USAID Scaling Up Nutrition Technical Assistance (SUN TA)
Final Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan
CONTRACT NO. 72061119C00002
Revised November 2019 Revised March 2020
This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by DAI Global, LLC. The author’s views do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Government.
USAID SCALING UP NUTRITION TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
Final Environmental Monitoring and Mitigation Plan
PROJECT/ACTIVITY DATA
Project/ Activity Name: USAID Scaling Up Nutrition Technical Assistance
Implementation Start/End: 02/18/2019 – 02/17/2023
Contract/Award Number: 720611-19-C-00002
Implementing Partner(s): DAI Global, LLC
Geographic Location(s): Zambia Provinces: Central, Copperbelt, Luapula and Northern
EMMP Tracking ID/link:
Tracking ID/link of Related IEE: USAID Zambia Integrated Health Portfolio IEE 2019-2024 (https://ecd.usaid.gov/repository/pdf/51815.pdf )
Zambia FtF & WASH IEE https://ecd.usaid.gov/repository/pdf/52572.pdf
Tracking ID/link of Other, Related Analyses: USAID Zambia Mission-wide PERSUAP 2019-2023 (https://ecd.usaid.gov/repository/pdf/51808.pdf )
ORGANIZATIONAL/ADMINISTRATIVE DATA
Implementing Operating Unit(s): USAID/Zambia (e.g. Mission or Bureau or Office)
Lead BEO Bureau: AFR
Prepared by: DAI
Date Submitted: March 2020
ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE REVIEW DATA
Analysis Type: EMMP
Additional Analyses/Reporting Required: EMMR
USAID Approval of EMMP
Contracting Officer’s Representative
______
Date
Mission Environmental Officer
______
Date
Regional Environmental
Adviser ______
Date
DISTRIBUTION:
Table of Content
Executive Summary 3 Introduction 4 Background 4 Zambia Regulations 5 USAID Environmental Procedures 10 Target Selection Methodology 13 Summary of Baseline Conditions 14 Human Safety Concerns and Environmental Considerations 15 Monitoring System 23 Monitoring Plan 23 Grantees and Subcontractor Environmental Review 24 Staffing 25 Budget 25 EMMP Tables 26 Annex A Zambia Environmental Laws and Legal Code 47
USAID/Zambia SUN TA Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) 1
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
COR Contracting Officer’s Representative CLTS Community Led Total Sanitation DAI Development Alternatives Incorporated DI Direct Implementation ECD Early Childhood Development EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMA Environmental Management Act EMMP Environmental Monitoring and Mitigation Plan EMMR Environmental Monitoring and Mitigation Report EPPCA Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act FDCL Food and Drugs Control Laboratory GAP Good Agricultural Practice GHS Globally Harmonized System GRZ Government of the Republic of Zambia HH Household IEE Initial Environmental Examination IP Implementing Partner IPM Integrated Pest Management IPPC International Plant Protection Convention L&E Learning and Evaluation MCDP 1,000 Most Critical Days Program MOH Ministry of Health MOA Ministry of Agriculture MOFL Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock MEO Mission Environmental Officer NGO Non-Governmental Organization NWASCO Zambia National Water Supply and Sanitation Council PER Pesticide Evaluation Report PERSUAP Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan PPE Personal Protective Equipment PQPS National Plant Quarantine and Phytosanitary Service PTS Pesticides and Toxic Substances REA Regional Environmental Adviser SCCI Seed Control and Certification Institute SDS Safety Data Sheet SUAP Safer Use Action Plan SUN Scaling-Up Nutrition SS Suspended Solids TA Technical Assistance TOR Terms of Reference UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund USAID United States Agency for International Development WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene WQAP Water Quality Assurance Plan ZABS Zambia Bureau of Standards ZARI Zambia Agriculture Research Institute ZEMA Zambia Environmental Management Agency
USAID/Zambia SUN TA Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) 2
Executive Summary
The United States Agency for International Development in Zambia (USAID/Zambia) awarded Development Alternatives Incorporated (DAI) the Zambia Scaling-Up Nutrition Technical Assistance Project (SUN TA), Award Number 72061119C00002 on February 18, 2019. SUN TA is a four-year project with two additional options for a total of 7 years, aimed at reducing stunting in thirteen targeted districts located in four provinces and will operate in rural, peri-urban, and urban areas, each of which will require evidence-based and adapted activities to reduce stunting of children under two years of age. Activities include interventions in governance, agriculture and livelihood, nutrition, WASH (water sanitation and hygiene), mother and child health, family planning, early childhood development, and behavior change. While the explicit purpose of SUN TA is to implement these activities in ways that will enable households to sustainably-source adequate diets to develop and maintain the health conditions needed for mothers and children to utilize these diets for more optimal growth and development, there are cases where SUN TA could have negative impacts on the environment.
To mitigate these impacts, DAI has prepared this Environmental Monitoring and Mitigation Plan (EMMP). EMMPs are required for USAID-funded projects when the 22CFR216 documentation governing the project, the Initial Environmental Examination [IEE]), imposes mitigation measures on at least one project or activity. EMMPs ensure that the ADS 204.3 requirements for incorporating and monitoring appropriate mitigation measures are incorporated into project or activity design.
The purpose of this EMMP is to meet the requirements of the IEE, and take actions to comply with the project contract, Regulation 22 CFR 216 (Reg. 216), USAID environmental guidance and the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) regulations and policies. SUN TA will ensure that appropriate environmental guidelines are followed, mitigation and climate adaptation measures for each activity is funded and implemented, including any necessary training or capacity building, and that adequate monitoring is conducted to ensure appropriate and effective implementation of all mitigation measures.
SUN TA will use the EMMP to monitor all activities and report on the implementation during regular project performance reporting, including the annual EMMR.
USAID/Zambia SUN TA Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) 3
Introduction
Background
The Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) Program in Zambia is a cross-ministry and multi-donor program to reduce stunting through the implementation of the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) 1,000 Most Critical Days Program (MCDP). The first phase, referred to as SUN 1.0 was funded by several donor organizations and significant lessons were learned regarding coordination and implementation. Armed with these lessons, the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) and Cooperating Partners have embarked on the next phase, SUN 2.0 with the development and the roll out of the GRZs MCDP II program.
The SUN 2.0 has three major components: 1. Pooled Multi-Donor Fund managed by UNICEF. 2. SUN Technical Assistance (SUN TA) [funded by USAID]; and, 3. SUN Learning and Evaluation [funded by USAID].
This SUN TA project is component 2 of SUN 2.0. This component will enhance the management and implementation of SUN 2.0 to support USAID and partners by providing high-level technical assistance for planning, implementation and monitoring of strong evidence-based activities at the district and sub- district levels and for direct implementation of activities where district and sub-district resources and capacity present significant gaps.
The SUN TA project aligns with the national SUN Program and with USAID/Zambia’s Country Development Cooperation Strategy. Its primary goal is to reduce stunting of children below two years of age by 14 percent over the life of the project in 13 districts in the Central, Copperbelt, Northern, and Luapula Provinces. Achieving this goal will require that 90 percent of the targeted households with under two-year old children will have: 1. Adequate Quantity and Quality of Dietary Intake; and, 2. Adequate Health Conditions for Biological Utilization of Nutrients Reaching these two objectives requires a multi-sectoral approach implemented through Provincial, District and Ward Nutrition Coordinating Committees that strive to deliver coordinated services at the household level with interventions that: 1. Increase reliable access to safe, nutritious food primarily through nutrition-sensitive agriculture; 2. Lead to adoption of better child feeding and household hygiene practices through a suite of essential nutrition actions; 3. Improve delivery of effective, sustainable health and nutrition services, through selected maternal and child health actions, with a strong focus on family planning; 4. Provide a healthier, cleaner environment at the household and community level, through increased access to and use of safe water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). The explicit purpose of SUN TA is to implement these activities in ways that will afford households to sustainably-source adequate diets and to develop and maintain the health conditions needed for mothers and children to utilize these diets for more optimal growth and development. However, there could be cases where SUN TA could have negative impacts on the environment. This EMMP was prepared to mitigate these impacts and describes how the SUN TA Project will meet or exceed the requirements of this activity’s Initial Environmental Examinations (IEE) from the Integrated Health and the Economic Development portfolios of USAID/Zambia. The Zambian environment context is well described in the Health and Feed the Future and WASH IEEs and the natural environment and livelihood zones are detailed in the recently completed and
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comprehensive Mission Wide PERSUAP approved in May 2019. This EMMP is rooted in the context provided in those reference documents and not reiterated here. Zambia Regulations
SUN TA will follow all relevant GRZ laws and regulations that pertain to the proposed activities. Annex A provides more information on the Zambian Environmental Laws and Legal Codes and is included as a reference for SUN TA staff. Additional information can be found in the USAID Integrated Health and the Economic Development portfolios of USAID/Zambia IEEs. The following table provides a list of the relevant legislation and guidelines that govern the implementation of SUN TA activities. Table 1. Zambian Laws and Regulations Law, Decree, or Theme Relevance of the laws/acts Regulatory Code to DAI SUN TA work
Environmental Management Designates Zambia Environmental The EMA Act is important in Act (EMA) Management Agency (ZEMA) as ensuring protection of the responsible for implementation and environment, mitigating and enforcement of EMA, the undertaking of controlling pollution, to provide Environmental Impact Assessments for the health and welfare of (EIAs) for large construction activities persons, animals, plants and the and to enforce the provisions of the environment. This is key to all EPPCA on waste management, air, SUN TA’s interventions to water, pesticides and toxic substances. ensure that all proposed ZEMA is authorized to protect the developments are done in line environment and control pollution, with stipulated regulation and do which includes protection water not result in negative impacts on sources from environmental pollution, the environment, communities and enforcing sound management of and people. waste, hazardous waste (such as health care waste), and sound management of chemicals throughout their life cycle.
Ministry of Agriculture Seed Control and Certification This law ensures that all the (MoA) is responsible for Institute (SCCI) is a department of seed that is sold on the Zambian the development of a the MoA and is Zambia's seed market or accessed by farmers sustainable, diversified, and certification Authority and is a center has the acceptable quality is all competitive agricultural for seed services in the country. aspects e.g. acceptable sector that ensures food germinations percentage, and nutrition security. acceptable levels of foreign matter, acceptable sizes.
Environmental Management Provides for licensing requirements This SI ensures that all the (Licensing) Regulations, S.I. pertaining to pesticides. All imported pesticides comply with global No. 112 of 2013 pesticides must have Safety Data Sheets guidelines in terms of that comply with the Globally classification, AI, labeling and safe Harmonized System of Classification and application procedures. Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) and have proper labels.
National Policy on Climate Provides a framework for coordinated This policy ensures sustainable Change (NPCC) of 2016 response to climate change issues and utilization of the existing natural encourages the mainstreaming of climate resources by using climate smart
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Law, Decree, or Theme Relevance of the laws/acts Regulatory Code to DAI SUN TA work
resilience and low carbon development agriculture practices that will pathways for sustainable development. include minimum tillage, crop rotation, farmer managed natural regeneration, inter cropping to support carbon sequestration and others.
This is key to SUN TA because it promotes and strengthens the implementation of adaptation and disaster risk reduction measures to reduce vulnerability to climate variability and change. It provides for the development of interventions and constructions that are climate smart and resilient to reduce failure of systems, protect ecosystems and provide the intended/related services in a sustainable manner.
Water Resources Provides for the establishment of the The Act is pertinent to all water Management Act of 2011 Water Resources Management point development and Authority (WRMA) to manage water rehabilitation activities under resources at national and local level. SUN TA to ensure the proposed Vests authority and requirement for development are done using an sustainable development and integrated approach to result in management of all water in its natural sustainable utilization and state with the President. management of water resources. Key to this is to safeguard water WRMA was established to preserve and sources from contamination protect Zambia’s ground and surface which may affect human health. water resources and regulate the abstraction, allocation, use, development and management of water resources in a sustainable manner. Provides for the conversion of water rights to water permits.
Statutory instrument No Provides regulation of groundwater SUN TA will ensure that this 20 of 2018 – The Water development to protect and allow for regulation is adhered to so as to Resources Management sustainable utilization of groundwater. ensures that all boreholes are (Groundwater and The Regulation provides for any developed in line with guidelines Boreholes) person intending to drill a borehole and are protected from possible getting a permit from the Authority, contamination. Major areas will catchment council or sub catchment be to ensure that all boreholes council and registering every successful are cased top to bottom, caped borehole. The driller is also required to at the end with a sanitary seal ensure that the location of the meant to protect against water borehole meets the distance required from any source of contamination. The
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Law, Decree, or Theme Relevance of the laws/acts Regulatory Code to DAI SUN TA work
regulation also requires that the driller contamination which might ensures that every successful borehole affect humans. is installed with: full casing from top to bottom; bottom plug; gravel pack and a sanitary seal. The SI is key as it provides guidelines to be followed when conducting borehole developments and constructions.
Water Supply and Establishes water quality requirements This is relevant to SUN TA as it Sanitation Act, No. 28 of for both drinking water and effluent provides framework and 1997 discharge. Establishes water quality standards to follow when standards and monitoring guidelines for providing water and promoting sources of domestic water. sanitation access. This is key to ensure timely monitoring of Provides for enforcement of the water quality and protection of Compulsory Standards, Test Products human life. and offers Metrology Services to Industry. The implementation of the National Quality Policy (NQP) which required re-aligning of the National Quality Infrastructure is done by three institutions namely Zambia Compulsory Standards Agency (ZCSA), Zambia Metrology Agency (ZMA) and Zambia Bureau of Standards (ZABS) itself through the enactments of various Acts.
The Standards Act CAP Provides for the Zambia Bureau of The provision of water quality 416 of 1994 which came to Standards (ZABS). ZABS is the National standards/parameters aim at an end on 31st December Standards Body in Zambia. The ZABS providing potable and 2017 and gave way to the establishes standards for water palatable drinking water to Standards Act No. 4 of purification with chlorine. The standard reduce water borne diseases and 2017. that outlines requirements of chlorine foster healthy living for users. used for treatment of water intended for The provision of drinking water human consumption is currently in the quality guidelines and regulations draft form and is awaiting publication. as well as adherence to them is key to ensure that all human beings that will benefit from water development interventions under SUN TA supported districts have access to safe drinking water.
Standards Act No. 4 of Regulates the provision of water supply This is relevant as it provides a 2017 of the laws of Zambia, and sanitation services and mandates framework and policy direction established by an Act of NWASCO to: to ensure sustainable provision of Parliament in 1982 which water and sanitation goods and was repealed by CAP 416 • advise Government on water supply services to beneficiaries. This also of 1994. and sanitation matters, provides the institutions that
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Law, Decree, or Theme Relevance of the laws/acts Regulatory Code to DAI SUN TA work
• advise local authorities on SUN TA should collaborate with commercially viable institutional in supporting government efforts arrangements for the provision of water supply and sanitation services,
• ensure that utilities and other service providers are licensed for them to undertake water supply and sanitation services,
• develop guidelines for the provision of water supply and sanitation services and for ensuring effective technical and financial management of the entities,
• establish and enforce standards for water supply and sanitation services.
Agriculture (Fertilizer and Provides for the regulation and control SUN TA will utilize this act to Feed) Act No. 13 of 1994, of manufacturing, processing, ensure that any fertilizers and Cap 226 importation and sale of agriculture feeds that farmers access are well fertilizers and animal feeds. certified within Zambia and are of acceptable quality.
Pesticide and Toxic Regulates the manufacturing, This SI ensures that all the Substances regulation No improvement or processing, pesticides comply with global 20 of 1994 importation, storage, distribution, guidelines in terms of transportation packaging, labeling, classification, AI, labeling and safe handling and disposal of the toxic application procedures. chemicals.
Public Health Act Provides for the prevention and As SUN TA works with livestock (Cap.295) of 1995 suppression of infectious diseases like local poultry this act helps to including diseases communicable from ensure that preventive measures animal to man, sanitation, protection of are put in place for all diseases i.e. food, supply of water, protection from zoonotic through timely mosquitoes and pollution in general. vaccinations and also proper siting of housing for stock to prevent contamination of the environment and indeed breeding ground for mosquitoes.
Zambian Food and Drugs Defines the maximum residue limit SUN TA will use this act by Act No. 13 of 1994 (MRL) of pesticides in agricultural ensuring that all chemicals and produce and is based mostly on the drugs used in the vegetables and Codex Alimentarius. The Ministry of local chickens have acceptable Health is the Codex focal point in levels in terms of withdrawal Zambia. In addition to the Ministry of periods observance through Health, the responsibility for food safety training. control in Zambia is with the Zambia Bureau of Standards (ZABS). ZABS can conduct voluntary testing of pesticide
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Law, Decree, or Theme Relevance of the laws/acts Regulatory Code to DAI SUN TA work
residue and specific consumer complaints can be investigated.
Food and Drug Act Cap Provides guidelines on the protection of SUN TA will use this act by 303 the public against hazards and fraud in the ensuring that all chemicals and sale and use of food, water, drug, drugs used in the vegetables and cosmetics and medical supplies. local chickens farming have Empowers the Food and Drugs Control acceptable levels in terms of Laboratory (FDCL) within the Ministry withdrawal periods observance of Health in the directorate of Disease through training. Surveillance Control and Research with a mandate to protect the public against health hazards and fraud.
Plant Pests and Diseases PQPS prevents the introduction and SUN TA, will use this act to Act Cap 233 and the spread of plant pests through the ensure that all seeds have clear Noxious Weeds Act 231 of enforcement of several phytosanitary phytosanitary certifications and the Laws of Zambia. procedures to check and direct the or are cleared by SCCI and National Plant Quarantine movement of all plants and plant mostly sourced from local and Phytosanitary Service products. These procedures include suppliers who will be prioritized (PQPS) of the Plant detentions, quarantine, phytosanitary unless not available on the Quarantine and inspections and laboratory analyses, market. Phytosanitary Department mandated physical or chemical of the Zambian Agricultural treatments, and destruction if pest and Research Institute (ZARI) disease risks cannot be mitigated.
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USAID Environmental Procedures
All USAID funded projects are required to be compliant with Title 22, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 216 (22 CFR 216) also known as Regulation 216. This EMMP is in response to USAID requirements and USAID Mission recommendations, including the provisions provided in the above discussion of GRZ regulations. Documents that guide this EMMP include the following:
1. USAID Zambia Integrated Health Portfolio IEE 2019-2024 (https://ecd.usaid.gov/repository/pdf/51815.pdf ) 2. USAID Zambia Economic Development Portfolio IEE 2015-2020 https://ecd.usaid.gov/repository/pdf/52572.pdf 3. USAID Zambia Mission-wide PERSUAP 2019-2023 (https://ecd.usaid.gov/repository/pdf/51808.pdf )
SUN TA EMMP implementation will also be guided by the SUN TA Water Quality Assurance Plan (WQAP) and SUN TA Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP). The WQAP and the SUAP will be submitted to USAID for approval before related activities commence.
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) The IEE is the first review of the reasonably foreseeable effects of a proposed action on the environment. A Threshold Decision is a formal Agency decision that determines, based on an Initial Environmental Examination, whether a proposed action will significantly affect the environment. Activities that have been determined in the USAID IEE as Negative Determination with conditions are activities that may cause potential harm to people and/or the environment and require additional activities/mitigation measures to avoid or reduce these impacts. A discussion of these activities, their potential impacts and appropriate mitigation measures have been provided in the Human Safety and Environmental Considerations section of this document and have also been addressed in the EMMP tables.
PERSUAP
When a program includes assistance for the procurement and /or use of pesticides, then a Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) is required as per Regulation 216. This includes direct procurement, transportation, storage, mixing, loading, application, disposal, demonstrations, promotion, technical assistance, provision of samples, special payments, donations, subsidies and other forms of financial support for purchase of pesticides, including credit provision and credit guarantees. SUN TA activities fall under the guidance of the USAID Zambia Mission-wide PERSUAP 2019-2023.
This PERSUAP covers pesticide support for the following activities that are relevant to SUN TA:
Crop production and protection ● Agricultural crop production and crop protection needs including low-till production. ● Seed procurement, multiplication, and seed treatments. ● Post-harvest storage and protection of commodities including the current use and registration status of aflasafe and fumigation seed treatment.
Livestock/poultry husbandry
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● Livestock pest control (cattle, small ruminants, poultry).
Water and sanitation ● Water Sampling and quality analysis (Nitric Acid for the preservation of water samples for Arsenic, Lead and Iron analysis and reagents for fecal coliforms and Nitrate analysis). ● Potable water treatment for small-scale sources/systems using liquid or solid chlorine or other disinfectants/sterilant.
SUN TA has prepared the activity specific SUAP and Compliance Tracker based on the guidelines of this PERSUAP. The tracker satisfies the requirement for an Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) for pesticide support activities.
Overview The following table was prepared to help clarify the requirements of the Zambian Laws and Regulations and USAID environmental compliance requirements. SUN TA is responsible for ensuring proper governmental procedures are followed and any additional actions are completed and approved.
Table II. - Applicable GRZ and USAID Quality Assurance Guidelines
Category of Activities Applicable Government of Zambia Requirement or USAID Quality Assurance Guideline
All activities “Larger” activities require an Environmental Impact Assessment, or “environmental certificate” to be approved by ZEMA prior to implementation. For the purposes of SUN TA, all activities will be considered “small-scale” unless the initial screening process determines otherwise (e.g. large construction projects are considered over 10,000 ft and exceeds ).
Land use development activities are prohibited within a minimum of six meters from the highest recorded flood level on either side of a river or stream.
Water and sanitation activities should adopt a participatory approach to (1) respond to genuine demand, (2) build capacity for operation and maintenance and cost sharing, (3) involve community members in decision making, (4) cultivate a sense of communal ownership of the project, and (5) use appropriate technology.
GRZ accredited laboratories should be used for all water
quality testing. (USAID/Zambia WQAP).
Activities that involve Water Extraction
Installation of wells, USAID/Zambia Implementing partners must liaise with relevant local boreholes, and water supply regulatory authorities in certifying new water points for acceptable systems for potable water water quality.
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Category of Activities Applicable Government of Zambia Requirement or USAID Quality Assurance Guideline
access: Integrated Water An EIA is required for any activities withdrawing water in sufficient Tower Management; quantities to have an impact on the quantity or quality of the water. expansion of multiple use (Part II.6.b) water systems; water supply, Suppliers of treated, containerized or vended water shall comply with sanitation, and relevant quality standards. (Part II.8) environmental service delivery and infrastructure. ZEMA and the host country government shall maintain water quality monitoring records for domestic water sources at least twice every calendar year.
Partners must carry out environmental evaluations prior to installation of any water point. Water sources should be located upgradient from potential sources of pollution. (USAID/Zambia WQAP)
Rehabilitated wells for human water supply must have initial testing and results that satisfy water quality standards before commissioning. Initial tests must be conducted and results obtained before the start of any rehabilitations works. Each well within a continuous aquifer must undergo testing. (USAID/Zambia WQAP)
New boreholes should be sampled initially at pump testing stage and after construction before commissioning. Bacteriological testing will be done every quarter whereas assessment of Arsenic, Lead, Iron and Fluoride will be done annually after day of commissioning till project end. Subsequent additional sampling and analysis should be turned over to local authorities and related line ministries (Ministry of Health and Ministry Water Development, Sanitation and Environmental Protection) . Tests must be conducted:
● At pump testing, after construction and before commissioning of a new water point
● When water quality becomes suspicious
● After 12 months for heavy metals and quarterly for fecal coliforms to ensure that water is still safe to drink (USAID/Zambia WQAP)
Samples of water for the analysis of all parameters (Arsenic, Lead, Fluoride, Iron, Fecal Coliforms, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, pH and Turbidity) should be taken once water representative of the aquifer is found. Sampling should occur when the temperature, pH, and conductivity measurements are stable.
Wells found out of compliance must be closed and water quality re- tested in a different laboratory and then re-examined within 2 weeks of the initial test date.
Activities that result in Wastewater discharge
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Category of Activities Applicable Government of Zambia Requirement or USAID Quality Assurance Guideline
Installation of latrines for A discharge license is required for discharge of any effluent from sanitation; expansion of sewage treatment works or other point sources into the aquatic multiple use water systems; environment. (Part II.6.a) water supply, sanitation, and
environmental service delivery and infrastructure. An effluent discharge license and adherence to the monitoring guide for discharge is required for “every local authority or person operating a sewage system or owner or operator of any trade or industrial undertaking”. (Part II.12)
Any person generating and discharging effluent under a license shall carry out effluent quality and quantity monitoring and submit quarterly records to ZEMA. (Part II.14)
Wastewater is prohibited for use for irrigation purposes unless it complies with quality guidelines. (Part IV.19)
Latrines must be sited down the slope and at least 30m from shallow wells, cisterns, spring sources, and boreholes. Pit latrines must be dug in unsaturated zones above the water table and protected against flooding and overflow due to intense rainfall. (USAID/Zambia WQAP)
Activities that involve The compilation of candidate pesticides considers products that are Pesticide procurement and registered for use in Zambia. The USAID/Zambia Program Wide use PERSUAP1 and the Pesticide and Toxic Substances Regulation No 20 as implemented by ZEMA under the Environmental Management
(Licensing) Regulations, S.I. No. 112 of 2013 include direct procurement, transportation, storage, mixing, loading, application, disposal, demonstrations, promotion, technical assistance, provision of samples, special payments, donations, subsidies and other forms of financial support for purchase of pesticides, including credit provision and credit guarantees. SUN TA activities fall under the guidance of the USAID Zambia Mission-wide PERSUAP 2019-2023. It will guide the utilization of the different pesticides that will be procured in the SUN TA project.
Target Selection Methodology
Site selection for project activities is determined by USAID’s desire to reach the most vulnerable populations, by priorities set by the GRZ, and by possibilities of leveraging partnerships with other cooperating partners. The determination of sites is based on geographic coverage considerations, epidemiological factors, avoidance of duplication with other organizations, and the government’s need for assistance resulting from the sector’s decentralization. While some activities are national in scope,
1 USAID/Zambia Program Wide PERSUAP(2019) : https://ecd.usaid.gov/repository/pdf/51808.pdf
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others are more targeted, based on anticipated level of future resources and ability to impact health outcomes. 2
SUN TA will apply the multi-sectoral approach with key line ministries at national provincial, district and sub district levels. SUN TA are working in13 districts, four in the Northern Province (Kaputa, Kasama, Luwingu, and Mbala); three in the Luapula Province (Mansa, Samfya, and Nchelenge), two in the Copperbelt Province (Ndola and Kitwe); and four in the Central Province (Chibombo, Kabwe, Kapiri Mposhi, and Mumbwa).
SUN TA WAVE 1 (BLUE) AND WAVE 2 (GREEN) TARGET DISTRICTS
Summary of Baseline Conditions
Stunting among Zambian children has remained stubbornly persistent and widespread, even in zones of strong agricultural production. Previous efforts to reduce stunting have identified the need for integrated, multisectoral programming that leverages government, donor, and private sector skills and resources to address interrelated causes of stunting at the household level: nutrition, health, water supply, hygiene, and livelihoods. Furthermore, despite the GRZ’s impressive commitments to stunting reduction, capacity gaps—particularly at the district and provincial levels—limit the ability of the public sector to provide services that reflect its mandate.
Zambia is one of the very few Sub-Saharan Countries that is water secure. The abundant water resources in Zambia is mainly due to geographical location and altitude that ensure the country receives a good amount of rainfall. Zambia is well covered by open and closed forests and grasslands. The forest resources include miombo, mopane and other woodlands, evergreen and deciduous forests, some of which provide
2 AFR BUREAU | ZAMBIA HEALTH PORTFOLIO IEE 2019-2024
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habitat to wildlife. Wildlife resources play a very important role in the national economy as they support tourism. Crop and livestock production sub-sectors are the most important sources of income, together representing almost half of the total income earned by rural households. Cultivation of crops is concentrated on the plateaus of Central, Eastern and Southern Provinces characterized by the drier miombo though Northern, Muchinga Luapula and North Western provinces with the high rainfall are slowly joining in the cultivation of maize, rice, cassava, sorghum, groundnuts, millet, sweet potatoes, and cotton, amongst others. The Fisheries and livestock sub-sectors are also a major economic activity in Zambia. Other economic activities include the mining of copper has been the main economic driver over many decades. The largest source of energy in Zambia is biomass. Seventy-five percent of the country’s energy supply is from charcoal and firewood. 3
Zambia has abundant water resources and still faces climate change challenges related to the water resources, management, development and utilization. To start with, pockets of semi-arid areas can be found within the country as well as projected shifting in rainfall patterns have a major influence on the country’s socio-economic development. The inadequacy of water harvesting and storage infrastructure technologies in the country still remains untapped in the water sector. The impacts of climate change on Zambia’s water resources can be summarized as “either too much or too little rain”. This translates into either floods or droughts including prolonged dry spells, with the former being the more frequent and more devastating throughout Zambia, with drought episodes projected to become more frequent in southern Zambia.
The Climate Change Risk Profile for Zambia shows that droughts and floods have increased in frequency and intensity over the last two decades and adversely impacted food, water security, energy generation, infrastructure and livelihoods. Agriculture predominantly consists of rainfed subsistence farming and is highly sensitive to changes in climate. Thus, water becomes one of the most important factors influencing agricultural decisions for the smallholder farmers. Flooding from increased intensity rainfall events have displaced thousands of families, destroyed houses, washed away roads and contaminated water supplies.
Human Safety Concerns and Environmental Considerations
SUN TA interventions will increase access and availability of safe, diverse, nutritious food: adoption of better child feeding habits and household hygiene practices: and improved access to health, safe water, sanitation and hygiene services. The following activities have been determined to be Negative Determination and therefore merit a discussion on the potential human safety concerns and environmental and climate change impacts. Recommended environmental mitigation and climate change adaptation measures are also provided.
Improve dietary diversification through nutrition sensitive agriculture:
● Agricultural inputs (seeds, fertilizer, pesticides) for the creation of small-scale gardens in communities. ● Establishment and management of community gardens.
Potential Environmental and Climate Change Impacts
In general, good agricultural practices (GAP) aligned to climate smart agricultural practices such as minimum tillage, crop rotation, intercropping, mulching and integrated pest management are beneficial to the environment. Unsustainable practices can lead to soil exposure leading to soil erosion and loss of
3 National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) Government of the Republic of Zambia, December 2010.
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living organisms destroying the soil ecosystem. Due to erosion agrochemicals, fertilizers, or manures can be transported with runoff water from a farmer’s field to local water sources, causing environmental harm and adversely affecting livestock and human health.
Crops and arable lands are vulnerable to changes in temperature, precipitation, water availability, and seasons. Many crop failures are caused by typical weather extremes (e.g. drought, flood) and seasonal temperature and precipitation shifts and variability. Climate change and variability can also increase the incidence of diseases, pest and vector infestations or invasive species that can affect crops.
Recommended Environmental Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Measures
SUN TA agriculture activities are relatively small-scale at a community and health facility level. All the activities will include climate smart agriculture practices; minimum tillage at preparation and planting, crop rotation, intercropping, mulching and integrated pest management that will incorporate integrated biological pest management (IPM). Activities that involve the procurement or use of pesticides will follow the Zambia Mission Wide PERSUAP and the project specific SUN TA SUAP.
The project will promote the production, processing, consumption and marketing of biofortified crops (such as Mbereshi beans, Orange Flesh Sweet potatoes and orange maize) that have been developed through conventional selective breeding at the Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (ZARI) and have been certified by the Seed Control and Certification Institute (SCCI). Additionally, SUN TA is also promoting other local nutrient dense vegetables such as impwa (African eggplant), Amaranthus and pumpkin leaves. SUN TA will ensure that seeds are locally sourced, any seeds that are imported will be packaged appropriately according to SCCI standards and requirements and subjected to phytosanitary control.
SUN TA will take all necessary precautions to ensure that the biofortified varieties will not overwhelmingly displace traditional local varieties, and work with the Ministry of Agriculture to ensure that variability is maintained, and safe separation distances are followed.
Due to increased frequency in extreme weather events, such as floods and droughts, associated with climate change, soil and water conservation techniques such as use of cover crops and mulching will be promoted with inclusion of agroforestry plants. These actions will be useful for climate change adaptation and can also help increase soil carbon sequestration.
● Small-scale irrigation activities in support of health center and community gardens will be promoted.
Potential Environmental and Climate Change Impacts
Irrigation systems that are not properly maintained or over irrigation could cause pools of stagnant water, which may provide ideal breeding ground for various pests and vectors and cause diseases in both humans and animals. Diversion of water for irrigation without proper assessments of the flow regimes could potentially impact users downstream, including natural ecosystems such as wetlands. Runoff from irrigated fields may contain more salt, less dissolved oxygen, more pollutants, and a heavier silt load. Additionally, over abstraction of ground water can lead to reduction of water for various users.
Impacts from climate change and variability could reduce available water for irrigation during periods of drought and evaporation during extreme heat events; and also damage the irrigation system during extreme storm events.
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Recommended Environmental Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Measures
An irrigation system should control where, when and how much water is supplied to promote crop production. Soil properties, topography and size of field, water availability and type of plants to be grown should also be considered in the design. Maintaining irrigation systems reduces water wastage, reduces pollution from runoff and over-irrigation, and improves plant health by applying the correct amount of water where it can be utilized.
To avoid waterborne diseases associated with stagnant water SUN TA will sensitize Camp Extension Officers on proper utilization and management. The CEOs will in turn train the Lead Farmers who are in direct contact with farmers.
● Training in the production, processing, preservation, storage and marketing of nutritious vegetables, legumes and other biofortified crops.
Potential Environmental and Climate Change Impacts
In general, post-harvest practices such as grading, sorting and packaging do not negatively impact the environment. Appropriate practices reduce losses and decrease organic wastes. Use of poor-quality water during post-harvest handling practices can be potential for direct source of contamination and a vehicle for spreading localized contamination in the field, facility, or transportation environments. Wherever water comes in contact with fresh produce, its quality dictates the potential for pathogen contamination. If pathogens survive on the produce, they may cause foodborne illness. Water quality needs may vary depending on the intended use.
Cooking demonstrations will use charcoal or firewood for fuel. The collection of wood for charcoal production and fuel for cooking is a major contributor to the significant deforestation, loss of watershed, and desertification. The loss of forest canopy as a result of charcoal production and fuel wood has devastating effects on biodiversity. In addition, emissions from simple cookstoves, including methane, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides, and black carbon substantially contribute to pollution and global climate change. Inhaling acrid smoke and fine particulates from traditional cookstoves contributes to almost two million deaths per year worldwide, primarily women and children. 4
Recommended Environmental Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Measures
For all post-harvest, handling and processing activities, SUN TA will develop guidelines to be followed by….to minimize microbial food safety hazards for fresh fruits and vegetables. To ensure field sanitation and control contamination in agricultural water, good agricultural practices will be used.
SUN TA will promote sound, sustainable strategies of bioenergy use. Biomass sources can be broadly categorized into 1) agriculture and forestry residues (including by-products of food, fiber, and wood processing), 2) purpose-grown energy crops, and 3) organic waste. The use of energy-efficient clean cookstoves that can reduce biomass energy consumption by nearly 40 percent.5
Livestock, Poultry and Fish Activities considerations for dietary diversification:
4 USAID Environmentally Sound Design Sector Environmental Guidelines, Small Scale Energy, May 2018, page 44
5 USAID Environmentally Sound Design Sector Environmental Guidelines, Small Scale Energy, May 2018, page 44
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● Small ruminant livestock and poultry
Potential Environmental and Climate Change Impacts
Overgrazing of rangeland reduces the density of vegetation and the amount of organic matter produced via plant growth. The decrease in vegetation, in turn, when bare ground starts to appear, increases soil erosion from wind and water and decreases soil fertility through loss of nutrients. Higher temperatures, more variable rainfall and stronger storms associated with climate change and variability can exacerbate damage caused by overgrazing or further constrain the number and type of livestock that rangeland can support.
Livestock production can damage habitats and reduce biodiversity of wildlife and domestic stock, vegetation, and aquatic and wetland ecosystems.
Livestock often graze very heavily in riparian areas along streams and lakes. Results include trampling, loss of vegetation, soil disturbance, soil compaction, erosion and/or sedimentation, which can severely damage riparian habitats, decrease biodiversity, and increase siltation in water bodies. Riparian zones often filter surface and groundwater as it passes from uplands by trapping soil particles and reducing the amount of sediment and phosphorus entering water bodies.
Livestock (ruminants and poultry) manure contains relatively high concentrations of nutrients, solids, enteric bacteria and other microorganisms, and organic material. The manure may often be discharged or “leaked” into water bodies. When this occurs, the nutrients can cause eutrophication, solids can create sedimentation, and organic material leads to oxygen depletion (BOD) of the water.
As climate shifts, the livestock sector may face drought, water scarcity, and decreased productivity of forage crops. With higher temperatures, livestock may suffer from heat stress, leading to illness, decreases in food uptake, reduced productivity, and poor growth. Climate change and variability will change the way vector-borne diseases (vectors include ticks and mosquitoes) and animal parasites are spread.
Recommended Environmental Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Measures
Traditional breeds, while not as productive under optimal conditions, sometimes produce more reliable growth under a wider range of circumstances. This characteristic has particular advantages in the face of climate change and variability. SUN TA will facilitate sensitization of Veterinary and Livestock Assistants on proper manure collection, processing and utilization (e.g. organic fertilizer). Livestock pens will not be constructed in or near water points (flood plains, rivers, and wetlands). In locations where drought conditions are becoming more frequent, livestock farmers should ensure that a reliable source of water is provided and encouraged to plant trees or manage existing trees to provide shade for livestock during times of increased temperatures. To prevent overgrazing and soil compaction, SUN TA will sensitize livestock farmers to use rotational grazing.
● Fish ponds siting, construction, rehabilitation and operations
Potential Environmental and Climate Change Impacts
Overstocking fish ponds allows pathogenic organisms to thrive and suspended solids lead to water quality degradation. Some systems that are not fully closed will discharge waters to adjacent water bodies. The discharge may have high levels of nutrients that can affect the aquatic environments of local water bodies,
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contributing to algal blooms and die-off of submerged vegetation from lack of sunlight, as well as discharge of farm pathogens into the natural environment.
Changes and variability in precipitation could cause seasonal water bodies to dry up, limiting water supply to fishponds. On the other hand, increased intensity and amount of rainfall will increase the risk of damage to fishponds operations causing flooding and increased sedimentation, including the potential for penned fish to escape.
Recommended Environmental Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Measures
SUN TA will follow the “general rules of thumb” for siting and construction of fish pond which include: 1) maintaining adequate distance from other aquaculture enterprises, natural spawning runs, restricted areas, and sensitive ecosystems; 2) avoiding sites that are close to polluting industries; 3) avoiding sites that are near wild stock populations; and 4) avoiding water bodies and points that are sources of drinking water. Upstream and downstream water flows will also be considered in the design such as wetlands to treat the settling pond water from freshwater ponds before it is released downstream. Closed systems or terrestrial ponds with safeguards to reduce escapees, diseases, parasites, and pollution will be promoted.
Climate variability and change risks will be assessed, addressed, and adaptively managed when designing fish ponds, especially when considering siting the ponds. SUN TA will use an integrated agriculture - aquaculture system to ensure that the activities do not threaten the sustained delivery of ecosystem services.
Improving access to and use of safe water, sanitation and hygiene.
● Siting, development and construction of new boreholes, community water schemes, drainage and soakaway pits ● Rehabilitate and maintain nonfunctional water points (Boreholes) ● Water sampling and quality analysis to identify water contaminants and develop remediation measures (use of nitric acid to preserve water samples for chemical analysis of heavy metals – Arsenic, Lead and Iron and reagents for analysis of fecal coliforms and nitrates) ● Functioning water points will be disinfected using granular chlorine (also following SUAP guidelines for disinfectants/sterilant)
Potential Environmental and Climate Change Impacts
While water and sanitation projects are intended to improve environmental and public health (and provide numerous other benefits), when managed ineffectively they may cause serious adverse impacts that can offset or eliminate the intended benefits. Once mismanaged, water supply and sanitation projects may cause increased incidence of infectious water-borne diseases and spread vectors. Poor site selection can lead to damage of sensitive ecosystems or endangered species in addition to making the water point vulnerable to contamination. Similarly, poor design, construction, management, operation and/or maintenance of water supply systems or improvements can lead to pools of stagnant water near water points/taps, water pipes and storage tanks. Stagnant water pools form an excellent breeding place for disease vectors (e.g., mosquitoes that carry malaria). In addition, stagnant water can contaminate groundwater if allowed to percolate. They can also increase transmission of water-related diseases, especially when the wet spots are clogged or contaminated with solid waste or excreta. Adverse impacts to ecosystems can arise from water diversion, construction or decommissioning activities in or near a watercourse, or from fecal contamination of water. Depletion of fresh water sources can occur when projects do not adequately assess the quality and quantity of available surface and groundwater (including
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typical seasonal and annual variations.) These assessments need to consider future changes in temperature and rainfall due to climate change and variability. Other causes include poor mechanisms for regulating withdrawals and use of water, and insufficient monitoring and maintenance of leaks.
Climate change and variability will lead to an increase in the frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme events such as droughts, floods, high winds, and tropical storms. Project design, rehabilitation, management and operation must also take into account the current and future frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme events which may result in contaminated drinking water, spread of diseases, and water scarcity. Therefore, projects need to be designed to withstand exposure to an altered climate and be resilient to deviations from historical conditions.
Recommended Environmental Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Measures
Involvement of local communities in planning and understanding local knowledge, hygiene behaviors and social-cultural beliefs that affect water supply and sanitation options are essential first steps in designing sustainable WASH interventions. Community members should be involved in selecting and agreeing on sites for water points. Hygienic use and maintenance of facilities should be integrated to ensure the fecal- oral route of disease transmission is minimized. Water yield and extraction rates should be calculated in relation to other area water uses and available supply to avoid depleting the resource or adversely affecting aquatic ecosystems and/or communities downstream/downhill. SUN TA will follow the USAID Construction Guide in selecting and constructing water points (including soak-away pits) and the approved SUN TA Water Quality Assurance Plan (WQAP) to ensure that all WASH activities provide safe drinking water that meets the water quality standards and guidelines of the Zambian Bureau of Standards and USEPA.
SUN TA will ensure that community V-WASHE committees are formed and orientated in their roles and responsibilities to promote effective utilization, management and operation of water supply facilities. In line with the NRWSSP, V-WASHE committees and community members will be sensitized on hygienic use and maintenance of water points including fencing and keeping livestock away from water points.
In locations where drought conditions are becoming more frequent due to climate change and variability, project designs should ensure that a reliable source of water can be sustained to supply water sources and sanitation systems. Ultimately, more robust water and sanitation infrastructure is more likely to ensure resilience to climate change and variability. Therefore, built structures intended to last for decades need to be designed to withstand exposure to extreme climate events. Specifically, project components sensitive to weather (e.g., materials, location) need to be examined to ensure that they are appropriate for100-year storm criteria. 6
Small (and very-small) Construction Activities to support dietary diversification and water, hygiene and sanitation activities:
● Promote the construction of household latrines by providing guidance on proper siting and construction methods through the Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) and SanMark approach.
Potential Environmental and Climate Change Impacts
Poor site selection, particularly for new household latrine construction and related decommissioning of abandoned or full latrines, may result in contamination of sources of water, damage to vegetation and forests. Improper site selection may also place latrine buildings in flood zones and areas prone to waterlogging thereby contaminating groundwater. Additionally, improper latrine site selection and
6 USAID Environmental Guideline Construction, 2017, page 22.
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construction may result in discontent neighboring households if the activity causes a foul odor and an increase in vector (fly) populations. The use of fire cured bricks can result in deforestation and pits where water collects during rainy seasons resulting in bleeding grounds for vectors.
Recommended Environmental Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Measures
SUN TA will not be doing latrine siting and construction activities directly but will be providing guidance on best practices to the communities through provision of latrine options and training of EHTs, community champions, masons and SAGs. These construction activities, though small, can result in negative impacts on the environment hence the need for provision of mitigation measures. As such, the impacts noted previously will be considered into all program design, implementation and management activities. Starting with capacity development for CLTS, DWASHE members, EHTs and community champions will be sensitized on proper latrine siting with reference to location of water sources. The trained staff will in turn sensitize households on proper latrine siting and construction during triggering sessions and activity implementation support to communities. EHTs and community champions will visit households to determine if the proposed sites meet the appropriate criteria. If not, households will be advised to identify alternative appropriate sites. The CLTS approach promotes the use of locally available materials to construct adequate latrines as recommended by the Government of the Republic of Zambia. The adequate latrine must adhere to the following parameters: lid on the drop hole (to stop flies from transmitting contaminants) hand washing station with water and soap, smooth cleanable floor and a super structure providing privacy. The households will also be sensitized on proper decommissioning of all abandoned latrine and burying of pits.
Water Sampling and Quality Analysis (Use of Nitric Acid as a preservative for water samples for analysis of Arsenic, Lead, Iron and reagents for analysis of Fecal Coliforms and Nitrates) When conducting water quality sampling and analysis including heavy metals (Arsenic, Lead and Iron) during rehabilitation of non-functional boreholes and new borehole construction, SUN TA will facilitate collection and analysis of water samples from all the 13 districts. Whereas physical parameters (pH, temperature, electrical conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids and Turbidity) will be measured onsite, presence of fecal coliforms and nitrate analysis will be done by the Ministry of Health laboratories in each district. The analysis for Arsenic, Lead and Iron will be required to be tested at the National Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research (NISIR) laboratory in Lusaka and Alfred H Knight in Kitwe. The water samples must be preserved as the time between collection in the districts, transportation and testing at NISIR and Alfred H Knight will take more than 24 hours. It is for this purpose that Nitric acid will be used as a preservative for water samples meant for analysis. The project will procure concentrated Nitric acid with 65% acid content which shall be diluted using distilled water to form a low nitric acid concentrate grade for addition of 1ml to 1-liter nitric acid for sample preservation.
Potential Environmental and Climate Change Impacts
Nitric acid is incompatible and can react violently with many substances such as heavy metals and flammable liquids and gases. Concentrated nitric acid and its vapors are highly corrosive to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. When in contact with the skin, dilute solutions cause mild skin irritation and hardening of the epidermis. Contact with concentrated nitric acid stains the skin yellow and produces deep painful burns. Eye contact can cause severe burns and permanent damage. Inhalation of high concentrations can lead to severe respiratory irritation and delayed effects, including pulmonary edema, which may be fatal. Ingestion of nitric acid may result in burning and corrosion of the mouth, throat, and stomach. An oral dose of 10 mL can be fatal in humans.
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Recommended Environmental Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Measures
SUN TA will ensure that the substance will be fully labeled and used within the confines of the laboratories by trained Laboratory Technologists to control dosages and all environmental aspects. Nitric acid utilization or mixing guidelines will be very elaborate and clear by always observing standard safer use and operating procedures. The following precaution will be undertaken in using nitric acid as a preservative for water samples: 1. Before starting work: o SUN TA will ensure that a written experimental protocol including safety information is available to the Laboratory Technologists that will be adding nitric acid to water samples for preservation. o An identification of the location of the nearest eyewash and shower that is accessible will be done. o Locate and verify that appropriate nitric acid spill cleanup materials are available. o Ensure another person who knows nitric acid emergency procedures is easily accessible.
2. During work:
To AVOID INHALATION, the addition of the nitric acid to water samples will be done in the Ministry of Health Laboratory with chemical fume hood, wet bench or other approved ventilated enclosure. Furthermore, to AVOID CONTACT with the nitric acid, all Laboratory Technologists will use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE): 3. After completing the work:
SUN TA will ensure that the disposal of nitric acid waste which is classified as corrosive is done by following Hazardous Waste Procedures: o The nitric acid waste will not be stored in glass or metal containers. SUN TA will ensure that primary and secondary containers will be plastic (e.g., polyethylene) o Because nitric acid is incompatible with MANY chemicals, a separate nitric acid waste stream will be kept, and the waste container will be stored in its own secondary container. o Sealed caps will never be placed on nitric acid waste containers. This is because using a sealed cap can lead to container over pressurization and subsequent rupture. Only vented caps will be used on nitric acid waste containers. o Return container to storage area following Laboratory Chemical Storage Guide. o Wash hands before leaving lab.
Emergency Procedures The following will be the emergency procedures if exposure to nitric acid occurs; First Aid Skin Contact: Flush skin with tepid water for 15 minutes using the closest available sink, portable drench hose or safety shower. The effected staff will also remove any exposed clothing as well as any jewelry that may be trapping nitric acid. Eye Contact: Using eyewash, flush eyes while holding eyelids open, call health emergency line and continue flushing eyes with water until emergency medical personnel arrive. Inhalation: immediately move to get fresh air and call for medical assistance.
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Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting, call for medical assistance and never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Spill Response Outside Fume Hood or Ventilated Enclosure: Alert others and evacuate to a safe distance and prevent entry, call for medical help and remain in a safe location until other response personnel arrive. Inside Fume Hood or Ventilated Enclosure (< 500 Ml): Contact for medical help, apply acid neutralizer wearing PPE described.
Water quality analysis reagents for fecal coliforms and Nitrates Fecal coliforms SUN TA Project will use Lauryl Tryptose Broth for detecting coliform organisms in water. Water quality analysis will be done at the Ministry of Health laboratory using the POTALAB. Essential growth ingredients for Lauryl Tryptose Broth are provided by casein peptone which is composed of nitrogen, carbon compounds, sulfur, and trace ingredients. Potassium phosphate acts as a buffer, while sodium chloride serves to maintain osmotic equilibrium. A durham tube is present in order to detect the production of gas. Exposure to Lauryl Tryptose Broth may cause irritation in the eyes and when ingested. After use, any reagent spills and any materials that will be used for wiping will be safely disposed of in a waste plastic bag which shall be collected as per laboratory waste disposal procedures at the sanitary landfill. Nitrate-Nitrogen testing The SUN TA project will use the HI93728-01 Nitrate Nitrogen reagents, which are already prepared reagents achieving fast and accurate colorimetric measurements. The method is an adaptation of the cadmium reduction method in which the reaction between nitrate and the reagent causes an amber tint in the sample. The intensity of color is determined by a compatible photometer and the nitrate concentration will be displayed in mg/L (ppm) as nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N). These reagents are designed to be used with samples that have an expected range of 0.0 to 30.0 mg/L (ppm) nitrate-nitrogen. This method and reagents pose no risk to human health and the environment. However, personal protection and disposal measures will be applied as when testing for fecal coliforms as prescribed above.
Monitoring System
Monitoring Plan
Environmental and climate risk management and mitigation measures must be monitored to evaluate whether they are achieving the intended results. Tools used to help with the monitoring efforts include indicators and methods. Indicators demonstrate whether mitigation measures are suitable and implemented effectively. Monitoring methods are approaches used to help identify these indicators and can range from laboratory tests to field observations. Photos are also a great resource for identifying impacts and should be used to document pre-existing conditions before activity implementation, and afterwards to help reveal any changes upon completion of the work. The monitoring report provides an opportunity to identify improvements to the mitigation measures and revisions that may be necessary for specific activities based on context.
The SUN TA Monitoring Plan has been developed to track all monitoring efforts based on the EMMP tables provided in this document.
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● Site and activity specific, appropriate mitigation measures, which are provided in the EMMP tables, will be integrated into the design and implementation of each activity. The tables provide a list of potential impacts and mitigation measures. Depending on the activity, only the measures that are relevant will be integrated into the activity. ● Responsible party(s) will conduct monitoring activities during the course of activity implementation and will identify the effectiveness of the mitigation measures and areas where additional measures are needed. Responsible SUN TA staff, specific for each activity, are identified in the EMMP tables. Communities will also be empowered to monitor the effectiveness of the mitigation measures through early participation in the activity and encouraged to recommend appropriate measures where applicable. The communities/beneficiaries will be trained to understand the potential environmental impacts and climate variability risks associated with the activity, and the mitigation measures that are in place to avoid these impacts. Monitoring field visits and meetings with communities will be undertaken to ensure the environmental impacts are minimized as activities progresses. Relevant indicators, monitoring methods, monitoring and reporting frequency and the responsible parties have been provided for each activity in the EMMP tables provided in this document. ● The monitoring indicators that are provided in the EMMP tables will be incorporated into the project Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning Plan (MELP). These indicators will consist of; i. stand-alone indicators, which measure progress towards planned activity environmental results throughout the life of the activity, and ii. integrated indicators, which measure progress toward planned activity results while incorporating environmental mitigation measures throughout the life of the activity. ● Findings from field visits will be summarized in field reports which will provide data (including photos) for preparing the annual Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Report (EMMR) in conjunction with the Annual Report and other reporting required by USAID. ● SUN TA will be implementing activities with selected grantees and subcontractors, who will be responsible for incorporating relevant EMMP measures into their activities.
Grantees and Subcontractor Environmental Review
An Environmental Review form will be completed for all subcontracts and submitted to USAID for approval.
Grants or Direct Assistance Agreements
For all sub-activities, the grant or direct assistance agreement must include the following:
● The appropriate EMMP tables must be included in the grant or direct assistance agreement with the implementing partner for all Negative Determination with Conditions activities. ● The implementing partner agrees to implement all required mitigation measures (if applicable). ● The action budget includes sufficient funding to implement all required mitigation measures (if applicable). ● The implementing partner agrees to report periodically on implementation of mitigation measures and to allow and support inspections of mitigation measures, including field visits and documentation (financial or technical) (if applicable). ● The implementing partner agrees that failure to implement mitigation measures is sufficient cause to terminate activity support for the action (if applicable).
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Staffing
The SUN TA Technical Team comprising the Agriculture and Livelihoods Expert, Health and Nutrition Expert and the WASH Expert, including specific project staff or sub-contractors’ staff will be responsible for incorporating environmental management, mitigation and monitoring measures into the appropriate activities. Additional STTA experts will also contribute to ensuring that the appropriate mitigation measures are integrated into the activity and are regularly monitored. DAI will ensure that all staff who oversee these activities are trained to fully understand the needs and requirements provided in this EMMP. This team of experts will also work closely with the COR and the Mission Environmental Officer (MEO) to ensure all clear understanding and operationalization of the EMMP.
Budget
Budget for environmental and climate change safeguards will be included for each Negative Determination with conditions. Funding will include expenses for regular field visits (travel, per diem) during all aspects of the activity design (baseline data collection and consultations with stakeholders/beneficiaries), activity implementation, and monitoring. Monitoring costs will also include water test kits, training materials and other training costs, and all tangible mitigation actions.
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EMMP Tables
Activity Adverse Impacts Specific Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Responsible implementation indicators Method mitigation measure Timing/Frequency
Agriculture Cross pollination Ensuring that all the crops Quantity and type Check packaging Before procurement Agriculture and inputs - Seeds: with local crops. planted have the of certified seed and labeling of and upon collection Livelihood acceptable separation procured and procured seeds. of seeds. Expert
distances as recommended delivered to and specific for each districts. particular crop or planted at different times to avoid
any contamination.
All seeds should be During site visits. Use of poor-quality SUAP approved. Field visits reports. certified and follow all seed and planting phytosanitary regulations. materials can lead to low or poor Use only seeds that are yields and waste properly packaged and agricultural inputs labeled as per SCCI regulations.
Use only seeds and Seed-borne fungal planting materials that pathogens can meet Zambian sanitary and cause diseases of phytosanitary standards. crops. Use only seeds that are Introduction/spread included in the national of invasive species. register.
Use only species/varieties known to be appropriate
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Activity Adverse Impacts Specific Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Responsible implementation indicators Method mitigation measure Timing/Frequency
for the agro-climatic region
SUAP will provide guidance for seeds that have been treated.
Agriculture Use of pesticides Plan for, resource and Approved SUAP in Check packaging Before procurement Agriculture and inputs: can lead to negative implement all components place. and labeling for all and upon collection Livelihood Pesticides impact on Human of safer pesticide use pesticides to be of pesticides. Expert Health (acute provided in the SUAP. # of Farmers used. poisoning, cancer, trained on safe reproductive and handling and Field/site visits. During site visits. developmental Promote an IPM approach disposal of harm, damage to Training to managing pests. pesticide organs and nervous attendance lists containers/packagi system). It can also and training course ng material. lead to outline/content environmental impacts (acute and # of farmers chronic effects on implementing IPM non-target practices organisms, including beneficial species such as pollinators)
Agriculture Inorganic fertilizers Obtain USAID approval USAID approvals. Check packaging Quarterly Agriculture and inputs - increase soil before procuring and labels from Livelihood fertilizers. Fertilizers acidification leading fertilizers. Expert, application: to poor soil Senior fertility. This results Agriculture
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Activity Adverse Impacts Specific Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Responsible implementation indicators Method mitigation measure Timing/Frequency
in soil nutrients Use/promote organic # of lead farmers Field/site visits. Annually Officer, becoming fertilizers including liming trained in soil Crop husbandry Training unavailable to the within Integrated Soil fertility Officer, Block attendance lists crop. Fertility Management. management and Camp and training including fertilizer Extension Train farmers, outline/ content. Inorganic fertilizer application and Officers, implementing partners, in management. also if not well the following: guidance on Annual Surveys EHTs,
managed can lead fertilizer use and cover the Lead farmers to contamination of decision to use/ not use Percent of farmers water sources fertilizers for different who have applied targeted improved (ground and surface types of crop (cost, water). management benefit, risk); advantages of practices or
soils testing; nutrient technologies demands of principal crops; alternatives to synthetic fertilizer (organic manure, residues, household waste, crop rotation, use of legume cover crops or intercrops, choice of low-demand crops); conservation tillage, crop rotation, water harvesting, agroforestry, composting; application techniques, timing; prevention of fertilizer runoff; use of personal protective equipment, proper handling, mixing, USAID/Zambia SUN TA Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) 28
Activity Adverse Impacts Specific Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Responsible implementation indicators Method mitigation measure Timing/Frequency
application, storage and disposal according to labels or GAP; storage, symptoms of toxicity, first aid, disposal of containers. Use of Contaminate food Ensure proper microbial # of lead farmers Field/site visits Before compost is Agriculture and Animal/compost crops and activity by frequently sensitized on reports. used in the field. Livelihood manure equipment with turning the proper handling of Expert, pathogens. animal/compost manure to animal and Attendance list for sensitization Senior maintain adequate oxygen compost manure. During site visits. Agriculture levels. meeting. Officer, Crop husbandry Officer, Block Incorporate compost into and Camp soil before planting. Extension Officers, Number of lead EHTs, Minimize microbial hazards # of Lead Farmers farmers sensitized May lead to surface with correct siting on handwashing at Lead farmers and groundwater by ensuring manure is well aged and decomposed for manure and critical times. contamination. compost heaps before applying to fields.
Store manure as far as practicable from fresh produce production and
handling areas.
Follow good agricultural practices, such as maximizing time between
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Activity Adverse Impacts Specific Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Responsible implementation indicators Method mitigation measure Timing/Frequency
application and harvest.
Thoroughly clean equipment after use in compost.
Promote handwashing with running water and soap after manure handling.
Sensitize farmers to put gardens and fields at least 30m or more away from the water source.
Crop and Climate Change Promote climate smart # of lead farmers Field/site visits Bi-annual Agriculture and livestock and variability agricultural practices such trained and reports. Livelihood production (floods, drought as minimum-tillage, crop practicing climate Expert, Attendance list for and extreme rotation, intercropping, smart agriculture. Senior temperatures) can agroforestry, farmer training meeting. Agriculture cause reduced crop managed natural Officer, production, failure regeneration, mulching, # of lead farmers Crop husbandry and increased pest irrigation and growing sensitized on Officer, Block and disease cover crops. climate smart and Camp pressure. agriculture. Adjusting planting dates to Extension weather forecasts, varietal Officers, selection to match EHTs, available growing season, Lead farmers drought likelihood, and pest and disease pressures.
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Activity Adverse Impacts Specific Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Responsible implementation indicators Method mitigation measure Timing/Frequency
Value addition Improper disposal Sensitize/train in proper # of community Field/site visits Before and during Agriculture and (food of liquid wastes can food safety sanitation and groups and or reports. value addition Livelihood Processing, contaminate water hygiene requirements. individuals activities. Expert, WASH
preservation sources. sensitized and or Expert, Nutrition
and storage) trained in and Child Health Attendance list for Avoid harmful appropriate food training/sensitizatio During site visits. Expert, Spoilage may preservatives. safety and handling. n meetings. Senior attract rodents and Agriculture
insects. Officer, Promote the use of safe Procurement Food and and treated water when records for Nutrition Production of handling foods. preservatives Officer, Block organic and and Camp
inorganic wastes. Extension Officers, Ensure appropriate storage for all processed foods. EHTs, Use of harmful Lead farmers. preservatives. Ensure safe management and disposal of wastes. Use of water contaminated with harmful minerals and pollutants.
Improper storage can lead to spoilage.
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Activity Adverse Impacts Specific Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Responsible implementation indicators Method mitigation measure Timing/Frequency
Post-harvest High post-harvest Timely harvesting of crops. # of lead farmers Field/site visits Just before Agriculture and management losses. trained on reports. harvesting time. Livelihood
appropriate post- Expert,
Correct harvesting tools harvest handling Senior and methods. practices and Attendance list for During site visits. Agriculture implementing the training/sensitizatio Officer, Crop
practices n meetings. husbandly officers Appropriate storage. Food and # of farmers with Nutrition appropriate Officer, Block storage and Camp Extension Officers, EHTs, Lead farmers.
Cooking Increased Harvest firewood # of sensitization Field/site visits During cooking Nutrition and demonstrations deforestation due sustainably and promote meeting on reports. demonstrations. Child Health to use of charcoal use of alternative efficient and Expert, District and firewood for renewable energy sources sustainable use of Nutrition
fuel in an of fuel. sources of fuel. Officers, EHT, unsustainable SUN Mother manner. Support Group Volunteer
Follow-up during Raise awareness on proper Sensitization on Food Attendance list for cooking hygiene and ensure that proper food contamination training/sensitizatio demonstration proper food handling is handling is during n meetings. meetings with conducted demonstrations participants.
USAID/Zambia SUN TA Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) 32
Activity Adverse Impacts Specific Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Responsible implementation indicators Method mitigation measure Timing/Frequency
observed during demonstrations
Food to be used in demonstration must be fresh to prevent possible food poisoning.
Poultry (local Pollution of water Promote siting and # of anchor Field/site visits Quarterly Agriculture and chicken) sources by manure construction of poultry farmers and reports. Livelihood Production: and potential housing a minimum of 30 beneficiaries Expert, Senior
spread of poultry meters from water source. trained in poultry Poultry Advisor, diseases. management. District Attendance list for training/sensitizatio Livestock Coordinator, Ensure timely vaccination. n meetings. Certification District documentation. Veterinary, Veterinary and Appropriate management Livestock of poultry manure. Assistants, Anchor Farmers.
Promote live fencing of sections where backyard poultry is kept when crops are particularly vulnerable.
Training farmers on poultry management.
USAID/Zambia SUN TA Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) 33
Activity Adverse Impacts Specific Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Responsible implementation indicators Method mitigation measure Timing/Frequency
Ensure all chicks have veterinary certification and clearance before transportation.
Periodically clean poultry pens with disinfectants
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
Site selection Damage sensitive Survey for, and avoid, # of boreholes Borehole final Site Every time siting is Architectural for new ecosystems or wetlands, estuaries or sites selected using selection report being conducted by and Engineering boreholes and endangered other ecologically sensitive the criteria including the Architectural and firm, community species. sites in the project area. established in the preliminary site Engineering firm. WASH Expert water supply Architectural and selection schemes. Engineering firm identification Water Systems Engineer, Ensure requirements are contract report submitted to USAID after the included in subcontract District WASH agreements. siting process as Technical # of sites verified required by Officers, Train and monitor by DWASHE, USAID. Architectural and DWASHE meeting the Engineering firm, criteria set in the committee construction sub- A & E firm Construction members, contractors and contract. Guide. artisans/masons on best VWASHE practices. committee chairperson. Training for A&E Field visit reports. firm conducted
USAID/Zambia SUN TA Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) 34
Activity Adverse Impacts Specific Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Responsible implementation indicators Method mitigation measure Timing/Frequency
Ensure siting is done in higher places/upslope to avoid seepage.
Boreholes will be sited at least 50m from fields. In cases where a water points is sited within of close to fields, the community leadership and field owners will be engaged to relocate the field.
Also, siting should ensure minimum displacement of biodiversity and destruction of vegetation.
Plans and Poorly designed Designs done to Architectural and SUN TA submits During designing and WASH Expert, designs for new water systems and acceptable standards (refer Engineering firm construction construction.
boreholes and boreholes lead to to www.usaidgems.org/ submits designs to progress reports water failed systems, sector environmental SUN TA for to USAID including Water Systems community leakages, stagnant guidelines for construction review. any revisions. Engineer schemes. water and document) to avoid post-
contamination of construction water. contamination.
# of designs All designs to be certified approved by SUN by an engineer. TA.
USAID/Zambia SUN TA Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) 35
Activity Adverse Impacts Specific Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Responsible implementation indicators Method mitigation measure Timing/Frequency
Drilling, Poor water supply All constructions are done # of water-points Monitoring of each Construction Architectural development construction/ according to the SUN TA constructed critical stage of progress reports and Engineering and management can approved designs to avoid according to the construction submitted to USAID firm construction of produce water any post-construction approved drawings (siting, drilling, during construction new boreholes unfit for human or contamination of ground development, WASH Expert and community animal water. # of boreholes pumping test, Water Engineer water schemes. consumption, lead registered with the installations). to drinking water Water Resources contamination and Management All constructions are done Authority health risks to following the USAID beneficiaries. construction guide.
Damage sensitive Register all boreholes as ecosystems or per regulation with the endangered Water Resources species. Management Authority.
Contaminate water with human or livestock pathogens
Selection of Lead to supply of Water quality analysis to USAID approved Water quality Every time boreholes WASH Expert, boreholes for contaminated be one of the key selection WQAP, analysis results are being assessed rehabilitation. water to criteria for deciding which for rehabilitation and Water Systems communities which boreholes to be # of boreholes Borehole are rehabilitated Engineer, can affect human rehabilitated. This will be selected for rehabilitation District WASH health. done during a rehabilitation
USAID/Zambia SUN TA Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) 36
Activity Adverse Impacts Specific Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Responsible implementation indicators Method mitigation measure Timing/Frequency
rehabilitation needs needs assessment Technical assessment report Officers
List of rehabilitated boreholes.
Rehabilitation of Lead to supply of Disinfect borehole parts # of APMs and V- Borehole Prior to WASH Expert, boreholes. contaminated before installation. WASHE members rehabilitation implementation. Water Engineer, water to sensitized on reports. District WASH communities which hygienic handling of Technical
can affect human Promote hygienic handling all parts before and After rehabilitation Officers. health. of all the parts before during installation. Field site of water sources for installation. inspection reports. public consumption.
Contaminate water # of boreholes with human or Use fencing or similar that rehabilitated, livestock will keep livestock away disinfected and pathogens. from the water point. fenced.
Each borehole has a soakaway pit which is well maintained and protected from livestock.
Conduct specific threat # of communities Minutes from the reduction awareness sensitized on sensitization creation and sensitizations hygiene and social meeting focusing on hygienic use behavior change
and maintenance of the improvement as part of USAID/Zambia SUN TA Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) 37
Activity Adverse Impacts Specific Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Responsible implementation indicators Method mitigation measure Timing/Frequency
behavior change and education program.
Conduct a water quality assessment after Water quality rehabilitation but before assessment report commissioning.
Construction of Poorly constructed Proper siting of soakaway # of boreholes Field construction During construction WASH Expert, Soakaway pits soakaway pits and pits. with aprons, monitoring and site and after Water Engineer, and drains for drainage systems drainage and visits. rehabilitation of District WASH
new and can lead to stagnant soakaway pits water points. Technical
rehabilitated water which Promote hygienic constructed in line Officers. water points. provides a suitable management of soak away with GRZ Construction breeding ground pits and drains to ensure specifications and reports. for vectors that there are no pools of guidelines. spread diseases. stagnant water around the # of VWASHE water point. committees trained on water point management. Architectural and Engineering firms, sub- Poor siting of contractors and masons soakaway pits can follow government place unfractured in guidelines (National Rural areas prone to Water Supply and flooding and Sanitation Program) when waterlogging. constructing soak away
USAID/Zambia SUN TA Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) 38
Activity Adverse Impacts Specific Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Responsible implementation indicators Method mitigation measure Timing/Frequency
pits. Thus,10m drain (for boreholes) and 2m drain for a water collection point (stand tap).
Train V-WASHE committees and conduct sensitizations to beneficiaries on hygienic use and maintenance of water points.
Promotion of Poor latrine site Promote siting and # of EHTs and CLTS monitoring Quarterly WASH Expert, household selection/ construction of latrines in community reports. Sanitation and latrine siting and construction places where the facility champions trained Hygiene construction /decommissioning will not cause water to sensitize Specialist, through CLTS and management contamination in line with households on Field visits reports. District WASH promotion. can lead to the NRWSSP guidelines proper latrine Technical increased vectors (minimum of 30m and siting. down-slope with reference Officers, for diseases. Physical checks to to a water source). # of masons, measure distance EHTs, Contaminate trained in latrine SAGs. ground and surface siting and water with human Promote the construction construction. pathogens if sited of adequate latrines (with lid on drop hole to trap and constructed in # of Sanitation vectors), smooth cleanable areas prone to Action Groups flow for easy cleaning, flooding and water sensitized on super structure providing logging or areas proper privacy and handwashing where the water maintenance and USAID/Zambia SUN TA Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) 39
Activity Adverse Impacts Specific Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Responsible implementation indicators Method mitigation measure Timing/Frequency
table is high. station with water and cleaning of latrines soap. and hand washing techniques.
Train EHTs, Community # of latrines sited Champions and masons on and constructed in proper toilet sitting. accordance with NRWSSP
guidelines Promote safe decommissioning of abandoned latrines/pits.
Procurement of Contamination of Procurement of Due diligence Samples of Every time materials Procurement construction water points. appropriate materials only reports. materials from are being procured manager, materials for from credible vendors vendors are and delivered. rehabilitation. coupled with due diligence verified during WASH Expert, Sample verification before delivery to sites. evaluation. Water Systems reports. Engineer.
Visit vendors to verify material quality before procurement and delivery to sites.
Goods verified on delivery.
USAID/Zambia SUN TA Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) 40
Activity Adverse Impacts Specific Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Responsible implementation indicators Method mitigation measure Timing/Frequency
Workers safety Injury which can Ensure all workers on site # of workers Random site visits During construction. Water Systems during lead to death. wear protective clothing wearing protective reports. Engineer. construction. to prevent incidences of clothing on the
injury and protect human site. health. Verify contractual language
Ensure all SUN TA contracts include the requirement for workers to wear protective clothing and penalties to apply for not complying.
Site waste Lead contamination Construction sites to be # of sites without Monitoring of During and after WASH Expert, management. of the environment free from construction construction waste management construction. Sanitation and including surface waste by applying good debris and compliance at Hygiene and groundwater. waste management the construction practices to avoid site. Specialist, Water # of completion endangering humans, fauna Engineer, certificates issued and flora. District WASH to the contractors. Technical Officers. # of V-WASHE Completion certificate committee shall not be issued without sensitized on a contractor appropriately external waste cleaning up the management at the construction site. water point.
USAID/Zambia SUN TA Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) 41
Activity Adverse Impacts Specific Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Responsible implementation indicators Method mitigation measure Timing/Frequency
Sensitize VWASHE committee and community members on appropriate waste management at the water point (external contamination by users)
Water quality Water All water points should be # of water points Water Quality When water analysis WASH Expert, testing. contamination tested for Arsenic, Lead, tested. analysis report. is conducted. Water Systems affecting human Nitrates, Fluoride, Fecal Coliforms, Turbidity, pH, Engineer. health. # of water points and Electrical Conductivity that meet water Sharing of water to avoid environmental quality standards quality results in contamination thereby the construction negatively affecting human progress reports # of water points health. to USAID. that fail to meet
water quality standards Failure to All required corrective implement measures will be corrective performed at all water # of water points measures following points with exceedances. requiring the
the discovery of implementation of
contaminants in corrective water measures
# of water points subjected to all corrective
measures Failure to meet the
recommended USAID/Zambia SUN TA Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) 42
Activity Adverse Impacts Specific Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Responsible implementation indicators Method mitigation measure Timing/Frequency
number of tests for new and
rehabilitated water # of water points points All recommended tests for that met all the new and rehabilitated required water
water points will be quality tests
conducted before and after the start of WASH activities and after
commissioning as required.
Nitric acid is Approved SUAP in corrosive, Minutes and report The substance will be fully place. for training of incompatible and When water analysis WASH Expert, labeled and used within Laboratory can react violently is conducted. with many the confines of the # of Laboratory Technologists in Water Systems substances such laboratories by trained Technologists water quality Engineer. heavy metals, personnel to control trained assurance
flammable liquids dosages and all protocols environmental aspects. and gases. Standard operating Water Quality procedures for analysis report. This will be done by always observing standard safer nitrate acid in place
use guidelines and operating procedures.
Disposal of empty cans
will be done by following
Hazardous Waste
Procedures at all times
Lauryl
USAID/Zambia SUN TA Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) 43
Activity Adverse Impacts Specific Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Responsible implementation indicators Method mitigation measure Timing/Frequency
Tryptose The substance will be fully Approved SUAP in Minutes and report Broth may cause labeled and used within place. for training of When water analysis WASH Expert, irritation in the the confines of the Laboratory is conducted. eyes and when laboratories by trained # of Laboratory Technologists in Water Systems ingested personnel to control Technologists water quality Engineer. dosages and all assurance trained environmental aspects. protocols
After use, any reagent Standard operating Water Quality spills and any materials procedures for analysis report. Lauryl that will be used for Tryptose wiping will be safely Broth use in place disposed of in a waste plastic bag which shall be collected as per laboratory waste disposal procedures at the sanitary landfill.
Protection of Contamination of Raise awareness through # of V-WASHE Attendance list for Bi-annual WASH Expert, watershed/Wat water recharge V-WASHE committees of committees V-WASHE Sanitation and er recharge zones. the risks associated with formed and trained committee Hygiene areas from watershed contamination in integrated members trained. Specialist, contamination. and provide support to watershed District Forestry
communities to develop management. Officer, District action plans on integrated # of action plans Water on integrated Development
USAID/Zambia SUN TA Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) 44
Activity Adverse Impacts Specific Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Responsible implementation indicators Method mitigation measure Timing/Frequency
watershed management watershed Community action Officer, District (IWRM) management plans Technical WASH developed and Officers. implemented
Promote home Environmental Promote safe disposal of # of EHTS, Field visit reports. Bi-annual WASH Expert, based water pollution. empty bottles through oriented to Sanitation and
treatment – e.g. community sensitizations. sensitize Hygiene use of liquid communities on Specialist, Sensitization chlorine. home-based water reports. District Forestry treatment and safe Officer, District Undertake safety measures based on the type of disposal of empty. Water Development product used. containers, sachets, Attendance lists Officer, District bottles. for V-WASHE Technical WASH committees Officers. sensitized. # of V-WASHE Follow Chlorine use committees and instructions and handling communities instruction on the bottle. . sensitized on water treatment and safe disposal of empty Never dump or rinse off containers, sachets, containers where it can bottles. run into water sources.
# households confirming correct labelling and
USAID/Zambia SUN TA Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) 45
Activity Adverse Impacts Specific Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Responsible implementation indicators Method mitigation measure Timing/Frequency
utilization of Chlorine
Field visits to check for presence of containers dumped near water points
USAID/Zambia SUN TA Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) 46
Annex A Zambia Environmental Laws and Legal Code
The following is the Zambian environmental legal and administrative framework that is potentially relevant and applicable to the SUN TA.
The Zambian Constitution (as amended by Act Number 18 of 1996), pledges:
“… to ourselves that we shall ensure that the State shall respect the rights and dignity of the human family, uphold the laws of the State and conduct the affairs of the State in such a manner as to preserve, develop, and utilize its resources for this and future generations.”
The Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act, No. 2 of 1990 as amended (EPPCA), is the supreme environmental law in Zambia and it prescribes the functions and powers of the Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA). The Agency (formerly known as the Environmental Council of Zambia), established in 1992, is mandated to protect the environment and control pollution to provide for the health and welfare of persons and to protect the environment. Environmental issues cut across a wide variety of sectors and there are several government institutions and agencies outside of the ZEMA that are involved in environmental management. Sectoral agencies and planning authorities may include the Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources, the Ministry of Water, Sanitation and Environmental Protection, the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, and the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock.
In 1997, EIA Regulations No. 28 of 1997 was signed as a Statutory Instrument meant to provide for a proactive approach in environmental management and as a planning tool for the country. ZEMA is the custodian of the Environmental Management Act (EMA) No. 12 of 2011 and is responsible for its implementation and enforcement through its respective departments. ZEMA is empowered by EMA to protect water resources from environmental pollution. ZEMA is also mandated to provide guidelines and enforce the provision in the EMA on the sound management of waste, hazardous waste (such as health care waste), and sound management of chemicals throughout their life cycle. The EMA also provides for the undertaking of an EIA for projects involved in large construction activities. The EMA mandates projects that require an EIA to be implemented only after an approval by ZEMA is granted Part III of the Act deals with Integrated Environmental Management including EIA, while Part IV deals with Environmental Protection and Pollution Control with specific sections on Waste Management, Air, Water, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances.
With respect to chemicals, the EMA requires that a person who intends to manufacture, import, export, store, distribute, transport, blend, process, reprocess, or change the composition of a pesticide or toxic substance, or who intends to reprocess an existing pesticide or toxic substance for a significantly new use, is required to petition the Agency for a license. Concerning pesticides, regulations are also in place concerning their registration, importation, and transportation.
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process has been formalized by the EPPCA. The EIA process is clearly set out in the EIA Regulations of 1997. The services provided by ZEMA, in relation to EIA studies, include among others:
● assisting the developer to determine the scope of EIA studies, ● reviewing project briefs, terms of reference, and environmental impact statements (EIS) and decision-making, ● conducting verification surveys of the affected environment, ● conducting compliance audits of the project between 12 and 36 months after implementation, and ● generally, administer the EIA regulations.
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Further advances in environmental and natural resources management were enhanced by the formulation of the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) in 1994. The NEAP seeks to integrate environmental concerns into the social and economic development planning process of the country.
The Forest Act of 2015 repeals and replaces the Forests Act of 1999 and provides for the establishment and declaration of National Forests, Local Forests, joint forest management areas, botanical reserves, private forests and community forests. It also provides for the participation of local communities, local authorities, traditional institutions, non-governmental organizations and other stakeholders in sustainable forest management; provides for the conservation and use of forests and trees for the sustainable management of forests ecosystems and biological diversity. The Act provides for the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna, the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, particularly in Africa and any other relevant international agreement to which Zambia is a party.
The Water Resources Management Act, 2011 provides for the establishment of the Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) to manage water resources at national and local level. It vests all water in its natural state in the President and further calls for the management of water resources in an integrated and sustainable manner. The Board of the WRMA (a) ensures the protection, conservation and sustenance of the environment (b) takes into account the regulations, standards and guidelines issued by, or under, the Environmental Management Act, 2011, and the Standards Act; and (c) ensures that an environmental impact assessment is carried out, where necessary, in accordance with the Environmental Management Act, 2011. The National Policy on Climate Change, 2016 provides a framework for coordinated responses to climate change issues to ensure climate resilience and low carbon development pathways for sustainable development towards the attainment of Zambia’s Vision 2030. The policy seeks to promote the mainstreaming of climate change into policies, plans and strategies at all levels to account for Climate Change risks and opportunities in decision making and implementation. It further gives guidance on how the Zambian economy can grow in a sustainable manner.
Other important Acts include:
● Zambia Wildlife Act No. 15 of 2015 - provides for wildlife management and conservation. ● Agriculture (Fertilizer and Feed) Act No. 13 of 1994, Cap 226 - The Act provides for the regulation and control of manufacture, processing, importation and sale of agriculture fertilizers. ● Disaster Management Act No. 13 of 2010 - This Act provides for Disaster preparedness and response. ● Public Health Act (Cap.295) of 1995- An Act to provide for the prevention and suppression of diseases and generally to regulate all matters connected with public health in Zambia. This Act makes provision with respect to matters affecting public health in Zambia including prevention and suppression of infectious diseases including diseases communicable from animal to man, sanitation, protection of food, supply of water, protection from mosquitoes and pollution in general. ● The Zambia Wildlife Act No. 14 of 2015 establishes the Department of National Park and Wildlife in the Ministry of Tourism and Arts, transfers ZAWA functions, and appoints a Director and officers to serve therein. Establish control and management of “National Parks, bird and wildlife sanctuaries and for the conservation and enhancement of wildlife ecosystems, biological diversity and objects of aesthetic, prehistoric, historic, geological, archeological and scientific interest in National Parks. Provides for the sustainable use of wildlife and the effective management of the
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wildlife habitat in GMAs, as well as address community involvement in GMAs; provide for the regulation of game ranching; and provide for the licensing of hunting and control of the processing, sale, import, and export of wild animals and trophies.
Zambia is a party to many conventions of international importance, including the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) the Ramsar Convention, the African Convention, and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, International Plant Protection Convention for the Prevention and Control of the Introduction and Spread of Pests of Plants and Plant Products, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 2001, etc.
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