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Characteristic Fungus Odours

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CHARACTERISTIC FUNGUS ODOURS Quite apart from repellent smells of stinkhorns, mycologists have long recognised that many toadstools have a characteristic odour. These range over a wide olfactory spectrum from the pleasing, the curious and intriguing, to the unpleasant. For anyone with a normal sense of smell, odours may be used as an aid to confirm identification. Elias Fries (1794-1878) a founding father of modern fungus taxonomy, puzzlingly described Scytinostroma odoratumas having “a strong odour of foreign travellers”, while Julius Schaeffer (1882-1944) (who devised the Schaeffer reaction for Agaricus species) described a number of Russula species as smelling of cheese or sweaty feet. Those pioneers of the fungus foray, the Woolhope Club of Hereford, reported in their 1869 Transactions that “Agaricus incana (Entoloma incanum) is remarkable for its strong and persistent smell of mice, and some amusement was created by the persevering way in which some of the members went on to convince themselves time after time of its disagreeable odour”. In modern times, this fungus has been given the recommended English name of “Mousepee Pinkgill” 1 The strong aniseed scent of Haploporus odorus, a bracket fungus of Nordic latitudes2, ensured its use as a natural perfume even when dried. Linnaeus mentions that a Lapland youth would carry it in his pocket when going out wooing. The unique aroma of the true truffle - that slightly garlicky, very earthy pungent deep musky smell –is highly prized in gourmet cuisine. Toadstool odours are many and varied, often inspiring peculiar descriptions such as steam engine smoke, crabs, gingerbread, stagnant water, cooking artichokes, and many other substances. Some species with distinctive odours have specific epithets indicating odour, such as odora or odorata, meaning scented or aromatic. Others embody word-elements such as -olens meaning “smelling of”, as in Russula meliolens “smelling of honey”, and –osm-(o/a/us/um) meaning “odour” as in Cortinarius osmophorus (odour bearing, odoriferous), and diosma (two odours) where either a mixture of odours is immediately detectable or distinctively different odours may be perceived in succession. Conversely, inolens indicates the lack of odour where otherwise it usually occurs, as in the odourless form of the Aniseed Cockleshell, Lentinellus cochleatus var. inolens. Some odours are difficult to define and although clearly perceived may lack a distinctive association. These may be described merely as “fruity”, “flowery”, “sweet” or “unpleasant”. Where odours are faint or elusive, crushing a piece of the flesh, or enclosing the material briefly in a clean container, may reveal a distinct odour not otherwise evident in the cut or crushed flesh. Different parts of an Agaric fruitbody should be checked such as at the base of the stipe, 1 the flesh, the gills, and from a pile of fruiting bodies. The base of the stipe of some Cortinarius and Hebeloma species has an odour of honey not detectable on other parts of the toadstool.For example, a European Agaric Pholiota squarrosoides3 (rare in the UK) grows on wood in large clusters which are claimed to have an odour somewhere between coffee and chocolate, yet the flesh totally lacks this odour. While aging or dried material may still provide a useful odour, where decay is more advanced the material may prove of little value for odour testing. A significant number of “fruity” odours occur in Russula spp along with a variety of interesting smells, while Clitocybe and Tricholoma are known for mealy, farinaceous odours, whereas in Inocybe a fair number are spermatic while others have the aroma ofJasmine or ripe pears. The human sense of smell is rather subjective and certain odours may be perceived by some people quite differently from others, sometimes leading to vigorous debate, and equivocal odours may therefore be listed under more than one heading in the odours table. Nevertheless, there has been sufficient agreement on many odours to record their associations. As information on toadstool odours is randomly scattered throughout the literature, a table derived from various sources of characteristic fungus odours is set out below, as an aid to identification. CHARACTERISTIC FUNGUS ODOURS +/- means ‘more or less’ acetylene Cortinarius traganus. Stephensia bombycina. ammonia or nitrous odour Mycena leptocephala; M. capillaripes. amyl acetate see pear-drops. aniseed or anise Clitocybe odora; C. fragrans. Haploporus odorus. Lentinellus cochleatus. Osmoporus odoratus. Trametes suaveolens. Tricholoma apium. apples, see also fruity Russula adulderina; R. atropurpurea; R. cavipes; R. depallens; R. queleti; R. sardonia var. sardoni; R. solaris; R. taeniospora. apples, fermenting Russula maculata. apple, stewed Russula fellea. 2 apricots Cantharellus cibarius. Russula (lutea) risgallina. R. neglecta.. Rhodotus palmatus. aromatic Leucopaxillus paradoxus. Choiromyces meandriformis (when fresh milky, later foetid). artichoke, cooking Russula amoena (strongly); R. violeipes (fugitive). artichoke Hygrophorus cossus. Russula amoena sensu Romagnesi; R. violeipes (syn amoena sensu Pearson) (fugitive); R. sororia (syn amoenolens sensu Romagn.). artichoke, Jerusalem Hysterangium nephriticum (at first; then disagreeable). Russula amoenolens. banana Inocybe tenebrosa (= I. atripes). basil Tricholoma atrosquamosum. bleach, domestic, or chlorine see Hypochlorite. bread rusk Amanita excelsa var. excelsa. bubble gum Entoloma ameides. bugs (bed bugs) suggestive of: Russula delica, Lactarius quietus. L. subumbonatus. burnt sugar Hebeloma sacchariolens. cabbage, cooked or rotten Gymnopus (Collybia) impudicus. Gymnopus (Collybia) hariolorum. Gymnopus (Micromphale) foetidus. Gymnopus brassicolens var. brassicolens. Gymnopus perforans. Phyllotopis nidulans. Camembert cheese Ileodictyon cibarium. Stephensia bombycina. carrots Lactarius deterimus. cedar-wood Agaricus pilantianus. Russula badia; R. maculata. celery Tricholoma apium. chicory, or cheap coffee Agaricus vaporarius. Lactarius helvus; L. subumbonatus. 3 cheesy Cortinarius camphoratus. Hymenogaster citrinus. Russula sororia; R. virescens. cigar box Mycena diosma; mixed with flowery or radish. cinnamon Lentinus lepideus. citronella, oil of Antrodia xantha. citrus Antrodia xantha. clove oil Russula violaceoides. coconut, desiccated Lactarius glyciosmus. Russula aurantiaca; R. betularum; R. emetic; R. emeticella; R. (pulchella) exalbicans; R. gracilima; R. knauthii; R.mairei. cocoa Fayodia gracilipes. Some Hebeloma spp. cod-liver oil Entoloma hirtipes (mealy smell, mixed with cucumber and fish). Convalaria majalis blossom Hymenogaster griseus. crabs Russula erythropus ; R. erythropus; R. xerampelina var. fusca; & var. olivascens; & var. barlae; R. violipes(slight when fresh). Crataegus blossom Crataegus leaves infected with Monilinia johnsonii. coumarin or chicory Lactarius glyciosmus; L. helvus. Phellodon spp. Tricholoma caligatum. cucumber Entoloma hirtipes (mealy smell, mixed with cucumber and fish). Macrocystidia cucumis. Tephrocybe palustris. curry Lactarius camphoratus especially after drying; L. helvus. drains Stephensia bombycina. earthy Clitocybe hydrogramma. Cystoderma carharias. Inocybe cervicolor. eau-de-cologne Lepista irina. 4 feathers, chicken hutch Clitocybe hydrogramma. C. (Singerocybe) phaeophthalma. fennel Tricholoma apium. fenugeek leaves, dried Phleogena faginea (intensifying on drying). fishy Agaricus bernardii. Entoloma hirtipes (cod-liver oil smell; mealy mixed with cucumber and fish). Clitocybe inornata. Inocybe bongardii var. pisciodora. Macrocystidia cucumis. Russula delica (sometimes). flowery see Hyacinth; Jasmine; pear blossom; white-thorn blossom. Puccinia punctiformis. flowery, violets Lepista irina. Phallus hadriani (when fresh; later foetid). foetid, nauseous, oily Camarophyllopsis foetens. Gymnopus foetidus. Russula foetens: R. subfoetens; R. pectinata; R. pectinatoides. foetid, carrion Phallus impudicus. Phallus hadriani at maturity. foetid, faecal Aseroe rubra. Clathrus ruber. Coprinopsis picacea (with mothballs). Ileodictyon cibarium. Lysurus cruciatus. Mutinus caninus. Mutinus ravenelii. foxy Marasmius wynneae when old. fruity, unspecific Cortinarius diosmus; radish when cut at first, later fruity. Russula rosea (slightly); R. solaris; R. silvestris. fruity, apples Amanita excelsa var. excelsa. Gloeohypochnicium analogum. Lactarius evosmus. Phaeolepiota aurea. The odour is characteristic of Russula violacea group of stewed apples, blackcurrants or gooseberries, or Pelargonium. Russula adulterina; R. atropurpurea; R. carminea; R. consobrina, smell faint; R. fellea. R. mairei. R. queletii. fruity, apricot Cantharellus cibarius. Datronia mollis. fruity, fresh Russula farinipes; R. nigricans; R. sardonia; R. solaris. fruity, peach Cantharellus cibarius. Russula solaris; R. maire; R. lutea; R. 5 lutea. fruity, pear Cortinarius traganus var. finitimum. Hebeloma sinuosum: Inocybe bongardii var. bongardii. Lactarius acerrimus. Naucoria suavis. fruity, pineapple, canned Lactarius (Hydnangium) stephensii. Sarcodontia crocea (when fresh). fruity, plum (Mirabelle) Cantharellus cinereus. Cortinarius amoenolens. Datronia mollis. fruity, various Gloeohypochnicium analogum; when newly dried; a strong; pleasant fruity smell. Sarcodontia crocea: odour unpleasantly and intensely sweetish-fruity anise- pineapple? fruit, rotting Sarcodontia crocea when old. fungi: decaying Aurantiporus fissilis. fungi: as of Lactarius tabidus Hymenogaster olivaceus. Hymenogaster tener. Lactarius
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    ISSN 0006 8241 = Bothalia Bothalia A JOURNAL OF BOTANICAL RESEARCH Vol. 40,2 Oct. 2010 TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY INSTITUTE PRETORIA Obtainable from the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), Private Bag X101, Pretoria 0001, Republic of South Africa. A catalogue of all available publications will be issued on request. BOTHALIA Bothalia is named in honour of General Louis Botha, first Premier and Minister of Agriculture of the Union of South Africa. This house journal of the South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, is devoted to the furtherance of botanical science. The main fields covered are taxonomy, ecology, anatomy and cytology. Two parts of the journal and an index to contents, authors and subjects are published annually. Three booklets of the contents (a) to Vols 1–20, (b) to Vols 21–25, (c) to Vols 26–30, and (d) to Vols 31–37 (2001– 2007) are available. STRELITZIA A series of occasional publications on southern African flora and vegetation, replacing Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa and Annals of Kirstenbosch Botanic Gardens. MEMOIRS OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF SOUTH AFRICA The memoirs are individual treatises usually of an ecological nature, but sometimes dealing with taxonomy or economic botany. Published: Nos 1–63 (many out of print). Discontinued after No. 63. ANNALS OF KIRSTENBOSCH BOTANIC GARDENS A series devoted to the publication of monographs and major works on southern African flora.Published: Vols 14–19 (earlier volumes published as supplementary volumes to the Journal of South African Botany). Discontinued after Vol. 19. FLOWERING PLANTS OF AFRICA (FPA) This serial presents colour plates of African plants with accompanying text.
  • Bulk Isolation of Basidiospores from Wild Mushrooms by Electrostatic Attraction with Low Risk of Microbial Contaminations Kiran Lakkireddy1,2 and Ursula Kües1,2*

    Bulk Isolation of Basidiospores from Wild Mushrooms by Electrostatic Attraction with Low Risk of Microbial Contaminations Kiran Lakkireddy1,2 and Ursula Kües1,2*

    Lakkireddy and Kües AMB Expr (2017) 7:28 DOI 10.1186/s13568-017-0326-0 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open Access Bulk isolation of basidiospores from wild mushrooms by electrostatic attraction with low risk of microbial contaminations Kiran Lakkireddy1,2 and Ursula Kües1,2* Abstract The basidiospores of most Agaricomycetes are ballistospores. They are propelled off from their basidia at maturity when Buller’s drop develops at high humidity at the hilar spore appendix and fuses with a liquid film formed on the adaxial side of the spore. Spores are catapulted into the free air space between hymenia and fall then out of the mushroom’s cap by gravity. Here we show for 66 different species that ballistospores from mushrooms can be attracted against gravity to electrostatic charged plastic surfaces. Charges on basidiospores can influence this effect. We used this feature to selectively collect basidiospores in sterile plastic Petri-dish lids from mushrooms which were positioned upside-down onto wet paper tissues for spore release into the air. Bulks of 104 to >107 spores were obtained overnight in the plastic lids above the reversed fruiting bodies, between 104 and 106 spores already after 2–4 h incubation. In plating tests on agar medium, we rarely observed in the harvested spore solutions contamina- tions by other fungi (mostly none to up to in 10% of samples in different test series) and infrequently by bacteria (in between 0 and 22% of samples of test series) which could mostly be suppressed by bactericides. We thus show that it is possible to obtain clean basidiospore samples from wild mushrooms.