points. Control as utmost importance in conserving energy and close as -|- .005 deg. C. has been obtained must be used to the limit ii very close con­ with Toluene. Gas is used but is not met trol is desired. In refrigerati.n, cork in some outside laboratories. In its best form it gives form is usually used, but high temperatures excellent results but has big disadvantages preclude the use of anything but a very thick which render it much too expensive for the wall of firebrick. manufacturer. A gas device must be sealed There are two general types of control to eliminate variations in atmospheric pres­ employed, each having a definite field of use sure. For various reasons, too lengthy to and certain advantages. For a small instal­ detail in an article of this nature, high sen­ lation, say a small furnace, "on-off" control sitivity is difficult to attain and again there is quite satisfactory as heating will occur is the difficulty of sparking at contacts as quickly. This type of control is cheap and mercury must also be used here. is very largely used in all industries. The Probably the most important thermometric control best suited to large installations is device is the pyrometer. This consists gene­ the step-by-step type. A small change in rally, of a thermo-couple connected to a temperature will result in a small change in millivoltmeter, which is calibrated directly in heat applied, while a large change in tem­ degrees of temperature. The thermo-couple perature is accompanied by a large change may be either placed in the position which in heat applied. In some modern instruments gives an indication of temperature to be an _ additional refinement is that heat is controlled or. if this is too hot for hhe applied before temperature changes. coupled metals to stand, radiant heat may be Classification or controlling devices is quite focussed optically on to the couple. As there impossible owing to the immense number of is no power in the voltmeter, it can only be possible combinations of elements. It has used as a switch to energise relays. A pyro­ been estimated that there are at least two meter is •admirably suited to step-by-step thousand different systems possible and that control. A different class of pyrometer to all have been on the market at some time. that described above is occasionally met. It is proposed now to deal with the two most These have the temperature coefficient of a important elements of the temperature con­ resistance as a working basis. An applica­ troller, namely—primary element which is tion of the idea is sometimes used on solder sensitive to < temperature change, and actuat­ pots. An electric current passed i through a ing device which attempts to meet change layer of some salt in the side of the pot. of temperature with change in application Salts have negative temperature coefficients, of heat. so the resistance falls > as the solder heats. Primary Element. The amount of salt is so adjusted that, when The simplest form is a plain rod which the solder reaches its critical temperature, expands and contracts with changes of tem­ the resistance of the salt i is sufficiently low perature. An extension of this form is a to allow a current to pass which will operate bimetallic rod which will curve with change a relay and switch off the heating current. in temperature. The two metals are either The heating coil of a furnace itself may be welded or rivetted together and, since there used as the temperature controlling medium. will be considerable fbrce exerted/ a|t the It is used in conjunction with three external junction, it becomes necessary to choose two coils to form a Wheatstone bridge. The metals of approximately the same strength bridge should be balanced at the optimum rather than two with a large difference in temperature for the furnace. temperature coefficient. For temperatures up Actuating Device. to 180 deg. C, a combination of a nickel-iron When temperature indicating instruments alloy with either Constantan or Monel metal were first developed it was necessary to have is frequently used. For temperatures up to a man to watch the indicator and to make 500 deg. C. (which is about the limit for corresponding adjustments to heat applied this type of element) nickel steel with either with variation in temperature. This has not an alloy of iron or nickel is most usual. In been found satisfactory where close control both these forms magnetic control may be is desired, chiefly owing to the time of ner­ used to give definite "on" and "off" positions vous reaction in the individual. Consequently iconnectioThcuritselablelementitroublsf eoney a fu point esealiep switcso s tfused in.o ars ths 10betweehthuFoe.ar 0 commondrawback irdegseThs highe liablentavoided. o mercurCelectri ..ebr anestemperaturet Toluen.odtactuated oc y usuall becom alcontactLiquicolumlfluid e yied. s nhas sfoulever expansioact elementsSparkinsanmercur yasd d suitmera thisb yys­gna. tcatoblargemotocontrollinmeanoe Expandinmagnifieoperatr!rs actuatevalvthroughavgee e gad itrequire sbee^switch,b element thyiat nelever ihdeviserelaysvalvs o ausuallsrs evalvefai.mao d or rr Howeverwhereby diaphragm amounswitc.b controlleeMovemen direct-actinhyt , itself oth.afd epowet.valvA b indi cays anger­ Page 28 THE OPEN DOOR has been developed, as shown in Fig. 1, suit­ small baths such as are used in the labora­ able for controlling flow of gas directly by tory. The bimetallic and toluenne-mercury means of a fluid expansion element. Gas elements have been satisfactorily adapted to enters by tube A and passes to this class of work. The important point in burner through tube B. A is refrigeration is to have efficient heat insula­ cut off square at the bottom. tion as commercially the temperature of tr.e s"\ hs. As temperature of furnace in- cooling medium must be near the required ( yei creases, mercury rises through temperature of the cold chamber owing to ^^^^J~^ C from the thermometric ele- high cost of lower temperature refrigerants. | ment and cuts down quantity As refrigeration requirements are not very V •/ of gas leaving A. The gas may exacting, manual control is general. ^•^ be cut right off at this point As previously mentioned, toolrooms require Be and to provide for this a small to be kept at a temperature approximating • hole is present in A which will to 68 deg. F. Where steel only is used for r'*' allow sufficient gas to by-pass both length standards and gauges, this is not to keep burner alight. Trouble particularly important as temperature coeffi­ may arise in this valve through gas pressure cients of different steels are practically the forcing mercury back from mouth of A, so same. This will not apply when dissimilar for close control the valve should only be metals are used together and a close control used as a by-pass for the small amount of is then needed. A good class toolroom should gas needed for regulation. be light inside the main builddng, i.e., with Pyiometers having no power can be used no wall forming outside of building. It should as switches for relays onW. . Relays may have the minimum of ventilation consistent aiso be used in conjunction with expansion with comfort, and electric heaters will be elements and are, in fact, practically univer­ needed. These are best controlled by a cheap sal for large installations on account of the adjustable thermostat if work is to com­ power required to operate valves. The relays mence punctually every morning. This will actuate motors but the mechanical method of control cannot be extended for use arrangement will vary with nature of control in the laboratory. The temperatures must desired. Fig. 2 shows a fairly typical layout vary for a thermostat to operate and the fine s a limits desired would make the instrument too expensive and troublesome. Also, the heaters give uneven temperatures in the air and trouble may arise from radiation which would affect measuring machines, but not the ther­ mostat. For these reasons air conditioning is most suitable and it has the advantage that dust is removed. The metallurgist's requirements in tem­

Rj. 2 perature control are somewhat different to those already mentioned. Accuracy is essen­ of valve operating device with electrical con­tial, as but four or five degrees too high and trol; 1 is a continuously running motor his steel may be ruined. Thus overshooting which supplies the driving power; 2 is a and consequent overheating must be avoided. clutch which is controlled by means of the When temperature is coming up to normal solenoids 3 and 4 through a lever 5. Neutral the valve must be gradually closing so that position is shown, but when temperature at normal temperatures it is at normal posi­ drops solenoid 3 will become active and clutch tion and) not wide open. This may be achieved will engage with 6, a gear which is connected by a step-by-step process or to a lesser mechanically, through gears and counter­ degree by what is known as the three-point shaft, to 8. Drive is to valve by means of a method. This has a middle or normal posi­ chain through sprocket 9. When tempera­ tion and thus the operating range of the ture rises above normal 4 becomes active and valve may be greater than in a two-point clutch engages with 7, which also is con­ controller. A "backing-off" effect is pror nected to 8 but drives in reverse direction to duced when the control valve is moved to its 6. Thus valve is closed. A time switch is centre position from either direction and this provided to prevent overtravel of the valve. tends to prevent overshooting owing to the Let me conclude with a short discussion on centre position having a certain width, which the general applications of temperature con­ gives temperature time to steady on this trol to industry. Automatic controllers for contact. This method is not as good as the temperatures below 0 deg. C. are known as step-by-step orfloating one but it is a dis­ cryostalts, but are rarely irsed except on tinct improvement over other methods. In many furnaces it is necessary to change the operating temperature in the course of a process and it is here that pyrometers are particularly useful. Having the temperature THE OPEN DOOR Page 29 scale before one, it is merely necessary to bone of the Post Office staff. Miller is with move the contacts to the desired temperature the M.E.S., while, Neville and Mitchell are and the furnace temperature starts immedi­ both in drawing offices. ately to change and continues to do so until Cunningham is doing well at Cook & Wil­ the desired temperature is reached. liams, and Wyatt fools about with theodolites It will be seen that electricity is used in and levels, etc., making a pretence at sur­ some way in practically all temperature con­ veying. trollers, and there is no doubt that most Maddison is doing fourth year at S.T.C. future developments will be of an electrical And now, having been through the bunch nature. Giving as it does, remote control, and hoping you've read as far as this. "I and the chance to watch the condition of a think we'll stop there for to-day." whole battery of furnaces from one room, —"Doc. D." electrical control of temperatures must be­ REMINISCENCES. come universal in all large undertakings. I believe that on the last occasion of writ­ While this article has touched only briefly ing some memoirs, I more or less apologised on a few of the many aspects of tempera­ to my readers, both for writing the remini­ ture control, it will have served a useful scences and for lack of historical sequence. purpose if it but awakens some interest in Both conditions recur this time, but I am a subject which is not often discussed, but not going to apologise. which, in years to come, will be of major When trying to think of incidents of past importance not only to electrical engineers days to relate in the Open Door, I sometimes but to the world as a whole. wish for the aid of a lamp with which to —R. McDonald investigate more closely a past which cer­ Reference Books: tainly has some very murky moments. Manual of Instrumentation. Behar. LAST YEAR'S GANG. I wonder how many of us realise "what a Thermostats. Griffiths. big part is played in the student's life by Having been asked by the Editor of this common or garden water, which as you know, rag to write something of the 1934 Third is put to such uses as drinking, ducking and, Year, I hereby submit my effort. more rarely, washing. This hcwevei, brings It has been said by a certain instructor me to tell you how on one occasion the of "Vice Regal" fame that the 1934 gang duckers were ducked. An unfortunate new were the brightest that ever went through. student had just been put through his paces This conclusion was no doubt arrived at and was standing a wet, bedraggled figure through 50 per cent, having been temporarily at the tap by the Plumbing School much to expelled,fines bein g highest on record, ping- the amusement of his tormentors, who wera pong being banned from 9 till 5 owing to standing surveying their handiwork with "stoodents" playing during lecture hours, satisfaction, just at the door cf the Engi­ and finally because certain "stoodents" set neering School. A situation full of possibili­ fire to one of the benches in Room 3. This ties, as you may perceive. unfortunate accident came about because in The ducking fraternity were horrified when aiming to keep the place clean, the said a moment later they found themselves the students applied a match to "chip" papers target of a well-directed deluge of water which unfortunately happened to be under from an upper window by several people some bench stays.. Much was the annoyance who were wasting their time at art and of "Dave" on discovering the charred wood. should have been in the Fire Brigade. At thefirst O.E.S. meeting we were for­ Whilst on the subject of water, I would mally introduced to existing members and, I like to mention that many exciting moments think, managed to hold our own in regard weie given us by that convenient tap on the to yarns. We hope to attend many more of instructor's desk in Room I. Easy to direct, these meetings. its stream was of an even and considerable Mention, must be made of th° fact that pressure, and when one was in a minority the wisecracks of "Arnald" and "Skull" are in a students' quarrel, that desk, manned by sadly missed, to say nothing of "Hydrawlics" a' capable "gunner," was a veritable, if lectures on Friday morns. Both were a watery, Gibraltar. source of amusement. Sport has provided the college with plenty The "cruel hard world" seems to be treat­ of humour and there is one incident which ing us fairly well since none are reported as I feel I must exploit. This is the case of "resting." The Electricity Commission has the football that went through the laboratory gained the valuable(?> services of Messrs. window during recess. When the luckless Steele, Murray, Moore and Ryan. student who had kicked the ball faced an Neale sleeps at Johns & Waygoods from irate instructor, he was promptly told to pay 9 till 5 daily except Saturdays,' when they for the window and fined 5/. The student throw him out at 12. Roberts is the back­ fidgeted nervously and v/hen asked by the instructor if he was worried by the large P a g e . 30 THE OPEN DOOR sum, he replied in the negative, but remarked that the cause of his worry was whether he •• Art School Notes - could have the ball back, as recess would soon be. over. A "shilling in" among the players payed for the window, but football In this issue of the magazine, the art was discontinued, as it was likely to become section includes "Some Notes on Recent Art a bit expensive. Activities in Melbourne," by Mr. Louis Which brings me to the story of the McCubbin the instructor in painting and life menace of wandering stock, especially to drawing, and an article about the practising students. The instructor concerned is now student's outlook contrasted with that of the seeing how he can supply Melbourne with art student's, contributed by the Misses Betty Bigger and Better Briquettes. The point of Barnett (past student) and Margaret Russell, the story that should be noted is that the the artist and copywriter respectively of students were punished for making up Prestige Ltd. Mr. Calcutt concludes his excuses, but for once it happened that they series of illustrated articles giving informa­ were telling the truth, as you will see. A tion to students of lettering. Miss Jean party offive students was aboard a Hawthorn Elder (past student) has contributed a story bound tram one morning, debating on their with illustrations in her characteristic style. chances of arrival by 9 a.m., when a wan­ Students' notes give a condensed account of dering cow obstructed the tram and refused school activities. The notes in the Novem­ to listen to reason or profanity. ber, 1934, issue referring to .the work and The arrival of the tram at Burwood Road successes of practising students were so much coincided with 9 .a.m. and it was a case of appreciated that it is now intended to make every man for himself. Result—first student "Present and Past Practising Students' arrived in class about 9.5 and related a more Notes" a permanent feature of the magazine. or less true account of the incident as an Designs for Christmas cards and examples excuse for lateness. of lino cuts by students have been reproduced The second and third students repeated in this issue. slightly different versions of the story. By We are all very sorry that Miss Hardess's the time Student No. 4 arrived the story had health necessitated) a rest and sea-voyage, lost nothing in the telling. The cow by this and naturally we have missed her very much. time having increased to an imaginary herd. In the first term of the year, Mr. Louis The author to his sorrow, was fifth. I McCubbin, the well-known artist, took over came in unconcerned, buoyed up with the Miss Hardess's duties. We welcome him most knowledge that I had a good excuse. Mv cordially. greeting, howevter, was as follows: "Good As a result of the success of social func­ morning, . Fined 2/6. Sit down. Have tions organized by the Art Department, we they removed the herd of cattle yet?" hope to purchase some very valuable books I related last time an incident concerning for the Art Library. We wonder if it is a head prefect, a hat, and the threat of a generally known that as a result of the detective. I cannot now resist the tempta­ selecting of books made by Mr. Tompkins, the tion to tell of his send-off when he left the head of the Art Department our library is college. The bulk of the students were in now one of the finest and most comprehen­ ignorance of the programme, which had been sive in the State. prepared by a few bright spirits. We SOME NOTES ON RECEN—NancTy ARM. TLewe s assembled in Room I. to witness the send-off, ACTIVITIES IN MELBOURNE. and after the leading lights of college humour By L. McCubbin, Art Instructor, Art had made speeches and loaded our departing Department. prefect with huge parcels, he stood up to The Centenary year has been marked by reply. Sneaking in a rather patronising several 'notable events in the art sphere. The manner, he said he was overwhelmed by our Centenary Exhibition brought together the generosity, and' we were really decent kids most comprehensive collection of Australian etc. Imagine the hilarity when he opened art we have ever seen. the parcels and produced carrots, bones, etc., The outstanding event, however, was the and some other really strange articles. This loan collection of British art which was held merriment was only equalled when the pre­ at the National Gallery. This exhibition sents were hurled at random round the room. evoked a tremendous amount of interest both And now I had better let the curtain fall from artists and the art loving public, and on such an inglorious scene, which, however, proved that because of pur isolation, exhibi­ was not without its humour. There are still tions of this description are most stimulating some incidents, funny and otherwise, to and provide an admirable means of compar- relate, but more anon, perhaps. I hope that some of the more sarcastic of my readers are not tempted to write to the Editor to ask if the last sentence is a threat or a promise. —Old Boy. THE OPEN DOOR Page 31 ing our local efforts with the best works ing them that their importance is fully from overseas. realized. Although this exhibition could hardly be It is just as hard to say how ideas on regarded as thoroughly representative of the advertising have changed as to analyse the best in British art, it contained, nevertheless, development of ideas on any other subject; several works of a very high order by such we fina that some have become the basis of artists as John, Orpeh, Whistler and others, our outlook, while others have been lost and included some interesting work by the altogether. moderns. We are first impressed with the fact that In addition to this loan collection, an exhi­ design must be stronger and more direct. bition of pictures by Miss Mary Allen aroused Everything must be subordinated to the gene­ considerable interest and controversy. Miss ral effect, and instead of concentrating on Allen, a very talented Australian artist, has art-work as an individual thing, the artist been teaching and painting for the last ten must learn to omit as much as possible in years in New" Yoik—a city now regarded by order to simplify the whole. As valuable as many as having taken the place of Paris any part of the advertisement itself is the as the world's centre of art. Because of the white space that gives dramatic point to the peculiar position which New York now occupies layout. and of its influence on Miss Allen's outlook, The position of design as a factor in adver­ this exhibition was particularly interesting, tising is understood when we consider design as representing the most remarkable thought as subordinate to many other factors; for in in art we have so far seen in Melbourne. all directions we are faced with the neces­ These exhibitions from abroad are a very sity for adaptation. necessary and essential accessory to our The difference between learning and prac­ artistic development. It is, therefore, un­ tising advertising ' art might be ; compared fortunate that their continuance is hampered with the difference between writing prose and by the existence of a heavy Customs tariff. composing a sonnet. An advertisement must Whilst it is not proposed to question the be composed. wisdom of providing protection for our secon­ Advertising is bounded on all sides by hard dary industries, it is manifestly absurd to and fast mles. Thefirst i s "space available." impose duties on original works of art. In What is the size and proportion of your order to study new principles and ideas and space? ... an important fact in determin­ establish our own standards, we should have ing the character of your design. the opportunity of seeing as much of the This brings us to the second important contemporary art of other countries as pos­ direction of adaptation; the necessity for sible. subduing actual design to the advertisement As an aid to the development of our own as a whole. Instinctively, when we are national outlook Australia possesses the learning, we make everything subservient to most strikingly individual flora and fauna in the illustration—just as the copywriter study­ a continent entirely different in colour and ing his job feels justified in writing too form from any other country in the world. much. Layout and caption play an equal The surface of this boundless wealth of artis­ part in deciding whether your advertisement tic inspiration has hardly been scratched as will be read, glanced at or passed over, and yet. and awaits the artist and the craftsman. the artist must learn to control his own per­ Here, I think an opportunity presents sonality in the interests of unity. itself to the youth of to-day. Thanks to the In other words, the advertisement must be munificent Felton Bequest, they have at hand built round1 one central idea—selling. An a fine collection of works by the old masters arresting piece of art-work may hold the to study. They are better equipped techni­ reader's eye, but alone it cannot accomplish cally and have many other advantages which the work of the advertisement. Copy, cap­ earlier artists did not possess. With the tion and general layout must be carefully opportunities now afforded for keeping in considered until the perfect compromise is touch with work in other countries and the reached between artist and copywriter. wonderfuARTICLl Emateria BY BETTl naturY eBARNET has provideT ANd Dfo r Actually the sooner you can lead the them to worMARGAREk on, therTe iRUSSELLs no reaso.n why they reader's eye from an arresting illustration to shoulMosdt nooft thproduce ideae ssomethin in thisg articldistinctle arye nenotw selling copy, the more successful your adver­ newand. therebBut thougy aroush we eth deae interesl witht man of yth theoriee worlsd tisement will be. The degree of being able in our artistic efforts. to dwell on your design is proportional to of applied art at school, it is not until we the space of time the advertisement remains are faced with the daily necessity of apply­ before the reader's eye. So we come to the problem of adapting art-work to different media. A theatre programme is studied; a poster barely receives one instant of attention; a newspaper advertisement must arrest and sell in the moment before the page is turned; Page 32 THE OPEN DOOR

Christmas Cards designed by BARBARA COLE, EDNA KELSEY, SHIRLEY BEDNALL and NANCY GRANT THE OPEN DOOR Page 33

a magazine page may make a leisurely appeal Austin Hospital Cover for Annual Report, through its general setting of luxury. Design 1935 Competition—The prize, Nancy Grant. will be simple or complex, strong or subordi­ Wiltshire's 1935 Poster Competition—First nate, realistic or conventional, largely accord­ prize, G. Allchin (equal), who was also first ing to the atmosphere dictated by your in the Royal Show Section. medium. Healing Refrigerator Section—First place, As important as the necessity for technical Enid Stewart. adaptation is the problem of limited range. Healing Radio Section—First place, Edna Every product has a more or less restricted Kelsey. application to the needs and tastes of the Wiltshire's Black and White Competition— community, and this makes it dangerous for First prize, George J. Browning. the artist to venture outside the sphere of Consolation Prizes-—P. Armstrong, Shirley direct advertising. That sphere may be an Bednall Gwen Hollis, J. Prentice. extensive one—as for instance in the case of advertising a steamship line, when the artist may use a hundred variations on themes as far apart as rickshaws and menu cards. Contrast the restricted scope of illus­ tration in connection with scent and tooth­ paste. The artist who advertises rteamships and toothpaste must be able to bring two entirely different minds to bear upon them. The whole advertising world is striving from day to day tofind new angles of appeal. And there are always new angles; toothpaste was advertised for years on the basis of a health or quality appeal before a new outlet was found in the beauty aspect. But the artist must beware of going too far in the bid for attention; however unusual his angle, his first thought must always be for the tie-up between illustration and the article to be sold. In adjusting his mind to the limits imposed by good advertising, the artist finds nothing more difficult than the psychological adapta­ tion which is vital to his success. Before he' can sell his article to the public he must first WILTSHIRE'S POSTER COMPETITION. s^ll his advertisement to the manufacturer, The drawing here reproduced (block kindly finding the best possible compromise between loaned by the "Argus") was awarded equal his own ideas and those of one or more first prize in the Wiltshire's Poster Competi­ others. Occasionally he will have to sacrifice tion, 1935. It was executed by Graham his best ideas and produce work that falls Allchin (third year day Art student). below his standards, but that does not weigh against the main facts. The only successful advertising is done by keeping in constant WRITING AND ILLUMINATING. touch with the manufacturer and studying his By B. Calcutt, Art Instructor, Art mind and purposes. While preserving his Department. individuality intact, the commercial artist The art of writing and illuminating offers must realize his function as a sales channel; THE 1935 COMPETITION RESULTS. a widefield for the careful craftsman. Writ­ for his success depends onfinding th e perfect Wool Week, Showcard Competition—The ing is the medium by which our lettering compromise between his own original talent prize, George J. Browning. has been evolved, and the use of the pen and the hard facts of selling. Advertising Arts Ball Showcard Competi­ gives a practical insight into the construc­ tion, onen to junior artists and art students tion of letters used to-day. only—First prize. Nancy Grant; second prize, The first essential for the student is the Edna K'elsey; third prize. Lynette Cameron; acquiring of a good foimal hand. The style consolation prizes Shirley Bednall, John suggested as the ideal model is based on fine Bale, Enid Stewart, Marna Fitchett, Mollie Italian writing of the 15th century. Salts, Joyce Salthouse. An alphabet showing this style was pub- Page 34 THE OPEN DOOR

lished as a supplement to the last number self accustomed to it. The whole of the page of "The Open Door." The pens used for this of writing can be seen in a proper view in writing were varied, but the Mitchell "Rex" this position. While the board is flat the nib is the one recommended to students. It page is foreshortened. is a flat nib with a fount or ink holder on A good ink is very necessary. It is obvious the top surface. This nib can be had' in that a large work like a manuscript book many sizes, useful ones being numbers 2, 2J, must have ink which is jet black and per­ 3, 3J". For practice, start with the largest manent. The ink must be thin enough to size (No. 2). flow freely. To ensure that it remains thin, The quill which was cut and trimmed by it must be corked up—even between fillings the old scribes is of course unequalled as a of the pen. pen for all writing, but the difficulty in cut­ The hand holds the pen lightly and natu­ ting and maintaining the sharpness would rally ,x with sufficient pressure to bring the make it preferable for the student to use the whole of theflat end of the nib to bear on Rex nib, which, though lacking the fineness the paper. The pen handle points over the andflexibility, produces much the same re­ right shoulder and the nib is held at an angle sult. A smooth cartridge paper or "H.P." of 45 deg. This gives a medium thickness water colour paper is best for practising on, of downstroke and cross-stroke, with thin but it must have a pad of blotting paper strokes sloping upwards from left to right underneath to afford a smooth and slightly and thick strokes downwards from left to springy surface for working. A drawing right. This angle must be maintained board is too hard for the purpose, as any throughout otherwise the writing will vary in roughness or grain can be felt through the thickness. The curved letters are written paper. with two strokes—both downstrokes—the The board tipped up to an angle of 35 deg. left side being done first. allows of a free and yet controlled flow of The back of the nib must be kept dry ink. The angle of the board can be increased otherwise a blot will form. A piece of spare to about 45 deg., when the studentfinds him- paper—the same as that being used for the BASIC STROKES work—should be pinned to the right side of the board for experimental strokes, which should be made each time the pen is filled. Of the more important works which the abcdefqki scribe may attempt, there are manuscript books, service books and illuminated JMALL LETTER* addresses. It would be as well here to give some general method for the carrying out of a manuscript book Some plan of the work must be formulated, in order to set a suitable ABCDEF size for page and writing. It must be con­ sidered for, what purpose the book is to be used, whether useful of ornamental, whether CAPITAL LETTER* it is to be long or short, to be placed on a table or held in the hand. With regard to the length of the book, the scribe mast first decide the size of the page, width of mar­ gins and size of writing. About eight words to the line is common practice; the number of lines to the page can be determined by trial until a suitable proportion is obtained. The number of words to a page can then be VER;AL* compared with the cony and the number of pages to the book can be assessed. ABC The material on which the book is to be written can now be chosen. This may be vellum, parchment, or good quality paper. Vellum or calf skin has a beautiful velvety casheen an h d is the best for writing on. It is extrtohosuitabladdressesmosin?otei tastifpresse pago fmarginesuitablf e a'thickness ,fo dijrs etc. wateswitwrittebookse ,shoul hbein rt. o.a ncolou d I ggooParchmenasinglf b sepapeone-side rda allowe epapedoubltextur r sheetstird s e oei tis ranspreaof an,th sheepskith bdde frameerathe dbest oused booanf adkd.nr, THE OPEN DOOR Page 35 is to be bound. The pages are usually bound possible where the student is prepared to in sections—that is, a number of double experiment freely with various media. spreads one inside the other. A section could The book can be bound with leather. The be taken and all the side margins ruled from actual binding is best left to a book-binder, head to foot. On these the line heights are although there is no reason why the design marked and then the guide lines ruled with and hand tooling of the cover should not be a hard pencil. attempted by the student. The design can Several leaves should be left blank in the be carried out with an incised blind or gold first and last sections of the book besides an tooling and should reflect the design used for extra sheet for attaching to the cover. the rest of the book. If a hand-made paper is used the "deckled" SELECTED PARAGRAPHS. edges may be retained at the sides and bot­ The following selection per Art Editor's tom but the top edge is trimmed to line up notebook of quotations by leading artists the pages and also to prevent the dust rest­ provides observations and hints for students. ing on the top surface. At all events all this self-expression. The The book begins on the "recto" or right infant's cry, the prophet's voice and the don­ hand page, and, if there is to be decoration, key's bray, are all means of "self-expression" the first letters, wolds or even lines may be —'and there is no more to it. You can only coloured or elaborated according to what hope to make a virtue out of this necessity. plan of illumination has been decided upon. But how? That is the more relevant question. The initial letters or words of a book, Hence the importance for every artist to chapter or paragraph are capital letters have a purpose clearly in his mind. It is the called versals, which are usually built up, purpose that determines the design. pen drawn capitals, as against the written Others, however, who recognize that art capitals of the text. The versals are based begins where design begins, must realize that on the Roman alphabet. However, the serifs art is inseparable from design and design are single lines slightly hollowed inwards from purpose. They__must then learn to use towards the letter, whereas the other strokes their skill in draughtsmanship in the execu­ are wider at the ends, giving the sides a tion of their design. gentle curve. The line-finishings are usually Drawing is the foundation of all other arts. made with the same pen, colours and designs —'Herbert Furst. "Discourses on Art," an as the versals. article, July, 1932, issue of "The Artist." Having decided on the amount of illumi­ Angle is of tremendous use. It is the nating to be done and before commencing "little more." Its use displays the man who work, all sheets of vellum or parchment must considers his work, and is not too easily be pounced or rubbed over thoroughly with satisfied. Violent angle is, of course, no sign fine powdered pumice to remove greasiness, of excellence; on the contrary, being the for the ink will not take unless this is done. excessive use of a stimulant, it is just get­ All the text of the book is now written in ting an effect. black. There should be a freedom about the —Gilbert Wilkinson. "Humorous Drawing," writing as in ordinary handwriting. The let­ an article July, 1932, issue of "The ters should not be thought of as standard Artist. forms but can be altered to suit the particular ... a landscape poster should not be an circumstances in which they are found. For easel-picture with lettering attached. example, ascending and descending strokes The average mind is, unfortunately, not may be elongated acording to the available thrilled by pattern for its own sake, and by space. However the character must remain over-emphasising it in a poster, you will the same and, for this purpose, the first page most likely miss the appeal you are striving written should be pinned up in front of the for. desk for reference as in a long book it would . . . you must thoroughly understand a be quite possible to get a variation in the language before you can be idiomatic. writing. The versals, capital letters and line —Gregory Brown. "Landscape Poster finishings are next carefully drawn in and Design," an article July, 1932, issue of coloured. "The Artist." The illumination should be as much part of Analyze the work of other artists and the lettering as possible and great care attempt to reduce it to the simplest terms. should be taken to keep the ornament and It is not helpful for us to look upon the meanThviolefinestderecolouantogetherdAe dtsvermillior ol simpl golanieffectodn.f dharmonmetho esizFogol mixes ntreatmenerbein d dinitialanth dyma dgeowittan f yusingolgaine stdraisinhb dbalancbue gigu sdletteruset golbestg witmred d edarabi th h s,witseparatel leaeblacblueaon hcletterffine ethk,ii ssoewritingreenf bestsyonlpowtext th boyyre­.., g feelinfigurework go ifthat greaoutt .thert Iartistfe wies spaslittl anse d i ustpas beys t aoos attempn a wit mythicah tth toel Page 36 THE OPEN DOOR

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« THE OPEN DOOR Page 37 thing and simply remember it as an object shall be broken up into large, small and of beauty, we have gained little, but if we medium-sized areas. attempt, to analyze it and reduce it to its —Alon Bements. "The Materials of simplest terms, the idea will become part of Beauty," an article in the Educational what we might term subconsciousness or ex­ Department of November, 1927, issue perience. Later, when we have a poster to do, of "The Poster." , we can draw upon our memory for an idea A work of art, like a rose, is the result of that will form the basis for a good poster. a string of causes; and some of us are so At every stage in the preparation of a vain as to take more interest in the opera­ design, you should remember that it must tions of the human mind than in fertilizers carry. By looking at the design through a and watering-pots. reducing glass, you can get a fairly accurate —Clive Bell. "Since Cezanne." idea of the poster's effect as seen from a distance. Your first pencilled notes should indicate FABLETTE, the material you will require. At the very The Cat and the Crooner. start you must try to collect all the neces­ A Cat and a Crooner sary information in the way of references. Engaged in dispute, No matter how much you may be aiming at Each claiming the greater ultimate simplification of your subjeet, full Artistic repute. details are required before starting. "One fact," said the Tom-Cat, Basic symbols often furnish suggestions. "You cannot evade: The usual shape, whether abstract or con­ You get inspiration crete, is less likely to attract attention than- From my serenade." the usual. Hence, the modern idea is more ''And yet," said the other startling than realism. "Folks say when I croon Impressionism is swifter in its effect than My howls are more dismal realism, just as a thought is swifter than And more out of tune." the words which express the details of that "Pooh-Bah," sneered the Tom-Cat, thought. Elimination of non-essentials, re­ "It can't be gainsaid ducing the picture to its simplest fo'm, is That mine is an art. Sir, an ideal that should be uppermost in the While yours is a trade. mind of every poster artist. That places the matter —Duke Wellington. "The Theory and All question above,'. Practice of Poster Art." For YOU howl for money Play upon happines, upon the happiness But I howl for love." oi living, rather than upon the thing itself —With acknowledgments to (presented), and your poster advertisement London "Punch." will accomplish its mission. PRESENT AND PAST PRACTISING —Philip Lyford. Saying quoted by Maude STUDENTS' NOTES. I. G. Oliver in ''An Interview," Novem­ ber, 1928, issue of "The Poster." The following notes about the work and There is nothing mysterious about beauty; recent successes of some forty present and its properties can be analyzed and set forth past practising students should draw atten­ in terms readily understood. Only four things tion to the varied artistic work carried out are necessary to make beauty, fine line, fine by trainees of the Art Department. Further, light and dark, fine colour and fine texture, it is gratifying to find that six of our or finish of surface. These may be said to trainees are at present working together at be the mateiials of beauty, but they may A. H. Entieott's, three at the Queen City not be used without certain considerations of Printers, two at Patterson Shugg Pty. Ltd., space. For instance, a line cannot be drawn two at Conroy Moffatt Pty. Ltd., and two without dividing space, it cannot really be for Mr. Robins. We have mentioned many separated from. the consideration of the space practising students about whom we have had about it; while it has character of its own, recent infoimation. it is only in relation to space that its real John Bale has recently been transferred beauty becomes apparent. To make a fine from the Fourth Year Day class to the line, then, one must think of the space that Advanced Evening Class and is engaged surrounds it, or the shapes or aieas it carrying out the lettering for newspaper encloses. While it may have sweeping advertisements for Mantons, Bourke Street. curves, smooth rhythms or broken repeats, Joan Biddlecomb and Olive Briggs are at these are only its more obvious beauties. It Studios Ltd. Recently they have been de- is the variot- 0f fhe shapes between the lines which ultimately determine the final beauty of lines. By variety we mean that the whole Page 38 THE OPEN DOOR

signing and painting various backgrounds Ronald Renn is cartooning for the "Sun" and stands at the Electrical Exhibition. and "Herald." Betty Barnett is the artist at Prestige Ltd. John Stafford is the advertising manager Clare Biggs and Caro Delves are at Con- at Rosella. roy-Moffatt Pty. Ltd., designing showcards, Margaret Teale is working under Mr. de display backgrounds, etc. Bibra, commercial artist. Violet Bradshaw, Olive McKenzie and Ralph Thompson is employed as an artist Marion Parsons are engaged upon fashion by Mason Firth & McCutcheon. He is drawing for Hall Tilley & Co., Flinders Lane. engaged upon black and white and colour Connie Burkitt is the head designer at work and photo-litho. Semco Art Needlework Pty. Ltd. A. Trumble is the head artist at A. H. Ralph Chipper is a freelance artist. Enticott's. There are six other artists on Rex Colley has been engaged upon lettering the staff and five of these are old students, cut-outs for Hoyts Pictures. viz., Bruce Gilbert, Owen Foulkes, Cecil Phyllis Crabb and Mavis Durham have a Donaldson, Ernest Booth and J. O'Beirne. studio in McEwan's Building. Mavis specia­ Margaret Wookey is designer for O.B. lises in fashion drawing, and Phyllis under­ Leader Sheeting. takes commercial art work. We hear that In addition to the foregoing, we would they are very busy. make special mention of the recent success Bessie Craven is an artist at Peacock Bros. of a past but non-practising student, Ethel Pty. Ltd. She designs folders and "leaflets Barber. Ethel, while a first year student at and prepares drawings for block reproduc­ the Slade has recently won, in a competition FIRST YEAR NOTES. tion. open to the school, the prize for modelling Vernon Davidson and Harold Godfrey are heaWde frostartem lifed thi. s year with a comparatively with Patterson Shugg Pty. /Ltd;., process small class of seventeen students, but our engravers. number has increased by the invasion of six Alfred Donnellan is engaged carrying out more, including one Gallery student!!! and litho labels and designing labels at Queen one from Kew. City Printers Pty. Ltd. We accept the congratulations of the rest David Eager and Leith Jones are with Mr. of the school for not having excelled ourselves H. W. Wicks, litho artist and manager at more than was necessary at the Swimming Queen City Printers Pty. Ltd. Spoits, and we hope to preserve our reputa­ Nancy Elvins is a freelance artist. She tion next year. illustrates stories and jokes and designs head­ A great interest has been taken in the ings for many journals, of which a few are Hiking Club. Our energetic members spent "Table Talk," "Everylady's," "Australian several enjoyable Saturdays stalking in Sher- Journal," "Life" and "Mufti." She designed brook Forest and falling down Mount Donna the July cover for the "Home Beautiful." Buang, waist deep in mud. The consequences A. Foulkes is retouching photographs in were blistered feet and bruised knees for the artists' department in the Herald office. several days. Eric Garrett has joined the art staff of In the second term two of our number Cadbury Fry Pascall Pty. Ltd. distinguished us by rising to second year. Harold Gee has been undertaking freelance We all firmly resolved to start our com­ caricaturing for various magazines. petition designs earlier this term than last. Maimie Green is engaged carrying out No results so far! photo-litho and designing at Queen City Last term we spent part of one morning Printers Pty. Ltd. in "gaol," our warder pointing out (with the Molly Grove has a studio in London. aid of a stick) the merits of the English John Halsall is with Prebble & James Pty. posters designed by those who have climbed Ltd., photo-engravers. the ladder before us. Afterwards, we inspect­ Keith Howe is freelancing with Catts Pat­ ed the British Loan Exhibition and the Arthur terson Co. Pty. Ltd., advertising agents. Streeton Exhibition. Nancy Mcintosh is freelancing and has Flights of fancy in the realm of art recently made some very characteristic draw­ decorate our walls and are much admired by ings for. "The Playbill." those who have gone before. Our greater A. Money is the designer at Fortas Pty. works adorn the "Royal Academy," and Ltd. display manufacturers. we hope they will continue to do so. Margaret Murphy is the designer at The school atmosphere must be excellent tinFinlaRobinsHolmeHarrJoycAlicg y(wheese ,ey Bros advertisinPrentic&RamuOwe lCo.. pinMotos ,n an eFlinder iworksigdrs engageNoe artistCycleth) sel a commerciaLanet.Rogersd Chartre Ptyupo. s. nar Ltdsstencile Ptywitartis. .lh tMrcutLtd at­. . forubbersr developin, penknivesg legs, orazoj-bladen set squaress ,an rulersd T-, THE OPEN DOOR Page 39 squares. However, the chairs have a ten­ ideas for this and that competition, search­ dency to lose theirs. ing hill and dale for the subjects set for our (Voice from the door: "Ahem! ahem! week-end sketches, especially when they Mind you don't catch cold from that open are cows or tip-drays. Perhaps the hardest window!"). task of all is our "Art Club." We have tried to introduce more rhythm "My heart aches and a drowsy numbness into these notes and more character, more pains character. The light and shade will come My sense, as though of hemlock I had later. So, with the laws of parallelism, drunk." unity, contrast, equal distribution and pro­ Surely these words of Keats' could be portion in our minds, we will conclude them. aptly used in reference to the state of our M. Gunnerson. minds and bodies, after sitting up till the P. Chilvers. early hours of the morning, vainly striving SECOND YEAR NOTES. H. Barber. to light upon an idea. For the Obstinate This year has been a busier one than the Artist, you say—oh no!—for the Art Club. previous but considerably more interesting. Finally a spark hidden in a remote corner We are concentrating mainly on black and of our brain bursts into flame, and an idea white work—pen and ink rendering of com­ is looming in front of us, so we hurriedly mercial objects, landscapes, and larger and express it on paper (lest in waiting it should more ambitious newspaper car advertise­ burn out). ments. The latter have given us fair scope So, to bed, content, until, on waking we for design and offer numerous openings for view the night's efforts, and oh!—what a varied technique and varied mediums. Both ghastly piece of work no design, no action the wash and ink mediums have been em­ —scrap it. So the task begins again, even ployed throughout the class. though this is Saturday and the work has to Our colour work has consisted chiefly of be passed in on Monday. cover designs for catalogues and folders. If this worrying train of thought con­ The success of our black and white decora­ tinues, the elementary students may begin tive panels in the Wiltshire competition has to look upon third year as a rather nerve- been a source of encouragement to us. racking experience; but, rest assured, it is George Browning was awarded the first the most interesting and vital year of them prize, while Jean Prentice, Pat Armstrong all. How like an old master we feel at the and Gwen Hollis received consolation prizes touch of the palette and brushes, how the for coming equal fourth. We might here fingers itch to daub that clean canvas, how mention with due modesty, that this was the fresh oil painting is proudly viewed, our first piece of black and white work. even though the apples have completely lost Another subject which we have all enjoyed their original shape, the bowl has been immensely is perspective rendering of in­ suddenly reduced in width and colour, and teriors. Unfortunately, this has now to be the drapery looks like a piece of material held over in favour of more arduous plane baby brother has endeavoured to tear and and solid geometry. chew. In the Second Year, we are introduced to The competitions have been varied and craft work, one craft being compulsory. The most of our friends have been successful. choice is not limited, as we can select from Quite a stir in our very calm and peaceful the three crafts (pottery, modelling and existence (pardon the cough!) was caused metal work). by Betty Small in winning two competitions "We puddle clay, for half a day, THIRD YEAR NOTES. running. We feel sure some of the students Or stretch the ductile pewter." were trying their hardest to form a con­ AlThirl thred Yeare craft! sWha mat y ab e landmartaken ikf desired!in tjie. years of our lives as artists! It is the year spiracy to do away with Betty on some dark Here the work broadens out as the oppor­ and stormy eight, if she completed the hat tunitin whicy ihs w affordee realldy ufinds of ourselves specializin, a:gs itn werecraft, the year in which we do life and oils for the trick. But Betty still lives., we are glad to first time: We are continually thinking out say. In suite of our continual tossing on the sea of paint, we still have time to devote to the social side of our year. Already, hikes and a picture night have .been run very successfully. We were pleased with Aroouansuitindoorstepf rThdtth postereStudentshopeg e enPalaius, s.ds an othaso'fd f dBall thtwitejus helpe eDans. thyea steppinidret ticomeosn decorat wel gth s—Ml eint nighnigexamination.eo hthEtposition . eoo nfwallNoon outhsre . Page 40 THE OPEN DOOR

FOURTH YEAR NOTES. We regret Miss Hardess's absence from We have tofill out our depleted ranks the college and hope that her health will be with swelling pride in our late achievements improved by her trip overseas. covered by a becoming cloak of modesty on Members of the Life Class include Alan appropriate occasions. Money, whose delightful drawings show Enid Stewart opened the triumphal pro­ promise of great things and R. Courtis, who gress With a delightful design featuring seems to have found a satisfactory medium boiled chicken. Unfortunately, she had to of expression in water colours. boil her chicken again as Mr. Lyons had Margaret Murphy and Joan Rampling are carelessly mislaid herfirst design . finding that every moment of life drawing It is doubtful whether Lynette Cameron's can be put ;to practical use in fashion work. effort would be as nourishing—a design for A. Trumble has staged a come-back after an iron plate to be carried out in black and an absence of several months. Perhaps he gold, proudly but with dignity displaying to feels like many others, that it is very hard the world the whereabouts of the Filtration to stay away from the dear old school. and Water Softening ^Company. We understand from overseas reports that This year's Advertising Arts Competition the artist is being welcomed into industry brought forth a terrific burst of genius. and we feel that, in the future many com­ Nancy Grant won thefirst prize and, when petent graduates of the school will find she heard the joyous news, she threw her additional avenues of employment not 'flu-bed from her and in one bound regained recognized at DANCpresentE. NOTES. her accustomed vitality. Edna Kelsey, The 1935 Ball given by th—Ge Workin. Ravensdaleg Men's. Lynette Cameron, Shirley Bednall, Enid College, the Gallery and the Swinburne was Stewart, Joyce Salthouse and John Bale also one iof the largest and most successful received lucrative recognition. students' efforts held in Melbourne. Nancy Grant .evidently having gained We tried to make it a Bal Masque, but inner vision, through her recent illness won the masks were discarded early in the even­ the cover design for the Austin Hospital ing. Everyone was extremely sorry that the Annual Report and Balance Sheet. masks were not worn until midnight. How­ Edna Kelsey, Enid Stewart and SSiirley ever, we all agreed that they were too un­ Bednall went up for their Wiltshire prizes comfortable in reality, even if most romantic at the Art Centre accompanied by the usual in theory. handclapping. Although the students' posters looked sur­ One important result of Melbourne's foot­ prisingly small in the huge expanse of the ball fever was the benefit of a little pin-and- Palais, these caused great amusement and fee money for a number of our students. A lent a Bohemian atmosphere. oity some people are so moral, otherwise The ballets were most entertaining, espe­ we might still be occupied. cially the Engineering Students' Russian During the year we farewelled our two Ballet effect. Their "Beast" was a master­ male students, but to make up for their loss piece and the gamboling of the "fairies" was we have developed a truly noble and uplift­ almost too graceful. Perhaps the thought ing freedom of speech. ADVANCED EVENING STUDENTS' of the reward they were to receive inspired The Art Ball seems to have been gene­ NOTES. them to such frantic efforts! rally enjoyed. Certainly the decoration The essence of life consists in change and The assembly was unusually young and proved to be an unending but alternating variety which are necessary to a keen mind. therefore very gay, which was just as well, source of enjoyment and shock to friends We students of the Art School are fortunate because the procuring of supper almost took and relatives of their creators, which has in having Mr. McCubbin to inspire us to the form of a pitched battle, in which only almost made up for our inability to sell portray our impressions. Before his arrival, thefittest survived, or rather obtained any them the drawings. THE ADVENTURES OF PERCIVAL. we were wondering who the new teacher nourishment. However, everyone enjoyed —B. Cole. By Jean Elder. would be. Afterwards, this new teacher the dance, which turned out to be a great Percival Perception, to give him his full confessed to a student in a shaky whisper social andfinancial success, and we hope it name, is the spirit1 of Swinburne Art De­ that he was far more afraid of us than we will become an annual event. partment and stands for something which were of him. So we find that teachers are —J. Clabburn. human after all. THE OPEN DOOR Page 41 persists. He is the atmosphere of the but, while you may befinished, you are cer­ place. tainly not all there." "Thank goodness they've gone!" said Per­ Percival bounded along and then suddenly cival with a sigh of suppressed excitement, stopped. With his ears turned back and his as he heard the last of some noisy night toes turned in, he walked soberly past the students. modelled head's on the landing. As he gazed reverently up into the still faces, Percival said: "The modeller of these heads must have been an exceptionally fine man." Per­ cival proceeded along the passage. "Oh! my inches and timber," groaned a penny ruler. "You poor thing," said Percival, sympatheti­ cally, as he noticed how badly knocked about the ruler was. Its edges were jagged and splintered. "Yes! They've gone crazy in here/' said Percival, as he looked around at the enor­ mous posters in the Fourth Year Studio. *He gave a shriek of laughter as he noticed one very fat woman trying to hide behind a dainty bow of blue ribbon. "Never mind, old chap," Percival said, as he patted the ruler on the back. "When the Art Students' Ball is over, the students will have to come back to straight lines. There is always the Perspective Instructor to stick up for you, you know. Students must use you for perspective." "Yes, that's right/' Percival sat up, cleaned his ears and said the ruler, brightening." whiskers, then gave an impatient tap with In the dim moonlight, Percival imagined his foot. "Wake up! Hey! You old numb­ the echoes of the voices of past and present skull!" he cried to the skull, and without students. Percival became quite sad. (In more ceremony he slid off the slippery skull spite of the funny posters, the room had an and landed upon the desk. "People think air of sadness that comes at parting. that I am only part of a rather unusual "Modelling room," Percival read on the paper-weight on the Head's desk" he mut­ neat notice on the big swinging doors. He tered, "but that is their mistake. Even if entered. "Funny how people will do pieces the skull and the book are a bit quarrelsome of things," he murmured, as he passed a and my two cousins a nuisance, they suffice torso hanging on the wall. "When they can for me to rest upon during the day, I won­ do the whole thing as well as pieces, then, der if the Head himself realizes that I hear they will have discovered my name, Percival all that is said?" Perception." He rolled the big word around By this time, the remainder of the paper­ his pink tongue and twitched his whiskers. weight had awakened. He was about to enter the Pottery room, "Oh, dear! I wish that I could go," whis­ when a voice called: "Percival! I'm awfully pered the skull plaintively. "I might be dry. I'll crack any minute if you don't put able to find the rest of me. This book is so a wet rag over me." With pleasure," said unsociable. It thinks that it knows every­ Percival, going at once to perform the deed thing, although lots of things have happened of kindness. since it became full. Moreover, it will per­ Upon entering the Pottery room, he looked sist in keeping closed." "Huh!" snapped the carefully into the corner where the Pottery book. "Yes, I've got everything recorded Instructress' blue smock hangs. Thus re­ here. Anyhow, how could I open myself assured of her absence, he skipped along with a heavy skull like you pressing me till a lump of clay struck him on the head, down?" knocking him quite flat. He jumped up and Percival peered into the darkness. See turned around savagely. you at dawn," he called, and slid to the "Explain yourself, you naughty lump!" floor. He prodded the clay. As he was squeezing himself under the "Oh! oh!" moaned the lump of clay. "Oh! door he could hear the paper-weight still I've been going to fall for months, and the arguing. "You think everything stopped suspense of waiting has been terrible." happening when your pages became full." He looked down at her sternly. The little "Anyhow," the book replied, "I am complete lump looked up and began to crumble away with fear, when Percival's face broke into a good-natured grin. "You seemed to come from the sky," he Page 42 THE OPEN DOOR

told her. "I did very nearly," said the little Percival entered the Light and Shade lump, pointing up to the ceiling, where Per­ room. He drew in his breath and then called cival spied some more little lumps hanging. "Splosh!" A merry squeal answered him, "My pals are still hanging there. I wish and the funniest little creature wriggled they'd fall, too. It's lonely down here." itself out of a big splash of colour up high "Come along with me; we'll have enough on the green curtain. "I'm coming," she fun/' Percival was saying, when his ejye called, and was soon beside him, tripping rested upon the kiln. "Let us look inside the round and round and squealing with glee. kiln. I wonder who is being burnt now." "Now, if only the students could catch Next moment, they were peeping through those two sprites, together/" thought {a the little door into the kiln. decorative ginger jar. "Splosh—with iher "Oh!" cried the little lump. "Oh!" She wonderful sense of colour and tone and her began to crumble again. "Whatever is wrong spontaneous reaction—and young Perception now?" inquired Percival. "Oh! there is who is capable of appreciating her. If they Pompous Penquin in there. He is nearly could do this, what artists they would be!" done. I was part of him once, until I was Percival and Splosh danced round the cur­ thrown up to the ceiling." tain into the First Year room. In the cor­ "You need not be envious of me," came ner, a yellow lambswool duster was up to a muffled voice. "It's hectically hot in here. pranks, teasing the life out of the paper- I'm sure I must be done by now. When I basket. There were boisterous echoes of the cool, I will become so stiff that I will always students. "They all feel like that in here," have to stand up in the one position." Pom­ said Percival "it's that young feeling." pous dropped his lower lip, and one big tear Suddenly, a voice rose above the din of rolled from his eye and fell with a splash all the other echoes—a voice with a decided and sizzle upon the floor of the hot kiln. It Cornish accent. The yellow duster collapsed was the last tear he shed; because, the next on the spot and lay there looking so meek. moment he was done and had turned quite "Ha! ha!" laughed the two imps as they left stiff. He has never been able to sit down the room. since. Poor Pompous. Looking up around the walls, Splosh met "There now. Aren't you glad that you the eye of the little Esquimaux boy. "Have escaped being baked? You can roll and you caught your fish yet?" she asked him. crumble as much as you like; you can even He.shook his head. roll right into the clay-box and start all over From the top of the pottery showcase, the again." rooster, cow and pelican were all calling out. The little lump gave one yearning look to­ "Everyone seems noisy to-night," said Per­ wards Pompous, and rolled and fell with a cival, "just listen to those animals; the "plop" into the clay-box. "Thanks for the place sounds like a farm more than an Art idea. I'll start all over again," she called, School." "Yes," said Splosh, "the animals just before her head sank below the squashy are indignant that the students do not study clay. them more (a shame because they are so 'Crash! Splutter! Splash! Clink!" Some­ interesting)" "All except cats," put in Per­ thing was happening in the Second Year cival. Then, strangely enough, he found room. Percival went in and joined a group himself rooted to the spot and trembling of onlookers which consisted of. the flour violently. sifter, the spoon and the thermos flask. There, just in front of him, was an omi­ They were watching a heated combat between nous looking black thing. Its very stillness a bottle of Higgen's black ink and a bottle was uncanny. As he gazed at it, two glints of Wiltshires' black ink. The two -bottles of light seemed to glow, then fade, and glow werefighting to the death. They were spill­ again, just like cats' eyes. Percival was ing their black ink desperately to prove its so overcome that, if Splosh had not stepped blackness. "Uh! What a mess," said Per­ forward and tapped his shoulder to wake cival, who didn't like anything black (be­ him out of the awful trance, he might have cause it always reminded him of cats). He extinguished himself altogether. S lly she told him hurried out as quickly as he could. «A" ^ 0';, > "it's only a hat!" Upstairs to the Third Year room, went A hat? gasped Percival. "Yes, a bowler Percival. There was noisy disputing. Percival hat. overheard the following: When Percival and Splosh looked around, Voice: "The best Art Club drawing of all they found that they had been providing fun time was handed in in the year ..." Noise for the life room donkeys. "Get back there!" drowned the rest. boomed Percival's voice, and the donkeys Voices: "The proof? The proof?" sauntered clumsily back to their places. Voice: "I know because I am the echo of Lets take a seat," said Percival, whose the voice of the head of the Art Department legs were feeling wobbly. as he announced his verdict." The moon peered through the life room Voices: "Who was the successful student?" window. At that moment, there was a weird The rest was confusion. rattling sound, like bones against glass THE OPEN DOOR Page 43

"That's Spindleshanks coming put for his also heard the clock chime, because he gave exercise," said Splosh. an impatient flip of his boney hands in the The door of the tall glass case swung direction of the clock, and walked back to open. The atmosphere became tense with his case. There was the same boney shuffle mystery. Was it the present, past or future ? and a click. The atmosphere changed. Splosh couldn't tell, as she moved closer to Spindleshanks' had resumed his position Percival. Spindleshanks. the skeleton, walked once again. mincingly into the centre of the room. Then Percival and Splosh hurried away. At the he began to sing in a cracked voice: door of the Head's office they met a sleepy "Live, laugh, love, while you may." tube of paint. It too was aware of the "I say it not to you things, you donkeys approaching day, and was uncurling itself and things," heflourished a boney arm and —by degrees. Splosh, the art imp, and Per­ rattly fingers towards the donkeys, "but to cival Perception said good-bye. There was the beings who enter this room." Spindle­ just time for Percival to get into position shanks snapped his jaws and relapsed into on the skull before the break of day. silence. Outside the wind as it rushed around the building made a low whining whistle. To C this music, Spindleshanks did his exercises.

SPORTING.

HIKING CLUB At a meeting of the (then) Hiking Club early in the year the name was altered to the Rambling club and a constitution drawn up. Constitution. 1. Name. The name of this club shall be The Swinburne Tramping Club. 2. Objects. (a) To conduct seven or eight tramping excursions, each of one day's duration, during the course of the school year. (b) During the September holidays of each alternate year, a party of members to spend a week at the Chalet, Mti. Buffalo, where they will participate in the snow sports so popular at that time of the year. 3. Membership. He swayed and pranced about—so much so Open to any full time day student in a that the green curtain behind him was now senior department of the College. billowing in and out. 4. General Meetings. "They wouldn't let his bones rest," whis­ As early as possible in each school year, pered Splosh, "and he resents being hung a general meeting of those senior in a case. I asked him once, if he remem­ students interested, shall be called by bered having a soul. He said 'Yes.' Then the -^resident of the club. I asked him if it would ever come back to 5. Annual Subscription. - him. He replied, 'No/ in such a terrible To be fixed at thefirst genera l meeting voice, that I have never dared speak to him . of each year. since." 6. Management. The Town Hall clock struck five and the (a) The club shall elect annually, six moonlight was fast fading, "I'll have to committee members, one from each year go soon," said Percival. Spindleshanks had in the two senior departments of the college. Of these, the two third year members shall be vice-presidents. Page 44 THE OPEN DOOR

(b) The president shall call committee No hike would be quite complete without meetings when he sees fit. a detour in the wrong direction (''Wroman- (c) In the event of a vacancy on the tic" but commonly called "getting lost"). committee, the committee shall have This, however, was not serious, as instinct power to nominate any person to fill always reminded us when we had made a such vacancy. faux pas. 7. Office-bearers, 1935. A 3,000 ft. drop formed our descent. For­ Patron: F. W. Green, Esq. tunately, some previous person had dropped President: E. B. Howells, Esq. his firewood all along the track. This gave Vice-presidents: Miss G. Crocket, J. T. (or should have given) us a foothold. Many Hill. were the downsittings, uprisings to tumble Committee Members: Miss E. Bowden, down and sprawl and roll right merrily in Miss M. Bracher, E. Eberbach, D. all directions. The state of the soil was Wight. deplorable for such sport. Hon. Secretary and Treasurer: Miss V. Some of the poor souls were so confused Watts. by the time they were nearing the end, they did not discriminate between top and bottom, TRAMPING CLUB NOTES, 1935. right and left, vertical or horizontal. Some time early this year, the date of Now, sad to relate, a poor lass of this which we have completely forgotten, our latte- category got all renversee and sat in Hiking Club came into existence. a creek. Our first remarkable manoeuvre was the Warburton at last! and (of greater im­ discovery of Sherwood Forest. To do this portance) something to eat. While some still we had to overcome tremendous odds. showed a remnant of spirits of ginger on the Realizing this, the Railway officials gave us return trip others slept the sleep of the a good send-off by despatching two ticket utterly exhausted pie-eater. checkers to entrain us. They sang a duet. Here a short catalogue of hiking types We were then placed in a sheep truck (or might be advisable. Firstly, the stalwart was it a lion's cage?) in the Belgrave with a fine hefty stride and legs as durable Express. The speed was shattering and (though not as cumbersome) as fence posts. made us nervous. Another variety seems to get itself acciden­ From thence into virgin forest we pro­ tally lost around corners. They whose ceeded, each carrying a pinch of salt for the leaden feet lag at the rear invariably sit lyre bird's tail. down and slide. There are also those who The most important event of the day (unlike the Scotchman) give at the knees. (lunch) was conveyed to those vast empty May our next be as memorable as those spaces while we sat by a gurgling brook here recorded. amidst treeferns. After running madly in —Gwen S. Hollis all directions and finding ourselves, we 2nd YEAR ART. reached '"One-Treef Hill, so-called because OF TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 6, 1934. of the twenty "One-Trees" saving it from (Editor's Note: After the issue of the last baldness. magazine, November, 1934, the following Being time to go downstairs, we quaffed contribution was received from an art off a bottle of lemonade, then started down student. The article describes a specially the "Thousand Steps" (or was it Hundred?). arranged hike held on Cup Day, 1934. As Some hastily resigned the orthodox vertical descriptions of hikes are included in each for horizontal and elbow bend positions. issue of the magazine, we print this little We greatly helped those climbing by gem). invariably telling them that the top was just It is my pleasant privilege to be in a around the corner. position to make a report on the Cup Day When we finally dropped into Upper Fern hike of 1934. Organized by the engineering Tree Gully, the bell-birds were all ringing students, it was left, however, to three art for our benefit. This moved us deeply and students to make the eventful trip. To we ran for the train. many people this holiday was a miserable Our next was by van to Donna Buang. It day of rain (and disappointment to most rained slightly, just to keep us cool and parties it was one of dismal dampness and moist and guard against getting over-heated. distress, but to these three adventurers it Surrounded by spots of snow, we ate was the day of the most marvellous hike ravenously; not deterred by accidents in the that ever was or ever will be on land, sea packing such as shoe heels protruding or in the air. This quotation by one of the through pies. We carried our tea as well three is not an extravagant figure of speech, as dinner this trip, and by tea-time, friction and the laws of motion had reduced it to a mashed potato state. THEOPENDOOR Page 45 but it is very apt, for much of the day was SENIOR CRICKET. spent in the air—up in the clouds, in fact. The Senior School cricket this year was Leaving Ringwood as the early morning a trifle disappointing to those who antici­ showers, abated they sang along the way, pated a very successful season. and in spite of much musical discord enjoyed themselves thoroughly. At Warrandyte one The talent shown at the nets, indicated kind member of the party bought three hot a well-balanced team for the vear; and, pies which were munched appreciatively as although there were several players of merit the happy trio passed down the main street. in the team, they could not strike form at A pleasant couple of hours were spent in the critical time. Consequently, in each the midst of a Sunday School picnic, where match there were one or two decent per­ they lunched and waited for the cessation formances, which had to, literally, carry the of a severe rainstorm. A number of chil­ side. dren passed the time by singing hymns— The main reason for the partial failure of others spent the time listening as the trio the team, was probably inexperience; result­ crooned anything but hymns. ing in lack of confidence in the matches.

SENIOR SCHOOL CRICKET TEAM.

Then on to the old mining tunnel where The batting averages were headed by hard recent rains had swollen the Yarra, causing hitting J. Donaldson with 19.4 E. M. Daly the water to roar more loudly than usual being second with 19.3, and J. Hanna third, from the outlet. The weather continued to finishing with an average of 18.3. favour them as they laughed and danced The bowling average was won by E. M. their way along the road to Box Hill. Dal", who finished the season with an Thirsty, the three travellers revelled in deep average of 5.7; he was ably supported by draughts of delicious muddy water drunk our left-hander, H. Day, whose average was from a green felt hat. 13.4. P. Watson finished second with 10. And so a great day gradually drew to a Although this year's results are not as close. But what of the evening? One does good as we expected, we had a good game not know, but the fact remains that three together as a team, and hope that next year happy hikers arrived at Box Hill at 12.45 they will have just as good a time, only p.m. in time for the last train home . with better results. Oh, glorious day! —Felix. —E. M. Daly. Page 46 THE OPEN DOOR

MATCHES PLAYED. SWIMMING RESULTS. School v. Xavier—Won. Championship Event—Cousland, 1; Maddi­ School v. Melbourne High School—Lost. son, 2. School v. Caulfield Grammar—Won. Handicap Event, 50 Yards, Final—R. Crme, School v. Rest—Won. 1; W. G. Stewart, 2; G. Pullen, 3. School v. De La Salle—Lost. Perpetual Trophy—Engineering School. DETAILS OF BEST AVERAGES. FOOTBALL REPORT, 1935. Batting. On the last Monday in April we held our Donaldson, 19.4. first football training. The training was Daly, 19.3. attended by many of the last year's team Hanna, 18.3. and also half a dozen newcomers. As pre­ Bowling. viously, "Tich" Utting coached us. All Daly, 5.7 (10 for 57). players showed good form and it was with Watson, 10 (4 for 40). difficulty that we picked ourfirst team. Day, 13.4 (5 for 67). We played Brighton Grammar on the last Wednesday of the term and by playing bet­ ter football we won our first match. The SWIMMING SPORTS. game was played under shocking conditions We were fortunate this year in having —the ground was covered with about 6 in. almost perfect weather for our sports, a big of water. advantage over last year. The events were Early in the next term we played Mel­ well contested by a large number of bourne High, who gave us a bad hiding. entrants, the field of competitors being an The defeat was the forerunner of many improvement both numerically and in swim­ others. Half way through the second term ming strength on last year. we paid our annual visit to Geelong. We The 50 yard's freestyle handicap attracted went via the Ford works. In the afternoon the greatest number of entrants, there being we played football on the Kaidinia Oval. as many as six heats for this event alone. The match was played under excellent con­ The novelties were also very popular, a large ditions and Swinburne's team played at their number of competitors entering for the 25 best. Geelong, owing to greater accuracy yards "dog-naddle," 25 yards egg and spoon in front of goals, won easily. race and the plunge. But easily the crown­ The following week we went to Kilmore. ing event of the day was the Interdepart­ We departed in a furniture van which, un­ mental Relay Race for the R. G. Maddison fortunately, let us down eight miles from trophy. This event was anxiousl- awaited our destination. The players .had to walk the whole da"-, and only the pick of swim­ this distance and then, after having the mers were entered, in an endeavour to wrest customary dinner at the school, proceeded the trophy from last year's winners, the Art to the ground. Kilmore, owing to weight, School. It was very keenly contested, a fine height and greater accuracy in front, won race altogether. the game easily. Swinburne, however, did The sTiorts went off "swimmingly," only not in this match, as in many others, play one or two minor hitches being evident, the as a team. whole tnmg being quite a credit to the We then had several more defeats until organisers. The staff rendered invaluable we met Xavier. This match was the gem of aid in man" ways; the services of Mr. C. the season. All the players played grand Nicholls as timekeeper were greatly appre­ football and they played it as a team. The ciated. match was won by 42 points. This victory Taken as a whole, the sports were a vast encouraged the team and we easily defeated improvement on those of last year in every University High. We then played Xavier conceivable way. We realize, of course, that again and once more defeated them. This there is still room for improvement, but con­ victory marked the fourth and last victory sidering that this was on!" the second time for the season. such sports have been held, there is every The last match of the year was played prospect of having really good, interesting against De La Salle, who proved themselves events in the future. to be our superiors. And so, the swimming sports are over— Although the team suffered many defeats, w. must be up betimes to continue the good we were not far behind them. Our greatest work of studying (?). —"Announcer." awarverweaknescanumerouThny debsmal ewa honourssexpected lswa chance traininsharess i,nsfo d gth th rwerblist eey th teaforware.las e throwmtbes year'sufferedt nzones ansaway ddmembers ,fro faires.wher m Aaset, THE OPEN DOOR Page 47 with the exception of CameTon, who played more. We left the college at about 8.30 in great football in the forward zone. high spirits, but alack and alas, how little Gunn headed the list with 32 points. He did we know of the forecoming events which played very solid football and was the were soon to dampen our ardour. originator of many attacks. He played with The first part of the journey was quite great dash and determination. uneventful except for a few harmless frolics Donaldson and Sharp came next with 23 in the van. When we reached "Pretty Sally," noints. Donaldson played in the ruck and however, a long hill near Wallan, the van showed brilliant form. He showed great began to knock and splutter and to our dis­ marking ability and was often noted for his may, finally "conked out," and obstinately fearless dashes. refused to start; this being probably due to Sharpe, who shared the honours with him, the fact that there were so many motor was our No. 1 rover. Although small, Sharp mechanics about. Our only alternative was played very brainy and game football. He to hike the rest of the way. Dismally we was everywhere, where he was needed, and started out through the heavy rain to com­ while resting did good forward work. plete the last eight miles of the Kilmore Cameron was next with 14 points. He hike. Some of the less independent indi­

BOYS' J.T.S. CRICKET TEAM.

played football of the first degree up for­ viduals stood in the roadway gesticulating ward. wildly in the hope that some soft-hearted Hanna also came under notice for good motorist would stop and pick them up. Four football. D. Wight, who played full back, of them anyhow, managed to 'scrounge" a played dashing football and turned many lift from a good Samaritan in a jinker. The dangerous attacks. rest of us eventually staggered into Kilmore Spreadborough and Eberbach played solid and were soon doing justice to a good dinner ruck work. Daly, in the centre, was the at the school. cause of many attacks. After lunch and a rest, the teams took the All the team showed brilliant patches and field, Swinburne opening the scoring with a they all had a wonderful sense of team point, which however, was not the forerun­ spirit, which is necessary for good football. ner of many others. The Marist Brothers' team played superior football throughout KILMORE TRIP. the day, their success being mainly due to On Wednesday, June 12, the Engineering their forward line, the scores, although in­ School played its annual football match dicating a crushing defeat, do not truly against the Marist Brothers' College at Kil­ indicate the standard of Swinburne's play, there being some fine examples of individual play; the team work, however, was sadly P a g e 48 THE OPEN DOOR lacking. A humourous incident occurred Goal Kickers. when the Swinburne skipper rushed down 1, Cameron (31); 2, Hanna (14); 3, Sharpe the centre of thefield shoutin g "Get up more (10); 4, Lakeland (8); 5, Wight (7); 6, momentum boys," which, as you know, is Geomans (5); 7, Tomson (5). the product of mass and volocity, and he certainly had both. After the match we re­ JUNIOR SCHOOL FOOTBALL. turned to the school and found that the van 1st XVIII. had beenfixed. Afte r tea at the school we The captain, J. Hopkins, by winning the all piled into the van, which this time Baxter Cup and gaining a close second in brought us safely as far as Richmond, where the umpires' voting for the best player of it again conked out, thus causing another the competition, proved himself a skilful delay; we all arrived safely back at the utility man—one of the best we have had. college about 9 o'clock, the end of a perfect Oswald, with his dashing play, was the day. —C.H.H.

SENIOR SCHOOL FOOTBALL TEAM.

SENIOR FOOTBALL MATCH RESULTS. mainstay of the defence lines, while Hayes, For. Against. in attack proved most elusive and a won­ Brighton Grammar 9.12 5.14 derful snap kick. For his vigour and dash, Melbourne High 3.9 16.16 on the wing and roving, Norton was always University High 10.13 12.10 under notice. Renfry, with good high mark­ Melbourne Grammar . . . 4.23 8.15 ing and long kicking at centre half-back, was Kilmore 2.10 17.6 the most improved player of the season, Geelong Technical College 4.9 19.17 although McMorran, in the ruck, pressed him Melbourne High .. 6.8 13.10 closely for the honour. Diminutive Reg. Xavier College 13.13 8.14 Cook often delighted with his position play Wesley College 7.12 15.8 and turning on the half-forward wing, while University High ...... 12.8 8.10 others of the "mosquitofleet" wh o did well Geelong ...... 9.7 12.8 were Marchbank and Blight on the wing, Xavier College 14!6 10.4 Maroney and HoldswoTth in the back pocket De La Salle 7.4 17.12 in the centre, by heady position play and THE OPEN DOOR Page 49

Worrall on the forward lines. Forster, Best players: Oswald, Hopkins., Hayes. accurate passing, did very well in a difficult Melbourne 17.23 d. Swinburne 13.8. position. McKee, a greatly imnroved player, Best players: Hopkins, Hayes, Norton. at centre forward, shcwea that he could mark wel? and kicK most accurately. The heavy-weights, Brown and Trezise, did good THE LACROSSE TEAM. work in the ruck and on the back lines, The following players gave good service where Freeman, McKay and Winter were throughout the season:— always triers. Lowe and Dew showed pro­ Dickson (captain) threw over 50 goals for mise in the forward pocket, while little the season and was the mainstay of the Blacker and big Barnes, the mainstays of forward line". the seconds, gave valuable service, the latter Grimmond (vice-captain), another good showing distinct promise as a half back. home, who saved the situation when we were Results—1st XVIII. in many tight corners. Footscray 12.7 d. Swinburne 5.5. Best players: Hopkins, Norton, Venn.

BOYS' J.T.S. FOOTBALL TEAM.

Caulfield 24.21 d. Swinburne 14.18. Morris and Hutton, able assistants on the Best players: Hopkins, Hayes, Norton. forward line and in attack. Collingwood 12.17 d. Swinburne 6.5. Williams, in the centre, carried out a dif­ Best players: Hopkins, Cook, Norton. ficult position in a very creditable way. South Melbourne 14.15 d. Swinburne 5.4. Langmead was a very reliable attack. Best players: Renfrey, Hopkins. Norton. Ellis and Thorley were capable defence Melbourne 11.8 d. Swinburne 1.3. wing players. Best players: Renfrey, Hopkins, Cook. Tucker,. Midolo and Hauston formed a Caulfield 14.1 d. Swinburne 8.8. strong combination on the back line and the Best players: Hopkins, Renfrey, Hayes. way they kept the other teams from scoring Collingwood 17.25 d. Swinburne 15.12. tells its own story. Best players: Hopkins, McMorran, Oswald. Davie, in goals, was always cool and re­ Swinburne 7.10 d. Footscray 4.13. liable, and assisted considerably in the team's Best players: Hopkins, Oswald, Norton. success. Swinburne 17.18 d. South Melbourne 9.7. Others to give valuable assistance during Page 50 THE OPEN DOOR the season were Spinks, Glenny, Braden, COLLEGE ATHLETIC MEETING. Beenie, Bruce. Wednesday, 25th September. Mr. Moore, the donor of the R. O. Moore The meeting was held in bright spring Shield, presented the shield at the second weather on t:.e Auburn Oval after postpone­ term break-up assembly and congratulated ment from the previous Friday. As every­ the team on their success. one knows, weather conditions have marred The shield is for perpetual competition the success of this gathering more than once amongst the Technical Schools, but Mr. of recent years. When one considers, too, Moore stated that if we could hold the the importance of every school session to shield for three successive years he would the student at this time of the year, it might present a cup to the school in recognition of be worthwhile considering the possibility of such success.

BOYS' J.T.S. LACROSSE TEAM.

LACROSSE. holding the sports meeting in thefirst term. Grand Final— It is of course apparent the meeting gives Swinburne 4 goals, drew with Melbourne the selectors valuable information from Technical School, 4 goals. Swinburne which to choose the inter-schools team for therefore retains the premiership. the "Combined." But surely this informa­ Melbourne T.C. 11 4 Swinburne 9. tion would be still available from an earlier Caulfield 9, drew with Swinburne 9. meeting: and moreover, just as a suggestion, Swinburne 9 d. Footscray 2. a series of challenge events might then be Swinburne 4 d. Collingwood 2. arranged early in the third term, the sur­ Swinburne 15 d. Brunswick 0. vivors making up the team. Think it over, Swinburne 4 d. Melbourne 1. Messrs. Selectors. Swinburne 1 drew with Caulfield 1. Following are the results:— Swinburne 20 d. Footscray 1. Junior Boys. Swinburne 12 d.. Collingwood 0. Over 15 Years 100 Yards—Pickering (L.), Swinburne 16 d. Brunswick 1. 1; Eagle (He.), 2; Windmill (He.)7 3. Semi-Finais— Under 15 Years, 100 Yards—Norton (B), 1; Swinburne 1,9 d. Brunswick 3. Thorney (Hu), 2; Freeman (F), 2; Winter Melbourne 10 d. Caulfield 4. (He), 3. Finals— Under 14 Yeats, 100 Yards—Hicklan (L) 1- Swinburne 11 d. Melbourne 10. Butteriss (He), 2; Vernon (Hu), 3. ' THE OPEN DOOR Page 51

Under 13 100 Yards—Hergt (F), 1; Hope Mile—Gay. (C), 2; "Young (He), 3. High Jump—G. Hergt, 1; Cameron and Over 15, 75 Yards—Moss (He), 1; Hazzard Hook, equal 2. (L) and Millot (B), 2. Long Jump—T. Robbins, 1; iR. Gunn, 2; Under 15 Years, 75 Yards—Hergt (F), 1; Eberbach, 3. Morris (Hu), 2; Holdsworth (C), 3. Hop, Skip and Jump—J. Donaldson, 1; J. Under 14 Years 75 Yards—Gaylard (L), 1; Thomson, 2; A. Eberbach, 3. Morton (L), 2; Etheridge (C), 3. Weight Putt^-Eberbach. Under 13, 75 Yards—Hergt (F), 1; Hope Girls J. and S. (C), 2; Coventry (L), 3. 75 Yards, Under 13£—A. Richards (McP) Over 15, 220 Yards—Pickering (L), 1; Hop­ and-A. Montague (McP), 1; E. Cox (S), 2. kins (L), 2; Eagle (He), 3. 75 Yards, Under 14§—M. Diamond (S), 1; Under 15, 220 Yards—Thorley (Ho) 1; Nor­ F. Bradshaw (S), 2; J. Selman (McP), 3. ton (B), 2; Winter (He), 3. 75 Yards Seniors—B. Slight (McP), 1; M. Under 14, 210 Yards—Marchbank (L), 1; McAulay (McP), 2; B. Faulkner (S), 3. Butteriss (He), 2; Vernon (Hu), 3. Hockey Dribbling—B. Slight (McP), 1; J. Over 15, 440 Yards—Pickering (L), 1; Hop­ Stewart (McP), 2; R. Middleton (McP), kins (L), 2; Eagle (He), 3. 3. Under 15 440 Yards—Norton (B), 1; Thor­ 50 Yards Sack Race—B. Slight (McP), 1; ley Hw), 2; Garvey (C), 3. D. Coker (S), 2; E. Clydsdale (S), 3. Under 14, 440 Yards—Vernon (Hw), 1; Mor­ 50 Yards Skipping—M. Diamond (S), 1; G. ton (L), 2; Butteriss (He), 3. White (McP) 2; F. Bradshaw (S), 3. Over 15, High Jump—Hopkins (L), 1; Kish- 50 Yards Egg and Spoon—L. Edgar (S), 1; ade (FI) and Wong Yen, 2. D. Coker (S), 2; M. Littleson (M), 3. Under 15, High Jump—Norton (B), 1; Trapp 50 Yards Obstacle—B. Hammerton (S), 1; (B) 2; Freeman (F) and Gordon (Ho), 3. P. Nichols (McP), 2; D. Coker (S), 3. Under 14, High Jump—Vernon (Hw), 1; Goal Throwing—E. Clydesdale (S), 1; M. White (B), 2; Butteriss (He), 3. Yates (McP), 2; B. Clarke and R. Cox, 3. Under 13, High Jump—Hergt (F), 1; Phil­ Basket Ball Passing, Junion — Swinburne lips (B), and Lewis (C), 2. House. Long Jump, Over 15—Hopkins) (L), 1; Basket Ball Passing, Senior)—McPherson Pickering (L), 2; Eagle (He), 3. House. Long Jumu. Under 15—Thorley (Hw), 1; Overhead Ball—McPherson House. Norton (B), 2; Dickson (He), 3. Relay Flag Race—McPherson House. Long Jump, Under 14—Gaylard (L), 1; Final Points— Marchbank (L), 2; White (B), 3. McPherson House, 50. Long Jump, Under 13—Young (He), 1; ATHLETICSwinburne SHouse MEETING-rrGEELONG, 42 points. . Hergt (F) 2; Dew (C) and Hackett (L), This year the combined meetings of the 3. Technical Schools of Victoria was staged at Musical Chairs—Grimwade (L), 1; Bucking­ Geelong and 29 teams took thefield for the ham (C), 2; Davidson (He), 3. various trophies. As usual, special trains Final Points— were run from all centres and nearly 5000 Latrobe 78, Harley 641, Flinders and students and interested followers travelled Batman 54 each, Hume 51£ and Collins in this way. In addition, competitors from 27. the outlying centres like Warrnambool and Senior School Championships. Bairnsdale who could not make the journey 100 Yards—R. Gunn, 1; G. Hergt, 2; T. Rob­ in one day were billeted on Friday night by bins, 3. friendly metropolitan students. 220 Yards—R. Gunn, 1; G. Hergt, 2; T. Rob­ The junior team from the college was not bins 3. of championship class throughout, the under 440 Yards—R. Gunn, 1; G. Hergt, 2; T. 16 section being very weak. Usually strong Robbins, 3. in jumping work, we were reduced to but 880 Yards—R. Gunn, 1; G. Hergt, 2; T. one good entry. Jack Donaldson led a game Robbins, 3. little band from the Senior School but had High Jump—G. Hergt, 1; R. Gunn, 2; T. to shoulder far too heavy a load himself to Robbins, 3. expect championship honours. Long Jump-—T. Robbins, 1; R. Gunn, 2; G. Junior Team. Hergt, 3. Under 16— Senior School Handicaps. 100 Yards: G. Thorley. 100 Yards—J. Donaldson, 1; Eberbach, 2; 220 Yards: H. Norton. Cameron, 3. High Jump and Long Jump: J. Hopkins. 220 Yards—J. Donaldson, 1; Hooke, 2; Eber- bach, 3. 440 Yards—J. Donaldson, 1; Thomson, 2; Wright, 3. Page 52 THE OPEN DOOR

1-Mile Relay: J. Hopkins, S. Eagle, J. In the absence of a good 100 yard runner Oswald and F. Windmill. under 16 years, G. Thorleyfilled the breach Under 15— and ran a creditable third, before filling a 100 Yards: H. Norton. similar, position in the 220 yards, under 15. 220 Yards: G. Thorley. Jack Donaldson, filling an unusual part High Jump: H. Norton. as a sprinter, ran third in a 100 yards Under 14— clocked at 105 seconds, then did better in his 100 Yards: R. Butteriss. pet distance, the quarter. Hergt, Wight and 220 Yards: D. Marchbank. Cameron showed unexpected stamina in get­ High Jump: D. Vernon. ting places in other senior events. Under 13— Melbourne Technical College did well all 100 Yards: H. G. Hergt. day, winning the Herald-Sporting Globe High Jump: H. Hergt. trophy for juniors and coming second to

GIRLS' J.T.S.. HOCKEY TEAM.

Senior Team. Ballarat for the senior trophy. As a result Open— they scored well in the Aggregate and hold 100 Yards: J. Donaldson. the Eltham Trophy for 1935-36. 440 Yards: J. Donaldson. 880 Yards: J. Donaldson. GIRLS' JUNIOR SCHOOL SPORTS NOTES One Mile: Thomson. The year 1935 leaves with us many happy High Jump: Cameron. memories of sport days. Did we say they Weight Putt: Eberbach. were thrilling? Yes, we did, and in the full Under 18— sense of the word. 100 Yards: C. Pickering. Hockey. 220 Yards: Gunn. The hockey team, although unsuccessful 440 Yards: G. Hergt. in obtaining the shield, maintained the stan­ 880 Yards: Wight. dard of former years by winning! four Long Jump: T. Robbins. matches of the season played. A marked H. Norton proved to be the outstanding improvement in the style of play was shown performer., winning the high Jump and in the final matches, and we wish to con­ being placed in the 100 yards dash. Running gratulate the captain, Betty Slight, and also out of his age in the 220 yards, after hav­ the team, which showed a fine spirit of ing won the high jump, he just failed, put­ co-operation and sportsmanship throughout ting up one of the best exhibitions of the the contests. day. THE OPEN DOOR Page 53

The members of the team were Jean '. The second pair, Beatrice Smith and Mar­ Stewart, left outer; Florence Bradshaw, left garet Fleming, have also played consistently, inner; Betty Slight (captain), centre; Mary while as emergencies, Betty Faulkner and Diamond right inner; Ethel Crutchfield, Betty Gilmore cheerfully gave their services. right half; May McAulay, left half; Joyce Basket Ball. Selman, left back; Ruth Middleton, goaler; Both junior and senior teams did remark­ Doris Hart, centre half; Kitty Stevenson, ably well, the juniors winning five games out left back; Hilda McFarlane, emergency. of seven and seniors remaining undefeated throughout the season. It was rather unfortunate losing our Junior Cup to Brighton but they deserved both the cup and the three hearty cheers we gave them, for without a doubt they were really excellent. Gwen White, as captain, proved an inspiration to her junior team, whist their combined efforts were most con­ sistent, the players one and all being very keen. The junior team were Gwen White (cap­ tain), centre: Peggy Lamb, defence wing; Alice Mary Faulkner, first goal defence; Alice Walton, second goal defence; Olive Jackson, second pjoaler; Elsie Clysdale first goaler; Loris Edgar, attack wing; Audrey Richardson, emergency. The senior team had a thrilling season, GIRLS' J.T.S. TENNIS FOUR. and for two successive years is the proud holder of the Senior Basket Ball Cup. Each Tennis. member played an excellent game and we Since the beginning of the season the offer our heartiest congratulations. The players have indeed shown decided progress captain, Mabel Yates, played asfirst goale r in form. Rita Cox (captain) and Betty and justified our choice. In the Goal-throw­ Hammerton give great promise and should ing Championship of Victoria, under 16 achieve very high results in senior tennis. years, she secured the highest honours and obtained second place in the Open Champion­ ship. The other members of the team are outstanding and, if given the chance, as we

GIRLS' J.T.S. BASKETBALL TEAMS. Page 54 THE OPEN DOOR hope in bigger Association play, should do GIRLS' TECHNICAL SCHOOL SPORTS, remarkably well. 1935. The senior team were Mabel Yates (cap­ The sports meeting this year was held on tain), first goaler; Jean Parsonage, second the 25th October at Castlemaine. goaler; Beatrice Troon, centre; Winnie Gray, Nature surely smiled on us for the weather attack wing; Dorothy Coker, second defence; conditions were ideal. Jean Edgar, first defence; Olive Allen, de­ The Swinburne students lost the Junior fence wing; Betty Slight, emergency. Shield to Brighton Z by 1 point, thus showing The results of matches for this year are— that competition was very keen. Senior Basket Ball. The results of the above meeting were:— Swinburne 28 d. Prahran Z 1. Senior Shield .... Maryborough Swinburne 16 d. Box Hill A 13. Junior Shield .. .. Brighton Z Swinburne 24 d. Emily McPherson 22. Grand Aggregate .. Brighton Z Swinburne 24 d. Sunshine 15. Swinburne 12 d. Prahran A 4. Swinburne 19 d. Brighton Z 16. Swinburne 15 d. Brighton A 12. Swinburne "34 d. Box Hill 5. Junior Basket Ball. Swinburne 12 d. Prahran Z 7 . Swinburne 19 d. Box Hill A 4. HOW THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT Swinburne 22 d. Box Hill Z 2. WORKS. Swinburne 24 d. Sunshine 15. Swinburne 10 d. Prahran A 3. Before we discuss how the British Govern­ Brighton Z 21 d. Swinburne 12. ment works, let us discuss the buildings in Brighton A d. Swinburne 14. which this time-honoured institution labours Hockey. for the elevation and edification of mankind Swinburne 6 d. Prahran Z 2. in general. When I was a little boy, I gazed Swinburne 3 d. Box Hill A 0. with wonder and awe at the pictures of the Box Hill Z 2 d. Swinburne 1. home of the "Mother of Parliaments." And Prahran A 2 d. Swinburne 0. if I recollect correctly, my awe had a little Brighton Z 3 d. Swinburne 0. dash of patriotism running through. Well Brighton Aid. Swinburne 0. I know that the sun never sets on our Swinburne d. Sunshine (walk-over). British Empire, and I was grieved and Tennis. pained to think that it should set on this Prahran Z 18 d. Swinburne 12. noble edifice every few hours. Swinburne 17 drew with Box Hill A 17. In later years, a closer perusal of des­ Emily McPherson 18 d. Swinburne 11. criptions of the buildings brought to my Swinburne 18 d. Sunshine 3. notice a further painful fact. The archi­ Swinburne 18 d. Box Hill Z 5. tects had. apparently, first designed the Swinburne 18 d. Prahran A 8. exterior and later returned as an after­ Brighton Z 13 d. Swinburne 10. thought, and hurriedly and inattentively Swinburne 18 d. Brighton A 12. fitted an interior. They provided miles and HOUSE SPORTS. miles of corridors, but only one lift for the At our inter-house sports this year, after use of members in the four floors which keen competition McPherson House was suc­ the" use. Typically Victorian, all is ill-lit cessful in carrying off the honours of the and ill-ventSlated. However, each member day by two points. has his own hook in the cloakroom and to The meeting proved indeed a_inost enjoy­ this hook is affixed a piece of pink tape able one and great credit is due to the (unwonted gaiety!) upon which the member organizer, Mr. Wilson. may hang his -word. This little piece of IN APPRECIATION. tape is renewed each session. Dear old There can be no doubt that the success tradition. If the honorable and learned that attended the basket ball teams was due member for so and so wishes to convey a message to another part of the building, it to the patience and ability of Miss Kennell, is who coached both teams. Her knowledge of carried the same way as in primitive the finer points of the game, and the Africa — by human portage. Oh good methods adopted by her, and the building heavens they don't use a 'phone. There is iufonp rW coachin eoth f desirestron resultg eusg MABEGWE t.steamo obtainedthanN sL WHITEkwaYATES he.s rlargel fo,, r Junio Senioyal lresponsibl rher CaptrCapt wor.. ke noalmosThits amethot 'phonas dfrivolou ema iny thlacs eak s placea installin littl. e Thaspeedg ta , woulwireless butd tha bet. THE OPEN DOOR Page 55 is fullv atoned for by the dignified func­ you cannot realise with what dignity, solem­ tionaries (might I call them defunc- nity and formality it is carried on. There tionaries?) who transport the messages. are various little etiquettes which must be These ponderous and slow-moving gentlemen observed. All speeches must be addressed are attired in evening dress in daylight, and to "Mr. Speaker." This, you see, prevents ornamented with various badges and large personal references. But other circumlocu­ gilt chains. Something after the style of tions are a great strain. For instance, a provincial mayor. Kitchens are scattered ministers and ex-ministers are "right around various Committee-rooms, and each honourable gentlemen(?)"; ordinary mem­ evening more favoured portions of the build­ bers 'honourable gentlemen(?)"; ministers ings will carry sounds and smells of good, old- with military or naval posts are "honourable fashioned English cooking. But these are and gallant gentlemen(?)"; and ministers not the only smells which permeate by vir­ who are lawyers are "honourable and learned tue of its peculiar ventilation. The Thames gentlemen(?)" Similarly the House of Lords is a constant contributor of a stuffily effec­ must never be referred to as such, but is tive effluvium. known as "the other place." Proceedings are Now let me show how the British Govern­ enacted in full fancy dress, "Mr. Speaker" ment really works—if it really works at all. being attired as an eighteenth century court I do not mean that it loafs. To illustrate gentleman, plus wig and gown. This func­ mv point I would refer you to a horse I har­ tionary is attended by another functionary nessed to an express train, the idea being who is known as the "Sergeant at Arms." He that the horse instead of the engine, should assumes a sword to justice his title, and it is pilot the train to its ultimate destination. his duty to transport the mace. The mace Under my compelling personality the horse calls to one's mind the occasion when, I under­ would work hard to move the train, but its stand, it was stolen. (That incident dates work would be totally ineffective. So it is back to the times when Charles attempted to with the British Government when it is try­ put over some wash about "the divine right ing to govern. But I will return to that of kings." Outside of Rudyard Kipling and later. his clique, that theory does not wash nowa­ After the members have all suspended days). I have quite forgotten who stole it, their swords from the pink tape, they repair but it was not the Communists, because there to the legislative chamber. Here, we find. were no Communists then. But to rpturn to there are seats for about half the elected the assembly. There is no rule to prevent members. Perhaps that was peculiar fore­ members from chatting informall" while sight on the part of the architect. He appa­ someone is addressing the assembly, or from rently knew that forty hours a week of wearing their hats while sitting. But under oratory was more than politician flesh and no circumstances must one wear one's hat blood could stand. Although the sound of while addressing the assembly. If. however, a their own voices appears to fascinate them. member wishes to raise a point after the vote And so. there is ample seating accommoda­ has been called, he must put on his hat, or tion. As each legislative measure has to borrow somebody else's. Much innocent fun go through several readings, it becomes the is caused when a hot and flustered member policy of the Ins to keep the debates aS assumes a lady's hat as sometimes occurs short as possible, in an endeavour to redeem when women members are sitting. Fancy to the electors a few of their rash promises these dignified and oortly men putting a at the earliest possible date. On the other lady's hat on to attain technical visibility. hand the Outs wish to keep the debate going Should an" member wish to put a question to as long as possible, and consequently any the assembly he has to write it on naper member can talk for an hour or so without and proceed to "the Clerk at the table" and repeating more than twenty or thirty times meekly stand by like a schoolboy while that what he has already said, and can hide from gentleman alters its phrasing as he thinks his inattentive audience the fact that _ he fit. If altered, he has to return and rewrite knows—and cares—nothing of the subject >t and again submit it for inspection. Should under discussion materially assists the Outs. he politely enauire the reason of the altera­ The Ins may retaliate by moving and carry­ tion. hQ is liable to be accused of brawling ing the closure of the debate. But this under Mr. Speaker's nose. Unlike schoolboys, noticethmoveffecnoticotheextremelsentedemocracyeTha ermediute d .t tthincarrie iotsThinkiny othe maaskin ,gmth .undignifiestheoyo epublir f gravgnatio y g ththstrik acaeoc e lofn nwillpress teMagn anythinriskdthin (bo.fyo smanney) ka a Bu th uaopoliticiang stChartafe a tha thathearOutsst t e tay otraitor bein ,ifmoment' s.ar throug ,obecausgr e givin anspre aoyhns­feg housawithdrawnttrudo"Barhoweverber'tof WanMrhiese. sy .mos oveimmediatel musbar'votetimSpeaker, rtthe.t e . aimportanbar, noyprovidecertai Sinc.arw "y eturShoule unti chants frendht n tape lethefunctio d ti tothse,ayo buth calleiemember'leavbon etoffendinnreligiou wordinarinfrequentlde th oncththeese e recordin gsBar otoy meetin runison toe twicmem .ypro e th ing­ei,e s Page 56 THE OPEN DOOR the chamber when the vote is called, Whips as those employed in the lower house only are appointed to show him the lobby by which its passing is greatly expedited. Their lord­ he should enter. These Whips serve a dual ships seldom sit longer than from tea time purpose. If the member should be of a to dinner time. If their' lordships express troublesome type, they will tell him what the themselves "content" it only requires the voting is about. Voting is a lengthy business, King's signature to become law. If their perhaps occupying up" to three hours when lordships are "not content" the bill is shied one side wishes to hinder the debates. Typi­ back to the lower house. Should the lower cally ante-deluvian are the methods employed house pass the same bill through once a year when one considers that Edison, fifty years for three years, it becomes law whether their ago, invented a machine capable of recording lordships are content or not content. For a votes in a few seconds.. moment let us consider the upper and lower Should Mir. Speaker be ordered to "the houses of Parliament with a modern business other place," he has to comply. The messen­ house which has an upper and lower board ger from "the other place" reads his message of directors. Need I go further?

BOYS' J.T.! to' Mr. Speaker, who in turn repeats it to the The opening of the Parliamentary session house, who originally heard it. Everything is chiefly notable for its pagaentry—Gold- is then suspended, while Mr. Speaker heads a sticks-in-waiting and Gentlemen of the House­ small crUsade to "the other place." There hold greatly in evidence. What is known as they cluster like so manv sheep while the the "Massacre of the Innocents" occurs at the King's message is read. They then trace close of the session, when all incomplete bills their steps back to the chamber, where the are entirely dropped until the next session, message is again read. It is however, neces­ when all the rigmarole has to be gain enacted. sary for the lower house to maintain its dig­ That is how the British Government works, nity. Thus when the messenger arrives from and that is why it does not work. Quite "the other place," the door is ceremoniously obviously we are dealing with an extremely shut in his face, and he has to knock three well established and intensely self-satisfied times before he is admitted. body. It has muddled and fuddled along in When the bill isfinally passed, it goes to the sunshine of British good luck for so long "the other place" for their lordships' assent. that it now assumes that for some reason This is arrived at by somewhat similar means that sunshine emanates from their own all- THE OPEN DOOR Page 57 absorbing brilliance. It may be that. Some­ alarms, opening doors as persons approach, one once wrote:— lighting lamps, or practically any other thing "A little nonsense, now and then, which may be worked by electricity. It works Is relished by the wisest men." when some article or person breaks the ray. Is its Government the little nonsense which The invisible ray is generally an infra-red the British people relish? Perhaps they ray, which is made to shine on a photo­ should realise that it is rather an expensive electric cell. This piece of apparatus, some­ relish, and a nonsense which is wholly futile what like a wireless valve in appearance, has and ineffective. a metal in it which gives out electrons when MR. GEORGE ROBOT. the ray directed upon it is broken. These He sits motionless, his glassy eyes staring electrons are attracted towards the anode straight before him, his open mouth and his (positivelv charged electrode), which is brass face giving him a fearsome expression; usually in the form of a loop, so as not to while his polished steel armour reflects the interfere with the ray. The current obtained light in a hundred directions. is extremely small—a few millionths of an His inventor walks up and switches him on, ampere; but may be amplified with the aid telling us the robot is now alive. "Wake up!" of the wireless valve, until there is sufficient he says to him, and instantly his eyes light current to work a counter, as in the case of up, but still stare straight ahead. He is now the counting machines, or a small magnetic told to show his teeth. His head turns to switch, whicWHITHEh controlR THs Ea PEASANTlarge curren? t used the man who just addressed him, and sud­ forWhe lightinn considering lamps,g openin the g tendenciedoors, osr soundwhich­ denly there is a crackle of blue sparks which inmovg eburgla for changer alarmss i.n bur ever-changing world, jump across his mouth, making his expres­ for better or for worse—I hope and—D.P thin.k A4 fo.r sion even more fearsome. He is now told to better, in spite of such as Hitler and Musso­ stand up. A whirring is heard as he slowly lini—one cannot omit to pause and consider rises to his feet, and he brings himself up­ the peasants. They, without a doubt, are a right with a clank of steel armour. At the drag on the progress of the world. command of his master, the robot mumbles It will be convenient to consider what he the time—correct to the half-minute. George meant to the world of six or seven cenuries now does his exercises—limited to bowing; ago. To a very large degree, the population raising his left, right, or both arms; and of the world consisted of the peasantry, turning his head. whose controlling system was Feudalism. A member of the audience is now called Accepting England as a convenient example, upon to ask the robot questions. Our mem­ we find that the peasant or serf, as he was ber advances boldly, and fearlessly stands at then known, was at the bottom of the system the monster's side. After the robot has which has been widely and more or less aptly obediently turned his head, the man has an portrayed as a pyramid. The peasant held interesting conversation with him. The fol­ his land in fee, to the local baron, which lowing is a portion: meant for the peasant certain unavoidable "Where are you?" services. These entailed working a certain "Whirrrr! Melbourne." number of days each week on the baron's "What day is it?" land; a larger proportion of time at harvest­ 'Buzzzzz! Saturday." ing .and military service when the occasion A shrewd member of the audience asks: demanded. That salt was the only commodity "Who is behind you?" After much whirring not produced within a village is, I under­ and clicking the robot says: "I don't know," stand, popular history. This feudalism, typi­ and gives vent to his anger by "gnashing his cal of England at that time, was then typical teeth" in the manner described before. of the greater portion of Europe. Then, in The inventor now shows us how his robot the early days of emigration to America, he may be made to go through a sequence of continued to be largely self contained, his movements merely by breaking an invisible only necessities not produced on his farm ray. We are now shown many household uses were his tools and weapons to maintain his of this ray breaking, the most startling being defence. Perhaps also a few luxuries. In the burglar alarm, the noise of which makes the older European countries there could be us nearly jump out of our seats. famine in one community and plenty in an­ The show now ends, and we go out won­ other. It was not the general rule of the dering if the robot is a fake, and whether peasant to provide for such possibilities. Each —countinnotthateTh th. sho ee roboinvisiblw gwa t spacketssho ewort raw yhi,s whicth useetc.e sixpencdh ; fo waworkinr sman edemonstrate admissioyg purposeburglan odrsr theautonomoumany stucwask s independen insocia thel mudunitt ,.o anf dhi sso neighbour for centuries, an , P a g e 58 THE OPEN DOOR

The above paragraph presents a roughly ment—uneducated, he continually refuses to accurate picture of the traditional peasant. be absorbed in the new order, to its detri­ He was the type, symbol and substance of ment. While I have enlarged on the Russian localised traditionalism. As the world moved agricultural position and its relation to its ahead several features of different progres­ peasantry, I have not overlooked the fact that sive movements proved to be disintegrative. changes dissimilar changes, have been ex­ Firstly there was the gigantic strides of perienced by the peasantry of other countries. industrialism which absorbed the more pro­ They have been changing slowly and into gressive peasant and to a large degree made being have come a great variety of peasant- him dependent on others for his foodstuffs. doms, mitigated' as closely as possible to fit This movement also opened wide fields for modern exigencies. Some have been enslaved the specialised producer. And essentially the by the usurer, as in India. Here the usurer modernisation of food production spells super­ is the local priest and the story of the con­ session for these localised, self directing cul­ dition endured by the Indian peasant is a tivators. The Russian peasants provided a ghastly one—his future outlook apparently striking example of the old order refusing to hopeless. Not only is he enslaved by his give way to the new. After the revolution priests but by almost every conceivable thing. in 1917, millions of men were transferred British government is slowly achieving some­ from peasantry to industrialism to bring the thing but a reversion to "home rule" would industrial side of Russian life nearer a level be absolutely catastrophic. Peasants of other of Western civilization. The co-operation of countries have expanded to acquisitive free the peasant in this experiment was essential farmers, while in more barbaric countries and that co-operation was not given. The they have become the slave cultivators of the Kulak or independent peasant, rather than local chief. A prominent example is the surrender his surplus foodstuff, burnt it. peasant of Abyssinia. While it is interesting Although there was undoubtedly some slight to note that the League have given the justification for this revolt, it intensified the Emperor sixty years in which to abolish distress in the famine of 1921. The attitude slavery, he apparently has yet made no of these richer peasants caused great changes attempt to do so. It would seem that in their in the Soviet agricultural policy—in fact, mountain fastnesses they consider themselves drastic attempts at alterations ceased. Then secure enough to continue. The land is all in 1928 a vast and important experiment was held by the so-called Christian church and undertaken. It certainly warrants a brief over all the Emperor is supreme. So much survey. This was the agricultural policy of for the wards of Haile Silassie. After study­ the Five Year Plan—an attempt to socialise ing the activities of these multitudinous the peasant. It was soon found that the peasants, it is difficult to decide whether there whole of the peasantry could not be converted is any marked tendency towards the Russian in one sweep, and the experiment developed, Sovkhozy. But certainly that must come. generally speaking, two classes—curiously Here, perhaps, I do not consider it inoppor­ parallel, yet indifferent to one another. The tune to give a survey of the peasant as a first of these two was the Kolkhozy, in which distinct persona—.his character and the gene­ the village attempted a collectivist idea, ral workings of his mind. The fundamental largely displaying the early untrained com­ part of his persona is his complete acceptance munist ideal, dispossession of the Kulak and of the fact that toil is a virtue and his com­ elevation of the poor. The second is the plete adhesion to property, his desire to Sovkhozy. and these are the scientifically acquire more property, and an envy of those planned and directed state plantations. Most with more property than himself. Beyond of these are of enormous size, one of them that, his mind will apparently not go. There embracing the largest wheat belts in the is very little that is romantic in him—I refer world. These do .not include a village, but to romance in the broad sense of the word— the engineers, families and trained subsidiary quite early his children are taught to toil on staff number some hundreds to each farm. the land, but the traditional peasant is Power farming is the order here, but on the adverse to education or anything that is novel bulk of the Kolkhozy, tractive effort is sup­ or, new. The painfully stereotyped costumes, plied by horses and to a lesser degree, bul­ which exist unchanged for generations are locks and camels. Seldom are tractors used, ample evidence of his subjection to a fixed for the untrained peasant evinces a childish routine and the slightest departure from the desire to take them to pieces. Added to that rigidities of that routine provoke bitter re­ we have the fact that they have no idea as sentment and smug moral condemnation. to their care for efficient service. The Sov­ Everywhere in Europe and Asia where the khozy makes straight for a new agricultural peasant persona is predominant, sentimen­ order—that of scientifically planned produc­ talists delight in prating of their lovely and tion. Their success would be a big step for­ original costumes and their quaint customs. ward, and with a little co-operation their I fail to see how these costumes which have success would be assured. But the Kulak is been in use for generation upon generation apparently ever the proverbial fly in the oint­ can be original. In broad principle these THE OPEN DOOR Page 59 costumes and customs are the same every­ into the weighing pans.. A test of each load where, or would be the same if certain in­ is made and the dairymen paid accordingly. herent climatic conditions did not render some The milk is then emptied into large vats light variation necessary. The basic peasant and then passes through a large separator urge behind them is the same. The peasant, and the cream is sold to the Noorat Butter we are told, is a sturdy fellow free from factory. The skim milk is then heated in affectation and "fal-lals." In spite of this he steam heaters and is then placed in a large is a shrewd person and woe to the misguided copper vat, which is sealed. The milk is one who attempts to "put one over him." heated by steam pipes running through the This peasant, through some inherent quality vat. After the water content of the milk is if not education, knows what he is about, evaporated away, the paste is then forced which is, of course, pure rubbish. Generally through a small hole in a copper disc about he is guided by, enslaved toridiculous super­ the size of a threepenny piece and after fur­ stitions. ther heating the milk becomes a fine powder. So much for the peasant—the person who This is put in barrels and goes, into a hopper is slowly, slowly being lifted out of the rut in which the powder is automatically weighed of centuries of peasantdom—for tradition, and put in tins. These are automatically like most useless customs—dies slowly. But sealed, the labels are pasted on and they are eventually service, and education, coupled packed in boxes and stacked ready for trans­ with an essential knowledge of the need for port. scientifically controlled production, must pre­ The efficiency of the plant is very high, vail over all traditions. and the plant is practically self-contained. —G. R. Locke, Ex-Student. The steam for the heating of the milk is THURSDAY ISLAND. obtained from two boilers, one of which is Who actually discovered and named Thurs­ kept working and the other in reserve. The day Island, at the apex of Australia, is a water supply is obtained from a bore in the question that has never been definitely ground and two pumps keep pumping water settled. into the boiler tubes. Captain James Cook named an adjoining The fuel is coal chippings and 4 ft. lengths island "Wednesday'' in 1774, but his log does of stringybark. The company has a huge not mention Thursday Island. However, the stack of wood about half a mile long and 12 fact that the great voyager had a fondness feet high. Little labour is needed in the for naming his discoveries after the days on boiler room, as the fuel is fed by a moving which hefirst sa w them, points to him as its grate. STEEL'S CREEK. nominator; he christened, for instance, Steel's Creek is situated about five—Marrow miles. Trinity Bay and Whitsunday Passage; there from Yarra Glen on the Mt. Slide road, and is also a Friday Island adjacent to Thursday, of the hundreds of tourists on their way to which has been used as a leper station. Mansfield, few stop to admire the scenic The mainland is twenty-two miles distant beauty of the hills., around Steel's Creek. The and the island is connected By cable with the beauty is there, however, and if one cared land-line. Three or four shipping companies to stop, deviate a little from the main road, call regularly, and the mainland can be and follow the bush tracks that lead into the reached by the many launches available. Thus hills, he would come upon fern gullies, it is possible to indulge in crocodile and wild with the steep inclines lined with majestic pig shooting and always, of course, fishing, green grass and maidenhair underfoot, and which is one of the principal pastimes up bluegums. that way. Returning to the road and continuing on There seems a total absence offlies, and about two miles, then wandering off again, mosquitoes are not numerous on this sea- he would see hillsides covered with mountain encircled settlement. heath presenting a colourful scene to the eye. Among romantic visitors to this isle has This is not all, however. Continuing on his been Douglas Fairbanks in his palatial, mil­ way, he would come to a small creek—Miner's lion-dollar yacht "Caroline." The surrounding Creek—and following it to its source in the archipelago has infinite variety and charm hills, he would see a spring with fresh, spark­ and somehow "T.I." always leaves in one a ling water bubbling up out of the rock and longing to returnMILK. BY WEIGHT. around tie spring mossy banks, tall tree At Glenoirniston South—C i.s aEtheridge factory ,whic B.10h . ferns, and in appearance the same towering produces powdered milk. When we arrived bluegums. there, the dairymen were emptying the milk A few years ago hundreds of men were mining for the alluvial gold that was avail­ able at Steel's Creek. .Now most of the hun­ dreds of shafts arefilled i n and Nature is Page 60 THE OPEN DOOR

doing her best to conceal the scars by cover­ just as the sun was appearing over the dis­ ing them with ferns and creepers. tant Dandenongs. The sea was calm, so I After having stopped and seen some, if had no fear of being seasick. not all, of the scenic beauty that abounds at We had just put down the anchor, when I Steel's Creek, the traveller will feel that his felt a tug at my line, but on pulling it up, time was well spent, and even if he returned I found my bait gone. We did not stay in at another time he would find that the hills this place very long, for nobody caught a and the gullies still enchant one with their fish. So the anchor was pulled up, and we beauty. went out further. Here we had better luck. AN ENEMY FOR ONE HUNDRE—G. WatersD YEARS, A.2. . We had caught about two dozen flathead Although small and insignificant, what a when the man next to me struck violently. real enemy the rabbit has been to Australia I, of course, pulled up my line in case of get­ in herfirst hundre d years of development! ting it tangled. For aboutfifteen minute s he Singly, this little chap is harmless, but when played thatfish until it came to the surface, they are allowed to multiply, the damage where it was gaffed. It proved to be a done could not be estimated in mere pounds, gummy-shark, about four feet long. shillings and pence. At our dinner time, when the flathead Not realizing their folly, early settlers seemed to be taking a midday siesta, we saw introduced a few rabbits for hunting purposes about a dozen yellowtail break the surface. and. of course, allowed them freedom. The No sooner had they done so than hundreds of rapidity with which they have spread is small garfish jumped out of the water. About simply amazing. Within one year after arri­ two hours later, we saw another rather comi­ val, the vermin had spread from the Port cal incident. We were spinning, and the and in three years they were common in barracouta line was trailing in the water Phillip district as far as New South Wales behind the boat. I happened to look at the Queensland and South Australia. Just to give float, when I saw an angry swirl and the an idea of the rapidity with which they breed, float was gone. It was quite a while before the following is perhaps interesting. An early that 'couta knew he was trying to eat a piece pioneer, railizing the value of rabbit skins, of wood, and then he was not satisfied; so he decided to breed them in captivity. He built tried the bait. He was disgusted to find a hook in it, so he retained the hook and bit a large enclosure of about one hundred acres MAKING BEE HIVES. the line through. and introduced aboutfifty rabbits . Within Years ago bee-keepers considered any old one year, the rabbits numbered thousands and At about five o'clock we hauled up the casanchoe goor and enougd wenht tohom be emad wite hint ouo ra becatch—e hivea, most of them eventually escaped and spread but now they are compelled by regulations like wildfire. dozenflathead, nin e barracouta, three gummy tsharko havse ana dprope a dozer hiven cod. .Beehive s have become The rabbitskin industry is admittedly a standardised and they are turned out very large and valuable one, and the demand for quickly by factories. rabbiters, trappers, etc., tends greatly to When the timber is bought, it has to be offset unemployment. Another industry of planed to the right thickness, one edge being recent origin is that of freezing rabbits for cleaned up, on a buzzer or jointer. The next export. In my opinion one of the greatest thing to be done is to cut the boards into the sports possible is that of "rabbiting" as we right lengths, which is, of course, done on a country boys popularly call it. What a joy sawbench. The short lengths are then dove­ it is, after a hard day's walking, digging and tailed. This is done on a slotting machine, chopping, to return home and produce the four or five drunk saws making the cuts. spoils—"a good bag." The fact remains, When this is done the ends are rabbeted on however, that twenty rabbits eat approxi­ a shaping machine, again with a drunk saw mately as much grass as one sheep, and con­ or else knives. Lately a new rabbet has been sidering FISHINthe billionG ATs BEAUMARISthat infest Australia. , patented which is cut out by routers. theFoyr detracour day't greatlsfishing y from w eth ese tvalu oute aotf fivethe Hand holes are then put in, in both sides o'clocland.k in the morning. The journey was and ends. The box part is thenfinished. Top uneventfulIt is, I, knowand ,w eridiculou arriveds atto thcompare boatshee thde and bottom boards are then made for each advantages and disadvantages of the rabbit. box. Frames have then to be made for the It certainly has many advantages which, how­ hives. These consist of a top bar, bottom ever, in no way justifies its presence in our bar and two end bars. The end bars have land. four holes bored in them and the top bars —G. Gerrand. have a groove to hold the foundation sheet THE OPEN DOOR Page 61 on which the comb is built. The hole in the The beginner should buy a small kit and end bars are to take the wire which is build it; then he should invest in a larger threaded through them. The goods are then kit, until he has enough experience to build icked and sent away to all parts of the his own designed plane. At this stage he State. begins to experiment on air resistance, motive —A. Bailey, A.3. power, wing construction and propellor pitch. SCIENCE EXHIBITION. These cannot be determined except by study­ Some months ago at the Melbourne Univer­ ing a particular craft. He keeps on experi­ sity there was an exhibition of work done by menting until he has a good, reliable plane. students. In one part of the school there are Some of the records are: geographical exhibitions, rocks, corals, fos­ Monoplane—2 hrs. 3 mins. 5 secsv held by sils and diagrams to show what happens when U.S.A. there is an earth upheaval. Biplane—15 mins. 24 sees., held by England. Another part of the school shows the Pusher Planes—36 mins. 18 sees., held by Ger­ growth of small birds, reptiles and insects. many. To show tiny insects in water, they have a Glider—3 hrs 14 mins. 8 sees., held by U.S.A. large projector and special slides. _ They then These times are only approached after get water from a pond and put it into tHTs greaLACROSSt study ofE thTEAe scienceM A. T BALLARAT. small,flat, tank-lik e glass slide. This is then On the morning of Saturday—J., Andrews14th Septem, Al­. put into the projector and the insects moving ber, nineteen Swinburne lacrosse players col­ about are shown clearly on a large screen. lected. All were sorry that it had not been To show the growth of chickens, there was a school day, but, nevertheless, we were all an egg which had been chipped several days pleased that we had been selected to represent before the chicken hatched. Under a micro­ the school. At ten minutes to eight, an old scope the chicken could just be seen. It was charabanc rattled up. Most of us looked dis­ a little bigger than a match-head. It then appointed but, a few minutes later a stream­ went on to show the chicken each day until lined parlour car glided up to the kerb. We it was hatched. looked expectantly towards our large guar­ Another part of the exhibition showed the dian who smiled and told us to get in. The circulation of blood in a frog's webbed foot. car was nearly full, but just befoie it started, The frog's foot was placed under the lens of one of the smaller teachers at Swinburne hur­ a microscope projector and an enlargement ried along, looking anxiously around him. of the frog's foot was projected. It could be Upon seeing the car, he climbed with diffi­ seen very plainly, showing the blood stream. culty up the high step and sat down, On the screen it appeared as a broken red exhausted, in one of the large soft seats. line moving along in jerks. One of the most The car glided from the footpath, and after wonderful exhibits was a rabbit's heart. The a short while reached the long Ballarat road. heart had beeMGDEn takeL nPLANES from th. e rabbit and Soon after, the driver, in an effort to help the immediatelThis is ony eseale of thd eo nmos tot ainterestin glass tubeg .hobbie This passengers to enjoy themselves, switched on wathast suspendehas beedn frointroducem a stand intd oan moderd to keen pasp it­ the wireless. Unfortunately the road was beatintimes.g Noit twa onls ystimulate does itd develo withp wateran excellen. Thet not smooth enough, and so he had to turn it knowledgheart of ea orabbif aeronauticat beatinlg affairsof its, ow bunt iaccort is ad off again. The car then passed through a hobbwheny notot traiinsidn ete thh ehand rabbis fot rseeme accuratd queere work. . flat, wet and smelly area, the renowned Introduced into the United —BState. Moons of. Footscray. This flat country continued until America in 1908, it quickly spread to all we arrived at the foothills of the Great Divid­ civilized countries of the world. The war ing range of Victoria, where the scenery be­ interrupted the progress, and its popularity came very beautiful, with deep valleys with slumped. In 1921 it started again and is creeks winding through them, narrow winding now going ahead, in leaps and bounds. roads which descend to the bottom of them. The wood used to construct these small After climbing above this fairyland, one could aeroplanes is balsa, a wood, half the weight see miles of wonderful country in one wide, of cork. Although very light, it is strong. sweeping inspection. For covering the skeleton, the micro-film is After two hours we arrived in Ballarat, used, a new covering to combat air-resistance. where we had a good laugh at the trams. The Weight of this covering is negligible. We were informed by one of the residents that we would receive a drubbing in the after­ noon. The rest of the morning was spent mosirowingbny tmosmos o.ftt itThipartosf be sths dise oi fsatea coverethfineme olake sheedn witLak,t arheo fereed Wendouree watercompletels which, buty, Page 62 THE OPEN DOOR covered, but from some distance out from the position on the bridle. He then tried to drive, west bank to the shore they project several with the result that" the horse went where it feet above the surface. Round this bank of wanted. It pulled up at its feed box to enjoy the lake are the gardens. These are small a horse-laugh at our Towney. but they are well kept and have in them a —R. Hazzard, A3. number of beautiful statues. ARTHUR'S SEAT. The team was disheartened when we saw Although just off the main road to Sorrento, the opposing team, but we gave a good exhi­ Arthur's Seat does not receive a fraction of bition of lacrosse, although we were defeated. the patronage it should. Even before it was After the match some of the tourists went served by its present scenic roadway, one was back to the lake, while others went to the amply repaid for scaling its forbidding brow town; those who visited the main street were because of the delights on its crown. surprised to see branches of Coles' and After leaving Dromana behind, a steady Edments' stores, and a number of large climb gradually lays before you an ever fashionable shops. At 6.30 p.m. we enlarging panorama. On one hand, the pale assembled at the Town Hall, from where we blue of the shallows of Port Phillip lit by started our homeward journey. After travel­ myriads of tiny reflectors challenge you to ling a few miles it is possible to look back halt. Ahead, menacing scarps tower upward and see the whole city stretched out beneath towards the darker blue. Here the wise and to wonder at the size of it. Not long traveller pauses and after drinking in this after leaving Ballarat it became dark, and, as bliss casually looks back over his tracks. He it was no longer possible to admire the view, is wiser than he knew, for here there is a we indulged in the singing of popular songs. grander picture. Nestling into innumerable We soon tired of these songs and sang sea headlands are picturesque bays made a darker chanties, substituting a story about a certain blue by shadows of the frowning out-crops. Tarzan and his small friend for the original This is sufficient reward for deviating from words. After this we demanded of the tall the beaten track, but it is only a fraction of teacher and his tiny colleague a duet. This what may Be seen if you go forward. Bend was successful and was encored a few times. THE TOWNEY COMES TO THE after bend in the road presents fresh pic­ After two hours' travelling the car arrived tures, but you dare not stop for the pinches back at the city,COUNTRY where it disgorge. d its pas­ are steep here and the car might not start sengerThe strai whon pulle, tired dint ouo tth bue statiot happyn an, fledd a botoy again. Climbing steadily, you soon notice the theidresser respectivd in hise homesbest blu. e suit alighted. On wind begin whistling around your ears. At stepping on to the platform, h—He observe. Daveyd, tha Alt . last, you come to the last bend and the car his conveyance was scarcely what he had runs along more quickly, for you have reached expected. Instead of a sedan car, an old cart the plateau of the top. returned his gaze. He climbed in and the The earlier pictures seen from below merit horse promptly started off without the driver, another inspection, and the added height en­ with Master Townite clinging to the side. ables you to appreciate them even more, but The driver stood in the middle of the track since they are still in mind you now look and laughed. elsewhere. To the south is a long unbroken After proceeding for about one hundred horizon—the open sea! It is too far away yards, Little Lord Fauntleroy was again dis­ to show even movement, but clearly it moves, turbed. The side of the cart collapsed and judging by the white line of breakers con­ the poor unfortunate found himself lying on stantly breasting the coast from Nepean to his back on the road. Once more the driver the Schanck. Ever so slowly, ocean liners laughed. After these two incidents, the jour­ make for the miniature gap at the entrance ney was completed without any more diver­ of Port Phillip Bay. The distant view be­ sions. comes obscured by distance and we change Later in the afternoon, there was need to direction a few points to receive a further harness Dobbin to the cream waggon, and shock, for in the nearer distance there is an Towney showed his knowledge. He started immense expanse of water where no water off by putting the collar of the horse over ought to be. Consulting the handy dial the horse's head. Anybody who has anything erected for such as us, we learn that it is to do with horses will understand that it Western Port. To those who know its evil should go under its neck. He then put the shallows, distance lends enchantment to the horse's reins on to the hames, which is scene. Its placid bosom breathes repose. approximately one yard from the correct Truly Arthur's Seat is unique. Nowhere deviateelsyoramtrysidue a wilienod fbl th efrosunlifee eseen mStatl t,thmor anwateree decabeate athanss yosucannn u trackh drepairetrac undulatina —Beachcomber.brillian d e foyourgtr havin panostepcounsg­. THE OPEN DOOR Page 63

FILTRATIONS. could stop himself, he had fallen upon his There's a certain teacher named neck. In less than no time his pursuer was Whose methods of compo' you've seen on him and had rolled him on his back. With You think till you're frozen that he stood over the unfortunate prisoner What paragraph's to be chosen, and poured a nice warm, sticky cascade of Then you write for your life if you're keen. sago over his face, neck and hair. Soon there —D.P., A4. was only a little sago left in the bottom of A teacher giving a lesson on Economics the basin. referred to his suit as an evidence of the The luckless victim got up looking a picture complexity of modern effort, adding that a of sticky mirth. As he proceeded to his tent long time elapsed before he got the suit. his luckless twin brother took the basin of Droll Dobbyn (since gone to work) sug­ sago away to wash it, but on his way to the gested "The Lay-by System?" kitchen he tripped and fell with his face in —S.D., Al. the sago. With an exclamation of disgust, he Stunts: Get on the long distance list and threw the basin away, and, amidst a battery get out of Detention. of clicking cameras, proceeded to his tent Have a sore foot and get out of drill. with his brother, to emerge a couple of Be ill when the second exams, are on. minutes later, armed with soap and towel. Don't sign the Late List. —R. Spratling, Al. —A.P., A.l. (First prize—"Holiday Incident"). Mensuration Teacher: "What is the cubical SWINBURNE TECHNICAL COLLEGE content of this tin? Come on, now, there's Parents' and Citizens' Guild. nothing in it." In July, 1934, with the consent of the ON CANNIBAL ISLE. —R.P., C2. College Council, a public meeting was held After shooting a few lions, tigers, etc., my in the School Hall, to enable the parents and companions and I decided to go hunting for guardians of the scholars attending Swin­ elephants. Off we went into the denser under­ burne College to form themselves into a pro­ growth. Suddenly I heard a rustling sound. perly constituted body for the purpose of I peered through the rushes. A dark feathered providing additional benefits for the students. head appeared, to be followed by others. The meeting heartily approved the pro­ Wondering what to do, I asked my mate posal, the Swinburne Technical College P. for his cigarette lighter in order to startle and C. Guild was duly formed, the necessary the poor savages. As the dark figures came executive officers, together with a working closer, Iflicked it , but to my horror it did not committee, were elected, and a formal con­ act. Beads of sweat rolled down my cheeks. stitution, setting for the aims and objects of It was a terrible predicament to be in. the guild, was adopted. Quietly one of the darkies held out a The guild has held a number of social func­ cigarette lighter and said: "Pray use mine." tions, of which their monthly dance is meet­ —B. Gordon, B3. ing with considerable success and next year it is proposed to further exploit this source SAGO. of revenue. Sago is quite harmless providing it is not On the expenditure side the guild's policy cooked in camp. The little scene concerning is one of caution. A soundfinancial positio n sago about to be related took place in the before launching out on any extensive scheme 1st H—— camp at the recent jamboree. being their objective. At a certain patrol kitchen, at dinner time, Last year the guild provided a sum of things were not going too smoothly. The din­ £3/3/ as a contribution to the cost of trophies ner had not been cooked very well and the for the annual sports meeting. This year sago being burnt a little was not, to say the it has provided two bursaries, each of the least very tasty. value of £6 per annum, to be awarded to the Suddenly an uncomplimentary remark was best boy and girl from their respective junior passed across the table to N- , a former schools. student of this school, by R , also a These bursaries are to be added to and former student. N instantly challenged form part of, the free tuition scholarships R to repeat the remark. This he did, at awarded by the College Council. the same time dashing off at full speed. In addition, the guild provides interesting N . snatched the dish of sago and dashed and instructive; addresses by prominent citi­ off in hot pursuit. zens and representatives of commercial indus­ But luck was not with R . A nasty root trial companies. No charge for admittance of a tree suddenly, it seemed, rose out of the is made at these meeting and it is hoped that ground in front of his feet and, before he when they become better known, these will become popular with both parents and students. Page 64 THE OPEN DOOR

The * next quarterly meeting is to be held may be made at St. John Ambulance Rooms. on Tuesday, November 12, when an interest­ Jessie finds the practical side of the course ing "Travel Talk" will be given by Mrs. Wat­ very interesting and it will no doubt be a son-Robertson. great help when she is away ski-ing. The fullest support by the parents and Elizabeth Lardner, better known to us as guardians is desired by the guild. Betty, was another of the group and she told J. G. Brown, Hon.' Secretary. us that she fills in her spare hours from household duties in the home in working for the Brownie Section of the Girl Guide move­ ment. At the recent Scout Jamboree she had charge of an indoor camp in Canterbury. These Guides were from the country and had a very busy time during the Jamboree. On the Brownie day of the Jamboree, Betty was in charge of the Brownie Greeting to Lord and Lady Baden-Powell. Betty's work lies chiefly in the training of INTERVIEW WITH Brownie Guiders, sometimes being sent to EX-STUDENTS. train girls in Tasmanian and Victorian coun­ It was a very happy occasion when a group try centres. Whilst in the country Betty has of girls met at the home of one of the mis­ a chance to further her interest in golf and tresses. Reminiscences were indulged in and riding, two sports of which she is particularly it was interesting to find that Elaine Grin- fond. drod had taken up Truby King Nursing, after The aim of the movement is service to the doing several years at orchestral work. She community with the object of training the suddenly realised that this type of work was children to be healthy, intelligent citizens. particularly interesting and trained at the In this branch of work the technical training Tweedle Hospital. When training, the day's at Swinburne has been of very great assis­ work is strenuous, beginning at 6 o'clock and tance. working the usual eight hours, with a fort­ It was very hard to recognize in the tall, night's leave at the end of six months to slim young lady the little Florence McDonald compensate for the absence of days off dur­ of school days. How we used to revel in her ing that period. Unlike general hospital recitations and Scotch dancing. We lost sight training a premium must be paid. It is a of her for a few years when she went on to 12 months' course, at the end of which the Methodist Ladies' College, but her in­ trainees are expected to sit for an examina­ terests have always been loyal to Swinburne, tion. Elaine had to give a short lecturette on and she is now on the staff of the State Sav­ teeth during her examination, which she ings Bank at their head office. passed with credit. This training enables a The Dramatic Society of the bank forms a Truby King nurse to take cases in any part social interest for the staff and Florence has of the British Empire. The minimum fee on several occasions had parts in their pro­ received when taking a case is £2/2/. Some ductions as well as with the Old Collegians' of the cases Elaine has been on have been Dramatic Society. particularly interesting, and there are times Last but not least was Phyllis Bailey, who when the mother requires treatment for the has also taken up a business career in the benefit of the baby and also the baby being Temperance and General Assurance Society. handed over to the complete control of the She holds a responsible position in the Actua­ nurse. rial department, doing statistical work and a This course is very popular and at present lot of credit is due to Phyllis's hard work. there is a long waiting list at the Tweedle During her leisure and especially in the Hospital. Elaine has been through and summer, Phyllis swims and plays tennis. taking cases for twelve months. AReadin FEWg IMPRESSIONtoofills i n heSr OsparF NEe timW eZEALAN when shDe Jessie Tobias related how she varied her is Aftenot rmakin spending usge onearlf they verfivey excellenyears itn train New­ business career at the Temperance and Gene­ ing at Swinburne as regards dressmaking. Zealand, the "Wonderland of the Pacific," I ral Assurance Company by doing home nurs­ feel that I would like to analyse some of my ing andfirst aid in her spare time, and will impressions of this truly wonderful country, soon, have completed her course to qualify for which probably possesses some of the world's a V.A.D. (With war in progress we hope finest and most beautiful tourist resorts. Jessie will not be tempted to give her ser­ The Maoris have their own name for New vices to the Abyssinians). Lectures are held fortnightly and these are given by a medical practitioner. Classes are arranged according to the demand in the district and enquiries THE OPEN DOOR Page 65

Zealand. They call it Aotearoa, which means "where a people primeval is vanishing fast "The Land of the Long White Cloud." Nature with its fables and ways of the past." has generously bestowed upon this small coun­ During my stay in Rotorua, I was amazed try an abundance of beautiful lakes, bush at the weirdness of the whole place. Every­ clad mountains, sparkling streams, lovely thing ssemed to be alive. All around were harbours and beaches; thermal wonders, steaming vents and cracks in the earth, and dense forests full of bird-life; glow-worm the air smelt strongly of sulphur. Just out­ caves, and numerous other scenic beauties side the township itself was a small village, which would take a large book to describe Whakarewarewa. dotted about with queer fully. All these assets give New Zealand a little houses, which the Maoris call "whares" charm which seems to draw back, irresistably, (pronounced "phorries"). On the verandahs those who have wandered through her en­ of most of these small homes, sat Maori chanted forests and known the glory of her women, happily smoking pipes and weaving bays and hills. baskets and mats from brightly coloured flax.

GIRLS' J.T.S., 1935.

Rotorua, in the North Island, is, I think, All along the sides of the pathways the most outstanding place in the whole throughout Whakarewarewa, were small fis­ country for strange and wonderful scenery. sures in the earth, steaming and emitting The town itself nestles picturesquely amongst weird rumbling sounds from beneath. The bush-clothed hills, and is surrounded by large ground was quite warm, and in places, seemed lakes. In 1883, a book entitled "Ranolf and just a steaming crust of earth. Here also Amohia," written by Alfred Domett, was pub­ were innumerable geysers, boiling springs of lished in New Zealand, which introduces the water, jets of steam and boiling mud holes "Geyserland" of Rotorua. In this book, the scattered through the valley for a distance of reader is invited to "rove in a land where about a mile. Amongst the geysers was the fanciful fountains are raining swift brilliants Pohutu Geyser, the highest in New Zealand, of boiling and beautiful spray"; a land the water rising to a hefght of over 900 feet. Rage 66 THE OPEN DOOR

;The water in these geysers is mostly at a horrors, and there are not many people who temperature of four degrees above boiling will venture to this weird and wonderful point. place. The boiling mud-holes were also very But for all this, a holiday in New Zealand weird, bubbling and spluttering continuously. would never be regretted by anyone, and I Each pool of grey, seething mud has its own am quite sure, could not be surpassed for particular name which it represented realis­ variety throughout the whole world. tically, such as: Poached Eggs, Whipped —Alma N. Harvey, Ex.-G.J.S. Cream, Porridge Pot, Cat's Tyes and Gramo­ phone Records. At one place there was the THE SUNNY SIDE OF THE SHOW. Campagne Pool, a bubbling, foamy mass of boiling water. By "Cumquat." A few of the lakes around Rotorua were You've missed a fascinating experience if quite hot and steaming. I was amazed to see you've never seen Show-life from the inside— a hot lake right beside a cold one, in some 1 mean if you've never had the privilege of cases the same lake being hot one side and being a stallholder. For a ten-days' tonic cold the other. The most beautiful of the lakes treatment I'd recommend it to anyone posses­ were the BIUJ and Green Lakes at Wairoa, a sed of a sense of humour, a good vocal organ few miles from the township. Wairoa is and a pair of excellent feet. called the "buried village"—the whole village For at the Royal Show you catch people in having been buried in the eruption of Mount their ungualded moments; you talk to pros­ Tarawera in 1886. Tika-tapu, the Blue Lake, perous—and unprosperous—farmers, to keen is a perfect gem of blue, rimmed around with and blunt business men. You reassure anxious native bush and tree ferns. The reflections, mothers, you point out prizewinning efforts to when the water is calm, are magnificent. proud parents, you tell visitors from the Separated only by a narrow ridge, the Green countiy the best shows to see, and you see, I Lake, Roto-kakahi, offers a sharp contrast in suppose, every genus of that most interesting colour, being a dull sage green. The blue lake creature—the small boy. is more than half a mile deep and contains For weeks and months the preparations pure diinking water, whilst the green lake have been made for the biggest event of the is 50 feet deep and is used mainly for boating year—and as Show time draws nearer there and fishing. is a feverish bustle about everything and the Not far from the Blue and Green lakes was Flemington Road is an endless piocession ,of the Lake Tarawera, nine miles long. Alto­ loaded trucks and cars, mingled with the gether, Rotorua possesses 15 lakes and 19 cattle and sheep from the saleyards and the rivers. Every lake has its own particular great crated lorries carrying some potential type of beauty, either in colour, size or sur­ champions to the Showgrounds. rounding bush-clad hills. The trip through At the grounds there is an incessant ham­ from Rotorua to Wairoa is an epic of river, mering, canvas awnings are being erected, valley and mountain scenery unsurpassed in flags hoisted, cars are being driven to their the world. positions in the stands, the whole place is One of the most picturesque spots in Roto­ simmering with activity. rua was the Fairv Springs. A crystal clear Everyone is very cheerful very optimistic spring gushes from the base of Mount Ngon- —and it's going to be a record Show. gotaha, and is surrounded by beautiful native Order emerges out of chaos and the open­ shiubs and tree ferns. In the translucent ing day dawns, well—fairly brightly. There depths of the pool can be seen hundreds of aren't many people in the halls thefirst fe w rainbow-tinted trout. Many of the fish in days—these are mainly judging days, and we this spring are so tame that they will eat have time to walk round and inspect every­ out of the hand. At night, the spring is lit thing we haven't seen—and look at the electrically and presents a fairy-like ap­ animals. The champions look very superior, pearance, while underneath the fern-clad but some of the bulls eye us with suspicion, bankis, myriads of glow-worms lend their so we hurriedly make ourselves scarce, and lustre to the general effect. walk round to the sideshows. Perhaps the most weird place in the world Here we are greeted with open arms by is Tikitere, just outside Wairoa. It is called some of the Show people who were, like our­ "Hell's Gate." and the name is very well selves, at last year's Centenary Show. They deserved. Here are sights, sounds and smells have travelled overland fiom the Adelaide which might well come from the bottomless Show and are just settling in prior to their pit. The earth can be felt trembling under­ big effort next week, which has to tide them foot, and, as a certain writer puts it, "tremb­ a month or so until their next Show. ling with the tremendous energy which His They're a peculiar crowd, these wanderers, Satanic Majesty develops down in his own culled from all over the world—if you can domain." Tikitere is said to be the only place believe all they say. We are a little incredu- in the world where one can buy a return ticket from Hell. Certainly it is a place of THE OPEN DOOR Page 67 lous however, in the face of the following And so it goes on, the laughing, happy, incident. carefree side of the Show, until the last day, To attract attention to their show, one par­ when we stagger into the train amongst eats ticular troupe gives a "free performance" on and dogs and perspiring people, and with a platform outside. On Thursday—Show Day genuine regret say good-bye to the Show for —we happened to hear the crowd being intro­ another year. duced to "Cherie, a little French girl—cannot speak a word of English." The illusion, for OLD COLLEGIANS. us anyway, was rather spoiled by the fact A final reunion for 1935 will be held on that on the previous night, after the public Tuesday evening, the 19th November, when had left the Showgrounds, we had been thril­ Old Collegians will meet for the third occa­ led by the sight of a strong man—the sion this year. wrestler in the show, incidentally,flying from A novelty evening has been arranged by an irate "Cherie" who, blandishing an axe members of the committee—Misses Elva was addressing him in—well, I've never heard Mathers and Coralie Buckle, joint secretaries; it called French, anyway. Misses Nathalie Steele, Elva Rodgers, Alison Although our stand is an exhibition one Bremner, Molly Givens, Pean Ferguson, Beryl only, periodically we distribute blotting paper Arms, Laurie Powell and Dorothy Dean. to the children. I suppose news travels Election of office-bearers for the forthcom­ quickly amongst small boys, because in two ing year will take place during the evening, minutes we have clamouring hordes around so all past students are asked to attend this us. After being clutched for five minutes by function. hot, sticky hands, we become desperate and THE LIFE OF A DIVER. something like the following conversation There are many people who do this work, ensues: the Japanese and Fijians being among them. "No, boys, please. This is the girls' turn." The people who do the diving work live apart While one pert specimen exclaims gleefully: from the white races, as their mode of living "Aw, gee, miss, please!" is different. They usually die, for being con­ "Oo, youfibber, yo u just gave me one!" stants in the water shortens their lives. They Wishing for a club, you say scathingly: have their own cemetery, where hundreds of "Well, you look a bit of a sissy, don't tiny, neatly kept graves are. Each year a you?" pilgrimage is made to the cemetery to make And victory is yours. offerings. After much wailing and weeping, At this stage you catch the eye of the the family sits down and eats. This feasting friendly policeman and look appealing. He ma" take from three to five days. Round coughs importantly and advances with his Australia the diving is usually done in a martial tread—in two minutes the boys have diving suit, but in the islands the natives don vanished as quickly as they came. a pair of water-tight glasses, and drop over­ When you have been answering polite and board like a black stone to the sea floor. impolite inquiries all day, you can't but won­ These natives can only stay under Water for der at the unfailing good temper and voice about twenty minutes, and usually die of of the sample girl. burst lungs. Owing to sleeping on deck, they She is a vital part of the Show; it would often get moonstruck. be dead without her, and certainly her charm­ The diving suit, which is composed mostly ing face and attractive uniform do much to of rubber has to be handled with the greatest add to the glamour of it. She is a good of care to keep it perfectly watertight. The saleswoman, and she is cunning. In the morn­ full equipment weighs from 170-200 pounds. ing she concentrates on the small boys. It consists of a helmet weighing 20 pounds, Money burns holes in the pockets of the two lead boots, each weighing 50 pounds, also young and they spend early. It's no hard­ a front and back plate, each weighing 50 ship for them to carry T-ound piles of sample nounds. Under water the diver can walk bags. They love it and the more the better. along quite easily, but on land he can hardly They are fascinated by the cry: "Sixteen. Fft his feet. His suit isfirst put on, then samples for one shilling," and grubby hands the helmet, with the ear and face "ieces of grope in diminutive pockets and anxiously glass which are next. Great care is taken of make sure that thev've enough to see them this glass, for owing to its being an inch home. thick, makes a sardine look like a shark. An But the women are a different proposition. air-valve which a diver must learn to use, as They?re cautious and need a little persuasion. it controls his life under the water, is in the "Fifteen samples for one shilling madam. helmet. If a diver is attacked he can slip his Fifteen—no, sixteen to you, madam! Well, hands under his breast plate, release his air- Task you, what woman can resist that! valve and cover himself with bubbles, or fight with the knife that is given to him. A life- Page 68 THE OPEN DOOR line is tied round his waist and held by a rays over the flying sails and flooding the person in the lugger, which is a flat-bottomed peaceful scene with entrancing glory? boat that is specially built for this type of —R. Middleton, Al. work. The position of the diver is told by the life-line and the holder knows when to haul DINING AT THE COLLEGE. up, by the weight on the end. On entering the dining hall at Swinburne There is one type of diving suit in which Technical College one sees the teacher in a diver has no communication with the land. charge and her schoolgirl assistants all A rope ladder is thrown over the side of the dressed in white uniforms, which look very boat, and the boat is anchored in position much nicer than if they were of different it was in when the diver went overboard. He colours. has no life-line nor air-tube. The valve in We cast our eyes around and notice there the helmet takes the air from the sea. are four tables on which are immaculate Divers are very patriotic to each other, and tablecloths. What attracts the attention of if one sees another in danger, he will go to the patrons is the careful way the table is help him. The greatest danger of the diver laid. This adds to the attractiveness of the is the octopus, clam, shark paralysis, and the surroundings. sea floor. On taking your seat, before you is a Menu The octopus hides in a rocky cleft and when stating the good things which these girls he hears a sound he runs one of his tenacles have cooked and provided to tempt the appe­ round. If a diver is caught he usually does tite. Generally there are three kinds of soup, not escape, but he sometimes kills the animal. meat, vegetables and sweets, a cup of tea The clam has a shell which weighs about being provided as well. 2 cwt. A diver can be walking along when Schoolgirl waitresses with serviettes over the shell closes and his foot is caught, making their right arms give quite an atmosphere of his escape hopeless. a well-ordered hotel. The skill with which The shark is easily frightened, but he is these children attend to the requirements of particularly inquisitive. He may get tangled the patrons is indicative of the excellence of up with the life-line or the air-tube, when the the training they receive from a departmental only way to be released is to dismantle the teacher. Some lucky person will one day be suit, and swim to the top. To frighten a grateful that the Education Department has shark, just release the air-valve and make establisheA NIGHd thiTs coursSPENeT foOrN girls A .BOAT To. know the bubbles come fast. theI ncorrec the tafternoon way to ,coo Fatherk an,d Motheserve rfood an,d i sth ae Paralysis is a terrible affliction which still familygreat ,facto witrh ian thfeew comfor friendst ,o farrive a homed .o n the has to be overcome. It is caused by the boat, prepared forfishing, —Bettan yd alsClarkeo to, BITsta.y diver not being able to use his air-valve. It on board for the night. We hadfishing rods attacks the upper part of the bodyfirst. The and blankets everywhere, but at last we were sufferer goes T>lue in the face and foams at all ready and everything was put away. the mouth. Often the diver is not able to As we set off we were all in a delightfully help himself and so rises to the top. Once happy mood, and for those who had never a diver gets this complaint the longest time been before on one of these excursions, there he can stay alive in this suit is three minutes. was a great deal of mystery attached to the When he is disrobed, he must be warmed and arrangement of everything. more pure air given to him. Under water Our destination was reached very late in they get enough oxygen and nitrogen to keep the afternoon, and everyone prepared to them alive while they are diving. The pres­ catch fish. Most hopes were sadly shattered, sure under water is from 60-100 pounds to the only a few catching any. The novices suc­ square inch, depending upon the depth. ceeded in thoroughly tying their line in knots, The sea floor is exactly the same as the and from these difficulties they would have land. Hills, valleys, pot-holes, undergrowth to be rescued. and trees, make a pretty picture with the As the sun was setting in a glorious crim­ colours that are thrown upon them by the re­ son sky, we decided to prepare tea. The flection of the sun on the water. Primus was lit, the water put on to boil, and When a diver goes down, a wire basket in the sausages to fry. Prior to this a rough which he puts the shells goes over the side sea had sprung up. and the frying pan con­ of the boat. He can tell a shell with a pearl taining the sausages was seized just in time in it. as it has a little lump showing on the to save it from flying on to the floor. outside. The change caused our cook to become settinlyinidemandthcommissios eAlthougBefora g danger prettiego snebehin aanha s rcertaipearlino gentl divednaheasigh ththemreyntd pearlgentermovinsutha oha,f m nssheddinhim s o itghundredanfint s. dseamoneseriou othH g,ae wity sshellit alsscontracbecaus oshsidef o . thcrimsolugger get,e twhae s suho afenst n THE OPEN DOOR Page 69 slightly sick, and we had to allow someone made on a loom, the picture being of different else to take over her duties. The result was coloured threads woven into a fabric. This that the tea was hardly edible, but being craft is still being carried on. hungry we did not notice this until some tea Tapestry embroidery is different from was made. As this was handed to us we tapestry as the foundation is a fine canvas thought of a delightful warm drink. Our on which the designs are embroidered by hopes were dashed when we tasted the cold, hand with fine stitches. The design part is watery mixture, and we all declared firmly usually worked in cross-stitch or half-cross that we had been poisoned. This tea went or tenth stitch, the last two being similar but overboard when the cook was not looking. the background as a rule is done in long and Tea finished, and everything cleaned, short stitch. Few tools are needed for em­ washed and put away, we went outside. By broidered tapestry making. Large pieces of this time the sky was quite dark, and gradu­ work are easier if stretched lightly on an ally the stars began to come out. embroidery frame. With our lines out once more we sat in Tapestry is pleasant and interesting work, the cool darkness in complete silence for half and also it is useful in home decoration, and an hour; then thefirst fish wa s caught. As personal effects. it was being hauled to the top, there was a —Olive Allan. good deal of guessing as to how big it was. AN HYDRAULIC SLUICE. When the spotlight was put on it, it turned During my last term holiday I was fortu­ out to be a large twenty-pound schnapper, nate enough to see a suicing plant at a mine. which was landed, midst much excitement. Sluicing always takes place at the bed of a This seemed to start the evening and from creek. The water is first dammed up, leav­ thence onward great rivalry existed amongst ing the bed of the creek as dry as possible. the party as to who had the greatest catch. After this isfinished, lon g pipes are carried Often when the line was pulled up the bait from a dam, which is built about one or two was covered" with green phosphorus, which miles away from the creek, to the dry bed. shone and glittered in the darkness. The object of this pipe line is to carry the When we were all tired out we went to water to the bed, and wash the earth from bed, and were lulled to sleep by the gentle the banks into a hole about 7 ft. deep. rocking of the boat, and the lapping of the An hydraulic plant then draws this earth water against its sides. up through a pipe to thefiltration boxes . Quite early—at half past four—we arose, These boxes are covered with hessian, and and ventured outside. It was cold and dark, treated with chemicals. As the earth passes but we were soon used to this, andfished until over this, the gold remains on the hessian the sun rose and the whole bay seemed to in the boxes, and the residue of the earth become alive with thefirst pale rays of light. falls down a shute. It lodges in a heap at the About this time the water lashed itself into bottom and is then carted away. a small fury, and at last we had to leave. This plant is very fascinating to watch, The trip back was quite thrilling; we were and, although a costly construction, should by all covered in spray very soon, but as we its effectiveness soon pay for itself. —Olive Jackson, B3. neared our anchorage in calmer waters the IN THE LAND OF SUNNY ITALY. journey became quieter than before, as did our spirits. From Naples to Rome. Mooring the boat is not the least exciting It seemed hardly credible that at last our of experiences. . The shouting andflinging o f ship had anchored in the glass-like, azure arms when one misses the moorings with the surface of that beautiful bay of Naples. boat hook, makes the women of the party As we stood on deck we gazed at the scene wish they could show them how to do it. which lay before us. The town of Naples However, one maintains a discreet silence, seemed to be nestling around the harbour in and after going around again, this time with a neighbourly and cosy fashion; while in the more success as the moorings are hauled on background there loomed the stately Vesu­ board and the boat made fast. All that re­ vius—that mount which has caused Pompeii, maineAd FEwasW toWORD dividSe OthNe fish,TAPESTRY and i.t was Herculaneum and other grand cities of by­ with pride that the new chums carried ashore gone days to be buried for hundreds of years Tapestry differs from embroidery as the their catch. beneath the earth's surface. It seemed as design is woven into the material, whereas All voted it a truly wonderful trip. though this volcano was determined that the embroidery is the art of ornamenting woven —Beryl Crouch. massive buildings and temples should be for­ fabric into designs in needlework. gotten by the human race. Tapestry was practised in 1450 B.C. It is We spent several days seeing the beauties and wonders of this charming Mediterranean Page 70 THE OPEN DOOR

port, and when our train was dashing across (loose stone found in the inland). In these country, river and mount we knew that the places, it is difficult for the doctor's plane saying of "See Naples and die," was indeed to land. very true. In many of the homes in the out-back there Everywhere little red and white farmhouses are children, and if there are a number of dotted the countryside; field upon field of children living at a reasonable distance away ripe corn rose into view and mingling with from each other there is a school, but if there the vineyards and Cyprus hedges and trees, are only a few children they learn their les­ formed the landscape for our train journey to sons by correspondence from a teacher miles Rome. away. The mailman comes about once in Roma! Roma! Everywhere the monotonous six or seven weeks. Mother sees that the cry of the porters pierced the sharp, chilly children do some of the lessons each day and air. We were indeed in Rome, at 11.30 p.m.; not all on the day before the mail goes back. we discovered our hotel and settled down We can imagine what an important thing to what remained of a night's sleep. wireless is in these places. Broadcast re­ We spent six happy days outside the walls ception on an ordinary set is not satisfactory of Rome, and on the seventh day we saw St. owing to the static and difficulty in keeping Peter's, the greatest church in Christendom. the batteries charged. The dome of this vast building was painted But the A.I.M., after many years of re­ b" Michael Angelo himself; there is no won­ search, has developed a set which overcomes der that St. Peter's is so beautiful, for every­ all local difficulties. The receiving part re­ where there is art and beauty—that which quires dry batteries, which are specially de­ has inspired many an artist to create great signed; the sending part depends for power pictures and characters, those that will never on a generator worked by bicycle pedals. By die, no matter how long ago their masters means of these sets the people can keep in existed. touch with the central wireless station at And it is with a sigh and perhaps a tear Cloncurry, and through it, with the rest of that we depart from the majestic grandeur the world. of "The Eternal City," where the Tiber has The messages are received in the speaking witnessed many a Christian being led to voice, but messages sent out have to be in death, as also many a triumphant victory. Morse code. The people do not have to learn THE FLYING DOCTOR'—HilarS SERVICESy Logan,. B3. the morse code, as there is an automatic key­ Last week we had a very interesting board transmitter, just like a typewriter, visitor. He was Doctor Allan Vickers, of the which sends the proper dots and dashes when Australian Aerial Medical Services. My the right letter is pressed. father brought him home to dinner and he There are thirty sets "working" Cloncurry, entertained us with descriptions of some of which isfluite a busy station and it employs his very interesting and exciting experiences two operators. In one year 10,000 messages in the outback districts as the Flying Doctor. were passed through. Those for the inland Victoria has no need of a Flying Doctor are received by telegram and telephone and really, because everyone is within a reason­ sent on by wireless; those from the inland able distance of a doctor or a hospital. So are received by wireless andfinish thei r jour­ the Victorian people are helping those at ney by telegraph wires. Cloncurry, and also to set up a base at Port The sets are mainly used for the Flying Hedland, and supplying a Fox Moth aerial Doctor, but as no one needs a doctor every ambulance for the use of Dr. Cato at Wynd- day, they are used for ordinary news. ham, for the Kimberley district. The Cloncurry doctor covers a wide area, In one year the Flying Doctor at Cloncurry, but there are other areas in the out-back Dr. Allan Vickers, made 45 trips, visited 21 where the need is just as great. Four Flying different centres and flew a distance of 18,000 Doctors will be required to deal with them miles over an area of the same size as New all. South Wales. Besides these visits, he gave The Australian Aerial Medical Services advice to the distant centres 73 times, includ­ (Victorian Section) has arranged for the next ing 26 times by wireless. Flying Doctor to work from Wyndham to Nearly all the patients he visited were cover the Kimberley district as far as the children, and the advice given over the air Victoria River Downs, Wane Hill, Hall's nearly always concerned sick children. Creek, Tamani. There are towns in the inland that only Up till now the only way to get medical consist of an hotel, store and police station, attention for a sick person in the Kimberley and are often miles and miles from a real district has been to send him to Broome by town. The roads are bush tracks, winding boat which takes about four or five days in through scrub or across wide gibber plains fine weather and longer in stormy weather. What a blessing the Flying Doctors bring to those and other lonely districts! —Nancy Searle. THE OPEN DOOR Page 71

A VISIT TO THE "ARGUS" OFFICE. paper is placed over one roll and under an­ Organized haste may best describe the in­ other so rs to get the print on both pages. tricate series of operations which follow each The circles revolve and the paper rushes head­ other within the space of a few hours, to long down to the bottom of the machine, produce the perfect daily newspaper. Before where it is cut and folded into its respective a newspaper can be placed in the hands of its pages. The paper used in a 40-page issue readers it must have had the touch of hun­ of "The Argus" would reach almost from dreds of trained men, and the mechanical aid Melbourne to Sydney, the paper being 38J of many complicated contrivances. inches in width. Men check, trim, pack and Thefirst place of interest was the compos­ then the cars deliver the papers to the news­ ing rooms, where all the advertisements and agents of different cities and suburbs, who printing are roughly drawn out and sent to sell them to people, who read and then dis­ the men on the linotype machines. There are card them, never dreaming of the work in­ 45 of these machines and a different machine volved in their preparation. is wanted for each different size of type to —Betty Gilmore, A.l. be used. Here there are brass keys with each letter Yes, I knew them both as boys. One was of the alphabet sunken in brass. As the smart and clever, but very idle. The other operator presses a key the letter block slips was slow but industrious. As you may down onto a quickly revolving belt. The imagine, the slow one was never too slow to spaces between the letters are formed by learn. So it soon became obvious that Smart pieces of metal slipping down between each Alec was getting left behind in the struggle word. The lines are held tightly together and for success in life. molten metal, made of iron, lead and anti­ But alas, the industrious one came to a mony, is pushed against its face, thus leaving time when his reserves in energy were spent. an impression in the molten metal. The mol­ And so he died and left a widow to mourn ten metal is thrust into a pot kept at a fixed him. He also left £60,000. temperature and then cooled by water, trim­ There is no moral in this sad tale, but med, andfinally turne d out afinished line for you might like to know that Smart Alec is printing. going to marry the widow. When each line is separate, men are em­ cb cfo cfc ployed to fit the line into a frame the size Just a Little Misunderstanding. of each page, called a chase, which is then Clergyman, to wife of Village Handyman: put on a trolly and taken to a Winkler auto­ "Is your husband doing anything to-day?" matic matrix moulding press. The chase was Wife: "Well, sir he did say something placed on a slab, and over it was placed a about the 3.30, but I don't just remember the pad formed of alternate layers of blotting name." paper and tissue paper glued together to form cfe

M LONSDALE 5TREET MELBOURNE