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Studies of Big Lagoon Humboldt County, California 1956

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Studies of Big Lagoon Humboldt County, California 1956 STUDIES OF BIG LAGOON HUMBOLDT COUNTY, CALIFORNIA 1956 - 1958 by James Joseph A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Humboldt State College In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science June 1958 Apprονed by the Masters' Thesis Committee Chairman Approved for the Graduate Study Committee ACΚΝΟWLLDGEMENTS I would like to express gratitude to Dr. Ernest 0. Salo, chairman of my graduate committee, for his advice and aid in the planning, execution, and completion of my research project and thesis. Acknowledgement and thanks are also extended to Dr. George H. Allen for his aid in the revisions leading to this final copy. Special acknowledgement for the basic material used in the geological history of the study area is made to Dr. Harry D. MacGinitie, Chairman of the Division of Natural Science, Humboldt State College. Mr. Stanley D. Elcock and I worked on Big Lagoon jointly and much of the accumulated data is a result of combined efforts. Mr. Εlcοck's research was primarily concerned with the fishes of the lagoon and its tributaries; therefore direct acknowledgement is given him for the reports included in this paper concerned with fish populations. Sincere gratitude is expressed for his coopera- tion in making this thesis possible. Special thanks and gratitude are extended to Messrs. William Pogue, Jiro Nishimoto, Richard Nitsos, Pat Tomlinson, Robert Hughes, Jack Legate, James Adams, and numerous other students who willingly donated their time in the gathering of field data used in this report. To Mrs. Ruth Elliot, Secretary, Department of Natural Resources, Humboldt State College, special thanks are extended for her patience and understanding in administrative matters concomitant with graduate students and school policy. Thanks are given to The California-Hammond Branch of the Georgia-Pacific Corporation for permission to carry on research at their Big Lagoon Camp. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OF FIGURES v INTRODUCTION 1 METHODS, MATERIALS, AND SOURCES OF ERROR 4 VERBAL CONFERENCES 4 METHODS USED IN THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL SURVEY OF BIG LAGOON 4 Mapping 4 Water Sampling 5 Salinity Determinations 5 Dissolved Oxygen Determinations 7 Phosphate Determinations 8 Temperature Determinations 9 Stream Flow Determinations 10 METHODS USED IN THE STUDIES OF FISH POPULATIONS OF BIG LAGOON 10 Gill Netting 10 Seining 10 Creel Censusing 12 Population Estimates in Maple Creek 12 RESULTS 14 GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF BIG LAGOON 14 Formation of the Lagoon 15 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) PAGE Alongshore Currents and the Formation of the Sand Bar 16 Geological Future 18 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF BIG LAGOON AND ITS WATERSHED 18 Big Lagoon Bar 21 Tributaries and Drainage 27 CLIMATOLOGICAL FEATURES 36 Rainfall 36 Wind 36 Fog 39 Temperature 39 CHEMICAL DESCRIPTION OF BIG LAGOON 57 Salinity Patterns 57 Oxygen Patterns 64 Temperature Patterns 76 Mixing 76 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE RESIDENT AND INTRODUCED POPULATIONS OF FISHES 78 Qualitative 78 Quantitative 83 Gill Netting 83 Creel Census 83 Stream Census 83 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 89 THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE LAGOON 89 POSSIBLE LIMITING FACTORS OF THE LAGOON ENVIRONMENT ON THE PRODUCTION OF SALMONOIDS 90 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) PAGE THE TIMING OF SALMON AND STEELHEAD RUNS AS A POSSIBLE LIMITING FACTOR 92 CONDITIONS IN THE LAGOON AT THE TIME OF DOWNSTREAM MIGRATION 94 King Salmon 94 Silver Salmon and Steelhead 95 VARIATIONS IN THE ANNUAL CYCLE OF BIG LAGOON AND THE POSSIBILITY OF PREDICTING WATER CONDITIONS 97 RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING A SPILLWAY AND/OR TIDAL GATES 97 SUMMARY 99 LITERATURE CITED AND ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 103 APPENDIX 110 iv LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1 Observed Water Temperature and Stream Flow Data frοm Maple Creek for the Period March 3, 1957 to October 11, 1957 28 2. Average Hourly Wind Velocity and Prevailing Direction for Eureka, California 35 3 Air Temperature Data for the Period 1956-1957 from Prairie Creek State Park 40 4 A Check List of Fishes Taken in Big Lagoon from January 1957 to December 1957 79 5 Gill Netting Data from Big Lagoon, January 29, 1957 to August 30, 1957 80 6 Summary of Big Lagoon Creel Census, April 27, 1957 to May 12, 1957 81 7 Summary of Big Lagoon Creel Census, May 3 and 4, 1958 82 8 Summary of First and Second Mark-Recovery Program in Maple Creek, Summer-Fall, 1957 84 9 Daily Seine Samples of Trout and Salmon from Maple Creek, April 7-21, 1958 85 10 Hatchery Plants by Humboldt State College into Maple Creek, 1958 87 V LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1 Map of Big Lagoon Showing Bottom Contours Cover 2 Map of the Maple Creek Drainage Showing Pitcher Creek and Big Lagoon 11 3 Map of Humboldt County Lagoons 17 4 Aerial View of North End of Big Lagoon 19 4a Aerial View of South End of Big Lagoon 20 5 Discharge of Big Lagoon Waters After Breaching, Looking South 22 6 Discharge of Big Lagoon Waters After Breaching, Looking West 23 7 Openings of Big Lagoon Bar Showing Intermittent Lagoon Levels and Monthly Rainfall for the Period October 1956 to January 1958 25 8 Aerial View of Maple Creek Watershed 29 9 Monthly Variation of Streamflow, Air Temperature, Stream Temperature and Rainfall for the South Fork of Maple Creek for the Period March to October 1957 30 10 Stream Temperature and Flow, Tom Creek, October to September 1957 33 11 Average Monthly Rainfall and Cumulative Rainfall at Big Lagoon for the Period October 1, 1956 to September 30, 1957, Compared to a Nine-Year Monthly Average 34 12 Average Monthly Fog Incidence Compared with the Average Monthly Temperature for the Eureka Area 37 13 Mean Maximum-Minimum Air Temperatures, Prairie Creek State Park, 1956-1957 38 14 T-S Diagram Showing Salinity Anomaly at Station C, Big Lagoon on August 8, 1957 41 15 Salinity-Depth Diagram Showing Salinity Anomaly at Station C, Big Lagoon on August 8, 1957 41 16 Distribution of Chlorinity in Vertical Section Across Station B and C, Big Lagoon, November 15, 1956 42 17 Distribution of Chlorinity in Vertical Section, Big Lagoon, November 16, 1956 43 vi LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) FIGURE PAGE 18 Distribution of Chlorinity in Vertical Section, Big Lagoon December 31, 1956 44 19 Distribution of Chlorinity, Oxygen and Temperature in Vertical Section across Stations C and D, Big Lagoon, January 3, 1957 45 20 Distribution of Chlorinity in Vertical Section, Big Lagoon, February 19, 1957 46 21 Distribution of Chlorinity in Vertical Section, Big Lagoon, April 9, 1957 47 22 Distribution of Chlorinity in Vertical Section Through Stations A, B, C, and D, Big Lagoon, July 7, 1957 48 23 Distribution of Chlorinity in Vertical Section Through Stations A, B, C, and D, Big Lagoon, July 16, 1957 49 24 Distribution of Chlorinity in Vertical Section, Big Lagoon, August 7, 1957 50 25 Distribution of Chlorinity in Vertical Section, Big Lagoon, August 8, 1957 51 26 Distribution of Chlorinity in Vertical Section, Big Lagoon, August 10, 1957 52 27 Distribution of Chlorinity in Vertical Section, Big Lagoon, October 13, 1957 53 28 Distribution of Chlorinity in Vertical Section, Big Lagoon, November 26, 1957 54 29 Distribution of Chlorinity in Vertical Section, Big Lagoon, April 19, 1958 55 30 Chlorinity Fluctuations Due to Tidal Influx at Station A, Big Lagoon, June 17, 1957, Low Tide: -.1 at 0940 Hours 56 31 Distribution of Oxygen in Vertical Section, Big Lagoon, November 16, 1956 59 32 Distribution of Oxygen in Vertical Section, Big Lagoon, December 31, 1956 60 33 Distribution of Oxygen in Vertical Section, Big Lagoon, February 19, 1957 61 34 Distribution of Oxygen in Vertical Section, Big Lagoon, August 7, 1957 62 vii LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) FIGURE PAGE 35 Distribution of Oxygen in Vertical Section, Big Lagoon, October 13, 1957 63 36 Temperature-Depth Diagrams Showing Typical Summer and Winter Conditions at Big Lagoon 65 37 Maxima-Minima Water Temperatures of Big Lagoon for the Period 1956-1957 66 37a Distribution of Temperatures in Vertical Section, Big Lagoon, February 19, 1957 67 38 Distribution of Temperature in Vertical Section, Big Lagoon, July 1, 1957 68 39 Distribution of Temperature in Vertical Section,Through Stations A, B, C, and D, Big Lagoon, July 16, 1957 69 40 Distribution of Temperature in Vertical Section, Big Lagoon, August 7, 1957 70 41 Distribution of Temperature in Vertical Section, Big Lagoon, August 8, 1957 71 42 Distribution of Temperature in Vertical Section, Big Lagoon, August 10, 1957 72 43 Distribution of Temperature in Vertical Section, Big Lagoon, October 13, 1957 73 44 Distribution of Temperature in Vertical Section, Big Lagoon, November 26, 1957 74 45 Distribution of Temperature in Vertical Section, Big Lagoon, April 19, 1958 75 ΙΝΤ R Ο DUC ΤΙΟΝ In the Fall of 1956 Humboldt State College, the Wildlife Conservation Board of California, and the California Department of Fish and Game entered into contract to study the possibilities of using the Northern California Coastal Lagoons as supplemental rearing areas for anadromous fishes such as salmon and trout. Fresh and salt water impoundments are being utilized by the management agencies of the Pacific Coast in an attempt to increase the survival rate of these fishes in fresh water and possibly to improve their marine survival rates. The use of such rearing areas seems particularly desirable in Northern California as this region has very few hatchery sites considered to be favorable. At the present time, Cedar Creek Hatchery in Mendocino County is the only one in operation in the north coast region. Because of the great economic importance and present critical situation of the king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and the im- portance of silver salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri gairdneri), the project was designed to concentrate on these species.
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