molecules Review Naturally Occurring Isocoumarins Derivatives from Endophytic Fungi: Sources, Isolation, Structural Characterization, Biosynthesis, and Biological Activities Ahmad Omar Noor 1, Diena Mohammedallam Almasri 1, Alaa Abdullah Bagalagel 1 , Hossam Mohamed Abdallah 2,3 , Shaimaa Gamal Abdallah Mohamed 4, Gamal Abdallah Mohamed 2,5 and Sabrin Ragab Mohamed Ibrahim 6,7,* 1 Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
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[email protected] (A.A.B.) 2 Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; hmafifi
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[email protected] 5 Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt 6 Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al-Munawwarah 30078, Saudi Arabia 7 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt * Correspondence:
[email protected]; Tel.: +966-581183034 Received: 9 December 2019; Accepted: 13 January 2020; Published: 17 January 2020 Abstract: Recently, the metabolites separated from endophytes have attracted significant attention, as many of them have a unique structure and appealing pharmacological and biological potentials. Isocoumarins represent one of the most interesting classes of metabolites, which are coumarins isomers with a reversed lactone moiety. They are produced by plants, microbes, marine organisms, bacteria, insects, liverworts, and fungi and possessed a wide array of bioactivities.