need to protect the Antarctic as much as possible monitoring system. Baseline soils and other materials, from contamination. Antarctic pristinity, at least in properly stored, provide a valuable background for terms of bacterial flora, is certainly suspect in some this study (Cameron and Conrow, 1968). These ma- areas, especially where people have been present. terials also are invaluable in establishing reserve Aerial, soil, and aquatic microorganisms should be materials for later comparison with any possible monitored, perhaps by automated, remote, biological microorganisms found in an extraterrestrial environ- and ecological monitoring stations tied to the global ment such as Mars. If microbial life forms are found on Mars, it may be extremely important to be able to differentiate between indigenous life forms and Table 1 (concluded). possible contaminating life forms that may have sur- vived the spaceborne trip to Mars. Antarctic species Nonantarctic habitats Micrococcus caseolyticus milk, dairy utensils, especially cheese References Micrococcus conglomeratus infections, dairy products, water Breed, R. W., E. G. D. Murray, and N. R. Smith et al. Micrococcus flavus skin glands, secretions, dairy 1957. Bergeys Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, products Seventh Edition. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore. .Micrococcus freudenreichii milk, dairy utensils, 1094 pp. Micrococus luteus milk, dairy utensils and dust Cameron, R. E. In press. Aerobiology of the antarctic ter- particles restrial ecosystem. Proceedings of Workshop/ Conference Mirococcus roseus widespread—dust I. Ecological Systems Approach to Aerobiology, U.S/Inter- Micrococcus rubens natural and artificial brines national Biological Program Aerobiology Program. Hand- Mycococcus luteus isolates from soil (infre- book No. 2 (W. Benninghoff and R. Edmonds, eds.). quently found in soil) University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Mycococcus ruber isolated from soil—Yershovo Cameron, R. E. 1971. Antarctic soil microbial and ecological Station, Russia (infre- investigations. In: Research in the Antarctic, L. Quam quently found in soil) and H. D. Porter, editors. Washington, D. C., American Nocardia albicans soil Association for the Advancement of Science. Publication, pseudomonas fragi soil and water—widely No. 93. p. 137-189. distributed in nature Cameron, R. E., and H. P. Conrow. 1968. Antarctic simu- lator for soil storage and processing. Antarctic Journal of organisms found in air samples but not in soil samples. the U.S., 111(5): 219-221. Horowitz, N. H., R. E. Cameron, and J . S. Hubbard. 1972. Microbiology of the dry valleys of . Science, 176: Table 2. Summary of numbers of bacterial genera isolated 242-245. from soil and air of the Antarctic Continent. Johnson, R. M., and B. Holaday. 1970. Physiology of desert General Location of Collected Isolants bacteria. Bacteriology Proceedings Abstracts for 1970. p. 41. Bacteria genera Coast of Morelli, F. A., R. E. Cameron, D. R. Gensel, and L. P. McMurdo Dry Randall. 1972. Monitoring of antarctic dry valley drilling valleys2 Interior Peninsula4 Sound sites. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., VII (4) : 92-94. Soil Air Soil Air Soil Air Soil Air Parker, B. C. (ed.). 1972. Proceedings of the Colloquium Achro,nobacter 2 4 2 on Conservation Problems in Antarctica. Lawrence, Kansas, Art hro bacter 8 2 42 2 4 1 10 2 Allen Press, Inc. 356 p. Bacillus 2 1 12 17 1 5 Brevibacterium 1 15 2 1 Corynebacterium 13 2 52 5 3 1 Cytophaga 1 Flavobacterium 3 1 1 Micrococcus 5 1 15 7 1 3 2 1 Paleoclimatology of the southern ocean Mycococcus 1 1 1 Nocardia 2 6 LAWRENCE A. FRAKES Pseudomonas 1 Streptornyces 3 7 2 1 Department of Geology Florida State University McMurdo Station, , Romanes Beach, Marble Point, Brown Peninsula. For the past year, research in the Antarctic Marine 2 Arena Valley, Beacon Valley, Turnabout Valley, "No Geology Research Facility, Florida State University, Name Valley" (unofficial), Taylor Valley, Pearse Valley, has been aimed primarily toward understanding Asgard Range (Conrow Valley, David Valley, King Valley, Matterhorn Valley), Wright Valley, Bull Pass, McKelvey, oceanographic and atmospheric influences on past Valley, Balham Valley, Barwick Valley, Olympus Range, climates. The materials have been bottom sediments Victoria Valley, and Wheeler Valley. cored and dredged by USNS Eltanin, a National 3 "Berg Moraine" (unofficial), Coalsack Bluff (west), Science Foundation research ship. The methods have Mount Astor, Moraine Canyon, La Gorce Mountains, and been varied, including work with radiolarians, di- Mount Howe. . atoms, coccoliths, foraminifera, and spores and pollen

September-October 1972 189 on the biological side, and geochemical and granulo- Kemp, E. M. In press. Reworked palynomorphs from the metric techniques on the physical side. The effort is West Ice Shelf area, , and their possible to deduce physical and chemical conditions in the geological and palaeoclimatological significance. Marine Geology. ancient water column and on the seafloor, and their LeMasurier, W. E. 1970. Volcanic evidence for early Tertiary effects on life, and then to relate these especially to glaciation in Marie Byrd Land. Antarctic Journal of the oceanic circulation systems of the past. U.S., V(5): 154-155. A model for near-shore sedimentation in the polar Margolis, S. V., and J . P. Kennett. 1971. Cenozoic paleo- regime has been developed by Anderson (in press) glacial history of Antarctica recorded in subantarctic deep- sea cores. American Journal of Science, 271(1): 1-36. using such an approach, and another is being pre- Weissel, J. K., and D. E. Hayes. 1972. Magnetic anomalies pared to relate the midocean situation to the near- in the southeast Indian Ocean. Antarctic Research Series, shore model. The general case for migration of 19: 165-196. oceanic facies due to climate change can be treated by use of the techniques of Frakes and Kemp (1972). This combination of models is necessary because of the obviously different conditions in the two environ- ments. From material taken during recent cruises, it ap- Recycled palynomorphs pears that in the Eocene the narrow seaway between in continental shelf sediments Antarctica and Australia (Weissel and Hayes, 1972) from Antarctica was very warm, and also that vegetation was wide- spread in Antarctica (Kemp, in press), two facts ELIZABETH M. KEMP in conflict with the notion of extensive ice in Antarc- Department of Geology tica at that time. Geitzenauer et al. (1968) con- Florida State University cluded from ice rafted debris in a South Pacific Analyses have shown that bottom sediments from core that glaciation was under way in the Eocene the continental shelf around Antartica frequently (see also Le Masurier, 1970; Margolis and Ken- contain abundant recycled spores, pollen, and dino- nett, 1971). On the other hand, oxygen isotope flagellates. This palynological material is assumed to paleotemperatures from southern Australia and New Zealand (Dorman, 1966; Devereaux, .1967) indicate derive from the erosion of older strata on, or close to, the Antarctic Continent and from the abrasive a warm southern ocean that cooled markedly in the early Oligocene. action of glaciers, and to have been transported sea- To date the earliest glaciation in Antarctica is ward by ice-rafting mechanisms. Some redistribution extremely difficult, first because the record is so in- by bottom currents may have occurred, but it seems complete on the continent and so controversial in the likely that the predominant direction of movement deep ocean, and second because glaciation must have of this material by all mechanisms has been north- ward, away from the land mass. varied in intensity depending on local and regional geography. The second point assures us that the The assemblages are of mixed age and provenance, but can still provide useful data concerning the answer to this very important question lies in de- tailed study of near-shore marine sediments around paleontology and paleoclimatology of Antarctica. the continent. Their usefulness lies in providing checklists of species frequently in excess of those known from This work was supported by National Science in situ Foundation grant GV-2 7549. localities; in suggesting the presence of sedimentary strata of certain ages in ice-covered areas; and in References providing a clue to the nature of the vegetation— and hence to the climatic regimes—that existed dur- Anderson, J. B. In press. The marine geology of the Weddell Sea. Florida State University, Sediment Research Labora- ing particular time intervals. tory. Report. To date, samples from three widely separated Devereaux, I. 1967. Oxygen isotope paleotemperature meas- localities have been examined in detail. From the urements of New Zealand Tertiary fossils. New Zealand Ross Sea, Wilson (1968) reported Permian , Triassic, Journal of Geology, 10: 988-1011. and Early Tertiary spores and pollen and Early Dorman, F. H. 1966. Australian Tertiary paleotemperatures. Journal of Geology, 74: 49-61. Tertiary dinoflagellates. In the Florida State Uni- Frakes, L. A., and E. M. Kemp. 1972. Generation of sedi- versity Antarctic Marine Geology Research Facility, mentary facies on a spreading ocean ridge. Nature, 236: studies have been initiated on some 50 samples from 1l4-1l7. widely spaced localities in the Ross Sea and environs. Geitzenauer, K. R., S. V. Margolis, and D. S. Edwards. 1968. Evidence consistent with Eocene glaciation in a The aim is to discern distribution patterns of recycled South Pacific deep sea sedimentary core. Earth and palynomorphs and to correlate these with sediment Planetary Science Letters, 4(2) : 173-177. distribution patterns (Chriss and Frakes, in press),

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