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02 Intro to Mexican-American War.Indd
Introduction to the Mexican-American War “I BELIEVE IT TO BE A WAR OF PRETEXTS, A WAR IN WHICH THE TRUE MOTIVE is not distinctly avowed, but in which pretenses, afterthoughts, evasions and other methods are employed to put a case before the community which is not the true case.” —Daniel Webster, September 1847 *** INTERPRETATIONS CONCERNING THE CAUSES of the Mexican- American War vary. Simply stated, a dictatorial Centralist government in Mexico began the war in response to the United States’ annexation of Texas, land that Mexico con- tinued to claim despite the establishment of the indepen- dent Republic of Texas ten years before. Despite the many interpretations of its causes, the war resulted in new bound- aries and new territories that reshaped the United States and Mexico forever. At the onset of the war, Mexico had an unstable gov- ernment. In December 1844, a coalition of moderates and 35 Federalists forced the dictator Antonio López de Santa Anna into exile and elected José Joaquín Herrera as acting president of Mexico. The Federalist victory was short and peace was uneasy. Although Santa Anna was exiled to Cuba, other Centralists began planning the over- throw of Herrera. With Mexico’s internal strife, the annexation of Texas in 1845 fueled the conflict. The principal factor leading to the annexation of Texas was Britain’s interest in an independent Texas. Rather than resorting to an immediate declaration of war, as had been the promise of his predecessor, Herrera hoped for a negotiated settlement to the conflict. Then, fearing American patience was run- ning short in negotiations over Texas, Herrera determined to settle the issue. -
The Mexican General Officer Corps in the US
University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Latin American Studies ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 12-1-2011 Valor Wrought Asunder: The exM ican General Officer Corps in the U.S.-Mexican War, 1846-1847. Javier Ernesto Sanchez Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ltam_etds Recommended Citation Sanchez, Javier Ernesto. "Valor Wrought Asunder: The exM ican General Officer Corps in the U.S.-Mexican War, 1846-1847.." (2011). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ltam_etds/3 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Latin American Studies ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Javier E. Sánchez Candidate Latin-American Studies Department This thesis is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Thesis Committee: L.M. García y Griego, Chairperson Teresa Córdova Barbara Reyes i VALOR WROUGHT ASUNDER: THE MEXICAN GENERAL OFFICER CORPS IN THE U.S.-MEXICAN WAR, 1846 -1847 by JAVIER E. SANCHEZ B.B.A., BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO 2009 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico December 2011 ii VALOR WROUGHT ASUNDER: THE MEXICAN GENERAL OFFICER CORPS IN THE U.S.-MEXICAN WAR, 1846-1847 By Javier E. Sánchez B.A., Business Administration, University of New Mexico, 2008 ABSTRACT This thesis presents a reappraisal of the performance of the Mexican general officer corps during the U.S.-Mexican War, 1846-1847. -
Proceedings First Annual Palo Alto Conference
PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST ANNUAL PALO ALTO CONFERENCE An International Conference on the Mexican-American War and its Causes and Consequences with Participants from Mexico and the United States. Brownsville, Texas, May 6-9, 1993 Palo Alto Battlefield National Historic Site Southwest Region National Park Service I Cover Illustration: "Plan of the Country to the North East of the City of Matamoros, 1846" in Albert I C. Ramsey, trans., The Other Side: Or, Notes for the History of the War Between Mexico and the I United States (New York: John Wiley, 1850). 1i L9 37 PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST ANNUAL PALO ALTO CONFERENCE Edited by Aaron P. Mahr Yafiez National Park Service Palo Alto Battlefield National Historic Site P.O. Box 1832 Brownsville, Texas 78522 United States Department of the Interior 1994 In order to meet the challenges of the future, human understanding, cooperation, and respect must transcend aggression. We cannot learn from the future, we can only learn from the past and the present. I feel the proceedings of this conference illustrate that a step has been taken in the right direction. John E. Cook Regional Director Southwest Region National Park Service TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction. A.N. Zavaleta vii General Mariano Arista at the Battle of Palo Alto, Texas, 1846: Military Realist or Failure? Joseph P. Sanchez 1 A Fanatical Patriot With Good Intentions: Reflections on the Activities of Valentin GOmez Farfas During the Mexican-American War. Pedro Santoni 19 El contexto mexicano: angulo desconocido de la guerra. Josefina Zoraida Vazquez 29 Could the Mexican-American War Have Been Avoided? Miguel Soto 35 Confederate Imperial Designs on Northwestern Mexico. -
Battle of Monterrey, Mexico 1846
United States of America The Mexican-American War “Battle of Monterrey - September 21–24, 1846" U.S. Troops March on Monterrey Mexico during Mexican-American War. By Adolphe Jean-Baptiste Bayot - Published in the 1851 book "The War Between the United States and Mexico, Illustrated". The Battle of Monterrey, Mexico (part of Mexican-American War) Date: September 21 – 24, 1846 Location: Monterrey, Nuevo Leon Result: United States victory Commanders and Leaders General Zachary Taylor Pedro de Ampudia General William J. Worth Jose Garcia-Conde Inspector General W.G. Belknap Francisco Mejia Strengths 6,220 7,303 Casualties and Losses 488 killed and wounded 367 killed and wounded (120 killed, 368 wounded) 43 missing Property of Charles J. DiComo, PhD 05NOV2016 United States of America The Mexican-American War “Battle of Monterrey - September 21–24, 1846" General Worth’s Division Marches on Monterrey from the West. Reference: http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/monterrey-battle.htm Disposition of Forces, Battle of Monterrey Mexico during Mexican-American War. Reference: Smith, J.H., 1919, The War with Mexico, New York: Macmillan Property of Charles J. DiComo, PhD 05NOV2016 United States of America The Mexican-American War “Battle of Monterrey - September 21–24, 1846" Point Isabel, Texas - circa 1861, Harper’s Weekly, Vol. 5, No. 224. Reference: http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/civil-war-point-isabel-texas.htm Expansion of Texas Mails in far SW Texas to Serve U.S Troops Reference: “Texas under Six Flags, 1801 – 1865” (2013 exhibit of Vince King) Property of Charles J. DiComo, PhD 05NOV2016 United States of America The Mexican-American War “Battle of Monterrey - September 21–24, 1846" William Goldsmith Belknap (1794 – 1851) William Goldsmith Belknap (Sep. -
Local Government in Mexico During the 1960S for 71 Years, the Partido
Who governed? Local Government in Mexico during the 1960s For 71 years, the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) not only dominated Mexico’s presidential and congressional votes but also won the vast majority of local elections.1 Revolutionaries had fought for the right to choose local representatives and the principle of municipal governance was enshrined in the 1917 constitution.2 As a result, opponents of Mexico’s one party system focused their critiques on municipal presidents. By the 1960s, opposition politicians asserted that the PRI imposed “rogues and violent men” and claimed only eight of the country’s municipalities had experienced free votes. 3 Left-leaning commentators often concurred, arguing that local officials constituted a “mafia”.4 Even discontented PRI functionaries declared that “municipal representatives…. were selected directly from the federal capital” and were “obscure and ill-qualified for the job”.5 By the end of the decade, cartoonist Rius’s Don Perpetuo the corpulent, drunken mayor of San Garabato had become a symbol of the PRI regime. Fantastically wealthy, inveterately 1 Each of Mexico’s around 2350 municipalities held elections every 2 to 3 years depending on local legislation. As a result, between 1946 and 1980 there were around 30,000 municipal elections. Between 1946 and 1980, the main opposition party, the Partido Acción Nacional (PAN) won 52 only municipalities. Francisco Reveles VásQuez, Partido Acción Nacional - los signos de la institucionalización (Mexico City: Ediciones Guernika, 2002), pp. 493-505. [actually 68!!] 2 Alan Knight, The Mexican Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986) (2 volumes), II, p. 32. For a history of the legislation connected to the “municipio libre”, see Sergio Francisco de la Garza, El municipio: historia, naturaleza y gobierno (Mexico City: Jus, 1947). -
Los San Patricios En La Guerra De 1847. Robert Ryal Miller
LOS SAN PATRICIOS EN LA GUERRA DE 1847 Robert Ryal MILLER Berkeley, California LA SAGA DE LOS SAN PATRICIOS ES UNA VERDADERA y fascinante his• toria de guerra, intriga, deserción y brutal justicia militar. Un episodio único en la historia militar, que involucra a desertores del ejército de Estados Unidos que cruzaron las líneas enemigas y se unieron al ejército mexicano en un momento en que las dos naciones estaban en guerra. Como representantes de un corte transversal de las fuer• zas estadounidenses, muchos desertores eran extranjeros —la mayoría irlandeses. Bajo la bandera de San Patricio, santo patrono de Irlanda, formaron una unidad específi• ca del ejército mexicano, compuesta principalmente de desertores, que peleó en cinco batallas.1 La historia de los san patricios está entretejida con la guerra que brotó en el río Bravo después de que Estados Unidos ane• xó Texas, a finales de 1845. Un problema era la frontera: los estadounidenses sostenían que era la del río Bravo, mientras que los mexicanos la reconocían en el río Nueces, 150 mi• llas (240 km) al noreste, que había sido la frontera tradicio• nal. A finales de marzo de 1846 el general Zachary Taylor se encontraba en el suroeste de Texas, donde comandaba un ejército estadounidense de 3900 hombres, casi la mitad de los cuales habían nacido en Irlanda, Gran Bretaña o Euro- 1 El único libro que no es de ficción sobre el tema, en MILLER, 1989. Además, existen tres novelas: Cox, 1954; HAYES, 1977, y KRUEGER, 1960. HMex, XLVII: 2, 1997 345 346 ROBERT RYAL MILLER pa occidental.2 Los hombres de Taylor construyeron una for• taleza en el territorio disputado, sobre la ribera izquierda del río Bravo, frente al pueblo de Matamoros, donde existía una base militar mexicana. -
The Ghosts of Mier: Violence in a Mexican Frontier Community During the Nineteenth Century
University of Texas Rio Grande Valley ScholarWorks @ UTRGV History Faculty Publications and Presentations College of Liberal Arts 2019 The Ghosts of Mier: Violence in a Mexican Frontier Community during the Nineteenth Century Jamie Starling The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/hist_fac Part of the Latin American History Commons Recommended Citation Starling, Jamie. "The Ghosts of Mier: Violence in a Mexican Frontier Community during the Nineteenth Century." Journal of the Southwest 61, no. 3 (2019): 550-570. doi:10.1353/jsw.2019.0045. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Liberal Arts at ScholarWorks @ UTRGV. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ UTRGV. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. 550 ✜ JOURNAL OF THE SOUTHWEST The Ghosts of Mier: Violence in a Mexican Frontier Community during the Nineteenth Century JAMIE STARLING On April 23, 1852, Ramona de la Peña became a widow for the second time when she buried Eusebio García at the Inmaculada Concepción Parish of Ciudad Mier, Tamaulipas. The priest who conducted the burial, Father José Luis Gonzaga García, had ministered to her family over the previous thirteen years and baptized five of the couple’s children. He christened their youngest, Gregorio, about a year earlier. On the day of the burial, the priest wrote a sacramental record that described Eusebio García’s death “in the hands of the Americans” (en manos de los americanos). -
Monterrey Is Ours! the Mexican War Letters of Lieutenant Dana, 1845-1847
University of Kentucky UKnowledge Latin American History History 1990 Monterrey Is Ours! The Mexican War Letters of Lieutenant Dana, 1845-1847 Napoleon Tecumseh Dana Robert H. Ferrell Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Dana, Napoleon Tecumseh and Ferrell, Robert H., "Monterrey Is Ours! The Mexican War Letters of Lieutenant Dana, 1845-1847" (1990). Latin American History. 4. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_latin_american_history/4 MONTERREY IS OURS! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 This page intentionally left blank 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MONTERREY IS OURS! The Mexican War Letters of Lieutenant Dana 1845~1847 Edited By ROBERT H. FERRELL THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY Copyright © 1990 by The University Press of Kentucky Scholarly publisher for the commonwealth, serving Bellarmine College, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Club, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University. -
Rafael Martínez
El Comité para la Conmemoración del Centenario de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexi- canos, a través del Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México presenta la colección “Biblioteca Constitucional”. El propósito es DE reunir las obras clásicas en la materia, así como nuevas Rafael Martínez de Escobar fue sin duda uno de los más destacados investigaciones que nos permitan conocer el proceso que RGELL culminó con la promulgación de la Carta Magna que diputados constituyentes de 1917. El representante de Tabasco U nos rige y la evolución que ha tenido en sus cien años se distinguió por pronunciar brillantes discursos en favor de las pos- AR POLÍTICA B de vigencia. turas radicales del grupo de diputados jacobinos al que pertenecía. La lectura de los textos constitucionales que se han La biografía que hoy publicamos es el resultado de una amplia SCO dado los mexicanos a lo largo de su historia es indis- E R AFAEL MARTÍNEZ DE ESCOBAR nació el 12 de abril de 1888 en pensable para el estudio de las grandes transformaciones investigación realizada por la bisnieta del constituyente, Alejandra DE Huimanguillo, Tabasco, en una familia de clase media. Hizo sus políticas, económicas, sociales y culturales generadas por Pérez Reguera, quien continuó y concluyó el trabajo iniciado por IOGRAFÍA B primeros estudios en su pueblo natal y, posteriormente, en 1907, las revoluciones que han definido la historia nacional: la su padre Alfonso Pérez Reguera. La autora realizó una exhaustiva se trasladó a la ciudad de México a estudiar leyes en la Escuela de Independencia, la Reforma liberal y la Revolución Jurisprudencia, titulándose como abogado en 1912. -
General Mariano Arista (1802-1855) General Zachary
GENERAL MARIANO ARISTA (1802-1855) A loyal leader of Mexico’s Northern Army, General Mariano Arista refused to support General Paredes’ government takeover. After becoming President, Paredes replaced Arista and chose Pedro Ampudia to be the new General of the Northern Army. Northern citizens didn’t trust Ampudia and demanded Arista’s return. Paredes soon returned Arista to power. The next day, the determined general sent troops across the border, resulting in a Mexican victory in a skirmish at Rancho de Carricitos. Success was short-lived. As Mexican forces lost at Resaca de la Palma and abandoned Matamoros, Ampudia was restored to power. Arista refused to give up and demanded a military tribunal review his strategies. They did and declared “Perdío peleando” (he went down fighting). Arista’s ambition led him be Secretary of War and, in 1851, to become President of the Mexican Republic. ◊ Skirmish: A minor fight between small bodies of troops ◊ Tribunal: Court of justice ◊ Strategy: Plan of attack ◊ Ambition: An eager desire for social standing, fame, power, or to achieve a particular goal GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR (1784-1850) The modest General Zachary Taylor preferred to wear a plain uniform and straw hat than a General’s polished uniform. Having been in the army for over 40 years, Taylor understood the hardships of a soldier’s life. Unlike other generals, he fought alongside his men, earning their trust and respect. He was known as “Old Rough and Ready,” a nickname that reflected his modesty and ability to make quick decisions in battle. His success in the Battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma made the General a national hero. -
Printed in Mexico
Primera edición: octubre de 2006 D.R. ® Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación Av. José María Pino Suárez, Núm. 2 c.P. 06065, México, D.E ISBN 970-712-642-6 Impreso en Méxíco Printed in Mexico La edición de esta obra estuvo a! cuidado de la Dirección Genera! de la Coordinación de Compilación y Sistematización de Tesis de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación. Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación ~mblanzas de los personajes ilustres que dan nombre a las Casas de la Cultura Jurídica en la República Mexicana Centro de Consulta de Información Juridica cW Biblioteca México, 2006 FO ;'/15 5Hi'-Z SUPREMA CORTE DE JUSTICIA DE LA NACIÓN Ministro Mariano Azuela Güitrón Presidente Primera Sala Ministro José Ramón Cossío Diaz Presidente Ministro José de Jesús Gudino Pelaya Ministra OIga Sánchez Cordero de Carda VilIegas Ministro Juan N. Silva Meza Ministro Sergio A. Valls Hemandez Segunda Sala Ministra :r..hrgarita Beatriz Luna Ramos Presidenta Ministro Sergio Salvador Aguirre Anguiano Ministro Juan Díaz Romero Ministro Genaro David Góngora Pimentel 1>.linistro Guillermo 1. Qrtiz :r..layagoitia Comité de Publicaciones y Promoción Educativa :r..1inistro Mariano Azuela Güitrón Ministra Margarita Beatriz Luna Ramos Ministra Oiga Sánchez Cordero de García Villegas Comité editoria1 Dr. Eduardo Ferrer Mac-Gregor Poisot .$em-rario EjK'unl'O JurjJjco A.J"'lnistrnlU\:¡ Mtra. Cieuto Bolívar Calinda Dtffl"1Ol'"C1 Gmeral k wCoo~dinación M CQmpilarum y SisfmtatOrión de Tesis lic. Laura Verónica Camacho Squhias Dirafora G~ de Difusi.¡m Mtro. César de Jesús Molina Suirez DlraTor Gmeml de C= de la Cu1n4ra Jurídica y Em¡JioJ HL<tOriros Dr_ Salvador Cárdenas Gutiérrez Dirntor de An.:íb.ris ti ln1>e5figaritin HisT&riw DocumenuJ Contenido Presentación . -
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FRANCISCO J. SANTAMARÍA, GUARDIÁN DE LAS LETRAS Y LAS PALABRAS DE TABASCO Y SU HISTORIA ∑(1886 - 1963) COLECCIÓN LITERATURA Serie Ensayo • Enrique González Pedrero FRANCISCO JAVIER SANTAMARÍA Guardián de las letras y palabras de Tabasco y su historia (1886 - 1963) Ensayos Carlos Enrique Ruiz Abreu Coordinador Primera edición: 2019 © Miguel Ángel Díaz Perera, Cirilo Antonio Guzmán, Elías Balcázar Antonio, Jorge Priego Martínez (autores) y Carlos Enrique Ruiz Abreu (coordinador) D. R. © 2019, Secretaría de Cultura Calle Andrés Sánchez Magallanes # 1124 Fraccionamiento Portal del Agua Colonia Centro, Villahermosa C. P. 86000 Tabasco, México Se prohíbe la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra, sea cual fuere el medio, sin el consentimiento por escrito del titular de los derechos correspondientes. ISBN: 978-607-8428-91-5 Impreso en México - Printed in Mexico Francisco J. Santamaría: el hombre, su obra y su tiempo Carlos Enrique Ruiz Abreu l nombre de Francisco Javier Santamaría se le suma de manera natu- Aral el de lexicógrafo, filólogo, lingüista, poeta, novelista, bibliófilo, bibliógrafo, historiador, político, cronista, cuentista, periodista, aboga- do, arqueólogo, pedagogo, editor y matemático; además de habernos he- redado un gran cúmulo de conocimientos sobre el folklore tabasqueño. Si todo lo pudiéramos sintetizar en una sola palabra sería simplemente la de genio. No hay en la historia antigua ni moderna de Tabasco un personaje que reúna tantos atributos como él. Santamaría fue y es el in- telectual más completo y con mayores alcances a nivel local, nacional y en el exterior que ha dado nuestra provincia. Los años de estudio e investigación que le llevó a Santamaría la com- posición y elaboración de su Diccionario General de Americanismos y otros trabajos, donde se empeña en reflexionar y componer el léxico de la lengua española, lo convierten en uno de los más importantes lexicó- grafos de México y del mundo de habla hispana.