Pharmaceuticals and Dietary Supplements Extracted from Mare’s

Anca Alexandra STUPARU*, Crina Elena STRUGARIU, Teofil OROIAN

University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania, * corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]

Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnologies 73(1)/ 2016 Print ISSN 1843-5262; Electronic ISSN 1843-536X DOI:10.15835/buasvmcn-asb: 11429

Abstract milk is similar to human and has valuable therapeutic properties. For this reason, Europeans are increasingly interested in discovering its benefits and how the chemical composition of horse milk differs from that Mare’sof other species. This interest is reflected in the number of new farms selling milk around the world as this milk is the most similar to human milk. milk is considered to be highly digestible, rich in essential nutrients and protein, which makes it very suitable as a substitute for bovine milkmare’s in paediatric diets. During the period of , milk compositionMare’s is subject to rapid changes in macro- and micro-elements, as well as in the quantity and quality of proteins, lipids and saccharides, being ideal for infants. The primary use of milk has beenmammal’s the rearing of foals, but recently, due to the similarity of its chemical composition to that of human milk, it has raised particular interest and some experiments have been done to apply it as a raw material formare’s the preparation of special food products for human consumption. milk products are very common in Russia and Central Asia throughout Mongolia. In the 19th century, some Russian scientists explored its therapeutic properties and then in 1859 they founded the first sanatorium where treatmentsMare’s with milk could be made under medical control. Due to its potential health-promoting characteristics, in the Western countries, interest in milk has lately increased. mare’s mare’sKeywords: chemical composition, equine milk, horse, mare’s milk

INTRODUCTION it contains components which are responsible for The two domestic equine species horse and homeostasis and health (Gopal et al., 2000, Kunz donkey belong to the order Perissodactyla, family et al., 2006). Equidae, genus Equus. According to – Herodotus, In this review paper, we draw a parallel horses (–Equus caballus) were traditionally milked between the composition of human and in Central Asia and Eastern Europe (Salimei, 2012). milk, considering protein fractions and fatty DArval reports that in the nineteenth century, acid content. The quantity of fatmare’s, in milk is was successfully used for feeding lowercow’s as compared to human milk or milk; orphaned’ infants in France. In the last several years, the content of protein is higher thanmare’s in human horse colostrums and milk production developed milk and lower than in milk. cow’s in France (Drogoul et al., 1992, Malacarne et al., The aim of this review is to analyse the 2002), Chevalait (Nature Progress), the European composition of cows’ milk and to compare it leader in the production of horse milk. with human and milk, and also to discuss Milk is created by nature to nourish; the parameters that couldmare’s be of interest for the human protein that is found in milk is specific to the food industry andcow’s cosmetic industry. The paper species. Milk is destined to feed the newborn, and also provides a bibliographic study on the latest

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European products on the market: dietary 2002). milk has a higher casein content, and supplements and cosmetological products. is thus defined as a caseineux milk (Alais, 1974; mare’s MarianiCow’s et al., 1993). 1. Mare’s milk composition and The fraction, indeed, represents uses in human nutrition approximately 40% in milk, slightly more Secretion of mammary gland in terms of milk than 50% in human milk and less than 20% in composition is physiologically and structurally milk. milk proteinmare’s features, like other correlated to the nutritional requirements of the ruminant milk (e.g. and sheep), are quite newborns of each species et al., 2011). different,cow’s asCow’s characterised by an acid-enzymatic, For this reason in nature each species drinks only mixed coagulation. From this point of view, its own milk. milk Potočnikshows some structural milk is more similar to human milk, which could and functional characteristics that make it more be defined typically as albumineux. The richnessmare’s suitable for Mare’s in whey protein content of milk makes it In western European countries, studies have more favourable to human nutrition than been focusedhuman mainly nutrition on the growththan cow’s and milk. health of milk, because of the relativelymare’s higher supply of newborn horses (Malacarne at al., 2002), but due essential amino acids (Hambræus, 1994). cow’s to similarity with human milk, lately interest has As stated above, casein is the predominant increased in the use of milk for human class of proteins in bovine milk, but in equine milk nutrition particularly in France, Germany (Drogoul therearelesscaseinsandmorewheyproteins: -Lg et al., 1992), Italy and Belgium.mare’s milk has (beta lactoglobulin), -La (alpha lactalbumin), Igs recently been studied in Italy as well, as a possible (imunoglobulins), BSA (blood serum albumin), Lf substitute for milk or as formulasMare’s for allergic (lactoferin) and Lyz (lyzozyme). Antimicrobial children (Businco et al., 2000; Curadi et al., 2001). defence in milk seems to be due mainly In Belgium, wecow’s see the start of production of small to the presence of lysozyme (as in human milk) refrigerated milk bags as an alternative for and, to a lessermare’s degree, to lactoferrin, which is allergic children formulas. preponderant in human milk (Solaroli et al., Interestingly,mare’s apart from being the most 1993). These antimicrobial factors are scarce in important nutritional resource for foals during the milk, where immunoglobulins represent first months of life, milk is also one of the the principal defense against microbes and are most important basic for human populations particularlycow’s abundant in (Boland et al., in Central Asia, wheremare’s a fermented lactic alcoholic 1992; Solaroli et al., 1993). beverage called koumiss is traditionally consumed All these proteins are present in human milk this is considered a beverage with health- as well, except -Lg, which is not. The richness in promoting properties (Uniacke-Lowe, 2011). This whey protein content of milk makes it more drink– is currently produced on an industrial scale favourable to human nutrition than milk, in Eastern Europe and Asia (Orlandi et al., 2003). because of the relatively mare’shigher amount of essential The results of recent studies in Europe triggered amino-acids (Hambræus, 1994). Wholecow’s protein the appearance of a large number of milk and salt content are comparable between mare products intended for human consumption. and human milk, while milk is clearly richer Milk of all mammals has the samemare’s chemical in salts, and thus less suitable as a replacement for composition, being composed of the same organic human milk (Malacarenecow’s et al., 2002). From these substances: protein, fat, lactose vitamins and several considerations on the gross composition, minerals. The differences between the species are milk would appear to be, on the whole, a given by the fact that all these substances vary in more suitable nourishment for infants than quantitative terms. milkmare’s (Marconi and Panfili, 1998). cow’s Milk protein fractions Milk fat As concerns protein, mar and milk has noticeably less fat content. milk is poorer when compared to milk. The fat content of horse milk is remarkably lower The whole protein system of e’s milkhuman’s is quite thanMare’s the fat content of human and ruminant milk, similar to that of human milk (Malacarenecow’s et al., which is also reflected by their calorific value. mare’s Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnologies 73(1) / 2016

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Mare’s Lipids in milk are dispersed as emulsified globules; on health (German and Dillard, 2006). The milk in milk, fat is organised in globules of of most of the considered ruminants contains a about 2-3 µm in size (Kharitonova, 1978; Welsch similar cholesterol level as human milk, whereas et almare’s., 1988). Fat globules are coated with three the cholesterol level of horse and donkey milk layers: an internal protein layer, an intermediate appears to be much lower. Cholesterol is mostly layer consisting of a phospholipid membrane and associated with cardiovascular diseases, but the external layer consisting of high-molecular- is also an important component of body cell weight glycoproteins. On the surface of these membranes and of the central nervous system glycoproteins there is a branched oligosaccharide (Dietschy and Turley, 2004; Gidding et al., 2006). structure, which is similar to that of the fat It has been suggested that human milk cholesterol globules in human milk and which is not found in may be responsible for long-term regulation of milk (Solaroli et al., 1993). cholesterol metabolism and myelin synthesis, Horse and donkey milk fat consists of 80-85% although results are not univocal (Gidding et al., cow’striglycerides, 9.5% free fatty acids and 5-10% 2006; Schanler, 2011). phospholipids. Bovine, sheep, goat and human milk fat consists of 97-98% triglycerides, but Milk sugars has only low levels of phospholipids (0.5-1.5%) Lactose is quantitatively the main milk sugar. and free fatty acids (0.7-1.5%) (Doreau et al., Its concentration is similar in horse, donkey and 2002; Malacarne et al., 2002; Park et al., 2007; human milk, but lower in bovine or other ruminant Uniacke-Lowe, 2011). Compared to ruminants, milk. Other milk carbohydrates, which are free or horse and donkey milk fat contains a higher bounded to lipids, proteins or phosphate, include percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) a small fraction of oligosaccharides. They are and a lower percentage of saturated fatty acids composed of galactose, fucose, N-actylglucosamine (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). and/or N-acetyl neuramic acid (sialic acid) and The fatty acids of horse and donkey milk are contain mostly a lactose unit at their reducing mainly unsaturated or short-chained, which is end. They have the potential to modulate the interesting from a nutritional point of view. For growth of intestinal flora, to influence different instance, polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic gastro-intestinal and inflammatory processes and and linolenic) in mare and human milk are to provide protection against bacterial and viral remarkably higher than in milk. (Akai et al., infections (Kunz and Rudloff, 2006). In general, the 2014, Macharadze, 2007). Horse milk contains oligosaccharide level is much lower in animal milk about 10 times more capryliccow’s acid (C8:0), 3 times compared to human milk (Abd El-Salam and El- more capric acid (C10:0) and twice more lauric Shibiny, 2011; Martinez-Ferez et al., 2006; Mehra acid (C12:0) than bovine milk. Horse and donkey and Kelly, 2006). No data were found in literature milk has additionally higher levels of linoleic on the oligosaccharide level of horse milk, but it acid and -linolenic acid than bovine milk (5 and is probably much lower than the level of horse 224 times more, respectively) (Salamon et al., colostrum. The latter is reported to contain 18.6 2009. Some positive health effects are attributed g/l oligosaccharides compared to 20 g/l in human to CLA (conjugated linoleic acids) isomers such colostrum (Nakamura et al., 2001; Uniacke-Lowe, as lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases, 2011). Oligosaccharide-bound sialic acid (but carcinogenesis, diabetes and osteoporosis, and also glycoprotein-bound and free sialic acid) is modulation of the immune system (Barlowska et reported to affect the intestinal flora development al., 2011; Uniacke-Lowe, 2011). The presence of and, most probably, the level of glycosylation of trans fatty acids in horse milk suggests some fatty gangliosides of the brain and the central nervous acid hydrogenation by intestinal microorganisms system (Malacarne et al., 2002; Potocnik et al., before absorption (Hoffman et al., 1998). Besides 2011). Sialic acid levels measured in human milk the composition of milk fat, the distribution of (1 g/l) are significantly higher than the levels fatty acids on the glycerol backbone also needs to measured in bovine or horse milk (around 0.05- be considered, as it determines the lipolysis and 0.2 g/l) (Malacarne et al., 2002; Potocnik et al., thus bioavailability of fatty acids and, therefore, 2011). During heating, only a small fraction of their possible beneficial or detrimental effects lactose is converted into lactulose (around 0.5%

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4 STUPARU et al during UHT treatment and 1-2% by sterilization). Milk is mainly a good source of calcium (Ca) Lactulose has, similarly to lactose, prebiotic and phosphorus (P), which are necessary for properties (Schaafsma, 2002). bone growth, development, metabolism and milk is rich in lactose (64g/kg) (Di maintenance (Adolphi et al., 2009; Cashman, Cagno et al., 2004). The average content is 6.26%, 2006), but is less important with respect to the whichMare’s means it is much higher than in other minerals. Bovine milk contains about 50% or milk. Because of the high content more Ca and twice as much P and potassium (K) in lactose, milk has a sweeter tastecow’s, than than horse and donkey milk, but horse and donkey thegoat’s, othersheep’s types of milk considered for human milk contains about 2-3 times more Ca and P than consumption.mare’s Because most of the populations in human milk (Anderson, 1991; Csapó et al., 2009; Asia are affected by lactose malabsorption, Salimei and Fantuz, 2012). milk is rather used as fermented milk - koumiss (Eastern Europe), airag (Mongolia) or mare’s chigee 2. Mare’s milk products with (Mongolia, China) ( et al., 2014). The lactic- therapeutic effect alcoholic beverage derived from horse milk is the This paper shows a comparison between combination of raw Čagaljmilk and indigenous microbial human milk, milk and equine milk and populations: lactic acid bacteria and yeast whose highlights the importance of equine milk in terms diversity is of increasing interest (Batdorji et al., of human nutritioncow’s and treatment. The assessment 2006; Di Cagno et al., 2004; Watanabe et al., 2008). of these three sources of milk nutrients indicating The microflora found in milk consists that the milk could be used as a substitute mostly of Lactobacillus sp. and Lactococcus sp., for allergic children instead of milk or in and yeasts such as Saccharomycesmare’s unisporus (Di special anti-allergicmare’s formulas. In countries such as Cagno et al., 2004). Bacteria called Bifidobacterium Belgium, Germany, France or Italy,cow’s milk is mongoliense sp. nov. and Lactobacillus casei Zhang sold instead of breast milk or instead of powdered have been lately isolated from airag. milk formulas for newborns, or simplymare’s for winter immunization cures - packages for 3 to 6 month Milk vitamins cures, are sold on farms or bio-shops. Horse The total vitamin content of milk is highly milk has been used successfully as an alternative variable and depends on the vitamin status and food for infants with allergies, e.g. milk the feeding regime of the mother (with the level of protein allergy (CMPA), a common food allergy in water-soluble vitamins being more influenced by childhood with a prevalence of approximatelycow’s 3% the feed than the level of the fat-soluble vitamins). during the first 3 years of life (Salimei, 2012). Milk The vitamin content of horse milk is on average allergy is the most common childhood allergy. lower than the vitamin content of ruminant Although milk is the one that causes most milk. An exception is the vitamin C level, which is cases of allergy, other such as sheep, goat relatively high in horse milk (Doreau et al., 2002;). or buffalo cow’smilk can also cause an allergic reaction. Additionally, it is noted that sheep, goat and About horse milk, it is known that its composition buffalo milk have a higher vitamin A content than differs from the milk of other species (Park et al., bovine milk. Their milk is whiter than other milk 2007; Pulina and Nudda, 2002). due to the ability to convert the yellow b-carotene Raw horse milk and fermented derivative to vitamin A (Abd El-Salam et al., 2011; Jainudeen, products seem to be very useful in the prevention 2002; Park et al., 2007). of cardiovascular disorders. Koumiss, which is rich in angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)- Milk minerals inhibitory peptides, supports the assertion that As for the content of essential macro minerals its effects are beneficial on cardiovascular health in milk: Ca and P concentrations are 3 (Chen et al., 2010). Mare milk is also able to times higher than in human milk and twice lower regulate the immune response and anti-tumoral thanmare’s in cow milk (Gaucheron, 2005). K, Na, and Mg activity (Mao et al. 2009). concentrations in equine milk are similar to those milk comes to be rated for its medicinal in human milk, and they vary significantly during properties. Products based on milk are lactation (Fantuz et al., 2011, Summer et al., 2004). usedMare’s in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical mare’s Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnologies 73(1) / 2016

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Mare’s industry: koumiss and cosmetic products are environment. Also, they have anti-tumoral activity, already well known, and then the pharmaceutical and improve the lactose utilization in the human treatments for chronic gastric ulcer disease, gut (Kailaspathy and Rybka, 1997). tuberculosis, dysentery, scurvy, and other chronic Results from recent research across Europe diseases (Solaroli et al., 1993) started to be more have indicated that therapeutic effects of and more popular. milk can be explained by a high content of For people with skin diseases, stomach and phospholipids and vitamin A (Park et al., 2008).mare’s intestinal troubles, horse milk seems to have a Skin problems: The use of milk is most positive influence. Horse milk is recommended definitely recommended for skin problems such as for metabolism problems, disease and atopic dermatitis, eczema and mare’spsoriasis (Bilandžić ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, et al, 2013). This knowledge even dates back to fibromyalgia, high cholesterolCrohn’s value, stiff joints, ancient Egypt, when Queen Cleopatra bathed in menopause symptoms and cancer. milk every day as part of her beauty ritual. Many diseases originate because of an Some babies have atopic skin, i.e. skin with unbalanced gut flora. A disturbed intestinal amare’s tendency to dry, with a low fat content. The flora leads to vitamin deficiencies and general frequency of atopic dermatitis in children up weakness. Bad bacteria produce toxic residues, to 2 years increases especially in developed or which irritates the guts and will be transferred into developing countries (due to industry factors the bloodstream. The irritation of the intestines and allergens from the air). This problem usually can cause diarrhoea or constipation, which leads begins to improve around the age of 3 months and to flatulence, rumbling bowels, increased stomach disappears up to the age of 2 years. It may return acid production and nausea. The impact of - usually this happens around the age of 5 years. absorbing toxic residues in the blood can lead to Skin diseases, such as psoriasis and eczema exhaustion, weariness, headaches, liver overload, are best treated from the inside out, from the place and even forms of eczema, psoriasis, bronchitis of action, removing the cause, not the symptoms. and asthma. Horse milk stimulates the increase These treatments from the inside out take longer of good bacteria in the bowel flora, which results in terms of the effects, compared to treatments in the fact that bad bacteria cannot multiply. In using cortisone for external use, but long- this way, the absorption of toxic substances in term results are much healthier for the body. the bloodstream will decrease. The microflora Cortisone topical treatments are most commonly found in milk consists mostly of species prescribed for atopic dermatitis, but they only like Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, reduce the external symptoms and are very Lactococcusmare’s lactis ssp. lactis, Kluyveromyces dangerous to health if used on long term basis. fragilis and Saccharomyces unisporus (Di Cagno These topic treatments thin out the epidermis et al., 2004). Bacteria called Bifidobacterium and their therapeutic effect wares out forcing the mongoliense sp. nov. have been lately isolated from increase of the dose. airag (Watanabe et al., 2009) and Lactobacillus In atopic dermatitis concentration of EFA casei Zhang started to be investigated in 2009 (Guo (essential fatty acids) decreases, even though it et al., 2009) and in early 2012, Zhang confirmed was recently established that there is no deficiency the influence of this second newly discovered of linoleic acid in this eczema. In addition, the bacterium isolated from airag, in reducing high- concentration of linoleic acid tends to rise, to lift cholesterol (Zhang et al., 2012). Probiotics into the blood, into the milk and into the fat tissues defined as microorganisms, which upon ofpatientswithatopiceczema(Orlandi et al., 2003). ingestion in certain numbers, exert health effects This indicates a low conversion of linoleic acid to beyond inherentliving basic (Guarner alpha linoleic acid (ALA). The administration into and Schaafsma, 1998), are very much used in the human diet of alpha linolenic acid is considered nutritional supplements, pharmaceuticalsnutrition and to make improvements in skin roughness and also functional foods (Del Piano et al., 2006). Probiotics in the catecholamine blood concentration (Olivry suppress the growth of bad bacteria in the colon et al., 2001). and small intestine, thus stabilizing the digestive All these indicate that milk is more system, microflora, and the intestinal saprophyte similar to human milk than milk (Godovac- mare’s cow’s Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnologies 73(1) / 2016

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Zimmermann et al., 1987; Businco et al., 2000; on the circulatory system (Gibney, 1993; Calder, Horrobin, 2000) and more suitable for allergic 1996). Fat from milk contains relatively diet as a substitute (Pagliarini et al., high concentrations of saturated fats which have 1993; Horrobin, 2000) in treating dermatitis. been implicated incow’s heart diseases (Ney, 1991). children’sImmune system: horse milk offers a good milk fat has been identified as a cholesterol- opportunity for regulating and strengthening the elevating fat, because it contains cholesterol and is immune system (Jirillo et al., 2010). The effect primarilyCow’s saturated (Franklin et al., 1999). of horse milk can be explained by the high value Muscles, Joints and Bones milk is good of albumin and globulin (building materials for for rigid muscles and joints, and takes care of the antibodies), minerals and high quality unsaturated good structure and preservation– Mare’s of the bones. fat acids. Bowels and Stomach – It promotes the bowel Metabolism problems: milk stimulates functioning for a good metabolism; it also helps digestion, stimulates detoxification of the body bad digestion, acid belching and inconveniences in and helps to create a strongmare’s internal cleansing, an the abdomen. milk is very useful for treating internal purification. gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcers (Salhanov and Liver disease: in all liver diseases (from Sarmanov, 1979).Mare’s chronicle hepatitis (Zhaksylykova and Sharmanov, Cancer The functionality of horse milk on the 1979) to fat metabolism disease, a low-fat, light immune system, the stimulation of all detoxification food diet and absolute abstention from alcohol are mechanisms– of the body (liver, kidneys, intestines, essential. Horse milk is highly appropriate for this sweat glands, etc.) and the effect on healthy blood type of diet. texture, all of which benefit from horse milk, as does Atherosclerosis and Cholesterol Raw horse cancer therapy and cancer readjustment through milk and fermented derivatives are considered its anti-tumoral activity (Mao et al. 2009). Besides a useful in the prevention of atherosclerosis– surgical treatment which is inevitable, with cancer (Chiofalo et al., 2006). They support a justified disorders the application of irradiation therapy and cholesterol level. Fat regime is the most important chemotherapy are inevitable; therefore, significant factor that influences the human condition, attention should be paid to the physical condition of especially in cardiovascular diseases. Health the patient. Cancer therapy attacks both the sick and quality would be better if we decreased fat in our the healthy cells of the patient (especially the cells diet, and if we changed the unsaturated fatty acids of the hair roots, the guts, and the blood forming ratio. The high value of unsaturated and many organs, the immune system and the skin). Because saturated fat acids has an adjusting effect on a of that, during and after a series of irradiations destroyed fat metabolism. Used regularly, it can and treatment with chemotherapy, the patient decrease the cholesterol level of the blood. Upon suffers loss of hair, intestinal problems, and a high comparing the cardiovascular status of ovo-lacto- degree of vulnerability for infectious diseases. The vegetarians and vegans, it has been proven that organism is barely able to protect itself against banal while both are healthier than meat-eaters, vegans infections, let alone mobilizing its defence system in have better cardiovascular status than vegetarians the battle against metastases (daughter cells) and who consume cow products (Melby et al., the appearance of other tumours. The body affected 1989). milk apparently contains -linolenic by tumours (metastases) will also be affected by (ALA) and linoleic (LA) acid amounts, which are metabolism toxins released during the therapy called EFMare’sA (essential fatty acids) and traces of and by the damaged detoxification mechanisms. -3 and -6, higher than in milk (Csapò To endure this phase better, to activate the immune et al., 1995), although many polyunsaturated system once again, to trigger the detoxification fattyω acid (LCPUFA)ω contents arecow’s limited. From - through liver, bowels, kidneys and skin anew and to linolenic and eicosapentaenoic acid derive give the patient new strength, horse milk (in milk, prostaglandins, like PGI, with vasodilatory effects, powder or capsule form) is strongly recommended tromboxans, like TXA, with vasoconstrictive (Uniacke-Lowe et al., 2010). effects, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). From milk is also used to treat tuberculosis linoleic acid derive many other prostaglandis (Gilmutdinova et al., 2011), intestinal infections (PGI2) and tromboxans with different influences and anaemiaMare’s (Uzakbaev and Mamyrbaeva, 2012). It

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Mare’s has also been reported to accelerate post-surgical is considered to be an increasing recovery (Zaripov and Kanareikina, 2013). problem in infancy so milk would appear Horse milk is not a magic cure by which to be, on the whole, a more suitable nourishment you can cure incurable ailments, but it has been mare’s reported to have a very good influence on health Results presented in recent research in and to provide support in the battle against a thanEurope cow’s have milk. shown that horse milk is good for: diversity of different disorders. skin diseases, general physical health, metabolism problems, immune system, stomach function, liver 3. Cosmetics containing mare’s milk disease, muscles, joints and bones, cardiovascular Equine milk is used in cosmetology with diseases and cholesterol, cancer. very good results. Horse milk fat is considered Horse milk fat is considered an important an important ingredient in Mongolian cosmetics ingredient in Mongolian cosmetics because of because of its high polyunsaturated fatty acid its high polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Milk content (Temuujin et al., 2006). Milk proteins are proteins are active in skin hydration and skin active in skin hydration and skin ageing prevention ageing prevention. (Cotte, 1991). Horse milk-based cosmetic products are In this study, we have aimed to provide a available on the market under different brands hierarchy of cosmetics and dietary supplements names, including: Equilac, Paardenmelk de lage containing milk that exist on the market. wierde, Domaine de la Voie Lactee, Nature Progres. The first products are available on the market under the namemare’s of Equilac, and they are pioneers REFERENCES in this area, having been on the European market 1. Abd El-Salam MH, Farag SI, El-Dein HF, Mahfouz MB, El- for merely 15 years. In 2009 they opened a unit in Etriby HM (1992). A comparative study on milk proteins of some mammals. Proceedings of 5th Egyptian Conference the USA as well. Dairy Science & Technology, 281- 287, Egyptian Society of Some of the products using horse milk as the Dairy Science, Cairo, Egypt. principal active component that are currently 2. Adolphi B, Scholz-Ahrens K E, de Vrese M, Açil Y, Laue available on the market include: C, Schrezenmeir J (2009). Short-term effect of bedtime Equilac: Shampoo, Shower , Body consumption of fermented milk supple-mented with cream, Soap, Hand cream, Horse milk capsules; calcium, inulin-type fructans and casein phosphopeptides on bone metabolism in healthy, postmenopausal women. Paardenmelk de lage wierde: Horse milk European Journal of Nutrition, 48,45-53 Powder (freeze dried), Horse milk Capsules 3. Akai Tegin RA, Gonulalan Z (2014). All aspects of natural (freeze dried), Horse milk Soap, Horse milk Hand fermented products koumiss. MANAS Journal of cream, Horse milk Lotion, Horse milk shampoo, Engineering 2(1):23-34. Horse milk muscle balm; 4. Alais C (1974). Science– du lait. Principes des techniques Domaine de la Voie Lactée: Shampoo, laitières. 3ème édition. Paris, France: S.E.P.A.I.C. Shower cream, Body cream, Soap, Hand cream; 5. Anderson R R (1991). Comparison of minerals in milk of Nature Progress: Shampoo, Shower cream, four species. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 100, 1045-1048. Body cream, Soap, Hand cream. 6. Andersson I, Öste R (1995). Chapter 13: Nutritional quality of heat processed liquid milk. In P. F. Fox (Ed.), CONCLUSIONS Heat-induced changes in milk (2nd Ed.) (279-307). Compared to bovine milk, equine milk con- Brussels: International Dairy Federation. tains less fat, protein, and inorganic salts, but 7. Barlowska J, Szwajowska M, Litwinczuk Z, Krol J (2011). more lactose. Nutritional value and techological suitability of milk from various animal species used for dairy production. The microflora found in milk consists Comprehensive Reviews in food Science and Food Safety, mostly of species such as Lactobacillus delbrueckii 10, 291-302. ssp. bulgaricus, Lactococcusmare’s lactis ssp. lactis, 8. Batdorji B, Dalgalarrondo M, Choiset Y, Pedroche J, Metro Kluyveromyces fragilis, Saccharomyces unisporus, F, Prevost H (2006). Purification and characterization of Bifidobacteriummongoliense sp. nov. , Lactobacillus two bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria isoleted casei Zhang. from Mongolian airag. Journal of Applied Microbiology 101:837-848. milk is very similar to human milk, so it could be a very good alternative for Mare’s cow’s milk. Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnologies 73(1) / 2016

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